;GRAY'S 
SCHOOL   AND    FIELD    BOOK 

OP 

BOTANY 

CONSISTING  OF  "LESSONS  IN  BOTANY"  AND 

"FIELD,  FOREST,  AND  GARDEN   BOTANY" 

BOUND  IN  ONE  VOLUME 

REVISED  EDITION 


PUBLISHERS'    PREFACE 

TO 

GRAY'S   SCHOOL   AND    FIELD    BOOK   OF    BOTANY. 


THIS  work  consists  of  the  "LESSONS  IN  BOTANY"  and  the  "FIELD, 
FOREST,  AND  GARDEN  BOTANY,"  bound  together  in  one  complete  volume, 
forming  a  most  popular  and  comprehensive  SCHOOL  BOTANY,  adapted  to 
beginners  and  advanced  classes,  to  Agricultural  Colleges  and  Schools,  as  well 
as  to  all  other  grades  in  which  the  science  is  taught.  It  is  also  adapted  for 
use  as  a  handbook  to  assist  in  analyzing  plants  and  flowers  in  field  study  of 
botany  either  by  classes  or  individuals. 

The  book  is  intended  to  furnish  Botanical  Classes  and  beginners  with  an 
easier  introduction  to  the  Plants  of  this  country,  and  a  much  more  compre- 
hensive work,  than  the  MANUAL. 

Beginning  with  the  first  principles,  it  progresses  by  easy  stages  until  the 
student  who  is  at  all  diligent  is  enabled  to  master  the  intricacies  of  the 
science. 

It  is  a  Grammar  and  Dictionai-y  of  Botany,  and  comprises  the  common 
Herbs,  Shrubs,  and  Trees  of  the  Southern  as  well  as  the  Northern  and  Middle 
States,  including  the  commonly  cultivated  as  well  as  the  native  species  in 
fields,  gardens,  pleasure  grounds,  or  house  culture,  and  even  the  conservatory 
plants  ordinarily  met  with. 


GKKAY'S  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 

REVISED     EDITION 


THE 


ELEMENTS    OF    BOTANY 


FOR  BEGINNERS  AND  FOR  SCHOOLS 


BY    ASA   GRAY 


NEW   YOKK    •  :  •    CINCINNATI    •  :  •    CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


GRAY'S  BOTANICAL  SERIES 


Gray's  How  Plants  Grow 
Gray's  How  Plants  Behave 
*Gray's  Lessons  in  Botany 
Gray's  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany 

(Flora  only) 

*Gray's  School  and  Field  Book  of  Botany 

(Lessons  and  Flora) 

Gray's  Manual  of  Botany.     (Flora  only) 
*Gray's  Lessons  and  Manual  of  Botany 
Gray's  Botanical  Text-Book 

I.     Gray's  Structural  Botany 
II.     Goodale's  Physiological  Botany 

Coulter's  Manual  of  Botany  of  the  Rocky 

Mountains 
Gray    and    Coulter's  Text-Book    of 

Western  Botany 


EDITIONS  OF  1901 
*Leavitt's  Outlines  of  Botany 

(Based  on  Gray's  Lessons) 

*Leavitt's  Outlines  of  Botany  with  Flora 

(Outlines  and  Gray's  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany) 

*Leavitt's  Outlines  and  Gray's  Manual 


Copyright,  1887,  by  ASA  GRAY 

REV.  LESSONS 
W.  P.    II 


PREFACE. 


THIS  volume  takes  the  place  of  the  author's  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 
AND  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY,  published  over  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury ago.  It  is  constructed  on  the  same  lines,  and  is  a  kind 
of  new  and  much  revised  edition  of  that  successful  work.  While 
in  some  respects  more  extended,  it  is  also  more  concise  and  terse 
than  its  predecessor.  This  should  the  hetter  fit  it  for  its  purpose 
now  that  competent  teachers  are  common.  They  may  in  many  cases 
develop  paragraphs  into  lectures,  and  fully  illustrate  points  which 
are  barely,  but  it  is  hoped  clearly,  stated.  Indeed,  even  for  those 
without  a  teacher,  it  may  be  that  a  condensed  is  better  than  a 
diffuse  exposition. 

The  book  is  adapted  to  the  higher  schools,  "  How  Plants  Grow 
and  Behave  "  being  the  "  Botany  for  Young  People  and  Common 
Schools."  It  is  intended  to  ground  beginners  in  Structural  Botany 
and  the  principles  of  vegetable  life,  mainly  as  concerns  Flowering 
or  Phanerogamous  plants,  with  which  botanical  instruction  should 
always  begin  ;  also  to  be  a  companion  and  interpreter  to  the  Man- 
uals and  Floras  by  which  the  student  threads  his  flowery  way  to 
a  clear  knowledge  of  the  surrounding  vegetable  creation.  Such  a 
book,  like  a  grammar,  must  needs  abound  in  technical  words, 
which  thus  arrayed  may  seem  formidable ;  nevertheless,  if  rightly 
apprehended,  this  treatise  should  teach  that  the  study  of  bot- 
any is  not  the  learning  of  names  and  terms,  but  the  acquisition 
of  knowledge  and  ideas.  No  eifort  should  be  made  to  com- 
mit technical  terms  to  memory.  Any  term  used  in  describing  a 
plant  or  explaining  its  structure  can  be  looked  up  when  it  is 
wanted,  and  that  should  suffice.  On -the  other  hand,  plans  of 


iv  PREFACE. 

structure,  types,  adaptations,  and  modifications,  once  understood, 
are  not  readily  forgotten  ;  and  they  give  meaning  and  interest  to 
the  technical  terms  used  in  explaining  them. 

In  these  "Elements"  naturally  no  mention  has  been  made  of 
certain  terms  and  names  which  recent  cryptogam ically-minded 
botanists,  with  lack  of  proportion  and  just  perspective,  are  en- 
deavoring to  introduce  into  phanerogamous  botany,  and  which  are 
not  needed  nor  appropriate,  even  in  more  advanced  works,  for  the 
adequate  recognition  of  the  ascertained  analogies  and  homologies. 

As  this  volume  will  be  the  grammar  and  dictionary  to  more  than 
one  or  two  Manuals,  Floras,  etc.,  the  particular  directions  for  pro- 
cedure which  were  given  in  the  "  First  Lessons  "  are  now  relegated 
to  those  works  themselves,  which  in  their  new  editions  will  pro- 
vide the  requisite  explanations.  On  the  other  hand,  in  view  of 
such  extended  use,  the  Glossary  at  the  end  of  this  book  has  been 
considerably  enlarged.  It  will  be  found  to  include  not  merely  the 
common  terms  of  botanical  description  but  also  many  which  are 
unusual  or  obsolete ;  yet  any  of  them  may  now  and  then  be  encoun- 
tered. Moreover,  no  small  number  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  words 
which  form  the  whole  or  part  of  the  commoner  specific  names  are 
added  to  this  Glossary,  some  in  an  Anglicized,  others  in  their  Latin 
form.  This  may  be  helpful  to  students  with  small  Latin  and  less 
Greek,  in  catching  the  meaning  of  a  botanical  name  or  term. 

The  illustrations  in  this  volume  are  largely  increased  in  number. 
They  are  mostly  from  the  hand  of  Isaac  Sprague. 

It  happens  that  the  title  chosen  for  this  book  is  that  of  the 
author's  earliest  publication,  in  the  year  1836,  of  which  copies  are 
rarely  seen ;  so  that  no  inconvenience  is  likely  to  arise  from  the 
present  use  of  the  name. 

ASA  GRAY. 

CAMBRIDGE,  MASSACHUSETTS, 
March,  1887- 


CONTENTS. 


PACE 

SECTION  I.    INTRODUCTORY 9 

SECTION  H.    FLAX  AS  A  PATTERN  PLANT 11 

Growth  from  the  Seed,  Organs  of  Vegetation 11 

Blossoming,  Flower,  &c 14 

SECTION  m.    MORPHOLOGY  OF  SEEDLINGS .......  16 

Germinating  Maples 16 

Cotyledons  thickened,  hypogaeous  in  germination 18 

Store  of  Food  external  to  the  Embryo 20 

Cotyledons  as  to  number 22 

Dicotyledonous  and  Polycotyledonons 23 

Monocotyledonous 24 

Simple-stemmed  Plants 26 

SECTION  IV.    GROWTH  FROM  BUDS;  BRANCHING  .    ...  27 

Buds,  situation  and  kinds 27 

Vigorous  vegetation  from  strong  Buds 28 

Arrangement  of  Branches 29 

Non-developed,  Latent,  and  Accessory  Buds 30 

Enumeration  of  kinds  of  Buds 31 

Definite  and  Indefinite  growth ;  Deliquescent  and  Excurrent    .  31 

SECTION  V.    ROOTS 33 

Primary  and  Secondary.    Contrast  between  Stem  and  Root     .  34 

Fibrous  and  Fleshy  Roots  ;  names  of  kinds 34 

Anomalous  Roots.     Epiphytic  and  Parasitic  Plants      ....  36 

Duration  :  Annuals,  Biennials,  Perennials 37 

SECTION  VI.    STEMS 38 

Those  above  Ground  :  kinds  and  modifications .39 

Subterranean  Stems  and  Branches 42 

Rootstock,  42.     Tuber,  44.    Corra,  46.    Bulb  and  Bulblete  .    .  46 

Consolidated  Vegetation 47 

SECTION  VII.     LEAVES 49 

§  1.    LEAVES  AS  FOLIAGE 49 

Parts  and  Venation 60 

Forms  as  to  general  outline 62 

As  to  apex  and  particular  outline 63 


CONTENTS, 

As  to  lobing  or  division 56 

Compound,  Perfoliate,  and  Equitant  Leaves 67 

With  no  distinction  of  Petiole  and  Blade,  Phyllodia,  Ac.  .    .     .  61 

§  2.    LEAVES  OF  SPECIAL  CONFORMATION  AND  USB     ....  32 

Leaves  for  storage 62 

Leaves  as  bud-scales,  63,  Spines,  64,  and  for  Climbing      ...  64 

Pitchers,  64,  and  Fly-traps ....  65 

1 8.    STIPULES 66 

§  4.    THE  ARRANGEMENT  OF  LEAVES 67 

Phyllotaxy,  67,  of  Alternate  Leaves 60 

Of  Opposite  and  Whorled  Leaves 71 

Venation  or  Praefoliation 71 

vra.  FLOWERS 72 

I  1.  POSITION  AND  ARRANGEMENT,  INFLORESCENCE  ....  73 

Raceme,  73,  Corymb,  Umbel,  Spike,  Head 74 

Spadix,  Catkin,  or  Ament 76 

Panicle:  Determinate  Inflorescence 76 

Cyme,  Fascicle,  Glomerule,  Scorpioid  or  Helicoid  Cymes  .  .  77 

Mixed  Inflorescence 78 

§  2.  PARTS  OB  ORGANS  OF  THE  FLOWER 79 

Floral  Envelopes  :  Perianth,  Calyx,  Corolla 79 

Essential  Organs :  Stamen,  Pistil 80 

Torus  or  Receptacle  r 81 

§  3.  PLAN  OF  THE  FLOWER 81 

When  perfect,  complete,  regular,  or  symmetrical 81 

Numerical  Plan  and  Alternation  of  Organs 82 

Flowers  are  altered  branches 83 

§  4.  MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  TYPE 86 

Unisexual  or  diclinous 86 

Incomplete,  Irregular,  and  Ur.sym metrical 86 

Flowers  with  Multiplication  of  Parts 88 

Flowers  with  Union  of  Part*  :  Coalescence 88 

Regular  Forms,  89,  Irregular  Forms 90 

Papilionaceous,  91,  Labiate,  92,  and  Ligulate  Corollas ....  93 

Adnation  or  Consolidation 94 

Position  of  Flower  or  of  its  Parts 96 

§  6.  ARRANGEMENT  OF  PARTS  IN  THE  BUD 97 

^Estivation  or  Praefloration,  its  kinds 67 

SECTION  IX.    STAMENS  IN  PARTICULAR 98 

Androecium,  98,  Insertion,  Relation,  &c 99 

Anther  and  Filament.    Pollen 101 

SECTION  X.    PISTILS  IN  PARTICULAR 106 

|  1.     ANGIOSPERMOCS  OR  ORDINARY  GYNOECIUM 106 

Parts  of  a  complete  Pistil 106 

Carpels.  Simple  Pistil 106 


CONTENTS.  Vii 

Compound  Pistil  with  Cells  and  Axile  Placenta 107 

One-celled  with  Free  Central  Placenta 108 

One-celled  with  Parietal  Placenta 108 

§  2.      GTMNOSPERMOU8   GTN<ECIUM 109 

SECTION  XL    OVULES 110 

Their  Parts,  Insertion,  and  Kind* Ill 

SECTION  XIL    MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  RECEPTACLE  .    .  112 

Torus,  Stipe,  Carpophore,  Disk 113 

SECTION  XIII.    FERTILIZATION 1.14 

§  1.    ADAPTATIONS  FOB  POLLINATION  op  THE  STIGMA  ...  114 

Close  and  Cross  Fertilization,  Anemophilousand  Entomophilous  115 

Dichogamy  and  Heterogony 116 

§  2.    ACTION  OF  THE  POLLEN  AND  FORMATION  OP  THE  EMBRTO  117 

SECTION  XIV.    THE  FRUIT 117 

Nature  and  kinds 118 

Berry,  Pepo,  Pome 119 

Drupe  and  Akene 120 

Creraocarp,  Caryopsis,  Nut 121 

Follicle,  Legume,  Capsule 122 

Capsular  Dehiscence,  Silique  and  Silicic 123 

Pyxis,  Strobile  or  Cone 124 

SECTION  XV.    THE  SEED 125 

Seed-coats  and  their  appendages 125 

The  Kernel  or  Nucleus,  Embryo  and  its  parts,  Albumen    .    .  127 

SECTION  XVI.    VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK 128 

§  1.    ANATOMICAL  STRUCTURE  AND  GROWTH 129 

Nature  of  Growth,  Protoplasm 129 

Cells  and  Cell-walls.    Cellular  Structure  or  Tissue     ....  130 

Strengthening  Cells.     Wood,  Wood-cells,  Vessels  or  Ducts     .  132 

§  2.    CELL-CONTENTS 136 

Sap,  Chlorophyll,  Starch 136 

Crystals,  Rhaphides 137 

§  3.    ANATOMY  OF  ROOTS  AND  STEMS 138 

Endogenous  and  Exogenous  Stems  .....' 139 

Particular  structure  of  the  latter 140 

Wood,  Sapwood  and  Heart-wood.     The  living  parts  of  a  Tree  141 

§  4.     ANATOMY  OF  LEAVES 142 

Epidermis,  Stomata  or  Breathing  pores 143 

§  6.    PLANT  FOOD  AND  ASSIMILATION 144 

§6.    PLANT  WORK  AND  MOVEMENT 149 

Movements  in  Cells  or  Cyclosis 149 

Transference  from  Cell  to  Cell 160 


Tlii  CONTENTS. 

Movements  of  Organ*,  Twining  Stems,  Leaf-movements    .    .  150 

Movements  of  Tendrils,  Sensitiveness 152 

Movements  in  Flowers     ....  153 

Movements  for  capture  of  Insects     .         ........  154 

Work  costs,  using  up  Material  and  Energy 155 

SECTION  XVII.  CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS  156 

Vascular  Cryptogams,  Pteridophytes 156 

Horsetails  (Equisetacese),  Ferns .  167 

Club-Mosses  (Lj-copodium),  &c 161 

Quillworts  (Isoetes),  Pillworts  (Marsilia) ,    .  161 

Azolla.    Cellular  Cryptogams 162 

Bryophytes.    Mosses  (Musci) 163 

Liverworts  (Hepaticae) 164 

Thallophytes 165 

Characeaa 167 

Alg»,  Seaweeds,  Ac. 168 

Lichenes  or  Lichens 171 

Fungi 172 

SECTION  XVIII.    CLASSIFICATION  AND  NOMENCLATURE  176 

§  1.     KINDS  AND  RELATIONSHIP 176 

Species,  Varieties,  Individuals 176 

Genera,  Orders,  Classes,  &c 177 

|  2.    NAMES,  TERMS,  AND  CHAEACTBRS 178 

Nomenclature  of  Genera,  Species,  and  Varieties 179 

Nomenclature  of  Orders,  Classes,  &c.    Terminology  ....  180 

§3.    STSTEM 181 

Artificial  and  Natural 182 

Synopsis  of  Series,  Classes,  &c 183 

SECTION  XIX.    BOTANICAL  WORK 184 

§  1.    COLLECTION  OR  HERBORIZATIOW 184 

§  2.    HERBARIUM 186 

§  3.    INVESTIGATION  AND  DETERMINATION  OF  PLANTS   ...  187 

§  4.    SIGNS  AND  ABBREVIATIONS 188 

ABBREVIATIONS  OP  THE  NAMES  OP  BOTANISTS 190 

GLOSSARY  COMBINED  WITH  INDEX 193 


ELEMENTS  OF  BOTANY. 


SECTION  I.    INTRODUCTORY. 

1.  BOTANY  is  the  name  of  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  in 
general ;   that  is,  of  plants. 

2.  Plants  may  be  studied  as  to  their  kinds  and  relationships.     This 
study  is  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY.     An  enumeration  of  the  kinds  of  vegetables, 
as  far  as  known,  classified  according  to  their  various  degrees  of  resemblance 
or  difference,  constitutes  a  general  System  of  plants.    A  similar  account  of 
the  vegetables  of  any  particular  country  or  district  is  called  a  Mora. 

3.  Plants  may  be  studied  as  to  their  structure  and  parts.     This  is 
STRUCTURAL  BOTANY,  or  ORGANOGRAPHY.    The  study  of  the  organs  or 
parts  of  plants  in  regard  to  the  different  forms  and  different  uses  which 
the  same  kind  of  organ  may  assume,  —  the  comparison,  for  instance,  of 
a  flower-leaf  or  a  bud-scale  with  a  common  leaf,  —  is  VEGETABLE  MOR- 
PHOLOGY, or  MORPHOLOGICAL  BOTANY.    The  study  of  the  minute  structure 
of  the  parts,  to  learn  by  the  microscope  what  they  themselves  are  formed 
of,  is  VEGETABLE  ANATOMY,  or  HISTOLOGY  ;  in  other  words,  it  is  Micro- 
scopical Structural  Botany.     The  study  of  the  actions  of  plants  or  of  their 
parts,  of  the  ways  in  which  a  plant  lives,  grows,  and  acts,  is  the  province 

.of  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY,  or  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 

4.  This  book  is  to  teach  the  outlines  of  Structural  Botany  and  of  the 
simpler  parts  of  the  physiology  of  plants,   that  it  may  be  known  how 
plants  are  constructed  and  adapted  to  their  surroundings,  and  how  they 
live,  move,  propagate,  and  have  their  being  in  an  existence  no  less  real, 
although  more  simple,  than  that  of  the  animal  creation  which  they  support. 
Particularly,  this  book  is  to  teach  the  principles  of  the  structure  and  rela- 
tionships of  plants,  the  nature  and  names  of  their  parts  and  their  modifica- 
tions, and  so  to  prepare  for  the  study  of  Systematic  Botany ;  in  which  the 
learner  may  ascertain  the  name  and  the  place  in  the  system  of  any  or  all 
of  the  ordinary  plants  within  reach,  whether  wild  or  cultivated.     And  in 
ascertaining  the  name  of  any  plant,  the  student,  if  rightly  taught,  will  come 
to  know  all  about  its  general  or  particular  structure,  rank,  and  relationship 
to  other  plants. 


10  ELEMENTS  OF  BOTANY.  [SECTION   1, 

5  The  vegetable  kingdom  is  so  vast  and  various,  and  the  difference  is 
so  wide  between  ordinary  trees,  shrubs,  and  herbs  on  the  one  hand,  and 
mosses,  moulds,  and  such  like  on  the  other,  that  it  is  hardly  possible  to 
frame  an  intelligible  account  of  plants  as  a  whole  without  contradictions 
or  misstatements,  or  endless  and  troublesome  qualifications.  If  we  say 
that  plants  come  from  seeds,  bear  flowers,  and  have  roots,  stems,  and 
leaves,  this  is  not  true  of  the  lower  orders.  It  is  best  for  the  beginner, 
therefore,  to  treat  of  the  higher  orders  of  plants  by  themselves,  without 
particular  reference  to  the  lower. 

6.  Let  it  be  understood,  accordingly,  that  there  is  a  higher  and  a  lower 
series  of  plants ;  namely :  — 

PHANEROGAMOUS  PLANTS,  which  come  from  seed  and  bear  foteert,  es- 
sentially stamens  and  pistils,  through  the  co-operation  of  which  seed  is 
produced.  For  shortness,  these  are  commonly  called  PHANEROGAMS,  or 
Phanogams,  or  by  the  equivalent  English  name  of  FLOWERING  PLANTS.* 

CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS,  or  CRYPTOGAMS,  come  from  minute  bodies,  which 
answer  to  seeds,  but  are  of  much  simpler  structure,  and  such  plants  have 
not  stamens  and  pistils.  Therefore  they  are  called  in  English  FLOWEH.LESS 
PLANTS.  Such  are  Ferns,  Mosses,  Alga?  or  Seaweeds,  Fungi,  etc.  These 
sorts  have  each  to  be  studied  separately,  for  each  class  or  order  has  a  plan 
of  its  own. 

7.  But  Phanerogamous,  or  Flowering,  Plants  are  all  constructed  on  one 
plan,  or  type.    That  is,  taking  almost  any  ordinary  herb,  shrub,  or  tree  for 
a  pattern,  it  will  exemplify  the  whole  series :  the  parts  of  one  plant  answer 
to  the  parts  of  any  other,  with  only  certain  differences  in  particulars.     And 
the  occupation  and  the  delight  of  the  scientific  botanist  is  in  tracing  out 
this  common  plan,  in  detecting  the  likenesses  under  all  the  diversities,  and 
in  noting  the  meaning  of  these  manifold  diversities.    So  the  attentive  study 
of  any  one  plant,  from  its  growth  out  of  the  seed  to  the  flowering  and 
fruiting  state  and  the  production  of  seed  like  to  that  from  which  the  plant 
grew,  would  not  only  give  a  correct  general  idea  of  the  structure,  growth, 
and  characteristics  of  Flowering  Plants  in  general,  but  also  serve  as  a  pat- 
tern or  standard  of  comparison.     Some  plants  will  serve  this  purpose  of  a 
pattern  much  better  than  others.     A  proper  pattern  will  be  one  that  is 
perfect  in  the  sense  of  having  all  the  principal  parts  of  a  phanerogamous 
plant,  and  simple  and  regular  in  having  these  parts  free  from  complications 
or  disguises.    The  common  Flax-plant  may  very  well  serve  this  purpose. 
Being  an  annual,  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  easily  raised  and  carried 
in  a  short  time  through  its  circle  of  existence,  from  seedling  to  fruit  and 
seed. 

'  The  name  is  sometimes  Phanerogamous,  sometimes  Phanogamous  (Phanero- 
gams, or  Phanogams),  terms  of  the  same  meaning  etymologically ;  the  former  of 
preferable  form,  but  the  latter  shorter.  The  meaning  of  such  terms  is  explained 
in  the  Glossary. 


SECTION  2.]  A  PATTERN  PLANT.  11 


SECTION  II.    FLAX  AS  A  PATTERN  PLANT. 

8.  Growth  from  the  Seed.    Phanerogamous  plants  grow  from  seed, 
and  their  flowers  are  destined  to  the  production  of  seeds.     A  seed  has  a 
rudimentary  plant  ready  formed  iu  it, — sometimes  with  the  two  most 
essential  parts,  i.  e.  stem  and  leaf,  plainly  discernible ;  sometimes  with  no 
obvious  distinction  of  organs  until  germination  begins.    This  incipient 
plant  is  called  an  EMBRYO. 

9.  In  this  section  the  Flax-plant  is  taken  as  a  specimen,  or  type,  and 
the  development  and  history  of  common  plants  in  general  is  illustrated  by 
it.     In  flux-seed  the  embryo  nearly  fills  the  coats,  but  not  quite.    There 
is  a  small  deposit  of  nourishment  between  the  seed-coat  and  the  embryo : 
this  may  for  the  present  be  left  out  of  the  account.    This  embryo  consists 
of  a  pair  of  leaves,  pressed  together  face  to  face,  and  attached  to  an  ex- 
tremely short  stem.     (Fig.  2-4.)     In  this  rudimentary  condition  the  real 
nature  of  the  parts  is  not  at  once  apparent ;  but  when  the  seed  grows  they 
promptly  reveal  their  character,  —  as  the  accompanying  figures  (Fig.  5-7) 
show. 


10.  Before  the  nature  of  these  parts  in  the  seed  was  altogether  under- 
stood,  technical  names  were  given  to  them,  which  are  still  in  use.  These 
initial  leaves  were  named  COTYLEDONS.  The  initial  stem  on  which  they 
stand  was  called  the  RADICLE.  That  was  because  it  gives  rise  to  the  first 
root ;  but,  as  it  is  really  the  beginning  of  the  stem,  and  because  it  is  the 
stem  that  produces  the  root  and  not  the  root  that  produces  the  stem,  it  is 
better  to  name  it  the  CATJLICLE.  Recently  it  has  been  named  Hypocotyle; 
which  signifies  something  below  the  cotyledons,  without  pronouncing  what 
its  nature  is. 

FIG.  1.  Pod  of  Flax.  2.  Section  lengthwise,  showing  two  of  the  seeds;  one  whole, 
the  other  cut  half  away,  bringing  contained  embryo  into  view.  3.  Similar  section 
of  a  flax-seed  more  magnified  and  divided,  flatwise;  turned  round,  so  that  the 
stem-end  (caulicle)  of  the  embryo  is  below:  the  whole  broad  upper  part  is  the 
inner  face  of  one  of  the  cotyledons;  the  minute  nick  at  its  base  is  the  plumule. 
4.  Similar  section  through  a  seed  turned  edgewise,  showing  the  thickness  of  the 
cotyledons,  and  the  minute  plumule  between  them.  i.  e.  the  minute  bud  on  the 
upper  end  of  the  canlicle. 


12 


A  PATTERN  PLANT. 


[SECTION  2. 


11.  On  committing  these  seeds  to  moist  and  warm  soil  they  soon  sprout, 
i.  e.  germinate.    The  very  short  stem-part  of  the  embryo  is  the  first  to 
grow.    It  lengthens,  protrudes  its  root-end ;  this  turns  downward,  if  not 
already  pointing  in  that  direction,  and  while  it  is  lengthening  a  root  forms 
at  its  point  and  grows  downward  into  the  ground.     This  root  continues  to 
grow  on  from  its  lower  end,  and  thus  insinuates  itself  and 
penetrates  into  the  soil.    The  stem  meanwhile  is  adding 

to  its  length  throughout ;  it  erects  itself,  and,  seeking  the 
light,  brings  the  seed  up  out  of  the  ground.    The  mate- 
rials  for  this  growth  have  been  supplied  by  the  cotyledons 
or  seed-leaves,  still  in  the  seed :  it  was  the  store  of  nour- 
ishing material  they  held  which  gave  them  their  thickish 
shape,  so  unlike  that  of  ordinary  leaves.    Now,  relieved  of 
a  part  of  this  store  of  food,  which  has  formed  the  growth  by 
which  they  have  been  raised  into  the  air 
and  light,  they  appropriate  the  remain- 
der to  their  own  growth.    In  enlarging 
they  open  and  throw  off  the  seed-husk ; 
they  expand,  diverge  into  a  horizontal 
position,  turn  green,  and  thus  become 
a  pair  of  evident  leaves,  the  first  foliage 
of  a  tiny  plant.   This  seedling,  although 
diminutive  and  most  simple,  possesses 
and  puts  into  use,  all  the  ORGANS  of 
VEGETATION,  namely,  root,  stem,  and 
leaves,  each  in  its  proper  element, — the 
root  in  the  soil,  the  stem  rising  out  of 
it,  the  leaves  in  the  light  and  open  air. 
It  now  draws  in  moisture  and  some 
food-materials  from  the  soil  by  its  root, 

conveys  this  through  the  stem  into  the  leaves,  where  these  materials,  along 
with  other  crude  food  which  these  imbibe  from  the  air,  are  assimilated  into 
vegetable  matter,  i.  e.  into  the  material  for  further  growth. 

12.  Further  Growth  soon  proceeds  to  the  formation  of  new  parts,  — 
downward  in  the  production  of  more  root,  or  of  branches  of  the  main  root, 
upward  in  the  development  of  more  stem  and  leaves.     That  from  which  a 
stem  with  its  leaves  is  continued,  or  a  new  stem  (i.  e.  branch)  originated,  is 
a  BUD.     The  most  conspicuous  and  familiar  buds  are  those  of  most  shrubs 
and  trees,  bearing  buds  formed  in  summer  or  autumn,  to  grow  the  following 

Fid.  5.  Early  Flax  seedling ;  stem  (caulicle),  root  at  lower  end,  expanded  seed- 
leaves  (cotyledons)  at  the  other :  minute  bud  (plumule)  between  these.  6.  Same 
later;  the  bud  developed  into  second  pair  of  leaves,  with  hardly  any  stem-part  be- 
low them;  then  into  a  third  pair  of  leaves,  raised  on  a  short  joint  of  stem ;  and  a 
fifth  leaf  also  showing.  7.  Same  still  older,  with  more  leaves  developed,  but  these 
singly  (one  after  another),  and  with  joints  of  stem  between  them. 


SECTION  2.] 


A  PATTERN  PLANT. 


13 


spring.  But  every  such  point  for  new  growth  may  equally  bear  the  name. 
When  there  is  such  a  bud  between  the  cotyledons  in  the  seed  or  seedling 
it  is  called  the  PLUMULE.  This  is  conspicuous  enough  in  a  beau  (Fig.  29.), 
where  the  young  leaf  of  the  new  growth  looks  like  a  little  plume,  whence  the 
name,  plumule.  In  flax-seed  this  is  very  minute  indeed,  but  is  discernible 
with  a  magnifier,  and  in  the  seedling  it  shows  itself  distinctly  (Fig.  5,  6,  7). 

13.  As  it  grows  it  shapes  itself  into  a  second  pair  of  leaves,  which  of 
course  rests  on  a  second  joint  of  stem,  although  in  this  instance  that  remains 
too  short  to  be  well  seen.    Upon  its 

summit  appears  the  third  pair  of 
leaves,  soon  to  be  raised  upon  its 
proper  joint  of  stem ;  the  next  leaf  is 
single,  and  is  carried  up  still  further 
upon  its  supporting  joint  of  stem ; 
and  so  on.  The  root,  meanwhile, 
continues  to  grow  underground,  not 
joint  after  joint,  but  continuously, 
from  its  lower  end ;  and  commonly 
it  before  long  multiplies  itself  by 
branches,  which  lengthen  by  the 
same  continuous  growth.  But 
stems  are  built  up  by  a  succession 
of  leaf-bearing  growths,  such  as  are 
strongly  marked  in  a  reed  or  corn- 
stalk, and  less  so  in  such  an  herb  as 
Flax.  The  word  "joint "  is  ambigu- 
ous :  it  may  mean  either  the  portion 
between  successive  leaves,  or  their 
junction,  where  the  leaves  are  at- 
tached. For  precision,  therefore, 
the  place  where  the  leaf  or  leaves 
are  borne  is  called  a  NODE,  and  the 
naked  interval  between  two  nodes, 
an  INTERNODE. 

14.  In  this  way  a  simple  stem 
with  its  garniture  of  leaves  is  de- 
veloped from  the  seed.   But  besides 

this  direct  continuation,  buds  may  form  and  develop  into  lateral  «rf*jms,  that 
is,  into  branches,  from  any  node.  The  proper  origin  of  branches  is  from 
the  AXIL  of  a  leaf,  i.  e.  the  angle  between  leaf  and  stem  on  the  upper  side  ; 
and  branches  may  again  branch,  so  building  up  the  herb,  shrub,  or  tree. 
But  sooner  or  later,  and  without  long  delay  in  an  annual  like  Flax,  instead 
of  this  continuance  of  mere  vegetation,  reproduction  is  prepared  for  by 


Fia.  8.   Ujjuer  part  of  Flax-plant  in  blossom. 


14  A  PATTERN  PLANT,  [SECTION  2. 

15.  Blossoming.     In  Flax  the  flowers  make  their  appearance  at  the 
end  of  the  stein  and  branches.     The  growth,  which  otherwise  might  con- 
tinue them  farther  or  indefinitely,  now  takes  the  form  of  blossom,  and  is 
subservient  to  the  production  of  seed. 

16.  The  Flower  of  Flax  consists,  first,  of  five  small  green  leaves, 
crowded  into  a  circle :  this  is  the  CALYX,  or  flower-cup.     When  its  sepa- 
rate leaves  are  referred  to  they  are  called  SEPALS,  a  name  which  distin- 
guishes them  from  foliage-leaves  on  the  one  hand,  and  from  petals  on  the 
other.     Then  come  five  delicate  and  colored  leaves  (in  the  Flax,  blue),  which 
form  the  COEOLLA,  and  its  leaves  are  PETALS  ;  then  a  circle  of  organs,  in 


9  10 

which  all  likeness  to  leaves  is  lost,  consisting  of  slender  stalks  with  a  knob 
at  summit,  the  STAMENS;  and  lastly,  in  the  centre,  the  rounded  body, 
which  becomes  a  pod,  surmounted  by  five  slender  or  stalk-like  bodies. 
This,  all  together,  is  the  PISTIL.  The  lower  part  of  it,  which  is  to  contain  the 
seeds,  is  the  OVARY  ;  the  slender  organs  surmounting  this  are  STYLES  ;  the 
knob  borne  on  the  apex  of  each  style  is  a  STIGMA.  Going  back  to  the  sta- 
mens, these  are  of  two  parts,  viz.  the  stalk,  called  FILAMENT,  and  the  body 
it  bears,  the  ANTHER.  Anthers  are  filled  with  POLLEN,  a  powdery  sub- 
stance'made  up  of  minute  grains. 

17°  The  pollen  shed  from  the  anthers  when  they  open  falls  upon  or  is 
conveyed  to  the  stigmas ;  then  the  pollen-grains  set  up  a  kind  of  growth  (to 
be  discerned  only  by  aid  of  a  good  microscope),  which  penetrates  the  style  : 
this  growth  takes  the  form  of  a  thread  more  delicate  than  the  finest  spider's 
web,  and  reaches  the  bodies  which  are  to  become  seeds  (OVULES  they  are 
called  until  this  change  occurs) ;  these,  touched  by  this  influence,  are  in- 
cited to  a  new  growth  within,  which  becomes  an  embryo.  So,  as  the  ovary 
ripens  into  the  seed-pod  or  capsule  (Fig.  1,  etc.)  containing  seeds,  each 
seed  enclosing  a  rudimentary  new  plantlet,  the  round  of  this  vegetable 
existence  is  completed. 

Fro.  9.  Flax-flowers  about  natural  size.  10.  Section  of  a  flower  moderately 
enlarged,  showing  a  part  of  the  petals  and  stamens,  all  five  styles,  and  a  section 
of  ovary  with  two  ovules  or  rudimentary  seeds. 


SECTION  3.J  SEEDLINGS.  15 


SECTION  HI.    MORPHOLOGY  OP  SEEDLINGS. 

18.  Having  obtained  a  general  idea  of  the  growth  and  parts  of  a  pha- 
nerogamous plant  from  the  common  Flax  of  the  field,  the  seeds  and  seed- 
lings of  other  familiar  plants  may  be  taken  up,  and  their  variations  from  the 
assumed  pattern  examined. 

19.  Germinating  Maples  are  excellent  to  begin  with,  the  parts  being 
so  much  larger  than  in  Flax  that  a  common  magnifying  glass,  although 
convenient,  is  hardly  necessary.     The  only  disadvantage  is  that  fresh  seeds 
are  not  readily  to  be  had  at  all  seasons. 

20.  The  seeds  of  Sugar  Maple  ripen  at  the  end  of  summer,  and  germi- 
nate in  early  spring.    The  em- 
bryo   fills  the  whole  seed,   in 

which  it  is  nicely  packed ;  and 
the  nature  of  the  parts  is  ob- 
vious even  before  growth  begins. 
There  is  a  stemlet  (caulicle)  and 
a  pair  of  long  and  narrow  seed- 
leaves  (cotyledons),  doubled  up  and  coiled,  green  even  in  the  seed,  and  in 
germination  at  once  unfolding  into  the  first  pair  of  foliage-leaves,  though 
of  shape  quite  unlike  those  that  follow. 

21.  Red  Maple  seeds  are  ripe  and  ready  to  germinate  at  the  beginning  of 
summer,  and  are  therefore  more  convenient  for  study.    The  cotyledons  are 
crumpled  in  the  seed,  and  not  easy  to  straighten  out  until  they  unfold  them- 
selves in  germination.     The  story  of  their  development  into  the  seedling  is 
told  by  the  accompanying  Fig.  14-20  ;  and  that  of  Sugar  Maple  is  closely 
similar.    No  plumule  or  bud  appears  in  the  embryo  of  these  two  Maples 
until  the  seed-leaves  have  nearly  attained  their  full  growth  and  are  acting 
as  foliage-leaves,  and  until  a  root  is  formed  below.    There  is  no  great  store 
of  nourishment  in  these  thin  cotyledons;  so  further  growth  has  to  wait 
until  the  root  and  seed-leaves  have  collected  and  elaborated  sufficient  ma- 
terial for  the  formation  of  the  second  internode  and  its  pair  -of  leaves, 
which  lending  their  help  the  third  pair  is  more  promptly  produced,  and 
so  on. 

22.  Some  change  in  the  plan  comes  with  the  Silver  or  Soft  White  Maple. 
(Fig.  21-25).    This  blossoms  in  earliest  spring,  and  it  drops  its  large  and 
ripened  keys  only  a  few  weeks  later.     Its  cotyledons  have  not  at  all  the 
appearance  of  leaves  ;  they  are  short  and  broad,  and  (as  there  is  no  room 
to  be  saved  by  folding)  they  are  straight,  except  a  small  fold  at  the  top,  — 
a  vestige  of  the  habit  of  Maples  in  general.    Their  unusual  thickness  is  due 

FIG.  11.  Embryo  of  Sugar  Maple,  cut  through  lengthwise  and  taken  out  of  the 
•eed.  12, 13.  Whole  embryo  of  same  just  beginning  to  grow;  a,  the  stemlet  or 
caulicle,  which  in  13  has  considerably  lengthened, 


16 


SEEDLINGS. 


[SECTION  3. 


to  the  large  store  of  nutritive  matter  they  contain,  and  this  prevents  their 
developing  into  actual  leaves.  Correspondingly,  their  caulicle  does  not 
lengthen  to  elevate  them  above  the  surface  of  the  soil ;  the  growth  below 
the'cotyledons  is  nearly  all  of  root.  It  is  the  little  plumule  or  bud  between 


them  which  makes  the  upward  growth,  and  which,  being  well  fed  by  the 
cotyledons,  rapidly  develops  the  next  pair  of  leaves  and  raises  them  upon 
a  long  internode,  and  so  on.  The  cotyledons  all  the  while  remain  below, 
in  the  husk  of  the  fruit  and  seed,  and  perish  when  they  have  yielded  up  the 
store  of  food  which  they  contained. 

23.  So,  even  in  plants  so  much  alike  as  Maples,  there  is  considerable 
difference  in  the  amount  of  food  stored  up  in  the  cotyledons  by  which  the 
growth  is  to  be  made ;  and  there  are  corresponding  differences  in  the  ger- 

Fio.  14.  One  of  the  pair  of  keys  or  winged  fruits  of  Red  Maple ;  the  seed-bear- 
ing portion  cut  open  to  show  the  seed.  15.  Seed  enlarged,  and  divided  to  show 
the  crumpled  embryo  which  fills  it.  16.  Embryo  taken  out  and  partly  opened. 

17.  Embryo  which  has  unfolded  in  early  stage  of  germination  and  begun  to  grow. 

18.  Seedling  with  next  joint  of  stem  and  leaves  apparent;  and  19  with  these  parts 
foil-grown,  and  bud  at  apex  for  further  growth.    20.  Seedling  with  another  joint 
of  stem  and  pair  of  leaves. 


SECTION   3.] 


SEEDLINGS. 


17 


mination.  The  larger  the  supply  to  draw  upon,  the  stronger  the  growth, 
and  the  quicker  the  formation  of  root  below  and  of  stem  and  leaves  above. 
This  deposit  of  food  thickens  the 
cotyledons,  and  renders  them  less 
and  less  leaf-like  in  proportion  to 
its  amount. 

2i.  Examples  of  Embryos 
with  thickened  Cotyledons. 
In  the  Pumpkin  and  Squash  (Fig. 
26,  27),  the  cotyledons  are  well 
supplied  with  nourishing  matter, 
as  their  sweet  taste  demonstrates. 
Still,  they  are  flat  and  not  very 
thick.  In  germination  this  store 
is  promptly  utilized  in  the  devel- 
opment of  the  caulicle  to  twenty  or 
thirty  times  its  length  in  the  seed, 
and  to  corresponding  thickness,  in 
the  formation  of  a  cluster  of  roots 
at  its  lower  end,  and  the  early  pro- 
duction of  the  incipient  plumule ; 
also  in  their  own  growth  into  effi- 
cient green  leaves.  The  case  of 
our  common  Beau  (Phaseolus  vul- 
garis,  Fig.  28-30)  is  nearly  the 
same,  except  that  the  cotyledons 
are  much  more  gorged  ;  so  that,  although  carried  up  into  the  air  and  light 
upon  the  lengthening  caulicle,  and  there  acquiring  a  green  color,  they 
never  expand  into  useful  leaves.  Instead  of  this,  they  nourish  into  rapid 
growth  the  plumule,  which  is  plainly  visible  in  the  seed,  as  a  pair  of 
incipient  leaves ;  and  these  form  the  first  actual  foliage. 

25.  Very  similar  is  the  germination  of  the  Beech  (Pig.  31-33),  except 
that  the  caulicle  lengthens  less,  hardly  raising  the  cotyledons  out  of  the 
ground.     Nothing  would  be  gained  by  elevating  them,  as  they  never  grow 
out  into  efficient  leaves ;  but  the  joint  of  stem  belonging  to  the  plumule 
lengthens  well,  carrying  up  its  pair  of  real  foliage-leaves. 

26.  It  is  nearly  the  same  in  the  Bean  of  the  Old  World  (Vicia  Faba, 
here  called  Horse  Bean  and  Windsor  Bean)  :  the  caulicle  lengthens  very 
little,  does  not  undertake  to  elevate  the  heavy  seed,  which  is  left  below  or 

FIG.  21.  Fruit  (one  key)  of  Silver  Maple,  Acer  dasycarpum,  of  natural  size,  the 
seed-bearing  portion  divided  to  show  the  seed.  22.  Embryo  of  the  seed  taken 
out.  23.  Same  opened  out,  to  show  the  thick  cotyledons  and  the  little  plumule 
or  bud  between  them.  24.  Germination  of  Silver  Maple,  natural  size;  merely  the 
base  of  the  fruit,  containing  the  seed,  is  shown.  25.  Embryo  of  same,  taken  out 
of  the  husk ;  upper  part  of  growing  stem  cut  off,  for  want  of  room. 


18 


SEEDLINGS. 


[SECTION  3. 


upon  the  surface  of  the  soil,  the  flat  but  thick  cotyledons  remaining  in  it, 
and  supplying  food  for  the  growth  of  the  root  below  and  the  plumule 
above.  In  its  near  relative,  the  Pea  (Fig.  34,  35),  this  use  of  cotyledons 


for  storage  only  is  most  completely  carried  out.  For  they  are  thickened 
to  the  utmost,  even  into  hemispheres;  the  caulicle  does  not  lengthen  at  all ; 
merely  sends  out  roots  from  the  lower  end,  and  develops  its  strong  plu- 
mule from  the  upper,  the  seed  remaining  unmoved  underground.  That  is, 
in  technical  language,  the  germination  is  hypogteous. 

27.  There  is  sufficient  nourishment  in  the  cotyledons  of  a  pea  to  make 
a  very  considerable  growth  before  any  actual  foliage  is  required.  So  it 
is  the  stem-portion  of  the  plumule  which  is  at  first  conspicuous  and  strong- 
growing.  Here,  as  seen  in  Fig.  35,  its  lower  nodes  bear  each  a  useless 
leaf-scale  instead  of  an  efficient  leaf,  and  only  the  later  ones  bear  leaves 
fitted  for  foliage. 

Fio.  26.  Embryo  of  Pumpkin-seed,  partly  opened.    27.   Young  seedling  of  same. 

FlQ.  28.  Embryo  of  Common  Bean  (Phaseolus  vulgaris):  caulicle  bent  down 
over  edge  of  cotyledons.  29.  Same  germinating  :  caulicle  well  lengthened  and  root 
beginning;  thick  cotyledons  partly  spreading;  and  plumule  (pair  of  leaves)  growing 
between  them.  30.  Same,  older,  with  plumule  developed  into  internode  and 
pair  of  leaves,  . 


SECTION   3.] 


SEEDLINGS. 


19 


28.  This  hypog&ous  germination  is  exemplified  on  a  larger  scale  by  the 
Oak  (Pig.  36,  37)  and  Horse-chestnut  (Fig.  38,  39);  but  in  these  the 
downward  growth  is  wholly  a  stout  tap-root.  It  is  not  the  caulicle;  for 


this  lengthens  hardly  any.  Indeed,  the  earliest  growth  which  carries 
the  very  short  caulicle  out  of  the  shell  comes  from  the  formation  of  foot- 
stalks to  the  cotyledons ;  above  these  develops  the  strong  plumule,  below 
grows  the  stout  root.  The  growth  is  at  first  entirely,  for  a  long  time 

FIG.  31.  A  Beech-nut,  cut  across.  32.  Beginning  germination  of  the  Beech, 
showing  the  plumule  growing  before  the  cotyledons  have  opened  or  the  root  has 
scarcely  formed.  33.  The  same,  a  little  later,  with  the  plumule-leaves  developing, 
and  elevated  on  a  long  internode. 

FIG.  34.  Embryo  of  Pea,  i.  e.  a  pea  with  the  coats  removed;  the  short  and 
thick  caulicle  presented  to  view.  35.  Same  in  advanced  germination  :  the  plumule 
na«  developed  four  or  five  internodes,  bearing  single  leaves  ;  but  the  first  and  sec- 
end  leaves  are  mere  scales,  the  third  begins  to  serve  as  foliage  ;  the  next  more  so. 


20 


SEEDLINGS. 


[SECTION  3. 


mainly,  at  the  expense  of  the  great  store  of  food  in  the  cotyledons.    These, 
after  serving  their  purpose,  decay  and  fall  away. 

29.   Such  thick  cotyledons  never  separate;  indeed,  they  sometimes  grow 
together  by  some  part  of  their  contiguous  faces ;  so  that  the  germination 


seems  to  proceed  from  a  solid  bulb-like  mass. 
This  is  the  case  in  a  horse-chestnut. 

30.  Germinating  Embryo  supplied  by  its 
own  Store  of  Nourishment,  i.  e.  the  store  in 
the  cotyledons.  This  is  so  in  all  the  illustrations 
thus  far,  essentially  so  even  in  the  Flax.  This 
nourishment  was  supplied  by  the  mother  plant  to 
the  ovule  and  seed,  and  thence  taken  into  the 
embryo  during  its  growth.  Such  embryos,  filling 
the  whole  seed,  are  comparatively  large  and  strong, 
and  vigorous  in  germination  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  their  growth  while  connected  with  the  parent  plant. 

31.  Germinating  Embryo  supplied  from  a  Deposit  outside  of  It- 
self. This  is  as  common  as  the  other  mode ;  aud  it  occurs  iu  all  degrees. 

Fio.  36.  Half  of  an  acorn,  cut  lengthwise,  filled  by  the  very  thick  cotyledons, 
the  base  of  which  encloses  the  minute  caulicle.  37.  Oak-seedling. 

Fio.  38.  Half  of  a  horse-chestnut,  similarly  cut ;  the  caulicle  is  curved  down  on 
the  side  of  one  of  the  thick  cotyledons.  39.  Horse-chestnut  in  germination;  foot- 
stalks are  formed  to  the  cotyledons,  pushing  out  in  their  lengthening  the  growing 
parte. 


SECTION  3.] 


SEEDLINGS. 


21 


Some  seeds  have  very  little  of  this  deposit,  but  a  comparatively  large  em- 
bryo, with  its  parts  more  or  less  developed  and  recognizable.  In  others 
this  deposit  forms  the  main  bulk  of  the  seed,  and  the  embryo  is  small  or 
minute,  and  comparatively  rudimentary.  The  following  illustrations  exem- 
plify these  various  grades.  When  an  embryo  in  a  seed  is  thus  surrounded 
by  a  white  substance,  it  was  natural  to  liken  the  latter  to  the  white  of  an 
egg,  and  the  embryo  or  germ  to  the  yolk.  So  the  matter  around  or  by 
the  side  of  the  embryo  was  called  the  Albumen, 
i.  e.  the  white  of  the  seed.  The  analogy  is  not 
very  good ;  and  to  avoid  ambiguity  some  botan- 
ists call  it  the  ENDOSPERM.  As  that  means  iu 
English  merely  the  inwards  of  a  seed,  the  new 
name  is  little  better  than  the  old  one  ;  and,  since 
we  do  not  change  names  in  botany  except 
when  it  cannot  be  avoided,  this  name  of  albu- 
men is  generally  kept  up.  A  seed  with  such  a 
deposit  is  albuminous,  one  with  none  is  exal- 
buminous. 

32.  The  ALBUMEN  forms  the  main  bulk  of 
the  seed  in  wheat,  maize,  rice,  buckwheat,  and 
the  like.     It  is  the  floury  part  of  the  seed. 
Also  of  the  cocoa-nut,  of  coffee  (where  it  is  dense 
and  hard),  etc. ;  while  in  peas,  beans,  almonds, 
and  in  most  edible  nuts,  the  store  of  food,  al- 
though essentially  the  same  in  nature  and  in 
use,  is  in  the  embryo  itself,  and  therefore  is  not 
counted  as  anything  to  be  separately  named. 
In  both  forms  this  concentrated  food  for  the 
germinating  plant  is  food  also  for  man  and  for 
animals. 

33.  For  an  albuminous  seed  with  a  well-developed  embryo,  the  com- 
mon Morning  Glory  (Ipomcea  purpurea,  Fig.  40-43)  is  a  convenient  exam- 
ple, being  easy  and  prompt  to  grow,  and  having  all  the  parts  well  apparent. 
The  seeds  (duly  soaked  for  examination)  and  the  germination  should  be 
compared  with  those  of  Sugar  and  Red  Maple  (19-21).     The  only  essen- 
tial difference  is  that  here  the  embryo  is  surrounded  by  and  crumpled  up  in 
the  albumen.     This  substance,  which  is  pulpy  or  mucilaginous  in  fresh 
and  young  seeds,  hardens  as  the  seed  ripens,  but  becomes  again  pulpy  in 
germination ;  and,  as  it  liquifies,  the  thin  cotyledons  absorb  it  by  their 

FIG.  40.  Seed  of  Morning  Glory  divided,  moderately  magnified;  shows  a  longi- 
tudinal section  through  the  centre  of  the  embryo  as  it  lies  crumpled  in  the  albu- 
men. 41.  Embryo  taken  out  whole  and  unfolded;  the  broad  and  very  thin 
cotyledons  notched  at  summit ;  the  caulicle  below.  42.  Early  state  of  germina- 
tion. 43.  Same,  more  advanced;  caulicle  or  primary  stem,  cotyledons  or  seed- 
leaves,  and  below,  the  root,  well  developed. 


22 


SEEDLINGS, 


[SECTION   3. 


whole  surface.  It  supplements  the  nutritive  matter  contained  in  the 
embryo.  Both  together  form  no  large  store,  but  sufficient  for  establishing 
the  seedling,  with  tiny  root,  stem,  and  pair  of  leaves  for  initiating  its 
independent  growth;  which  in  due  time  proceeds  as  in  Tig.  44,  45. 

34.   Smaller  embryos,  less  developed  in  the  seed,  are  more  dependenl 
upon  the  extraneous  supply  of  food.     The  figures  46-53  illustrate  fouf 


grades  in  this  respect.  The  smallest,  that  of  the  Peony,  is  still  large  enough 
to  be  seen  with  a  hand  magnifying  glass,  and  even  its  cotyledons  may  be 
discerned  by  the  aid  of  a  simple  stage  microscope. 

35.  The  broad  cotyledons  of  Mirabilis,  or  Four-o'clock  (Fig.  52,  53), 
with  the  slender  caulicle  almost  encircle  and  enclose  the  floury  albumen, 
instead  of  being  enclosed  in  it,  as  in  the  other  illustrations.    Evidently 
here  the  germinating  embryo  is  principally  fed  by  one  of  the  leaf-like  coty- 
ledons, the  other  being  out  of  contact  with  the  supply.     In  the  embryo  of 
Abronia  (Fig.  54,  55),  a  near  relative  of  Mirabilis,  there  is  a  singular 
modification ;  one  cotyledon  is  almost  wanting,  being  reduced  to  a  rudi- 
ment, leaving  it  for  the  other  to  do  the  work.     This  leads  to  the  question 
of  the 

36.  Number  of  Cotyledons.     In  all  the  preceding  illustrations,  the 
embryo,  however  different  in  shape  and  degree  of  development,  is  evidently 


Fio.  44.  Seedling  of  Morning  Glory  more  advanced  (root  cut  away);  cotyledons 
well  developed  into  foliage-leaves:  succeeding  internode  and  leaf  well  developed, 
and  the  next  forming.  45.  Seedling  more  advanced;  reduced  to  much  below 
natural  size. 


SECTION  3.J 


SEEDLINGS. 


23 


constructed  upon  one  and  the  same  plan,  namely,  that  of  two  leaves  on  a 
caulicle  or  initial  stem,  —  a  plan  which  is  obvious  even  when  one  cotyledon 
becomes  very  much  smaller  than  the  other,  as  in  the  rare  instance  of  Abro- 
nia  (Fig.  54,  55).  Im  other  words,  the  embryos  so  far  examined  are  all 

37.   Dicotyledonous,  that  is,  two-cotyledoned.     Plants  which  are  thus 
similar  in  the  plan  of  the  embryo  agree  likewise  in  the  *eneral  structure  of 
60  62 


53 


their  stems,  leaves,  and  blossoms ;  and  thus  form  a  class,  named  from  their 
embryo  DICOTYLEDONES,  or  in  English,  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS.  So  long 
a  name  being  inconvenient,  it  may  be  shortened  into  DICOTTLS. 

38.  Polycotyledonous  is  a  name  employed  for  the  less  usual  case  in 
which  there  are  more  than  two  cotyledons.    The  Pine  is  the  most  familiar 
case.    This  occurs  in  all  Pines,  the  number  of  cotyledons  varying  from  three 
to  twelve ;  in  Fig.  56,  57  they  are  six.     Note  that  they  are  all  on  the  same 
level,  that  is,  belong  to  the  same  node,  so  as  to  form  a  circle  or  whorl  at  the 
summit  of  the  caulicle.    When  there  are  only  three  cotyledons,  they  divide 
the  space  equally,  are  one  third  of  the  circle  apart.     When  only  two  they 
are  180°  apart,  that  is,  are  opposite. 

39.  The  case  of  three  or  more  cotyledons,  which  is  constant  in  Pines 
and  in  some  of  their  relatives  (but  not  in  all  of  them),  is  occasional  among 
Dicotyls.   And  the  polycotyledonous  is  only  a  variation  of  the  dicotyledonous 
type,  —  a  difference  in  the  number  of  leaves  in  the  whorl ;  for  a  pair  is  a 
whorl  reduced  to  two  members.     Some  suppose  that  there  are  really  only 

FIG.  46.  Section  of  a  seed  of  a  Peony,  showing  a  very  small  embryo  in  the 
albumen,  near  one  end.  47.  This  embryo  detached,  and  more  magnified. 

FIG.  48.  Section  of  a  seed  of  Barberry,  showing  the  straight  embryo  in  the 
middle  of  the  albumen.  49.  Its  embryo  detached. 

Fio.  50.  Section  of  a  Potato-seed,  showing  the  embryo  coiled  in  the  albumen. 
51.  Its  embryo  detached. 

FlQ.  52.  Section  of  the  seed  of  Mirabilis  or  Four-o'clock,  showing  the  embryo 
coiled  round  the  outside  of  the  albumen.  53.  Embryo  detached;  showing  the  very 
broad  and  leaf-like  cotyledons,  applied  face  to  face,  and  the  pair  incurved. 

FIG.  54.  Embryo  of  Abronia  umbellata;  one  of  the  cotyledons  very  smalL 
65.  Same  straightened  out. 


SEEDLINGS. 


[SECTION   3. 


two  cotyledons  even  in  a  Pine-embryo,  but  these  divided  or  split  up  con- 
genitally  so  as  to  imitate  a  greater  number.  But  as  leaves  are  often  in 
whorls  on  ordinary  stems,  they  may  be  so  at  the  very  beginning. 

40.  MonocotyledODOus   (meaning  with 
single  cotyledon)  is  the  i  lame  of  the  one-coty-     - 

'ledoned  sort  of  embryo.  This  goes  along  " 
with  peculiarities  in  sten  t,  leaves,  and  flowers ; 
which  all  together  assouiate  such  plants  into 
a  great  class,  called  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 
PLANTS,  or,  for  shortness,  MONOCOTYLS.  It 
means  merely  that  the  leaves  are  alternate 
from  the  very  first. 

41.  In  Iris  (Fig.  58,  59)  the  embryo  in 
the  seed  is  a  small  cylinder  at  one  end  of  the 
mass  of  the  albumen,  with  no  apparent  dis- 
tinction of  parts.     The  end  which  almost 
touches  the  seeii-coat  is  caulicle;  the  other 
end  belongs  to  the  solitary  cotyledon.    In 

germination  the  whole  lengthen?  (but  mainly  the 
cotyledon)  only  enough  to  push  the  proximate 
end  fairly  out  of  the  seed :  front  this  end  the  root 
is  formed ;  and  from  a  little  higher  the  plumule 
later  emerges.  It  would  appear,  therefore,  that 
the  cotyledon  answers  to  a  raiaute  leaf  rolled  up, 
and  that  a  chink  through  ^hich  the  plumule 
grows  out  is  a  part  of  the  in  rolled  edges.  The 
embryo  of  Indian  Corn  shows  these  parts  on  a 
larger  scale  and  in  a  more  open  state  (Fig.  66- 
68).  There,  in  the  seed,  the  cotyledon  remains, 
imbibing  nourishment  from  fhe  softened  albu- 
men, and  transmitting  it  to  the  growing  root 
below  and  new-forming  leaves  above. 

49.  The  general  plan  is  the  st  me  in  the  Onion  (Fig.  60-65),  but  witn 
a  striking  difference.  The  embryo  is  long,  and  coiled  in  the  albumen  of  the 
.seed.  To  ordinary  examination  it  shows  no  distinction  of  parts.  But 
germination  plainly  shows  that  all  except  the  lower  end  of  it  is  cotyledon. 
For  after  it  has  lengthened  into  a  long  thread,  the  chink  from  which  the 

Fio.  50.  Section  of  a  Pine-seed,  showing  its  polycotyledonous  embryo  in  the 
centre  of  the  albumen;  moderately  magnified.  57.  Seedling  of  same,  showing  the 
freshly  expanded  six  cotyledons  in  a  whorl,  and  the  plumule  just  appearing. 

Pig.  58.  Section  of  a  seed  of  tho  Iris,  or  Flower-de-Luce,  enlarged,  showing  its 
small  embryo  in  the  albumen,  near  the  bottom.  59.  A  germinating  seedling  of  the 
same,  its  plumule  developed  into  the  first  four  leaves  (alternate),  the  first  one 
rudimentary  i  the  cotyledon  remains  in  the  seed. 

Pio.  60.  Section  of  an  Onion-seed,  showing  the  slender  and  coiled  embryo  in  the 
albumen ;  moderately  magnified.  61.  Seed  of  same  in  early  germination. 


SECTION   3.J  SEEDLINGS.  25 

plumule  in  time  emerges  is  seen  at  the  base,  or  near  it ;  so  the  caulicle  it 


extremely  short,  and  does  not  elongate, 
but  sends  out  from  its  base  a  simple 
root,  and  afterwards  others  in  a  cluster. 
Not  only  does  the  cotyledon  lengthen 
enormously  in  the  seedling,  but  (un- 
like that  of  Iris,  Indian  Corn,  and  all 


FIG.  62.  Germinating  Onion,  more  advanced ;  the  chink  at  base  of  cotyledon 
opening  for  the  protrusion  of  the  plumule,  consisting  of  a  thread-shaped  leaf. 
63.  Section  of  base  of  Fig.  62,  showing  plumule  enclosed.  64.  Section  of  same 
later ;  plumule  emerging.  65.  Later  stage  of  62;  upper  part  cut  off.  66.  A  grain 
of  Indian  Corn,  flatwise,  cut  away  a  little,  so  as  to  show  the  embryo,  lying  on  the 
albumen,  which  makes  the  principal  bulk  of  the  seed.  67.  A  grain  cut  through  the 
middle  in  the  opposite  direction,  dividing  the  embryo  through  its  thick  cotyle- 
don and  its  plumule,  the  latter  consisting  of  two  leaves,  one  enclosing  the  other. 
68.  The  embryo,  taken  out  whole :  the  thick  mass  is  the  cotyledon ;  the  narrow 
body  partly  enclosed  by  it  is  the  plumule ;  the  little  projection  at  its  base  is  the 
very  short  radicle  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  base  of  the  first  leaf  of  the  plumule. 

FIG.  69.  Grain  of  Indian  Corn  in  germination ;  the  ascending  sprout  is  the  first 
leaf  of  the  plumule,  enclosing  the  younger  leaves  within  ;  at  its  base  the  primary 
root  has  broken  through.  70.  The  same,  advanced;  the  second  and  third  leaves 
developing,  while  the  ."^eathing  first  leaf  does  not  further  develop. 


SEEDLINGS. 


[SECTION  3. 


the  cereal  grains)  it  raises  the  comparatively  light  seed  into  the  air,  the 
tip  still  remaining  in  the  seed  and  feeding  upon  the  albumen.  When 
this  food  is  exhausted  and  the  seedling  is  well  es- 
tablished in  the  soil,  the  upper  end  decays  and  the 
emptied  husk  of  the  seed  falss  away. 

43.  In  Maize  or  In- 
dian Corn  (Tig.  66-70), 
the  embryo  is  more  de- 
veloped in  the  seed,  and 
its  parts  can  be  made  out. 
It  lies  against  the  starchy 
albumen,  but  is  not 
enclosed  therein.  The 
larger  part  of  it  is  the 
cotyledon,  thickish,  its 
edges  involute,  and  its 
back  in  contact  with  the 
albumen ;  partly  enclosed 
by  it  is  the  well-devel- 
oped plumule  or  bud 
which  is  to  grow.  For 
the  cotyledon  remains  in 
the  seed  to  fulfil  its  office 
of  imbibing  nourishment 
from  the  softened  albu- 
men, which  it  conveys  to 
the  growing  sprout ;  the 
part  of  this  sprout  which  is  visible  is  the  first  leaf  of  the  plumule  rolled  up 
into  a  sheath  and  enclosing  the  rudiments  of  the  succeeding  leaves,  at  the 
base  enclosing  even  the  minute  caulicle.  In  germination  the  first  leaf  of 
the  plumule  develops  only  as  a  sort  of  sheath,  protecting  the  tender  parts 
within;  the  second  and  the  third  form  the  first  foliage.  The  caulicle  never 
lengthens :  the  first  root,  which  is  formed  at  its  lower  end,  or  from  any 
part  of  it,  has  to  break  through  the  enclosing  sheath ;  and  succeeding  roots 
soon  spring  from  all  or  any  of  the  nodes  of  the  plumule. 

44.  Simple-stemmed  Plants  are  thus  built  up,  by  the  continuous  pro- 
duction of  one  leaf-bearing  portion  of  stem  from  the  summit  of  the  preced- 
ing one,  beginning  with  the  initial  stem  (or  caulicle)  in  the  embryo.  Some 
Dicotyls  and  many  Monocotyls  develop  only  in  this  single  line  of  growth  (as 
to  parts  above  ground)  until  the  flowering  state  is  approached.  For  some 
examples,  see  Cycas  (Fig.  71,  front,  at  the  left)  ;  a  tall  Yucca  or  Spanish 
Bayonet,  and  two  Cocoa-nut  Palms  behind ;  at  the  right,  a  group  of  Sugar- 
canes,  and  a  Banana  behind. 


FIG.  71.  Simple-stemmed  vegetation. 


SECTION  4.] 


BUDS. 


27 


SECTION  IV.     GROWTH  FROM  BUDS  :  BRANCHING. 

45.  Most  plants  increase  the  amount  of  their  vegetation  by  branching, 
that  is,  by  producing  lateral  shoots. 

46.  Roots  branch  from  any  part  and  usually  without  definite  order. 
Stems  normally  give  rise  to  branches  only  at  definite  points,  namely,  at  the 
nodes,  and  there  only  from  the  axils  of  leaves. 

47.  Buds  (Fig.  72,  73).    Every  incipient  shoot  is  a  Bud  (12).    A 
stem  continues  its  growth  by  its  terminal  bud;  it  branches  by  the  forma- 
tion and  development  of  lateral  buds.    As  normal  lateral  buds  occupy  the 
axils  of  leaves,  they  are  called  axillary  buds.    As  leaves  are  symmetrically 
arrauged  on  the  stem,  the  buds  in  their  axils  and  the  branches  into  which 
axillary  buds  grow  partake  of  this  symmetry. 

The  most  conspicuous  buds  are  the  scaly  winter- 
buds  of  most  shrubs  and  trees  of  temperate  and 
cold  climates ;  but  the  name  belongs  as  well  to 
the  forming  shoot  or  branch  of  any  herb. 

48.  The  Terminal  Bud,  in  the  most  general 
sense,  may  be  said  to  exist  in  the  embryo,  —  as 
cotyledons,  or  the  cotyledons  and  plumule,  —  and 
to  crown  each  successive  growth  of  the  simple 
stem  so  long  as  the  summit  is  capable  of  growth 
The  whole  ascending  growth  of  the  Palm,  Cy- 
cas,  and  the  like  (such  as  in  Fig.  71)  is  from 
a  terminal  bud.     Branches,  being  repetitions  of 
the  main  stem  and  growing  in  the  same  way, 
are  also  lengthened  by  terminal  buds.    Those  of 
Horse-chestnut,  Hickory,  Maples,  and  such  trees, 
being  the  resting  buds  of  winter,  are  conspicu- 
ous   by  their  protective    covering   of   scales. 
These  bud-scales,  as  will  hereafter  be  shown, 
are  themselves  a  kind  of  leaves. 

49.  Axillary  Buds  were  formed  on  these 
annual  shoots  early  in  the  summer.    Occasion- 
ally they  grow  the  same  season  into  branches  ;  at  least,  some  of  them  are 
pretty  sure  to  do  so  whenever  the  growing  terminal  bud  at  the  end  of  the 
shoot  is  injured  or  destroyed.    Otherwise  they  may  lie  dormant  until  the 
following  spring.     In  many  trees  or  shrubs  these  axillary  buds   do  not 
show  themselves  until  spring ;  but  if  searched  for,  they  may  be  detected, 
though  of  small  size,  hidden  under  the  bark.     Sometimes,  although  early 


FIG.  72.   Shoot  of  Horse-chestnut,  of  one  year's  growth,  taken  in  autumn  after  th« 
leaves  have  fallen;  showing  the  large  terminal  bud  and  smaller  axillary  buds- 
FIG.  73.   Similar  shoot  of  Shagbark  Hickory,  Carya  alba. 


28  BUDB.  [SECTION  4. 

formed,  they  are  concealed  all  summer  long  under  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk, 
which  is  theu  hollowed  out  into  a  sort  of  inverted  cup,  like  a  candle- 
extinguisher,  to  cover  them  ;  as  in  the  Locust,  the  Yellow.wood,  or  more 
strikingly  in  the  Button-wood  or  Plane-tree  (Fig.  74). 


50.  The  leaf '-scars,  so  conspicuous  in  Fig.  72,  73,  under  each  axillary 
bud,  mark  the  place  where  the  stalk  of  the  subtending  leaf  was  attached 
until  it  fell  in  autumn. 

51.  Scaly  Buds,  which  are  well  represented  fa  Fig.  72,  73,  commonly 
belong  to  trees  and  shrubs  of  countries  in  which  growth  is  suspended  dur- 
ing winter.    The  scaly  coverings  protect  the  tender  young  parts  beneath, 
not  so  much  by  keeping  out  the  cold,  which  of  course  would  penetrate  the 
bud  in  time,  as  by  shielding  the  interior  from  the  effects  of  sudden  changes. 
There  are  all  gradations  between  these  and 

52.  Naked  Buds,  in  which  these  scales  are  inconspicuous  or  wanting, 
as  in  most  herbs,  at  least  above  ground,  and  most  tropical  trees  and  shrubs. 
But  nearly  related  plants  of  the  same  climate  may  differ  widely  in  this  re- 
spect.   Rhododendrons  have  strong  and  scaly  winter-buds ;  while  in  Kalmia 
they  are  naked.     One  species  of  Viburnum,  the  Hobble-bush,  has  com- 
pletely naked  buds,  what  would  be  a  pair  of  scales  developing  into  the  first 
leaves  in  spring ;  while  another  (the  Snowball)  has  conspicuous  scaly  buds. 

53.  Vigor  of  Vegetation  from  strong  buds.    Large  and  strong  buds, 
like  those  of  the  Horse-chestnut,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  contain  several 
leaves,  or  pairs  of  leaves,  ready  formed,  folded  and  packed  away  in  small 
compass,  just  as  the  seed-leaves  of  a  strong  embryo  are  packed  away  in  the 
seed :  they  may  even  contain  all  the  blossoms  of  the  ensuing  season,  plainly 
visible  as  small  buds.     And  the  stems  upon  which  these  buds  rest  are  filled 
with  abundant  nourishment,  which  was  deposited  the  summer  before  in  the 

FIG.  74.  An  axillary  bud,  concealed  under  the  hollowed  base  of  the  leafstalk, 
in  Buttonwood  or  Plane-tree. 


SECTION  4.]  BUDB.  29 

wood  or  in  the  bark.  Under  the  surface  of  the  soil,  or  on  it  covered  with 
the  fallen  leaves  of  autumu,  similar  strong  buds  of  our  perennial  herbs  maj 
be  found ;  while  beneath  are  thick  roots,  rootstocks,  or  tubers,  charged 
with  a  great  store  of  nourishment  for  their  use.  This  explains  how  it  is  that 
vegetation  from  such  buds  shoots  forth  so  vigorously  in  the  spring  of  the 
year,  and  clothes  the  bare  and  lately  frozen  surface  of  the  soil,  as  well  as 
the  naked  boughs  of  trees,  very  promptly  with  a  covering  of  fresh  green, 
and  often  with  brilliant  blossoms.  Everything  was  prepared,  and  even 
formed,  beforehand :  the  short  joints  of  stem  in  the  bud  have  only  to 
lengthen,  and  to  separate  the  leaves  from  each  other  so  that  they  may  un- 
fold  and  grow.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  vegetation  of  the  season  comes 
directly  from  the  seed,  and  none  of  the  earliest  vernal  vegetation.  This  is 
all  from  buds  which  have  lived  through  the  winter. 

64.  The  Arrangement  of  Branches,  being  that  of  axillary  buds,  answers 
to  that  of  the  leaves.  Now  leaves  principally  are  either  opposite  or  alternate. 
Leaves  are  opposite  when  there  are  two  from  the  same  joint  of  stem,  as  in 
Maples  (Fig.  20),  the  two  being  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem ;  and  so  the 
axillary  buds  and  branches  are  opposite,  as  in  Fig.  75.  Leaves  are  alter- 
nate when  there  is  only  one  from  each  joint  of  stem,  as  in  the  Oak,  Lime- 
tree,  Poplar,  Button-wood  (Fig.  74),  Morning-Glory  (Fig.  45,— not 
counting  the  seed-leaves,  which  of  course  are  opposite,  there  being  a  pair 
of  them) ;  also  in  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  70),  and  Iris  (Fig.  59).  Consequently 
the  axillary  buds  are  also  alternate,  as  in  Hickory  (Fig.  73) ;  and  the 
branches  they  form  alternate,  —  making  a  different  kind  of  spray  from  the 
other  mode,  one  branch  shooting  on  one  side  of  the  stem  and  the  next 
on  some  other.  For  in  the  alternate  arrangement  no  leaf  is  on  the  same 
side  of  the  stem  as  the  one  next  above  or  next  below  it. 

55.  But  the  symmetry  of  branches  (unlike  that  of  the  leaves)  is  rarely 
complete.    This  is  due  to  several  causes,  and  most  commonly  to  the 

56.  Non-development  of  buds.    It  never  happens  that  all  the  buds 
grow.     If  they  did,  there  might  be  as  many  branches  in  any  year  as  there 
were  leaves  the  year  before.     And  of  those  which  do  begin  to  grow,  a 
/arge  portion  perish,  sooner  or  later,  for  want  of  nourishment,  or  for  want 
of  light,  or  because  those  which  first  begin  to  grow  have  an  advantage, 
which  they  are  apt  to  keep,  taking  to  themselves  the  nourishment  of  the 
stem,  and  starving  the  weaker  buds.    In  the  Horse-chestnut  (Fig.  72), 
Hickory  (Fig.  73),  Magnolia,  and  most  other  trees  with  large  scaly  buds, 
the  terminal  bud  is  the  strongest,  and  has  the  advantage  in  growth ;  and 
next  in  strength  are  the  upper  axillary  buds :  while  the  former  continues 
the  shoot  of  the  last  year,  some  of  the  latter  give  rise  to  branches,  and 
the  rest  fail  to  grow.     In  the  Lilac  also  (Fig.  75),  the  uppermost  axillary 
buds  are  stronger  than  the  lower ;  but  the  terminal  bud  rarely  appears  at 
all;  in  its  place  the  uppermost  pair  of  axillary  buds  grow,  and  so  each 
stem  branches  every  year  into  two,  —  mating  a  repeatedly  two-forked 
ramification,  as  in  Fig.  76. 


30 


BUDS. 


[SECTION  4. 


57.  Latent  Buds.  Axillary  buds  that  do  not  grow  at  the  proper  season, 
and  especially  those  which  make  no  appearance  externally,  may  long  remain 
latent,  and  at  length  upon  a  favorable  occasion  start  into  growth,  so  form- 
ing branches  apparently  out  of  place 
as  they  are  out  of  time.  The  new 
shoots  seen  springing  directly  out 
of  large  stems  may  sometimes  orig- 
inate from  such  latent  buds,  which 
have  preserved  their  life  for  years. 
But  commonly  these  arise  from 

58.  Adventitious  Buds.  These 
are  buds  which  certain  shrubs  and 
trees  produce  anywhere  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  wood,  especially  where 
it  has  been  injured.  They  give  risfr 
to  the  slender  twigs  which  often 
feather  the  sides  of  great  branches 
of  our  American  Elms.  They  some- 
times form  on  the  root,  which  natu- 
rally is  destitute  of  buds ;  they  are 
even  found  upon  some  leaves  ;  and 
they  are  sure  to  appear  on  the 
trunks  and  roots  of  Willows,  Pop- 
lars, and  Chestnuts,  when  these  are 
wounded  or  mutilated.  Indeed 
Osier-Willows  are  pollarded,  or  out 
off,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  culti- 
vator, for  the  purpose  of  produc- 
ing a  crop  of  slender  adventitious  twigs,  suitable  for  basket-work.  Such 
branches,  being  altogether  irregular,  of  course  interfere  with  the  natural 
symmetry  of  the  tree.  Another  cause  of 
irregularity,  hi  certain  trees  and  shrubs, 
is  the  formation  of  what  are  called 

59.  Accessory  or  Supernumerary 
Buds.  There  are  cases  where  two,  three, 
or  more  buds  spring  from  the  axil  of  a 
leaf,  instead  of  the  single  one  which  is  or- 
dinarily found  there.  Sometimes  they  are 
placed  one  over  the  other,  as  in  the  Aris- 
tolochia  or  Pipe- Vine,  and  in  the  Tartarean  Honeysuckle  (Fig.  77) ;  also 
in  the  Honey-Locust,  and  in  the  Walnut  and  Butternut  (Fig.  78),  where 

FIG.  75.  Shoot  of  Lilac,  with  winter  buds  ;  the  two  uppermost  axillary  ones 
strong;  the  terminal  not  developed.  76.  Forking  ramification  of  Lilac;  reduced 
In  size. 

Fio.  77.  Tartarean  Honeysuckle,  with  three  accessory  buds  in  each  axil. 


SECTION  4] 


31 


the  upper  supernumerary  bud  is  a  good  way  out  of  the  axil  and  above  the 

others.     Arid  this  is  here  stronger   than  the  others,  and   grows  into  a 

branch  which  is  considerably  out  of  the  axil,  while  the  lower  and  smaller 

ones  commonly  do  not  grow  at  all.     In  other  cases 

three  buds  stand  side  by  side  in  the  axil,  as  in  the 

Hawthorn,  and  the  Red  Maple  (Fig.  79.)     If  these 

were  all  to  grow  into  branches,  they  would  stifle  each 

other.    But  some  of  them  are  commonly  flower-buds  : 

in  the  Red  Maple,  only  the  middle  one  is  a  leaf-bud, 

and  it  does  not  grow  until  after  those  on  each  side  of 

it  have  expanded  the  blossoms  they  contain. 

60.  Sorts  of  Buds.    It  may  be  useful  to  enumerate 
the  kinds  of  buds  which  have  been  described  or  men- 
tioned.   They  are 

Terminal,  when  they  occupy  the  summit  of  (or  ter- 
minate) a  stem, 

Lateral,  when  they  are  borne  on  the  side  of  a  stem ; 
of  which  the  regular  kind  is  the 

Axillary,  situated  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf.    These  are 

Accessory  or  Supernumerary,  when  they  are  in 
addition  to  the  normal  solitary  bud;  and  these  are 
Collateral,  when  side  by  side ;  Superposed,  when  one 
above  another; 

Extra-axillary,  when  they  appear  above  the  axil,  as 
some  do  when  superposed,  and  as  occasionally  is  the 
case  when  single. 

Naked  buds  ;  those  which  have  no  protecting  scales. 

Scaly  buds ;  those  which  have  protecting  scales, 
which  are  altered  leaves  or  bases  of  leaves. 

Leaf-buds,  contain  or  give  rise  to  leaves,  and  develop  into  a  leafy  shoot. 

Flower-buds,  contain  or  consist  of  blossoms,  and  no  leaves. 

Mixed  buds,  contain  both  leaves  and  blossoms. 

61.  Definite  annual  Growth  from  winter  buds  is  marked  in  most  of 
the  shoots  from  strong  buds,  such  as  those  of  the  Horse-chestnut  and 
Hickory  (Fig.  72,  73).     Such  a  bud  generally  contains,  already  formed  in 
miniature,  all  or  a  great  part  of  the  leaves  and  joints  of  stem  it  is  to  pro- 
duce, makes  its  whole  growth  in  length  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks,  or 
sometimes  even  in  a  few  days,  and  then  forms  and  ripens  its  buds  for  the 
next  year's  similar  growth. 

62.  Indefinite  annual  Growth,  on  the  other  hand,  is  well  marked  in 
such  trees  or  shrubs  as  the  Honey-Locust,  Sumac,  and  in  sterile  shoots  of 

FIG.  78.   Butternut  branch,  with  accessory  buds,  the  uppermost  above  the  axil. 

FIG.  79.  Red-Maple  branch,  with  accessory  buds  placed  side  by  side.  The  an- 
nular lines  toward  the  base  in  this  and  in  Fig.  72  are  scars  of  the  bud-scales,  and 
indicate  the  clace  of  the  winter-bud  of  the  preceding  year. 


32 


BUDS. 


[SECTION  4. 


the  "Rose,  Blackberry,  and  Raspberry.  That  is,  these  shoots  ave  apt  to 
grow  all  summer  long,  until  stopped  by  the  frosts  of  autumn  or  some  other 
cause.  Consequently  they  form  and  ripen  no  terminal  bud  protected  by 
scales,  and  the  upper  axillary  buds  are  produced  so  late  in  the  season  that 
they  have  no  time  to  mature,  nor  has  their  wood  time  to  solidify  and  ripen. 
Such  stems  therefore  commonly  die  back  from  the  top  in  winter,  or  at 
least  all  their  upper  buds  are  small  and  feeble ;  so  the  growth  of  the  suc- 
ceeding year  takes  place  mainly  from  the  lower  axillary  buds,  which  are 
more  mature. 

63.  Deliquescent  and  Excurrent  Growth.  In  the  former  case,  and 
wherever  axillary  buds  take  the  lead,  there  is,  of  course,  no  single  main 
stem,  continued  year  after  year  in  a  direct  line,  but  the  trunk  is  soon  lost 


in  the  branches.  Trees  so  formed  commonly  have  rounded  or  spreading 
tops.  Of  such  trees  with  deliquescent  stems,  —  that  is,  with  the  trunk 
dissolved,  as  it  were,  into  the  successively  divided  branches,  —  the  common 
American  Elm  (Fig.  80)  is  a  good  illustration. 

64.  On  the  other  hand,  the  main  stem  of  Firs  and  Spruces,  unless  de- 
stroyed by  some  injury,  is  carried  on  in  a  direct  line  throughout  the  whole 
growth  of  the  tree,  by  the  development  year  after  year  of  a  terminal  bud  : 
this  forms  a  single,  uninterrupted  shaft,  —  an  excurrent  trunk,  which  can- 
not be  confounded  with  the  branches  that  proceed  from  it.  Of  such  spiry 
or  spire-shaped  trees,  the  Firs  or  Spruces  are  characteristic  and  familiar 
examples  There  are  all  gradations  between  the  two  modes. 

FIQ.  80.   An  American  Elm,  with  Spruce-trees,  and  on  the  left  Arbor  Vitae. 


SECTION  5.]  ROOTS.  33 


SECTION  V.    ROOTS. 

65.  It  is  a  property  of  stems  to  produce  roots.     Stems  do  not  spriug 
from  roots  in  ordinary  cases,  as  is  generally  thought,  but  roots  from  stems. 
When  perennial  herbs  arise  from  the  ground,  as  they  do  at  spring-time, 
they  rise  from  subterranean  stems. 

66.  The  Primary  "Root,  is  a  downward  growth  from  the  root-end  of 
the  caulicle,  that  is,  of  the  initial  stem  of  the  embryo  (Fig.  5-7,  81).     I* 
it  goes  on  to  grow  it  makes  a  main  or  tap-root,  as  in  Fig.  37,  etc.    Som« 
plants  keep  this  main  root  throughout 

their  whole  life,  and  send  off  only 
small  side  branches  ;  as  in  the  Carrot 
aud  Radish  :  and  in  various  trees,  like 
the  Oak,  it  takes  the  lead  of  the 
side-branches  for  several  years,  unless 
accidentally  injured,  as  a  strong  tap- 
root. But  commonly  the  main  root 
divides  off  very  soon,  and  is  lost  in  the 
branches.  Multiple  primary  roots  now 
and  then  occur,  as  in  the  seedling  of 
Pumpkin  (Fig.  27),  where  a  cluster 
is  formed  even  at  the  first,  from  the 
root-end  of  the  caulicle. 

67.  Secondary  Roots  are  those 
which  arise  from  other  parts  of  the 
stem.      Any  pari  of  the  stem  may 

produce  them,  but  they  most  readily  come  from  the  nodes.  As  a  general 
rule  they  naturally  spring,  or  may  be  made  to  spring,  from  almost  any 
young  stem,  when  placed  in  favorable  circumstances, —that  is,  when 
placed  in  the  soil,  or  otherwise  supplied  with  moisture  and  screened  from 
the  light.  For  the  special  tendency  of  the  root  is  to  avoid  the  light,  seek 
moisture,  and  therefore  to  bury  itself  in  the  soil.  Propagation  by  division, 
which  is  so  common  and  so  very  important  in  cultivation,  depends  upon 
the  proclivity  of  stems  to  strike  root.  Stems  or  branches  which  remain 
uuder  ground  give  out  roots  as  freely  as  roots  themselves  give  off  branches. 
Stems  which  creep  on  the  ground  most  commonly  root  at  the  joints ;  so 
will  most  branches  when  bent  to  the  ground,  as  in  propagation  by  layer- 
ing; and  propagation  by  cuttings  equally  depends  upon  the  tendency  of  the 
cut  end  of  a  shoot  to  produce  roots.  Thus,  a  piece  of  a  plant  which  has 
stem  and  leaves,  either  developed  or  in  the  bud,  may  be  made  to  produce 
roots,  and  so  become  an  independent  plant. 

Fio.  81.  Seedling  Maple,  of  the  natural  size;  the  root  well  supplied  with  root-hairs, 
here  large  enough  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye.  82.  Lower  end  of  this  root,magni- 
fied,  the  root  seen  just  as  root-hairs  are  beginning  to  form  a  little  behind  the  tip. 


34 


ROOTS. 


[SECTION  5. 


68.  Contrast  between.  Stem  and  Root.  Steins  are  asceudiug  axes; 
roots  are  descending  axes.  Stems  grow  by  the  successive  development  of 
internodes  (13),  one  after  another,  each  leaf-bearing 
at  its  summit  (or  node)  ;  so  that  it  is  of  the  essen- 
tial nature  of  a  stem  to  bear  leaves.  Roots  bear  no 
leaves,  are  not  distinguishable  into  nodes  and  inter-. 
nodes,  but  grow  on  continuously  from  the  lower 
end.  They  commonly  branch  freely,  but  not  from 
any  fixed  points  nor  in  definite  order. 

69.  Although  roots 
generally  do  not  give 
rise  to  stems,  and  there- 
fore do  not  propagate 
the  plant,  exceptions  are 
not  uncommon.  For  as 
stems  may  produce  ad- 
ventitious buds,  so  also 
may  roots.  The  roots  of 
the  Sweet  Potato  among 
herbs,  and  of  the  Osage 
Orange  among  trees 
freely  produce  adventi- 
tious buds,  developing 
into  leafy  shoots;  and 
so  these  plants  are 
propagated  by  root-cut- 
tings. -But  most  growths 
of  subterranean  origin 
which  pass  for  roots  are  forms  of  stems,  the  common  Potato  for  example. 
70.  Roots  of  ordinary  kinds  and  uses  may  be  roughly  classed  mlojibrous 


71.  Fibrous  Roots,  such  as  those  of  Indian  Corn  (Fig.  70),  of  most 
annuals,  and  of  many  perennials,  serve  only  for  absorption  :  these  are 
slender  or  thread-like.    Fine  roots  of  this  kind,  and  the  fine  branches  which 
most  roots  send  out  are  called  ROOTLETS. 

72.  The  whole  surface  of  a  root  absorbs  moisture  from  the  soil  while  fresh 
and  new  ;  and  the  newer  roots  and  rootlets  are,  the  more  freely  do  they  im- 
bibe.   Accordingly,  as  long  as  the  plant  grows  above  ground,  and  expands 
fresh  foliage,  from  which  moisture  largely  escapes  into  the  air,  so  long  it 
continues  to  extend  and  multiply  its  roots  in  the  soil  beneath,  renewing  and 
increasing  the  fresh  surface  for  absorbing  moisture,  in  proportion  to  the 
demand  from  above.     And  when  growth  ceases  above  ground,  and  the 
leaves  die  and  fall,  or  no  longer  act,  then  the  roots  generally  stop  growing, 


FIG.  83-85.   Forms  of  tap-root, 


SECTION  5.] 


ROOTS. 


35 


and  their  soft  and  tender  tips  harden.  From  this  period,  therefore,  until 
growth  begins  anew  the  next  spriiigr,  is  the  best  time  for  transplanting ; 
especially  for  trees  and  shrubs. 

73.  The  absorbing  surface  of  young  roots  is  much  increased  by  the  for- 
mation,  near  their  tips,  of  ROOT-HAIRS  (Fig.  81»  82),  which  are  delicate 


tubular  outgrowths  from  the  surface,  through  the  delicate  walls  of  which 
moisture  is  promptly  imbibed. 

74.  Fleshy  Boots  are  those  in  which  the  root  becomes  a  storehouse  of 
nourishment.     Typical  roots  of  this  kind  are  those  of  such  biennials  as  the 
turnip  and  carrot ;  in  which  the  food  created  in  the  first  season's  vege- 
tation is  accumulated,  to  be  expended  the  next  season  in  a  vigorous  growth 
and  a  rapid  development  of  flowers,  fruit,  and  seed.     By  the  time  the  seed 
is  matured  the  exhausted  root  dies,  and  with  it  the  whole  plant. 

75.  Fleshy  roots  may  be  single  or  multiple.    The  single  root  of  the 
commoner  biennials   is  the  primary  root,  or  tap-root,   which  begins  to 
thicken  in  the  seedling.    Names  are  given  to  its  shapes,  such  as 

Conical,  when  it  thickens  most  at  the  crown,  or  where  it  joins  the  stem, 
and  tapers  regularly  downwards  to  a  point,  as  in  the  Parsnip  and  Carrot 
(Fig- 84); 

Turnip-shaped  or  napiform,  when  greatly  thickened  above,  but  abruptly 
becoming  slender  below ;  as  the  Turnip  (Fig.  83)  ;  and 


FIG.  86.  Sweet-Potato  plant  forming  thickened  roots.  Some  in  the  middle  are 
just  beginning  to  thicken;  one  at  the  left  has  grown  more;  one  at  the  right  is  still 
larger. 

FiG.  87.   Fascicled  fusiform  roots  of  a  Dahlia :  o,  a,  buds  on  base  of  stem. 


BOOTS. 


[SECTION  5. 


Spindle-shaped,  or  Fusiform,  when  thickest  in  the  middle  and  tapering  to 
both  cuds ;  as  the  common  Radish  (Fig.  85). 

76.  These  examples  are  of  primary  roots.     It  will  be  seen  that  turnips, 
carrots,  and  the  like,  are  uot  pure  root  throughout ;  for  the  caulicle,  from 
the  lower  end  of  which  the  root  grew,  partakes  of  the  thickening,  perhaps 
also  some  joints  of  stem  above :  so  the  bud-bearing  and  growing  top  is 
stem. 

77.  A  fine  example  of  secondary  roots  (67),  some  of  which  remain  fibrous 
for  absorption,  while  a  few  thicken  and  store  up  food  for  the  next  season's 
growth,  is  furnished  by  the  Sweet  Potato  (Fig.  86).     As  stated  above, 
these  are  used  for  propagation  by  cuttings;  for  any  part  will  produce  ad- 
ventitious buds  and  shoots.     The  Dahlia  produces  fascicled  (i.  e.  clustered) 
fusiform  roots  of  the  same  kind,  at  the  base  of  the  stem  (Fig.  87) :  but 
these,  like  most  roots,  do  not  produce  adventitious  buds.     The  buds  by 
which  Dahlias  are  propagated  belong  to  the  surviving  base  of  the  stem 
above. 

78.  Anomalous  Roots,  as  they  may  be  sailed,  are  those  which  subserve 
other  uses  than  absorption,  food-storing,  and  fixing  the  plant  to  the  soil. 

Aerial  Roots,  i.  e.  those  that  strike  from  stems  in  the  open  air,  are 
common  in  moist  and  warm 
climates,  as  in  the  Mangrove 
which  reaches  the  coast  of 
Florida,  the  Banyan,  and,  less 
strikingly,  in  some  herbace- 
ous plants,  such  as  Sugar 
Cane,  and  even  in  Indian 
Corn.  Such  roots  reach  the 
ground  at  length,  or  tend  to 
do  so. 

Aerial  Rootlets  are  abun- 
dantly produced  by  many 
climbing  plants,  such  as  the 
Ivy,  Poison  Ivy,  Trumpet 
Creeper,  etc.,  springing  from 
the  side  of  steins,  which  they 
fasten  to  trunks  of  trees, 
walls,  or  other  supports. 
These  are  used  by  the  plant 
frr  climbing. 

79.  Epiphytes,  or  Air- 
Plants  (Fig.  88),  are  called  by  the  former  name  because  commonly  growing 

Fio.  88.  Epiphytes  of  Florida  and  Georgia,  viz.,  Epidendrum  conopsenm,  a 
small  Orchid,  and  Tillandsia  usneoides,  the  so-called  Long  Moss  or  Black  Moss, 
which  is  no  moss,  but  a  flowering  plant,  also  T.  recurvata  ;  on  a  bough  of  Live  Oak. 


SECTION  5.J  ROOTS.  37 

upon  the  trunks  or  limbs  of  other  plants ;  by  the  latter  because,  having  no 
connection  with  the  soil,  they  must  derive  their  sustenance  from  the  air 
only.  They  have  aerial  roots,  which  do  not  reach  the  ground,  but  are  used 
to  fix  the  plant  to  the  surface  upon  which  the  plant  grows :  they  also  take 
a  part  in  absorbing  moisture  from  the  air. 

80.  Parasitic  Plants,  of  which  there  are  various  kinds,  strike  their 
roots,  or  what  answer  to  roots,  into  the  tissue  of  foster  plants,  or  form  atr 
tachmeuts  with  their  surface,  so  as  to  prey  upon  their  juices.     Of  this  sort 
is  the  Mistletoe,  the  seed  of  which  germinates  on  the  bough  where  it 
falls  or  is  left  by  birds ;  and  the  forming  root  penetrates  the  bark  and  en- 
grafts  itself  into  the  wood,  to  which  it  becomes  united  as  firmly  as  a  natural 
branch  to  its  parent  stem ;  and  indeed  the  parasite  lives  just  as  if  it  were 
a  branch  of  the  tree  it  grows  and  feeds  on.    A  most  common  parasitic  herb 
is  the  Dodder;  which  abounds  in  low  grounds  ia  summer,  and  coils  its 
long  and  slender,  leafless,  yellowish  stems  —  resembling  tangled  threads  of 
yarn  — •  round  and  round  the  stalks  of  other  plants ;  wherever  they  touch 
piercing  the  bark  with  minute  and  very  short  rootlets  in  the  form  of 
suckers,  which  draw  out  the  nourishing  juices  of  the  plants  laid  hold  of. 
Other  parasitic  plants,  like  the  Beech-drops  and  Pine-sap,  fasten  their  roots 
under  ground  upon  the  roots  of  neighboring  plants,  and  rob  them  of  their 
juices. 

81.  Some  plants  are  partly  parasitic ;  while  most  of  their  roots  act  in 
the  ordinary  way,  others  make  suckers  at  their  tips  which  grow  fast  to  the 


roots  of  other  plants  and  rob  them  of  nourishment.    Some  of  oar  species  of 
Gerardia  do  this  (Fig.  89). 

82.  There  are  phanerogamous  plants,  like  Monotropa  or  Indian  Pipe, 
the  roots  of  which  feed  mainly  on  decaying  vegetable  matter  in  the  soil. 
These  are  SAPROPHYTES,  and  they  imitate  Mushrooms  and  other  Fungi  in 
their  mode  of  life. 

83.  Duration  of  Roots,  etc.    Roots  are  said  to  be  either  annual,  bien- 
nial, or  perennial.     As  respects  the  first  and  second,  these  terms  may  be 
applied  either  to  the  root  or  to  the  plant. 

84.  Annuals,  as  the  name  denotes,  live  for  only  one  year,  generally  for 

PIG.  89.  Roots  of  Yellow  Gerardia,  some  attached  to  and  feeding  on  the  root  ol 
*  Blueberry-bush. 


38  STEMS.  [SECTION  6. 

only  a  part  of  the  year.  They  are  of  course  herbs ;  they  spring  from  the 
seed,  blossom,  mature  their  fruit  and  seed,  and  then  die,  root  and  all.  An- 
nuals  of  our  temperate  climates  with  severe  winters  start  from  the  seed  in 
spring,  and  perish  at  or  before  autumn.  Where  the  winter  is  a  moist  and 
growing  season  and  the  summer  is  dry,  winter  annuals  prevail ;  their  seeds 
germinate  under  autumn  or  winter  rains,  grow  more  or  less  during  winter, 
blossom,  fructify,  and  perish  in  the  following  spring  or  summer.  Annuals 
are  fibrous-rooted. 

85.  Biennials,  of  which  the  Turnip,  Beet,  and  Carrot  are  familiar  ex- 
amples, grow  the  first  season  without  blossoming,  usually  thicken  their 
roots,  laying  up  in  them  a  stock  of  nourishment,  are  quiescent  during  the 
winter,  but  shoot  vigorously,  blossom,  and  seed  the  next  spring  or  summer, 
mainly  at  the  expense  of  the  food  stored  up,  and  then  die  completely. 
Annuals  and  biennials  flower  only   once ;   hence  they  have  been  called 
Monocarpic  (that  is,  once-fruiting)  plants. 

86.  Perennials  live  and  blossom  year  after  year.     A  perennial  herb,  in 
a  temperate  or  cooler  climate,  usually  dies  down  to  the  ground  at  the  end 
of  the  season's  growth.     But  subterranean  portions  of  stem,  charged  with 
buds,  survive  to  renew  the  development.     Shrubs  and  trees  are  of  course 
perennial ;  even  the  stems  and  branches  above  ground  live  on  and  grow 
year  after  year. 

87.  There  are  all  gradations  between  annuals  and  biennials,  and  between 
these  and  perennials,  as  also  between  herbs  and  sbrubs ;  and  the  distinc- 
tion between  shrubs  and  trees  is  quite  arbitrary.    There  are  perennial  herbs 
and  even  shrubs  of  warm  climates  which  are  annuals  when  raised  in  a  cli- 
mate which  has  a  winter,  —  being  destroyed  by  frost.     The  Castor-oil  plant 
is  an  example.    There  are  perennial  herbs  of  which  only  small  portions 
survive,  as  off-shoots,  or,  in  the  Potato,  as  tubers,  etc. 


SECTION  VI.    STEMS. 

88.  The  Stem  is  the  axis  of  the  plant,  the  part  which  bears  all  the 
other  organs.  Branches  are  secondary  stems,  that  is,  stems  growing  out  of 
stems.  The  stem  at  the  very  beginning  produces  roots,  in  most  plants  a 
single  root  from  the  base  of  the  embryo-stem,  or  caulicle.  As  this  root 
becomes  a  descending  axis,  so  the  stem,  which  grows  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion is  called  the  ascending  axis.  Rising  out  of  the  soil,  the  stem  bears 
leaves ;  and  leaf-bearing  is  the  particular  characteristic  of  the  stem.  But 
there  are  forms  of  stems  that  remain  underground,  or  make  a  part  of  their 
growth  there.  These  do  not  bear  leaves,  in  the  common  sense ;  yet  they 
bear  rudiments  of  leaves,  or  what  answers  to  leaves,  although  not  in  the 
form  of  foliage.  The  so-called  stemless  or  acaulescent  plants  are  those 
which  bear  no  obvious  stem  (caulis)  above  ground,  but  only  flower-stalks, 
and  the  like. 


SECTION  6.]  STEMS.  39 

89.  Stems  above  ground,  through  differences  in  duraivn,  texture,  and 
size,  form  herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  etc.,  or  in  other  terms  are 

Herbaceous,  dying  down  to  the  ground  every  year,  or  after  blossoming. 

Su/rutescent)  slightly  woody  below,  there  surviving  from  year  to  year. 

Suffruticose  or  Frutesceat,  when  low  stems  are  decidedly  woody  below, 
but  herbaceous  above. 

Fruticose  or  Shrubby,  woody,  living  from  year  to  year,  and  of  considerable 
size,  —  not,  however,  more  than  three  or  four  times  the  height  of  a  man. 

Arborescent,  when  tree-like  in  appearance  or  mode  of  growth,  or  ap- 
proaching a  tree  in  size. 

Arboreous,  when  forming  a  proper  tree-trunk. 

90.  As  to  direction  taken  in  growing,  stems  may,  instead  of  growing 
upright  or  erect,  be 

Diffuse,  that  is,  loosely  spreading  in  all  directions. 
Declined,  when  turned  or  bending  over  to  one  side. 
Decumbent,  reclining  on  the  ground,  as  if  too  weak  to  stand. 
Assurgent  or  Ascending,  rising  obliquely  upwards. 
Procumbent  or  Prostrate,  lying  flat  on  the  ground  from  the  first. 
Creeping  or  Repent,  prostrate  on  or  just  beneath  the  ground,  and -striking 
root,  as  does  the  White  Clover,  the  Partridge-berry,  etc. 

Climbing  or  Scandent,  ascending  by  clinging  to  other  objects  for  support, 
whether  by  tendrils,  as  do  the  Pea,  Grape- Vine,  and  Passion-flower  and 
Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  92, 93) ;  by  their  twisting  leaf-stalks,  as  the  Virgin's 
Bower;  or  by  rootlets,  like  the  Ivy,  Poison  Ivy,  and  Trumpet  Creeper. 

Twining  or  Voluble,  when  coiling  spirally  around  other  stems  or 
supports;  like  the  Morning-Glory  (Fig.  90)  and  the  Hop. 

91.  Certain  kinds 
of  stems  or  branches, 
appropriated  to  spe- 
cial uses,  have  re- 
ceived distinct  substantive  names ;  such  as  the  following  : 

92.  A  Culm,  or  straw-stem,  such  as  that  of  Grasses 
and  Sedges. 

93.  A  Caudex  is  the  old  name  for  such  a  peculiar 
trunk  as  a  Palm-stem ;  it  is  also  used  for  an  upright  and 
thick  rootstock. 

94.  A  Sucker  is  a  branch  rising  from  stems  under 
ground.     Such  are  produced  abundantly  by  the  Rose, 
Raspberry,  and  other  plants  said  to  multiply  "  by  the 
root."     If  we  uncover  them,  we  see  at  once  the  great 
difference  between  these  subterranean  branches  and  real 
roots.     They  are  only  creeping  branches  under  ground. 

Remarking  how  the  upright  shoots  from  these  branches  become  separate 

FIG.  90.   Twining  or  voluble  stem  of  Morning-Glory. 


40  STEMS,  [SECTION  6. 

plants,  simply  by  the  dying  off  of  the  connecting  under-ground  stems,  the 
gardener  expedites  the  result  by  cutting  them  through  with  Ms  spade. 
That  is,  he  propagates  the  plant  "  by  division." 

95.  A  Stolon  is  a  branch  from  above  ground,  which  reclines  or  becomes 
prostrate  and  strikes  root  (usually  from  the  nodes)  wherever  it  rests  on  the 
soil.     Thence  it  may  send  up  a  vigorous  shoot,  which  has  roots  of  its  own, 
and  becomes  an  independent  plant  when  the  connecting  part  dies,  as  it 
does  after  a  while.    The  Currant  and  the  Gooseberry  naturally  multiply  in 
this  way,  as  well  as  by  suckers  (which  are  the  same  thing,  only  the  connect- 
ing  part  is  concealed  under  ground).     Stolons  must  have  suggested  the 
operation  of  layering  by  bending  down  and  covering  with  soil  branches 
which  do  not  naturally  make  stolons ;  and  after  they  have  taken  root,  as 
they  almost  always  will,  the  gardener  cuts  through  the  connecting  stem, 
and  so  converts  a  rooting  branch  into  a  separate  plant. 

96.  An  Offset  is  a  short  stolon,  or  sucker,  with  a  crown  of  leaves  at  the 
end,  as  in  the   Houseleek  (Fig. 

91),  which  propagates  abundantly 
in  this  way. 

97.  A  Runner,  of  which  the 
Strawberry  presents  the  most  fa- 
miliar and  characteristic  example, 
is  a  long  and  slender,  tendril-like 
stolon,  or  branch  from  next  the 
ground,  destitute  of  conspicuous 
leaves.    Each  runner  of  the  Straw- 
berry, after  having  grown  to  its  full 

length,  strikes  root  from  the  tip,  which  fixes  it  to  the  ground,  then  forms 
a  bud  there,  which  develops  into  a  tuft  of  leaves,  and  so  gives  rise  to  a  new 
plant,  which  sends  out  new  runners  to  act  in  the  same  way.  In  this 
manner  a  single  Strawberry  plant  will  spread  over  a  large  space,  or  produce 
a  great  number  of  plants,  in  the  course  of  the  summer,  all  connected  at 
first  by  the  slender  runners ;  but  these  die  in  the  following  winter,  if  not 
before,  and  leave  the  plants  as  so  many  separate  individuals. 

98.  Tendrils  are  branches  of  a  very  slender  sort,  like  runners,  not  destined 
like  them  for  propagation,  and  therefore  always  destitute  of  buds  or  leaves, 
being  intended  only  for  climbing.     Simple  tendrils  are  such  as  those  of 
Passion-flowers  (Fig.  92).     Compound  or  branching  tendrils  are  borne  by 
the  Cucumber  and  Pumpkin,  by  the  Grape- Vine,  Virginia  Creeper,  etc. 

99.  A  tendril  commonly  grows  straight  and  outstretched  until  it  reaches 
some  neighboring  support,  such  as  a  stem,  when  its  apex  hooks  around  it 
to  secure  a  hold;  then  the  whole  tendril  shortens  itself  by  coiling  up 
spirally,  and  so  draws  the  shoot  of  the  growing  plant  nearer  to  the  sup- 
porting  object.    But  the  tendrils  of  the  Virginia  Creeper  (Ampelopsis,  Fig. 

Fio.  91.    Houseleek  (Sempervivum),  with  offsets 


SECTION   b.  | 


41 


93),  as  also  the  shorter  ones  of  the  Japanese  species,  effect  the  object  differ- 
ently,  namely,  by  expanding  the  tips  of  the  tendrils  into  a  flat  disk,  with 
an  adhesive  face.  This  is  applied  to  the  supporting  object,  and  it  adheres 

firmly ;  then  a 
shortening  of 
the  tendril  and 

its  branches  by  coiling  brings  up  the  growing 
shoot  close  to  the  support.  This  is  an  adapta- 
tion for  climbing  mural  rocks  or  walls,  or  the 
trunks  of  trees,  to  which  ordinary  tendrils  are 
unable  to  cling.  The  Ivy  and  Poison  Ivy  attain 
the  same  result  by  means  of  aerial  rootlets  (78). 

100.  Some  tendrils  are  leaves  or  parts  of 
leaves,  as  those  of  the  Pea  (Fig.  35).    The  na- 
ture of  the  tendril  is  known  by  its  position.     A 
tendril  from  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  like  that  of  Pas- 
sion-flowers (rig.  92)  is  of  course  a  stem,  i.  e. 
a  branch.     So  is  one  which  terminates  a  stem, 
as  in  the  Grape-Vine. 

101.  Spines  or  Thorns  (Fig.  95,  96)  are 
commonly    stunted    and    hardened    branches 
or  tips  of  stems  or  branches,  as  are  those  of 
Hawthorn,  Honey-Locust,  etc.     In  the   Pear 
and  Sloe  all  gradations  occur  between  spines 
and  spine-like  (spinescent)  branches.     Spinet 


i  day  be  reduced  and  indurated  leaves ;  as  in  the  Barberry,  where  theit 
nature  is  revealed  by  their  situation,  underneath  an  axillary  bud.    Bnt 

FIG.  92.   A  small  Passion-flower  (Passiftora  sicyoides),  showing  the  tendrils. 

FIG.  93.  Piece  of  the  stem  of  Virginia  Creeper,  bearing  a  leaf  and  a  tendril. 
94.  Tips  of  a  tendril,  about  the  natural  size,  showing  the  disks  by  which  they  hold 
fast  to  walls,  etc. 


42 


STEMS 


[SECTION  6, 


prickles,  such  as  those  ot  Blackberry  and  Roses,  are  only  excrescences 
of  the  bark,  aud  not  branches. 

102.  Equally  strange  forms  of 
stems    are  characteristic  of   the 
Cactus  family  (Fig.  111).    These 
may  be  better  understood  by  com- 
parison with 

103.  Subterranean  Stems 
and  Branches.    These  are  very 
numerous  aud  various ;  but  they 
are  commonly  overlooked,  or  else 
are  confounded  with  roots.    From 
their  situation  they  are  out  of  or- 
dinary sight ;  but  they  will  well 
repay  examination.     For  the  veg- 
etation that  is  carried  on  under 
ground  is  hardly  less  varied  or 
important  than  that  above  ground. 
All  their  forms  may  be  referred  to 
four  principal  kinds  :  namely,  the 
Rhizoma  (Rhizome)  or  Rootstock, 
the  Tuber,  the  Corn  or  solid  bulb, 
and  the  true  Bulb. 

10*.  The  Rootstock,  or  Rhi- 
zoma, in   its   simplest  form,  is 
merely  a  creeping  stem  or  branch 
growing  beneath   the  surface  of  the  soil,   or  partly  covered  by  it.     Of 
this  kind  are  the  so-called  creeping,  running,  or  scaly  roots,  such  as  those 


by  which  the  Mint  (Fig.  97),  the  Couch-grass,  or  Quick -grass,  and  manj 
other  plants,  spread  so  rapidly  and  widely,  —  "  by  the  root,"  as  it  is  said. 
That  these  are  really  stems,  and  not  roots,  is  evident  from  the  way  in  which 

FIG.  95.  A  branching  thorn  of  Honey  Locust,  being  an  indurated  leafless  branch 
developed  from  an  accessory  bud  far  above  the  axil:  at  the  cut  portion  below,  three 
other  buds  (a)  are  concealed  under  the  petiole. 

FIG.  96.  Spine  of  Cockspur  Thorn,  developed  from  an  axillary  bud,  as  the  leaf- 
scar  below  witnesses :  an  accessory  leaf-bud  is  seen  at  its  base. 

Fid.  97.  Rootstocks,  or  creeping  subterranean  branches,  of  the  Peppermint. 


SECTION  6.]  STEMS.  43 

they  grow ;  from  their  consisting  of  a  succession  of  joints ;  and  from  the 
leaves  which  they  bear  on  each  node,  in  the  form  of  small  scales,  just  like 
the  lowest  ones  on  the  upright  stem  next  the  ground.  They  also  pro- 
duce buds  in  the  axils  of  these  scales,  showing  the  scales  to  be  leaves ; 
whereas  real  roots  bear  neither  leaves  nor  axillary  buds.  Placed  as 
they  are  in  the  damp  and  dark  soil,  such  stems  naturally  produce  roots, 
just  as  the  creeping  stem  does  where  it  lies  oil  the  surface  of  the 
ground. 

105.  It  is  easy  to  see  why  plants  with  these  running  rootstocks  take 
such  rapid  and  wide  possession  of  the  soil,  and  why  they  are  so  hard  to 
get  rid  of.     They  are  always  perennials ;  the  subterranean  shoots  live  over 
the  first  winter,  if  not  longer,  and  are  provided  with  vigorous  buds  at  every 
joint.     Some  of  these  buds  grow  in  spring  into  upright  stems,  bearing 
foliage,  to  elaborate  nourishment,  and  at  length  produce  blossoms  for  re. 
production  by  seed  ;  while  many  others,  fed  by  nour- 
ishment supplied  from  above,  form  a  new  generation 

of  subterranean  shoots  ;  and  this  is  repeated  over  and 
over  in  the  course  of  the  season  or  in  succeeding 
years.  Meanwhile,  as  the  subterranean  shoots  in- 
crease in  number,  the  older  ones,  connecting  the  suc- 
cessive growths,  die  off  year  by  year,  liberating  the 
already  rooted  side-branches  as  so  many  separate  plants ;  and  so  on  indefi- 
nitely. Cutting  these  running  rootstocks  into  pieces,  therefore,  by  the  hoe 
or  the  plough,  far  from  destroying  the  plant,  only  accelerates  the  propaga- 
tion ;  it  converts  one  many -branched  plant  into  a  great  number  of  separate 
individuals.  Cutting  into  pieces  only  multiplies  the  pest ;  for  each  piece 
(Fig.  98)  is  already  a  plantlet,  with  its  roots  and  with  a  bud  in  the  axil  of 
its  scale-like  leaf  (either  latent  or  apparent),  and  with  prepared  nourishment 
enough  to  develop  this  bud  into  a  leafy  stem ;  and  so  a  single  plant  is  all  the 
more  speedily  converted  into  a  multitude.  Whereas,  when  the  subterra- 
nean parts  are  only  roots,  cutting  away  the  stem  completely  destroys 
the  plant,  except  in  the  rather  rare  cases  where  the  root  freely  produces 
adventitious  buds. 

106.  Rootstocks  are  more  commonly  thickened  by  the  storing  up  of 
considerable  nourishing  matter  in  their  tissue.     The  common  species  of 
Iris  (Fig.  164)  in  the  gardens  have  stout  rootstocks,  which  are  only  partly 
covered  by  the  soil,  and  which  bear  foliage-leaves  instead  of  mere  scales, 
closely  covering  the  upper  part,  while  the  lower  produces  roots.     As  the 
leaves  die,  year  by  year,  and  decay,  a  scar  left  in  the  form  of  a  ring  marks 
the  place  where  each  leaf  was  attached,  that  is,  marks  so  many  nodes, 
separated  by  very  short  internodes. 

107.  Some  rootstocks  are  marked  with  large  round  scars  of  a  different 

PIG.  98.   A  piece  of  the  running  rootstock  of  the  Peppermint,  with  its  node  01 
joint,  and  an  axillary  bud  ready  to  spovr. 


STEMS. 


[SECTION  6. 


sort,  like  those  of  the  Solomon's  Seal  (Pig.  99),  which  gave  this  name  to 
the  plant,  from  their  looking  somewhat  like  the  impression  of  a  seal  upon 

wax.  Here  the 
rootstock  sends  up 
every  spring  an 
herbaceous  stalk  or 
stem,  which  bears 
the  foliage  aud 
flowers,  and  dies 
in  autumn.  The 
sealis  the  circular 

Bear  left  by  the  death  and  separation  of  the  base  of  the  stout  stalk  from  the 
living  rootstock.  As  but  one  of  these  is  formed  each  year,  they  mark 
the  limits  of  a  year's  growth.  The  bud  at  the  end  of  the  rootstock  in  the 
figure  (which  was  taken  in  summer)  will  grow  the  next  spring  into  the 
stalk  of  the  season,  which,  dying  in  autumn,  will 
leave  a  similar  scar,  while  another  bud  will  be  formed 
farther  on,  crowning  the  ever-advancing  summit  or 
growing  end  of  the  stem. 

108.  As  each  year's  growth  of  stem  makes  its 
own  roots,  it  soon  becomes  independent  of  the  older 
parts.    And  after  a  certain  age,  a  portion  annually 
dies  off  behind,  about  as  fast  as  it  increases  at  the 
growing  end,  death  following  life  with  equal  and  cer- 
tain step,  with  only  a  narrow  interval.     In  vigorous 
plants  of  Solomon's  Seal  or  Iris,  the  living  rootstock 
is  several  inches  or  a  foot  in  length ;  while  in  the 
short  rootstock  of  Trillium  or  Birthroot  (Fig.  100) 
life  is  reduced  to  a  narrower  span. 

109.  An  upright  or  short  rootstock,  like  this  of  Trillium,  is  commonly 
called  a  CAUDEX  (93) ;  or  when  more  shortened  and  thickened  it  would 
become  a  corm. 

110.  A  Tuber  may  be  understood  to  be  a  portion  of  a  rootstock  thick- 
ened, and  with  buds  (eyes)  on  the  sides.     Of  course,  there  are  all  grada. 
tions  between  a  tuber  and  a  rootstock.    Helianthus  tuberosus,  the  so-called 
Jerusalem  Artichoke  (Fig.  101),  and  the  common  Potato,  are  typical  aud 
familiar  examples  of  the  tuber.     The  stalks  by  which  the  tubers  are  at- 
tached to  the  parent  stem  are  at  once  seen  to  be  different  from  the  roots, 
both  in  appearance  and  manner  of  growth.  The  scales  on  the  tubers  are  the 
rudiments  of  leaves  ;  the  eyes  are  the  buds  in  their  axils.    The  Potato-plant 


PIG.  99.  Rootstock  of  Solomon's  Seal,  with  the  bottom  of  the  stalk  of  the  sea- 
eon,  and  the  bud  for  the  next  year's  growth. 

Fio.  100.  The  very  short  rootstock  and  strong  terminal  bud  of  a  Trillium  or 
Birthroot. 


SECTION   6,] 


STEMS. 


has  three  forms  of  branches  :  1.  Those  that  bear  ordinary  leaves  expanded 
in  the  air,  to  digest  what  they  gather  from  it  and  what  the  roots  gather 
from  the  soil,  and  convert  it  into  nourishment.  2.  After  a  while  a  second 
set  of  branches  at  the  summit  of  the  plant  bear  flowers,  which  form  fruit 
and  seed  out  of  a  portion  of  the  nour- 
ishment which  the  leaves  have  pre- 
pared. 3.  But  a  larger  part  of  this 
nourishment,  while  in  a  liquid  state, 
is  carried  down  the  stem,  into  a  third 
sort  of  branches  under  ground,  and 
accumulated  in  the  form  of  starch  at 
their  extremities, 
which  become  tu- 
bers, or  deposito- 
ries of  prepared 
solid  food, — just 
as  in  the  Turnip, 
Carrot,  and  Dah- 
lia (Fig.  83-87), 
it  is  deposited  in 

Lhe  root.  The  use  of  the  store  of  food  is  obvious  enough.  In  the  autumn 
the  whole  plant  dies,  except  the  seeds  (if  it  formed  them)  and  the  tubers  ; 
and  the  latter  are  left  disconnected  in  the  ground.  Just  as  that  small 
portion  of  nourishing  matter  which  is  deposited  in  the  seed  feeds  the 
embryo  when  it  germinates,  so  the  much  larger  portion  deposited  in  the 
tuber  nourishes  its  buds,  or  eyes,  when  they  likewise  grow,  the  next 
spring,  into  new  plants.  And  the  great  supply  enables  them  to  shoot 
with  a  greater  vigor  at  the  beginning,  and  to  produce  a  greater  amount 
of  vegetation  than  the  seedling  plant  could  do  in  the  same  space  of  time ; 
which  vegetation  in  turn  may  prepare  and  store  up,  in  the  course  of  a 
few  weeks  or  months,  the  largest  quantity  of  solid  nourishing  material, 
in  a  form  most  available  for  food.  Taking  advantage  of  this,  man  has 
transported  the  Potato  from  the  cool  Andes  of  Chili  to  other  cool  climates, 
and  makes  it  yield  him  a  copious  supply  of  food,  especially  important  in 
countries  where  the  season  is  too  short,  or  the  summer's  heat  too  little,  for 
profitably  cultivating  the  principal  grain-plants. 

111.  The  Conn  or  Solid  Bulb,  like  that  of  Cyclamen  (Fig.  103),  and 
of  Indian  Turnip  (Fig.  104),  is  a  very  short  and  thick  fleshy  subterranean 
stem,  often  broader  than  high.  It  sends  off  roots  from  its  lower  end,  or  rather 
face,  leaves  and  stalks  from  its  upper.  The  corm  of  Cyclamen  goes  on  to 
enlarge  and  to  produce  a  succession  of  flowers  and  leaves  year  after  year. 


PlQ.  101.  Tubers  of  Helianthus  tuberosus,  called  "  artichokes." 
FlQ.  102.    Bulblet-like  tubers,  such  as  are  occasionally  formed  on  the  stem  of  a 
Potato-plant  above  ground. 


STEMS, 


[SECTION  6. 


104 


That  of  Indian  Turnip  is  formed  one  year  and  is  consumed  the  next.  Fig. 
104  represents  it  in  early  summer,  having  below  the  corm  of  last  year,  from 
which  the  roots  have  falleu.  It  is  partly  consumed  by  the  growth  of  the 

stem  for  the  season,  and  the 
corm  of  the  year  is  forming 
at  base  of  the  stem  above 
the  line  of  roots. 

112.  The  corm  of  Crocus 
(Pig.  105,  106),  like  that 
of  its  relative  Gladiolus,  is 
also  reproduced  annually, 
the  new  ones  forming  upon 
the  summit  and  sides  of  the  old.  Such  a  corm  is  like  a  tuber  in  bud- 
ding from  the  sides,  i.  e.  from  the  axils  of  leaves ;  but  these  leaves,  instead 
of  being  small  scales,  are  the  sheathing  bases  of  fo- 
liage-leaves which  covered  the  surface.  It  resem- 
bles a  true  bulb  in  having  these  sheaths  or  broad 
scales ;  but  in  the  corm  or  solid  bulb,  this  solid  part 
or  stem  makes  up  the  principal  bulk. 

113.  The  Bulb,  strictly  so-called,  is  a  stem  like 
a  reduced  corm  as  to   its  solid  part  (or  plate) ; 
while  the  main  body  consists  of  thickened  scales, 
which  are  leaves  or  leaf-bases.     These  are  like  bud- 
scales  ;  so  that  in  fact  a  bulb  is  a  bud  with  fleshy 
scales  on  an  exceedingly  short  stem.     Compare  a 
White  Lily  bulb  (Fig.  107)  with  the  strong  scaly 
buds  of  the  Hickory  and  Horse-chestnut  (Fig.  72 
and  73),   and  the  resemblance  will  appear.      In 
corms,  as  in  tubers  and  rootstocks,  the  store  of 
food  for  future  growth  is  deposited  in  the  stem ; 
while  in  the  bulb,  the  greater  part  is  deposited  in 
the  bases  of  the  leaves,  changing  them  into  thick 
scales,  which  closely  overlap  or  enclose  one  another. 

114.  A  Scaly  Bulb  (like  that  of  the  Lily,  Fig.  107, 108)  is  one  in  which 
the  scales  are  thick  but  comparatively  narrow. 

115.  A  Tunicated  or  Coated  Bulb  is  one  in  which  the  scales  enwrap 
each  other,  forming  concentric  coats  or  layers,  as  in  Hyacinth  and  Onion. 

FIG.  103.  Corm  of  Cyclamen,  much  reduced  in  size :  roots  from  lower  face,  leaf- 
stalks and  flower-stalks  from  the  upper. 

FIG.  104.    Corm  of  Indian  Turnip  (Arisaema). 

FIG.  105.  Corm  of  a  Crocus,  the  investing  sheaths  or  dead  leaf-bases  stripped 
off.  The  faint  cross-lines  represent  the  scars,  where  the  leaves  were  attached,  i.  e. 
the  nodes  :  the  spaces  between  are  the  internodes.  The  exhausted  corm  of  the 
previous  year  is  underneath  ;  forming  ones  for  next  year  on  the  summit  and  sides 

FIG.  106.   Section  of  the  same. 


SECTION   6.] 


STEMS. 


47 


116.  Bulblets  are  very  small  bulbs  growing  out  of  larger  ones ;  or 
small  bulbs  produced  above  ground  oil  some  plants,  as  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  of  the  bulbiferous  Lilies  of  the  gardens  (Fig.  110),  and  often  iu  the 
flower-clusters  of  the  Leek  and  Onion.     They  are  plainly 

buds  with  thickened  scales.  They  never  grow  into 
branches,  but  detach  themselves  when  full  grown,  fall  to 
the  ground,  and  take  root  there  to  form  new  plants. 

117.  Consolidated  Vegetation.     An  ordinary  herb, 
shrub,  or  tree    is    evidently   constructed    on   the   plan 
developing  an  extensive  surface.     In  fleshy  rootstocks, 


tubers,  corms,  and  bulbs,  the  more  enduring  portion  of  the  plant  is  con- 
centrated, and  reduced  for  the  time  of  struggle  (as  against  drought,  heat, 
or  cold)  to  a  small  amount  of 
exposed  surface,  and  this  mostly 
sheltered  in  the  soil.  There  are 
many  similar  consolidated  forms 
which  are  not  subterranean. 
Thus  plants  like  the  Houseleek 
(Fig.  91)  imitate  a  bulb.  Among 
Cactuses  the  columnar  species  of 
Cereus  (Fig.  Ill,  6),  may  be  lik- 
ened to  rootstocks.  A  green  rind  serves  the  purpose  of  foliage ;  but  the 
surface  is  as  nothing  compared  with  an  ordinary  leafy  plant  of  the  same 
bulk.  Compare,  for  instance,  the  largest  Cactus  known,  the  Giant  Cereus 
of  the  Gila  River  (Fig.  Ill,  in  the  background),  which  rises  to  the  height 
of  fifty  or  sixty  feet,  with  a  common  leafy  tree  of  the  same  height,  such 
as  that  in  Fig.  89,  and  estimate  how  vastly  greater,  even  without  the  foli- 
age, the  surface  of  the  latter  is  than  that  of  the  former.  Compare,  in  the 

FIG.  107.  Bulb  of  a  wild  Lily.  108.  The  same  divided  lengthwise,  showing  two 
forming  buds  of  the  next  generation. 

FIG.  109.  A  ground  leaf  of  White  Lily,  its  base  (cut  acrossj  thickened  into  9- 
tmlb-scale.  This  plainly  shows  that  bulb-scales  are  leaves. 

FIG.  110.  Bulblets  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  a  Tiger  Lily. 


48 


STEMS. 


[SECTION   6. 


same  view,  an  Opuntia  or  Prickly-Pear  Cactus,  its  stem  and  branches 
formed  of  a  succession  of  thick  and  flattened  joints  (Fig.  Ill,  a),  which 
may  be  likened  to  tubers,  or  an  Epiphyllum  (a?),  having  short  and  flat 
joints,  with  an  ordinary  leafy  shrub  or  herb  of  equal  size.  And  finally, 
in  Melon-Cactuses,  Echinocactus  (c),  or  other  globose  forms  (which  may 
be  likened  to  permanent  conns),  with  their  globular  or  bulb-like  shapes, 
we  have  plants  in  the  compactest  shape ;  their  spherical  figure  being  such 
as  to  expose  the  least  possible  amount  of  substance  to  the  air.  These  are 
adaptations  to  climates  which  are  very  dry,  either  throughout  or  for  a  part 
of  the  year.  Similarly,  bulbous  and  corm-beariug  plants,  and  the  like,  are 
examples  of  a  form  of  vegetation  which  in  the  growing  season  may  expand  a 
large  surface  to  the  air  and  light,  while  during  the  period  of  rest  the  living 
vegetable  is  reduced  to  a  globe,  or  solid  form  of  the  least  possible  surface; 
and  this  protected  by  its  outer  coats  of  dead  and  dry  scales,  as  well  as  by 
its  situation  under  ground.  Such  are  also  adapted  to  a  season  of  drought. 
They  largely  belong  to  countries  which  have  a  long  hot  season  of  little  or 
no  rain,  when,  their  stalks  and  foliage  above  and  their  roots  beneath  early 
perishing,  the  plants  rest  securely  in  their  compact  bulbs,  filled  with 
nourishment  and  retaining  their  moisture  with  great  tenacity,  until  the 
rainy  season  comes  round.  Then  they  shoot  forth  leaves  and  flowers  with 
wonderful  rapidity,  and  what  was  perhaps  a  desert  of  arid  sand  becomes 
green  with  foliage  and  gay  with  blossoms,  almost  in  a  day. 


SECTION  7.J  ORDINARY  LEAVES.  49 


SECTION  VII.     LEAVES. 

118.  STEMS  bear  leaves,  at  definite  points  (nodes,  13) ;  and  these  are 
produced  in  a  great  variety  of  forms,  and  subserve  various  uses.     The 
commonest  kind  of  leaf,  which  therefore  may  be  taken  as  the  type  or 
pattern,  is  an  expanded  green  body,  by  means  of  which  the  plant  exposes 
to  the  air  and  light  the  matters  which  it  imbibes,  exhales  certain  portions, 
and  assimilates  the  residue  into  vegetable  matter  for  its  nourishment  and 
growth. 

119.  But  the  fact  is  already  familiar  (10-30)  that  leaves  occur  under 
other  forms  and  serve  for  other  uses,  —  for  the  storage  of  food  already 
assimilated,  as  in  thickened  seed-leaves  and  bulb-scales ;  for  covering,  as  in 
bud-scales ;  and  still  other  uses  are  to  be  pointed  out.    Indeed,  sometimes 
they  are  of  no  service  to  the  plant,  being  reduced  to  mere  scales  or  rudi- 
ments, such  as  those  on  the  rootstocks  of  Peppermint  (Fig.  97)  or  the 
tubers  of  Jerusalem  Artichoke  (Fig.  101).    These  may  be  said  to  be  of 
service  only  to  the  botanist,  in  explaining  to  him  the  plan  upon  which  a 
plant  is  constructed. 

120.  Accordingly,  just  as  a  rootstock,  or  a  tuber,  or  a  tendril  is  a  kind 
of  stem,  so  a  bud-scale,  or  a  bulb-scale,  or  a  cotyledon,  or  a  petal  of  a  flower, 
is  a  kind  of  leaf.    Even  in  respect  to  ordinary  leaves,  it  is  natural  to  use 
the  word  either  in  a  wider  or  in  a  narrower  sense ;  as  when  in  one  sense 
we  say  that  a  leaf  consists  of  blade  and  petiole  or  leaf-stalk,  and  in  another 
sense  say  that  a  leaf  is  petioled,  or  that  the  leaf  of  Hepatica  is  three-lobed. 
The  connection  should  make  it  plain  whether  by  leaf  we  mean  leaf-blade 
only,  or  the  bkde  with  any  other  parts  it  may  have.    And  the  student  will 
readily  understand  that  by  leaf  in  its  largest  or  morphological  sense,  the 
botanist  means  the  organ  which  occupies  the  place  of  a  leaf,  whatever  be 
its  form  or  its  function. 


§  1.    LEAVES  AS  FOLIAGE. 

121.  This  is  tautological;  for  foliage  is  simply  leaves:  but  it  is  very 
convenient  to  speak  of  typical  leaves,  or  those  which  serve  the  plant  for 
assimilation,  as  foliage-leaves,  or  ordinary  leaves.     These  may  first  be 
considered. 

122.  The  Parts  of  a  Leaf.     The  ordinary  leaf,  complete  in  its  parts, 
consists  of  blade,  foot-stalk,  or  petiole,  and  a  pair  of  stipules. 

123.  First  the  BLADE  or  LAMINA,  which  is  the  essential  part  of  ordinary 
leaves,  that  is,  of  such  as  serve  the  purpose  of  foliage.    In  structure  it  con- 
sists of  a  softer  part,  the  green  pulp,  called  parenchyma,  which  is  traversed 
and  supported  by  a  fibrous  frame,  the  parts  of  which  are  called  ribs  or  veins, 
on  account  of  a  certain  likeness  in  arrangement  to  the  veins  of  animals. 


50 


LEAVES. 


[SECTION   7. 


The  whole  surface  is  covered  by  a  transparent  skin,  the  Epidermis,  not 
unlike  that  which  covers  the  surface  of  all  fresh  shoots. 

124.  Note  that  the  leaf-blade  expands  horizontally,  —  that  is,  normally 
presents  its  faces  one  to  the  sky,  the  other  to  the  ground,  or  when  the 
leaf  is  erect  the  upper  face  looks  toward  the  stem  that  bears  it,  the  lower 
face  away  from  it.     Whenever  this  is  not  the  case  there  is  something  to  be 
explained. 

125.  The  framework  consists  of  wood, — a  fibrous  and  tough  material 
which  runs  from  the  stem  through  the  leaf-stalk,  when  there  is  one,  in  the 

form  of  parallel  thi-eads  or  bundles  of  fibres ; 
and  in  the  blade  these  spread  out  in  a  hori- 
zontal direction,  to  form  the  ribs  and  veins 
of  the  leaf.  The  stout  main  branches  of 
the  framework  are  called  the  Ribs.  When 
there  is  only  one,  as  in  Fig.  112,  114,  or  a 
middle  one  decidedly  larger  than  the  rest, 
it  is  called  the  Midrib.  The  smaller  divi- 
sions  are  termed  Veins;  and  their  still 
smaller  subdivisions,  Veinlets.  The  latter 
subdivide  again  and  again,  until  they  be- 
come so  fine  that  they  are  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye.  The  fibres  of  which  they  are 
composed  are  hollow;  forming  tubes  by 
which  the  sap  is  brought  into  the  leaves 
and  carried  to  every  part. 

126^  Venation  is  the  name  of  the  mode 
of  veining,  that  is,  of  the  way  in  which  the 
veins  are  distributed  in  the  blade.    This  is 
tf  two  principal  kinds  ;  namely,  the  parallel-veined,  and  the  netted-veined. 

127.  In  Netted-veined  (also  called  Reticulated)  leaves,  the  veins  branch 
off  from  the  main  rib  or  ribs,  divide  into  finer  and  finer  veinlets,  and  the 
branches  unite  with  each  other  to  form  meshes  of  network.    That  is,  they 
anastomose,  as  anatomists  say  of  the  veins  and  arteries  of  the  body.    The 
Quince-leaf,  in  Fig.  112,  shows  this  kind  of  veining  in  a  leaf  with  a  single 
rib.     The  Maple,  Basswood,  Plane  or  Buttonwood  (Fig.  74)  show  it  in 
leaves  of  several  ribs. 

128.  In  parallel-veined  leaves,  the  whole  framework  consists  of  slender 
ribs  or  veins,  which  run  parallel  with  each  other,  or  nearly  so,  from  the 
base  to  the  point  of  the  leaf,  —  not  dividing  and  subdividing,  nor  forming 
meshes,  except  by  minute  cross-veinlets.    The  leaf  of  any  grass,  or  that  of 
the  Lily  of  the  Valley  (Fig.  113)  will  furnish  a  good  illustration.     Such 
parallel  veins  Linnaeus  called  Nerves,  and  parallel-veined  leaves  are  still 
eommonlv  called  nerved  leaves,  while  those  of  the  other  kind  are  said  to  be 


FIG.  112.    Leaf  of  the  Quince:  6,  blade;  p,  petiole;  st,  stipules. 


SECTION   7-3 


ORDINARY  LEAVES. 


51 


veined,  —  terms  which  it  is  convenient  to  use,  although  these  "  nerves " 
and  "  veins  "  are  all  the  same  thing,  and  have  no  likeness  to  the  nerves  and 
little  to  tlie  veius  of  animals. 

129.   Netted-veined  leaves  belong  to  plants  which  have  a  pair  of  seed- 
leaves  or  cotyledons,  such  as  the  Maple  (Fig.  20,  24,),  Beech  (Fig.  33),  and 


the  fike;  while  pardtkl-veined  or  nerved  leaves  belong  to  plants  with  one 
cotyledon  or  true  seed-leaf;  such  as  the  Iris  (Fig.  59),  and  Indian  Corn 
(Fig.  70).  So  chat  a  mere  glance  at  the  leaves  generally  tells  what  the 
structure  of  the  bmbryo  is,  and  refers  the  plant  to  one  or  the  other  of  these 
two  grand  classes,  —  which  is  a  great  convenience.  For  when  plants  differ 
from  each  other  in  some  one  important  respect,  they  usually  differ  corres- 
pondingly in  other  respects  also. 

130.  Parallel- veined  leaves  are  of  two  sorts,  —one  kind,  and  the  com- 
monest, having  the  ribs  or  nerves  all  running  from  the  base  to  the  point  of 
the  leaf,  as  in  the  examples  already  given  ;  while  in  another  kind  they  run 
from  a  midrib  to  the  margin,  as  in  the  common  Pickerel-weed  of  our 
ponds,  in  the  Banana,  in  Calla  (Fig.  114),  and  many  similar  plants  of 
warm  climates. 

131.  Netted-veined  leaves  are  also  of  two  sorts,  as  in  the  examples  al- 
ready referred  to.    In  one  case  the  veins  all  rise  from  a  single  rib  (the 
midrib),  as  in  Fig.  112,  116-127.     Such  leaves  are  called  Feather-veined 
or  Penni -veined,  i.  e.  Pinnately-veined ;  both  terms  meaning  the  same  thing, 
namely,  that  the  veins  are  arranged  on  the  sides  of  the  rib  like  the  plume 
of  a  feather  on  each  side  of  the  shaft. 


FIG.  113.  A  (parallel-veined)  leaf  of  the  Lily  of  the  Valley.    114.  One  of  the 
Calla  Lilv- 


52 


LEAVES. 


[SECTION  7. 


132.  In  the  other  case  (as  in  Fig.  74,  129-132))  the  veins  branch  off 
from  three,  five,  seven,  or  nine  ribs,  which  spread  from  the  top  of  the  leaf- 
stalk, and  run  through  the  blade  like  the  toes  of  a  web-footed  bird.    Hence 
these  are  said  to  be  Palmately  or  Digitately  veined,  or  (since  the  ribs  di- 
verge like  rays  from  a  centre)  Radiate-veined. 

133.  Since'the  general  outline  of  leaves  accords  with  the  frame-work  or 
skeleton,  it  is  plain  that  feather-veined  (or  penni-veined)  leaves  will  incline 
to  elongated  shapes,  or  at  least  to  be  longer  than  broad ;  while  in  radiate- 
veined  leaves  more  rounded  forms  are  to  be  expected.     A  glance  at  the 
following  figures  shows  this. 

134.  Forms  of  Leaves  as  to  General  Outline.    It  is  necessary  to  give 
names  to  the  principal  shapes,  and  to  define  them  rather  precisely,  since 
they  afford  easy  marks  for  distinguishing  species.    The  same  terms  are  used 


115       116  117  1  8  119  120 

for  all  other  flattened  parts  as  well,  such  as  petals ;  so  that  they  make  up  a 
great  part  of  the  descriptive  language  of  Botany.  It  will  be  a  good  exer- 
cise for  young  students  to  look  up  leaves  answering  to  these  names  and 
definitions.  Beginning  with  the  narrower  and  proceeding  to  the  broadest 
forms,  a  leaf  is  said  to  be 

Linear  (Fig.  115),  when  narrow,  several  times  longer  than  wide,  and  of 
the  same  breadth  throughout. 

Lanceolate,  or  Lance-shaped,  when  conspicuously  longer  than  wide,  and 
tapering  upwards  (Fig.  116),  or  both  upwards  and  downwards. 

Oblong  (Fig.  117),  when  nearly  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  broad. 

Elliptical  (Fig.  118)  is  oblong  with  a  flowing  outline,  the  two  ends  alike 
in  width. 

Oval  is  the  same  as  broadly  elliptical,  or  elliptical  with  the  breadth  con- 
siderably more  than  half  the  length. 

Ovate  (Fig.  119),  when  the  outline  is  like  a  section  of  a  hen's  egg 
lengthwise,  the  broader  end  downward. 

Orbicular,  or  Rotund  (Fig.  132),  circular  in  outline,  or  nearly  so. 

135.  A  leaf  which  tapers  toward  the  base  instead  of  toward  the  apex 
may  be 

Oblanceolate  (Fig.  121)  when  of  the  lance-shaped  form,  only  more  tapering 
toward  the  base  than  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Spatulate  (Fig.  122)  when  more  rounded  above,  but  tapering  thence  to  a 
narrow  base,  like  an  old-fashioned  spatula. 


FIG.  115-120.    A  series  of  shapes  of  feather- veined  leaves. 


SECTION  7.] 


ORDINARY  LEAVES. 


53 


Obovate  (Fig.  123)  or  inversely  ovate,  that  is,  ovate  with  the  narrower 

end  down. 

Cuneate  or  Cuneiform,  that  is, 
Wedge-shaped  (Fig.  124),  broad 
above  and  tapering  by  nearly 
straight  lines  to  an  acute  angle  at 
the  base. 

136.   As  to  the  Base,  its  shape 
characterizes  several  forms,  such  as 
Cordate    or  Heart-shaped  (Fig. 
120,  129),  when  a  leaf  of  an  ovate  form,  or  something  like  it,  has  the  out- 
/\    \  \     \^    ^|/         ^/  I       /^  line  of  its  rounded  base 

turned  in  (forming  a 
notch  or  sinus)  where  the 
stalk  is  attached. 

Reniform,  or  Kidney- 
shaped  (Fig.  131),  like 
the  last,  only  rounder  and 
broader  than  long. 

Auriculate,  or  Eared, 
having  a  pair  -  of  small 
J2T  and  blunt  projections,  or 

ears,  at  the  base,  as  in  one  species  of  Magnolia  (Fig.  126). 

Sagittate,  marrow -shaped, 
where  such  ears  are  acute 
and  turned  downwards, 
while  the  main  body  of  the 
blade  tapers  upwards  to  a 
point,  as  hi  the  common 
Sagittaria  or  Arrow-head, 
and  in  the  Arrow-leaved 
Polygouum  (Fig.  125). 
Hastate,  or  Halberd-shaped, 
when  such  lobes  at  the  base 
point  outwards,  giving  the 
shape  of  the  halberd  of  the 
olden  time,  as  in  another 
Polygonum  (Fig.  127). 

Peltate,  or  Shield-shaped  (Fig.  132),  is  the  name  applied  to  a  curious 
modification  of  the  leaf,  commonly  of  a  rounded  form,  where  the  footstalk 
is  attached  to  the  lower  surface,  instead  of  the  base,  and  therefore  is  natu- 

FIG.  121,  oblanceolate  ;  122,  spatulale  ;  123,  obovate  ;  and  124,  wedge-shaped, 
feather-veined,  leaves. 

FIG.  125,  sagittate  ;  126,  auriculate  ;  and  127,  halberd-shaped  or  hastate  leaves. 
FIG.   128-132    Various  forms  of  radiate-veined  leaves. 


54  LEAVES.  [SECTION  7. 

rally  likened  to  a  shield  borne  by  the  outstretched  arm.  The  common 
Watershield,  the  Nelumbium,  and  the  White  Water-lily,  and  also  the  Man- 
drake, exhibit  this  sort  of  leaf.  On  comparing  the  shield-shaped  leaf  of 
the  common  Marsh  Pennywort  (Fig.  132)  with  that  of  another  common 
species  (Fig.  130),  it  is  at  once  seen  that  a  shield-shaped  leaf  is  like  a 
kidney-shaped  (Fig.  130,  131)  or  other  rounded  leaf,  with  the  margins  at 
the  base  brought  together  and  united. 

137.  As  to  the  Apex,  the  following  terms  express  the  principal  varia- 
tions :  — 

Acuminate,  Pointed,  or  Taper-pointed,  when  the  summit  is  more  or  less 
prolonged  into  a  narrowed  or  tapering  point;  as  in  Fig.  133. 

Acute,  ending  in  an  acute  angle  or  not  prolonged  point ;  Fig.  134. 

Obtuse,  with  a  blunt  or  rounded  apex ;  as  in  Fig.  135,  etc. 

Truncate,  with  the  end  as  if  cut  off  square ;  as  in  Fig.  136. 

Refuse,  with  rounded  summit  slightly  indented,  forming  a  very  shallow 
notch,  as  in  Fig.  137. 

Emarginate,  or  Notched,  indented  at  the  end  more  decidedly;  as  in 
Fig.  138. 

Obcordate,  that  is,  inversely  heart-shaped,  where  an  obovate  leaf  is  more 
deeply  notched  at  the  end  (Fig.  139),  as  in  White  Clover  and  Wood-sorrel ; 
so  as  to  resemble  a  cordate  leaf  inverted. 

Cuspidate,  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  rigid  point ;  as  in  Fig.  140. 

Mucronate,  abruptly  tipped  with  a  small  and  short  point,  like  a  mere 
projection  of  the  midrib ;  as  in  Fig.  141. 

Aristate,  Awn-pointed,  and  Bristle-pointed,  are  terms  used  when  this 
mucronate  point  is  extended  into  a  longer  bristle-form  or  slender  appen- 
dage. . 

The  first  six  of  these  terms  can  be  applied  to  the  lower  as  well  as  to  the 
upper  end  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ.  The  others  belong  to  the  apex  only. 


138.  As  to  degree  and  nature  of  Division,  there  is  first  of  all  the  dif- 
ference between 

Simple  Leaves,  those  in  which  the  blade  is  of  one  piece,  however  much 
it  may  be  cut  up,  and 

Compound  Leave*,  those  in  which  the  blade  consists  of  two  or  more  sep- 
arate pieces,  upon  a  common  leaf-stalk  or  support.  Yet  between  these  two 
kinds  every  intermediate  gradation  is  to  be  met  with. 

139.  As  to  Particular  Outlines  of  Simple  Leaves  (and  the  same 
applies  to  their  separate  parts),  they  are 

FIG.  133-141.  Forms  of  the  apex  of  leaves. 


SECTION  7.J 


ORDINARY  LEAVES. 


55 


"Entire,  when  their  general  outline  is  completely  filled  out,  so  that  the 
margin  is  an  even  line,  without  teeth  or  notches. 

Serrate,  or  Saw-toothed,  when  the  margin  only  is  cut  into  sharp  teeth, 
like  those  of  a  saw,  and  pointing  forwards :  as  in  Fig.  142. 

Dentate,  or  Toothed, 
when  such  teeth  point 
outwards,  instead  of 
forwards ;  as  in  Fig. 
143. 

Crenate,  or  Seal* 
loped,  when  the  teeth 
are  broad  and  round-  I 
ed ;  as  in  Fig.  144.     \ 

Repand,  Undulate,   \ 
or  Wavy,  when  the  ^ 
margin  of   the  leaf   V x 
forms  a  wavy  line,       142 
bending  slightly  in- 
wards and  outwards  in  succession;  as  in  Fig.  145. 

Sinuate,  when  the  margin  is  more  strongly  sinuous  or  turned  inwards 
and  outwards  ;  as  in  Fig.  146. 

Incised,  Cut,  or  Jagged,  when  the  margin  is  cut  into  sharp,  deep,  and 
irregular  teeth  or  incisions ;  as  in  Fig.  147- 

Lobed,  when  deeply  cut.  Then  the  pieces  are  in  a  general  way  called 
LOBES.  The  number  of  the  lobes  is  briefly  expressed  by  the  phrase  ttoo- 
lobed,  three-lobed,five-lobed,  many-lobed,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  be. 

140.  When  the  depth  and  character  of  the  lobing  needs  to  be  more  par- 
ticularly specified,  the  following  terms  are  employed,  viz. :  — 

lobed,  in  a  special  sense,  when  the  incisions  do  not  extend  deeper  than 
about  half-way  between  the  margin  and  the  centre  of  the  blade,  if  so  far, 
nnd  are  more  or  less  rounded ;  as  in  the  leaves  of  the  Post-Oak,  Fig.  148, 
and  the  Hepatica,  Fig.  152. 

Cleft,  when  the  incisions  extend  half  way  down  or  more,  and  especially 
when  they  are  sharp ;  as  in  Fig.  149,  153.  And  the  phrases  two-cleft,  or, 
in  the  Latin  form,  bifid,  three-cleft  or  trifid,  four-cleft  or  quadrifid,  Jive- 
cleft  or  quinquefid,  etc.,  or  many -cleft,  in  the  Latin  form,  multifid, —  express 
the  number  of  the  Segments,  or  portions. 

Parted,  when  the  incisions  are  still  deeper,  but  yet  do  not  quite  reach 
to  the  midrib  or  the  base  of  the  blade;  as  in  Fig.  150,  154.  And 
the  terms  two-parted,  three-parted,  etc.,  express  the  number  of  such 
divisions. 

Divided,  when  the  incisions  extend  quite  to  the  midrib,  as  in  the  lower 
part  of  Fig.  151,  or  to  the  leaf-stalk,  as  in  Fig.  155  ;  which  really  makes  the 


Fio.  142-147.  Kinds  of  margin  of  leaves. 


LEAVES. 


[SECTION  7 


leaf  compotmd.    Here,  using  the  Latin  form,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  bisected, 
trisected  (Tig.  155),  etc.,  according  to  the  number  of  the  divisions. 

141.  The  Mode  of  Lobing  or  Division  corresponds  to  that  of  the 
veining,  \i\\ei\\erpinnately  veined  or  palmately  veined.     In  tne  former  the 
notches  or  incisions,  or  sinuses,  coming  between  the  principal  veins  or  ribs 
are  directed  toward  the  midrib  :  in  the  latter  they  are  directed  toward  the 
apex  of  the  petiole ;  as  the  figures  show. 

142.  So  degree  and  mode  of  division  may  be  tersely  expressed  in  brief 
phrases.     Thus,  in  the  four  upper  figures  of  pinnately  veined  leaves,  the 
first  is  said  to  be  pinnately  lobed  (in  the  special  sense),  the  second  pinnately 
cleft  (or  pinnatifid  in  Latin  form),  the  third  pinnately  parted,  the  fourth 
pinnately  divided,  or  pinnatisected. 

143.  Correspondingly  in  the  lower  row,  of  palmately  veined  leaves,  the 
first  is  palmately  lobed,  the  second  palmately  cleft,  the  third  palmately 
parted,  the  fourth  palmately  divided.    Or,  in  other  language  of  the  same 
meaning  (but  now  less  commonly  employed),  they  are  said  to  be  digitately 
lobed,  cleft,  parted,  or  divided. 

144.  The  number  of  the  divisions  or  lobes  may  come  into  the  phrase. 
Thus  in  the  four  last  named  6gures  the  leaves  are  respectively  palmately 


119 


tkree-lobed,  three-cleft  (or  trtfid),  three-parted,  three-divided,  or  better  (in 
Latin  form),  trisected.     And  so  for  higher  numbers,  ssjive-lobed,  five-cleft, 

PIG.  148,  pinnately  lobed;  149,  pinnately  cleft;  150,  pinnately  parted;  151, 
pinnately  divided,  leaves. 

Fto.  152,  palmately  three-lobed ;  153  palmately  three-«left;  154,  palmately 
three-parted;  155,  palmately  three-divided  or  trisected,  leaves. 


SECTION   7.] 


ORDINARY  LEAVES. 


57 


etc.,  up  to  many-lobed,  many-cleft  or  multifid,  etc.  The  same  mode  of  ex- 
pression may  be  used  for  pinnately  lobed  leaves,  as  pinnately  1 -lobed,  -cleft, 
-parted,  etc. 

145.  The  divisions,  lobes,  etc.,  may  themselves  be  entire  (without  teeth 
or  notches),  or  serrate,  or  otherwise  toothed  or  incised;   or  lobed,  cleft, 
parted,  etc. :  in  the  latter  cases  making  twice  pinnatifid,  twice  palmately  or 
pinnately  lobed,  parted,  or  divided  leaves,  etc.    From  these  illustrations 
one  will  perceive  how  the  botanist,  in  two  or  three  words,  may  describe 
any  one  of  the  almost  eudlessly  diversified  shapes  of  leaves,  so  as  to  give  a 
clear  and  definite  idea  of  it. 

146.  Compound  Leaves.    A  compound  Jeaf  is  one  which  has  its  blade 
in  entirely  separate  parts,  each  usually  with  a  stalklet  of  its  own ;  and  the 
stalklet  is  often  jointed  (or  articulated)  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  just  a&  this 


157 


158 


is  Jointed  with  the  stem.  When  this  is  the  case,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
the  leaf  is  compound.  But  when  the  pieces  have  no  stalklets,  and  are  not 
jointed  with  the  main  leaf-stalk,  it  may  be  considered  either  as  a  divided 
simple  leaf,  or  a  compound  leaf,  according  to  the  circumstances.  This  is 
a  matter  of  names  where  all  intermediate  forms  may  be  expected. 

147.  While  the  pieces  or  projecting  parts  of  a  simple  leaf-blade  are 
called  Lodes,  or  in  deeply  cut  leaves,  etc.,  Segments,  or  Divisions,  the  sep- 
arate pieces  or  blades  of  a  compound  leaf  are  called  LEAFLBTS. 

148.  Compound  leaves  are  of  two  principal  kinds,  namely,  the  Pinnate 
and  the  Palmate;  answering  to  the  two  modes  of  veining  in  reticulated 
./eaves,  and  to  the  two  sorts  of  lobed  or  divided  leaves  (141). 

149.  Pinnate  leaves  are  those  in  which  the  leaflets  are  arranged  on  the 
sides  of  a  main  leaf-stalk;   as  in  Fig.  156-158.     They  answer  to  the 

Fio.  156-158.  Pinnate  leaves,  the  first  with  an  odd  leaflet  (odd-pinnate);  the 
second  with  a  tendril  in  place  ef  uppermost  leaflets ;  the  third  abruptly  pinnate, 
or  of  even  pairs. 


58  LEAVES.  [SECTION  7. 

feather-veined  (i.  e.  pinnately-veined)  simple  leaf;  as  will  be  seen  at  once 
on  comparing  the  forms.  The  leaflets  of  the  former  answer  to  the  lobes  or 
divisions  of  the  ktter ;  and  the  continuation  of  the  petiole,  along  which  the 
leaflets  are  arranged,  answers  to  the  midrib  of  the  simple  leaf. 

150.  Three  sorts  of  pinnate  leaves  are  here  given.    Fig.  156  is  pinnate 
Kith  an  odd  or  end  leaflet,  as  in  the  Common  Locust  and  the  Ash.    Fig. 
157  is  pinnate  with  a  tendril  at  the  end,  in  place  of  the  odd  leaflet,  as  in 
the  Vetches  and  the  Pea.    Fig.  158  is  evenly  or  abruptly  pinnate,  as  in  the 
Honey-Locust. 

151.  Palmate  (also  named  Digitate)  leaves  are  those  in  which  the  leaf- 

lets  are  all  borne  on  the  tip  of  the  leaf, 
stalk,  as  in  the  Lupine,  the  Common 
Clover,  the  Virginia  Creeper  (Fig.  93), 
and  the  Horse-chestnut  and  Buckeye 
(Fig.  159).  They  evidently  answer  to 
the  radiate-veined  or  palmately-veined 
simple  leaf.  That  is,  the  Clover-leaf  of 
three  leaflets  is  the  same  as  a  palmately 
three-ribbed  leaf  cut  into  three  separate 
leaflets.  And  such  a  simple  five-lobed 
leaf  as  that  of  the  Sugar-Maple,  if 
more  cut,  so  as  to  separate  the  parts, 

would  produce  a  palmate  leaf  of  five  leaflets,  like  that  of  the  Hovse-chestnut 

or  Buckeye. 

152.  Either  sort  of  compound  leaf  may  have  any  number  of  leaflets ;  yet 
palmate  leaves  cannot  well  have  a  great  many,  since  they  are  all  crowded 
together  on  the  end  of  the  main  leaf-stalk.     Some  Lupines  have  nine  or 
eleven ;  the  Horse-chestnut  has  seven,  the  Sweet  Buckeye  more  commonly 
five,  the  Clover  three.     A  pinnate  leaf  often  has  only  seven  or  five  leaflets, 
or  only  three,  as  in  Beans  of  the  genus  Phaseolus,  etc. ;  in  some  rarer  cases 
only  t3K>;  in  the  Orange  and  Lemon  and  also  in  the  common  Barberry 
there  is  only  one!     The  joint  at  the  place  where  the  leaflet  is  united  with 
the  petiole  distinguishes  this  last  case  from  a  simple  leaf.    In  other  specie* 
of  these  genera  the  lateral  leaflets  also  are  present. 

153.  The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  may  be  either  entire  (as  in  Fig. 
126-128),  or  serrate,  or  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  etc.;  in  fact,  may  present  all 
the  variations  of  simple  leaves,  and  the  same  terms  equally  apply  to  them. 

154.  When  the  division  is  carried  so  far  as  to  separate  what  would  be 
one  leaflet  into  two,  three,  or  several,  the  leaf  becomes  doubly  or  twice 
compound,  either  pinnately  or  palmately,  as  the  case  may  be.     For  example, 
while  the  clustered  leaves  of  the  Honey-Locust  are  simply  pinnate,  that  is, 
once  pinnate,  those  on  new  shoots  are  bipinnate,  or  twice  pinnate,  as  in 
Fig.  160.     When  these  leaflets  are  again  divided  in  the  same  way,  the  leaf 

PlO.  169.  Palmate  (or  digitate)  leaf  of  five  leaflets  of  the  Sweet  Buckeye, 


SECTION  7.] 


ORDINARY   LEAVES. 


becomes  thrice  pinnate,  or  tripinnate,  as  in  many  Acacias.  The  first  divi- 
sions are  called  Pinna  ;  the  others,  Pinnules  ;  and  the  last,  or  little  blades 
themselves,  Leaflets. 

155.  So  the  palmate  leaf,  if  again 
compounded  in  the  same  way,  be- 
comes twice  palmate,  01, 


when  the  d;visious  are  in  threes, 
twice  ternate  (in  Latin  form  biter- 
nate) ;  if  a  third  time  compounded, 
thrice  ternate  or  triternate.  But 
if  the  division  goes  still  further, 
or  if  the  degree  is  variable,  we 
simply  say  that  the  leaf  is  decom- 
pound ;  either  palmately  or  piu- 
nately  decompound,  as  the  case 
may  be.  Thus,  Fig.  161  repre- 
sents a  four  times  ternately  com- 
pound (in  other  words  a  ternately 
decompound)  leaf  of  a  common 
Meadow  Rue. 

156.  When  the  botanist,  in  de- 
scribing leaves,  wishes  to  express 
the  number  of  the  leaflets,  he 
may  use  terms  like  these :  — 

U/iifoliolate,  for  a  compound 
leaf  of  a  single  leaflet ;  from  the 
Latiu  mum,  one,  and  foliolum, 
leaflet. 

Bifoliolate,  of  two  leaflets,  from  the  Latin  bis,  twice,  an&foliolum,  leaflet. 
Trifoliolate  (or  ternate),  of  three  leaf- 
lets, as  the  Clover ;  and  so  on. 

Palmately  bifoliolate,  trifoliolate, 
quadr ifoliate,  plurifoliola te  (of  several 
leaflets),  etc. :  or  else 

Pinnately  bi-,  tri-,  quadri-,  or  pluri- 
foliolate  (that  is,  of  two,  three,  four, 
five,  or  several  leaflets),  as  the  case 
may  be:  these  are  terse  ways  of  de- 
noting in  single  phrases  both  the  num- 
ber of  leaflets  and  the  kind  of  com- 
pounding. 

157-  Of   foliage-leaves  having   certain  peculiarities   in  structure,  the 
following  may  be  noted:  — 

PIG.  160.  A  twice-pinnate  (abruptly)  leaf  01  the  Honey-Locust. 
FIG.  161.   Ternately  decompound  leaf  of  Mwadow  Rue. 


60 


LEAVES. 


^SECTION   7. 


158.   Perforate  Leaves,    In  these  the  stem  that  bears  them  seems  to 
run  through  the  blade  of  the  leaf,  more  or  less  above  its  base.    A  common 


Bellwort  (Uvularia  perfoliata,  Pig. 
162)  is  a  familiar  illustration.  The 
lower  and  earlier  leaves  show  it 
distinctly.  Later,  the  plant  is  apt 
to  produce  some  leaves  merely 
clasping  the  stem  by  the  sessile 
and  heart-shaped  base,  and  the 
latest  may  be  merely  sessile.  So 
the  series  explains  the  peculiarity  : 
in  the  formation  of  the  leaf  the 
bases,  meeting  around  the  stem,  grow  together  there. 

159.  Oonnate-perfoliate.    Such  are  the  upper  leaves  of  true  Honey, 
suckles.     Here  (Tig.  163)  of  the  opposite  and  sessile  leaves,  some  pairs, 
especially  the  uppermost,  in  the  course  of  their  formation  unite  around  the 
stem,  which  thus  seems  to  run  through  the  disk  formed  by  their  union. 

160.  Equitant  Leaves.    While  ordinary  leaves  spread  horizontally,  and 
present  one  face  to  the  sky  and  the  other  to  the  earth,  there  are  some  that 
present  their  tip  to  the  sky,  and  their  faces  right  and  left  to  the  horizon. 
Among  these  are  the  equitant  leaves  of  the  Iris  or  Flower-de-Luce.     In- 
spection  shows  that  each  leaf  was  formed  as  if  folded  together  lenythwise, 

FIG.  162.  A  summer  branch  of  Uvularia  perfoliata;  lower  leaves  perfoliate,  upper 
cordate-clasping,  uppermost  simply  sessile. 

Fid.  163.  Branch  of  a  Honeysuckle,  with  connate-perfoliate  leaves. 

Fio.  164.  Rootstock  and  equitant  leaves  of  Irfs.  165.  A  section  across  the 
cluster  of  leaves  at  the  bottom,  showing  the  equitation. 


SECTION   7.] 


ORDINAEY  LEAVES. 


61 


so  that  what  would  be  the  upper  surface  is  within,  and  all  grown  together, 
except  next  the  bottom,  where  each  leaf  covers  the  next  younger  one.  It 
was  from  their  straddling  over  each  other,  like  a  man  on  horseback  (as  is 
seen  in  the  cross-section,  Fig.  165),  that  Linnaeus,  with  his  lively  fancy, 
called  these  Equitant  leaves. 

161.  Leaves  with  no  distinction  of  Petiole  and  Blade.    The  leaves, 
of  Iris  just  mentioned  show  one  form  of  this.     The  flat  but  narrow  leaves, 
of  Jonquils,  Daffodils,  and  the  cylindrical  leaf  of  Onions 

are  other  instances.  Needle-shaped  leaves,  like  those  of 
the  Pine,  Larch,  and  Spruce,  and  the  awl-shaped  as  well 
as  the  scale-shaped  leaves  of  Junipers,  Red  Cedar,  and 
Arbor- Vitse  (Fig.  166),  are  examples. 

162.  Phyllodia.   Sometimes  an  expanded  petiole  takes 
the  place  of  the  blade;  as  in  numerous  New  Holland 
Acacias,  some  of  which  are  now  common  in  greenhouses. 
Such  counterfeit  blades  are  called  phyllodia,  —  meaning 
leaf-like  bodies.     They  may  be  known  from  true  blades 
by  their  standing  edgewise,  their  margins  being  directed 
upwards  and  downwards ;  while  in  true  blades  the  faces 
look  upwards  and  downwards;  excepting  in  equitant 
leaves,  as  already  explained. 

163.  Falsely  Vertical  Leaves.    These  are  apparent 
exceptions  to  the  rule,  the  blade  standing  edgewise  in- 
stead of  flatwise  to  the  stem ;  but  this  position  comes 

by  a  twist  of  the  stalk  or  the  base  of  the 
blade.  Such  leaves  present  the  two 
faces  about  equally  to  the  light.  The 
Compass-plant  (Silphium  laciniatum)  is 
an  example.  So  also  the  leaves  of  Bolto- 
nia,  of  Wild  Lettuce,  and  of  a  vast  num- 
ber of  Australian  Myrtaceous  shrubs 
and  trees,  which  much  resemble  the 
phyllodia  of  the  Acacias  of  the  same 
country.  They  are  familiar  in  Calliste- 
mon,  the  Bottle-brush  Mower,  and  in 
Eucalyptus.  But  in  the  latter  the 
leaves  of  the  young  tree  have  the  nor- 
mal structure  and  position. 

164.  Cladophylla,  meaning  branch- 
leaves.  The  foliage  of  Ruscus  (the  Butcher's  Broom  of  Europe)  and  of 
Myrsiphyllum  of  South  Africa  (cultivated  for  decoration  under  the  false 


1G7 


FIG.  166.   Branch  of  Arbor-Vitae,  with  awl-shaped  and  scale-shaped  leave* 
FIG.  167.  The  ambiguous  leaf  ?  (cladophyllum)  of  Myrsiphyllum. 
Fio.  168.   Same  of  Ruscus,  or  Butcher's  Broom. 


62  LEAVES.  [SECTION  7. 

name  of  Smilax)  is  peculiar  and  puzzling.    Tf  these  blades  (Fig.  167, 168) 

are  really  leaves,  they  are  most  anomalous  in  occupying  the  axil  of  another 
leaf,  reduced  to  a  little  scale.  Yet  they  have  an  upper  and  lower  face,  as 
leaves  should,  although  they  soon  twist,  so  as  to  stand  more  or  less  edge- 
wise. If  they  are  branches  which  have  assumed  exactly  the  form  and 
office  of  leaves,  they  are  equally  extraordinary  in  not  making  any  further 
development.  But  in  Ruscus,  flowers  are  borne  OH  one  face,  in  the  axil 
of  a  little  scale :  and  this  would  seem  to  settle  that  they  are  branches.  In 
Asparagus  just  the  same  things  as  to  position  are  thread-shaped  and 
branch-like. 


§  2.    LEAVES  OP  SPECIAL  CONFORMATION  AND  USR 

165.  Leaves  for  Storage.  A  leaf  may  at  the  same  time  serve  both 
ordinary  and  special  uses.  Thus  in  those  leaves  of  Lilies,  .such  as  the 
common  White  Lily,  which  spring  from  the  bulb,  the  upper  and  green  part 
x  serves  for  foliage 

and  elaborates 
nourishment,  while 
the  thickened  por- 
tion or  bud-scale 
beneath  serves  for 
the  storage  of  this 
nourishment.  The 
thread-shaped  leaf 
of  the  Onion  ful- 
fils the  same  office, 
and  the  nourishing 
matter  it  prepares 
is  deposited  in 
its  sheathing  base, 
forming  one  of  the 
concentric  layers  of 
the  onion.  When 

these  layers,  so  thick  and  succulent,  have  given  up  their  store  to  the  grow- 
ing parts  within,  they  are  left  as  thin  and  dry  husks.  In  a  Houseleek, 
an  Aloe  or  an  Agave,  the  green  color  of  the  surface  of  the  fleshy  leaf  indi- 
cates that  it  is  doing  the  work  of  foliage ;  the  deeper-seated  white  por- 
tion within  is  the  storehouse  of  the  nourishment  which  the  green  surface 
has  elaborated.  So,  also,  the  seed-leaves  or  cotyledons  are  commonly  used 
for  storage.  Some,  as  in  one  of  the  Maples,  the  Pea,  Horse-chestnut, 
Oak,  etc.,  are  for  nothing  else.  Others,  as  in  Beecli  and  in  our  common 

FIG.  169.  A  young  Agave  Americana,  or  Century-plant :  fleshy -leaved. 


SECTION  7.]  SPECIAL  LEAVES.  63 

Beans,  give  faiat  indications  of  service  as  foliage  also,  chiefly  in  Tain.     Still 
others,  as  in  the  Pumpkin  and  Flax,  having  served  for  storage,  develop 
into  the  first  efficient  foliage.     Compare 
11,  22-30,  and  the  accompanying  figures. 


166.  Leaves  as  Bud-Scales  serve  to 
protect  the  forming  parts  within.  Hav- 
ing fulfilled  this  purpose  they  commonly 
fall  off  when  the  shoot  develops  and 
foliage-leaves  appear.  Occasionally,  as 
in  Fig.  170,  there  is  a  transition  of  bud- 
scales  to  leaves,  which  reveals  the  nature 
of  the  former.  The  Lilac  also  shows  a 
gradation  from  bud-scale  to  simple  leaf. 
In  Cornus  florida  (the  Flowering  Dog- 
wood), the  four  bud-scales  which  through 
the  winter  protect  the  head  of  forming 
flowers  remain  until  blossoming,  and  then  the  base  of  each  grows  out  into 


FIG.  170.  Series  of  bud-scales  and  foliage-leaves  from  a  developing  bud  of  the 
Low  Sweet  Buckeye  (^Esculus  parviflora),  showing  nearly  complete  gradation,  from 
A  scale  to  a  compound  leaf  of  five  leaflets;  and  that  the  scales  answer  to  reduced 
petioles. 

Via.  171.  Shoot  of  common  Barberry,  showing  transition  of  foliage-leaves  t» 
opines. 


64  LEAVES.  [SECTION  7. 

a  large  and  very  showy  petal-like  teaf ;  the  original  dry  scale  is  apparent 
in  the  notch  at  the  apex. 

167.  Leaves  as  Spines  occur  in  several  plants.  A  familiar  instance  is 
that  of  the  common  Barberry  (Fig.  171)-  In  almost  any  summer  shoot, 
most  of  the  gradations  may  be  seen  between  the  ordinary  leaves,  with 
sharp  bristly  teeth,  and  leaves  which  are  reduced  to  a  branching  spine  or 
thorn.  The  fact  that  the  spines  of  the  Barberry  produce  a  leaf-bud  in 
their  axil  also  proves  them  to  be  leaves. 


168.  Leaves  for  Climbing  are  various  in  adaptation.     True  foliage- 
leaves  serve  this  purpose ;  as  in  Gloriosa,  where  the  attenuated  tip  of  a  sim« 
pie  leaf  (otherwise  like  that  of  a  Lily)  hooks  around  a  supporting  object ; 
or  in  Solanum  jasminoides  of  the  gardens  (Fig.  172),  and  in  Mauraudia, 
etc.,  where  the  leaf-stalk  coils  round  and  clings  to  a  support;  or  in  the 
compound  leaves  of  Clematis  and  of  Adlumia,  in  which  both  the  leaflets 
and  their  stalks  hook  or  coil  around  the  support. 

169.  Or  in  a  compound  leaf,  as  in  the  Pea  and  most  Vetches,  and  in 
Cobsea,  while  the  lower  leaflets  serve  for  foliage,  some  of  the  uppermost 
are  developed  as  tendrils  for  climbing  (Fig.  167).    In  the  common  Pea  this 
is  so  with  all  but  one  or  two  pairs  of  leaflets. 

170.  In  one  European  Vetch,  the  leaflets  are  wanting  and  the  whole 
petiole  is  a  tendril,  while  the  stipules  become  the  only  foliage  (Fig.  173). 

171.  Leaves  as  Pitchers,  or  hollow  tubes,  are  familiar  in  the  common 
Pitcher-plant  or  Side-saddle  Flower  (Sarracenia,  Fig.  174)  of  our  bogs. 
These  pitchers  are  generally  half  full  of  water,  in  which  flies  and  other  in- 
sects are  drowned,  often  in  such  numbers  as  to  make  a  rich  manure  for  the 
plant.     More  curious  are  some  of  the  southern  species  of  Sarracenia,  which 
seem  to  be  specially  adapted  to  the  capture  and  destruction  of  flies  and 
other  insects. 

FIG.  172.  Leaves  of  Solanum  jasminoides,  the  petiole  adapted  for  climbing. 
FlQ.  173.   Leaf  of  Lathyrus  Aphaca,  consisting  of  a  pair  of  stipules  and  a  tendril. 


SECTION  7.] 


SPECIAL  LEAVES. 


65 


172.  The  leaf  of  Nepenthes  (Fig.  175)  combines  three  structures  and 
ses.     The  expanded  part  below  is  foliage :  this  tapers  into  a  tendril  for 


climbing ;  and  this  bears  a  pitcher  with  a  lid. 
baps  digested,  in  the  pitcher. 

173.  Leaves  as  Fly-traps.  Insects  are 
caught  in  another  way,  and  more  expertly, 
by  the  most  extraordinary  of  all  the  plants 
of  this  country,  the  Dionaea  or  Venus's  Fly- 
trap,  which  grows  in  the  sandy  bogs  around 
Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  Here  (Fig. 
176)  each  leaf  bears  at  its  summit  an  appen- 
dage which  opens  and  shuts,  in  shape  some- 
thing like  a  steel-trap,  and  operating  much 
like  one.  For  when  open,  no  sooner  does 
a  fly  alight  on  its  surface,  and  brush  against 
any  one  of  the  two  or  three  bristles  that  grow 
there,  than  the  trap  suddenly  closes,  captur- 
ing the  intruder.  If  the  fly  escapes,  the  trap 
soon  slowly  opens,  and  is  ready  for  another 
capture.  When  retained,  the  insect  is  after 
a  time  moistened  by  a  secretion  from  mi- 
nute glands  of  the  inner  surface,  and  is 

In  the  various  species  of  Drosera  or  Sundew,  insects  are  caught 


FIG.  174.    Leaf  of  Sarracenia  purpurea,  entire,  and  another  with  the  upper  part 
e\\t  off. 

FIG.  175.   Leaf  of  Nepenthes;  foliage,  tendril,  and  pitcher  combined. 
FIG.  176.   Leaves  of  O'onaea;  the  trap  ii)  one  of  them  open,  in  the  others  closed. 


LEAVES. 


[SECTION  7. 


by  sticking  fast  to  very  viscid  glands  at  the  tip  of  strong  bristles,  aided 
by  adjacent  gland-tipped  bristles  which  bend  slowly  toward  the  captive 
The  use  of  such  adaptations  and  operations  may  be  explained  in  another 
place. 


f  8.  STIPULES. 

174.  A  leaf  complete  in  its  parts  consists  of  blade,  leaf-stalk  or  petiole, 
and  a  pair  of  stipules.  But  most  leaves  have  either  fugacious  or  minute 
stipules  or  none  at  all ;  many  have  no  petiole  (the  blade  being  sessile  or 
stalkless) ;  some  have  no  clear  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole ;  and  many 
of  these,  such  as  those  of  the  Onion  and 
all  phyllodia  (]  66),  consist  Oi  petiole  only. 
175.  The  base  of  the  petiole  is  apt  to 
be  broadened  and  flattened,  sometimes 
into  thin  margins,  sometimes  into  a  sheath 
which  embraces  the  stem  at  the  point  of 
attachment 


180 


176.  Stipules  are  such  appendages,  either  wholly  or  partly  separated 
from  the  petiole.  When  quite  separate  they  are  said  to  be  free,  as  in  Fig. 
112.  When  attached  to  the  base  of  the  petiole,  as  in  the  Rose  and  in 

Fio.  177.  Leaf  of  Red  Clover:  st,  stipules,  adhering  to  the  base  of  p,  the  petiole; 
6,  blade  of  three  leaflets. 

Fio,  178.  Part  of  stem  and  leaf  of  Frince's-Peather  (Polygonum  orientale)  with 
the  united  sheathing  stipules  forming  a  sheath  or  ocreti. 

Fio.  179.  Terminal  winter  bud  of  Magnolia  Umbrella,  natural  size.  180.  Outer- 
most bud-scale  (pair  of  stipules)  detached. 


SECTION  7.] 


THEIR  ARRANGEMENT. 


C7 


Clover  (Tig.  177),  they  are  adnate.  When  the  two  stipules  unite  and 
sheathe  the  stem  above  the  insertion,  as  in  Polygonum  (Fig.  178),  this 
sheath  is  called  an  Ocrea,  from  its  likeness  to  a  greave  or  leggin. 

177.  In  Grasses,  when  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf  may  answer  to 
petiole,  the  summit  of  the  sheath  commonly  projects  as  a  thin  and  short 
membrane,  like  an  ocrea :  this  is  called  a  LIGULA  or  LIGTJLE. 

178.  When  stipules  are  green  and  leaf-like  they  act  as  so  much  foliage, 
la  the  Pea  they  make  up  no  small  part  of  the  actual  foliage.     In  a  related 
plant  (Lathyrus  Aphaca,  Fig.  173),  they  make  the  whole  of  it,  the  remainder 
of  the  leaf  being  tendril. 

179.  In  many  trees  the  stipules  are  the  bud-scales,  as  in  the  Beech,  and 
very  conspicuously  in  the  Fig-tree,  Tulip-tree,  and  Magnolia  (Fig.  179). 
These  fall  off  as  the  leaves  unfold. 

180.  The  stipules  are  spines  or  prickles  in  Locust  and  several  other 
Leguminous  trees  and  shrubs ;  they  are  tendrils  in  Srnilax  or  Greenbrier 

f  4.    THE  ARRANGEMENT  OP  LEAVES. 

181.  Phyllotaxy,  meaning  leaf-arrangement,  is  the  study  of  the  position 
t/  leaves,  or  parts  answering  to  leaves,  upon  the  stem. 

182.  The  technical  name  for  the  attachment  of  leaves  to  the  stem  is 


the  insertion.    Leaves  (as  already  noticed,  54)  are  inserted  in  three  modes. 
They  are 

Alternate  (Fig.  181),  that  is,  one  after  another,  or  in  other  words,  with 
only  a  single  leaf  to  each  node ; 


PIG.  181.   Alternate  leaves,  in  Linden,  Lime-tree,  or  Basswood. 
FIG.  182.    Opposite  leaves,  in  Red  Maple. 


68 


LEAVES. 


[SECTION  7. 


Opposite  (Fig.  182),  when  there  is  a  pair  to  each  node,  the  two  leaves  in 
this  case  being  always  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem ; 

Wkorled  or  Verticillate  (fig.  183)  when  there  are  more  than  two  leaves 
on  a  node,  in  whica.  case  they  divide  the  circle 
equally  between  them,  forming  a  Verticel  or  whorl. 
When  there  are  three  leaves  in  the  whorl,  the 
leaves  are  one  third  of  the  circumference  apart ; 
when  four,  one  quarter,  and  so  on.  So  the  plan  of 
opposite  leaves,  which  is  very  common,  is  merely 
that  of  whorled  leaves,  with  the  fewest  leaves  to  the 
whorl,  namely,  two. 

183.  In  both  modes  and  in  all  their  modifica- 
tions, the  arrangement  is  such  as  to  distribute  the 
leaves  systematically  and  in  a  way  to  give  them  a 
good  exposure  to  the  light. 

184.  No  two  or  more  leaves  ever  grow  from  the  same  point.     The  so- 
called  Fascicled  or  Clustered  leaves  are 
the  leaves  of  a  branch  the  nodes  of 
which  are  very  close,  just  as  they  are 
in  the  bud,  so  keeping  the  leaves  in  a 
cluster.     This  is  evident  hi  the  Larch 
(Fig.  184),  in  which  examination  shows 
each  cluster  to  be  made  up  of  nume- 
rous leaves  crowded  on  a  spur  or  short 
axis.     In  spring  there  are  only  such 
clusters ;  but  in  summer  some  of  them 
lengthen  into  ordinary  shoots  with  scat- 
tered alternate  leaves.     So,  likewise, 
each  cluster  of  two  or  three  needle- 
shaped  leaves  in  Pitch  Pines  (as  in  Pig.  185),  or  of  five  leaves 
in  White  Pine,  answers  to  a  similar  extremely  short  branch, 
springing  from  the  axil  of  a  thin  and  slender  scale,  which 
represents  a  leaf  of  the  main  shoot.    Por  Pines  produce  two 
kinds  of  leaves,  —  1.  primary,  the  proper  leaves  of  the  shoots, 
not  as  foliage,  but  in  the  shape  of  delicate  scales  in  spring, 
which  soon  fall  away ;  and  2.  secondary,  the  fascicled  leaves, 
from  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  former,  and  these  form  the 
actual  foliage. 

Fig.  183.   Whorled  leaves  of  Galium. 

Fid.  184.  A  piece  of  stem  of  Larch  with  two  clusters  (fascicles)  of  numerous 
leaves. 

Fid.  185.  Piece  of  a  branch  of  Pitch  Pine,  with  three  leaves  in  a  fascicle  or  bun- 
dle, in  the  axil  of  a  thin  scale  which  answers  to  a  primary  leaf.  The  bundle  is  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  short  sheath,  formed  of  the  delicate  scales  of  the  axillary 
bud. 


SECTION  7.] 


THEIR  ARRANGEMENT, 


185.  Phyllotaxy  of  Alternate  Leaves.    Alternate  leaves  are  distrib- 
uted along  the  stem  in  an  order  which  is  uniform  for  each  species.     The 
arrangement  in  all  its  modifications  is  said  to  be  spiral,  because,  if  we 
draw  a  line  from  the  insertion  (i.  e.  the  point  of  attachment)  of  one  leaf  to 
that  of  the  next,  and  so  on,  this  line  will  wind  spirally  around  the  stem  as 
it  rises,  and  in  the  same  species  will  always  bear  the  same  number  of  leaves 
for  each  turn  round  the  stem.     That  is,  any  two  successive  leaves  will 
always  be  separated  from  each  other  by  an  equal  portion  of  the  circum- 
ference of  the  stem.     The  distance  in  height  between  any  two  leaves  may 
vary  greatly,  even  on  the  same  shoot,  for  that  depends  upon  the  length  of 
the  internodes,  or  spaces  between  the  leaves ;  but  the  distance  as  measured 
around  the  circumference  (in  other  words,  the  Angular  Divergence,  or  angle 
formed  by  any  two  successive  leaves)  is  uniformly  the  same. 

186.  Two-ranked.     The  greatest  possible  di- 
vergence is,  of  course,  where  the  second  leaf  stands 
on  exactly  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem  from  the 
first,  the  third  on  the  side  opppsite  the  second,  and 
therefore  over  the  first,  and  the  fourth  over  the 
second,     This  brings  all  the  leaves  into  two  ranks, 
one  on  one  side  of  the  stem  and  one  on  the  other, 
and  is  therefore  called  the  Two-ranked  arrangement. 
It  occurs  in  all  Grasses,  —  in  Indian  Corn,  for  in- 
stance;  also,  in  the  Basswood  (Fig.  181).     This 
is  the   simplest  of  all  arrangements,  and  the  one 
which  most  widely  distributes  successive  leaves,  but 
which  therefore  gives  the  fewest  vertical  ranks. 
Next  is  the 

187.  Three-ranked  arrangement,  —  that  of  all 
Sedges,  and  of  White  Hellebore.    Here  the  second 
leaf  is  placed  one  third  of  the  way  round  the  stem, 
the  third  leaf  two  thirds  of  the  way  round,  the  fourth 
leaf  accordingly  directly  over  the  first,  the  fifth  over 
the  second,  and  so  on.     That  is,  three  leaves  occur 
in  each  turn  round  the  stem,  and  they  are  separated 
from  each  other  by  one  third  of  the  circumference. 
(Fig.  186, 187.) 

188.  Five-ranked  is  the  next  in  the  series,  and 

the  most  common.  It  is  seen  in  the  Apple  (Fig.  188),  Cherry,  Poplar, 
and  the  greater  number  of  trees  and  shrubs.  In  this  case  the  line  traced 
from  leaf  to  leaf  will  pass  twice  round  the  stem  before  it  reaches  a  leaf 


FIG.  186.  Three-ranked  arrangement,  shown  in  a  piece  of  the  stalk  of  a  Sedge, 
with  the  leaves  cut  off  above  their  bases ;  the  leaves  are  numbered  in  order,  from 
Itoti.  187.  Diagram  or  cross-section  of  the  same,  in  one  plane ;  the  leaves  simi- 
larly numbered  ;  showing  two  cycles  of  three. 


70 


LEAVES. 


[SECTION  7. 


X 


k 


situated  directly  over  any  below  (Pig.  189).  Here  the  sixth  leaf  is  over 
the  first ;  the  leaves  stand  in  five  perpendicular  ranks,  with  equal  angular 
distance  from  each  other;  and  this  distance  between  any  two  successive 
leaves  is  just  two  fifths  of  the  circumference  of  the  stem. 

189.  The  five-ranked  arrangement  is  expressed  by  the  fraction  |.     This 

fraction  denotes  the  divergence  of  jgg 

the  successive  leaves,  i.  e.  the  air 
gle  they  form  with  each  other :  the 
' numerator  also  expresses  the  num- 
ber of  turns  made  round  the  stem 
by  the  spiral  line  in  completing 
one  cycle  or  set  of  leaves,  namely, 
two ;  and  the  denominator  gives 
the  number  of  leaves  in  each  cy- 
cle, or  the  number  of  perpendic- 
ular ranks,  namely,  five.  In  the 
same  way  the  fraction  ^  stands  for 
the  two-ranked  mode,  and  J  for 
the  three-ranked  :  and  so  these 
different  sorts  are  expressed  by 

yie  series  of  fractions  £,  £,  f .     Other  cases  follow  in 

the  same  numerical  progression,  the  next  being  the 

190.  Eight-ranked  arrangement.    In  this  the  ninth 
leaf  stands  over  the  first,  and  three  turns  are   made 
around  the  stem  to  reach  it;  so  it  is  expressed  by 
the  fraction  f .    This  is  seen  in  the  Holly,  and  in  the 
common  Plantain.     Then  conies  the 

191.  Thirteen-ranked  arrangement,  in  which  the 
fourteenth  leaf  is  over  the  first,  after  five  turns  around  the  stem, 
common  Houseleek  (Fig.  191)  is  a  good  example. 

192.  The  series  so  far,  then,  is  \,  £,  \,  f ,  ^ ;  the  numerator  and  the 
denominator  of  each  fraction  being  those  of  the  two  next  preceding  ones 
added  together.     At  this  rate  the  next  higher  should  be  ^T,  then  Jf ,  and 
so  on ;  and  in  fact  just  such  cases  are  met  with,  and  (commonly)  no  others. 
These  higher  sorts  are  found  in  the  Pine  Family,  both  in  the  leaves  and 
the  cones  and  in  many  other  plants  with  small  and  crowded  leaves.    But 
in  those  the  number  of  the  ranks,  or  of  leaves  in  each  cycle,  can  only  rarely 

Fio.  188.  Shoot  with  its  leaves  5-ranked,  the  sixth  leaf  over  the  first;  as  in  the 
Apple-tree. 

Fio.  189.  Diagram  of  this  arrangement,  with  a  spiral  line  drawn  from  the  attach, 
ment  of  one  leaf  to  the  next,  and  so  on ;  the  parts  on  the  side  turned  from  the  eye 
are  fainter. 

Fio.  190.  A  ground-plan  of  the  same;  the  section  of  the  leaves  similarly  num- 
bered ;  a  dotted  line  drawn  from  the  edge  of  one  leaf  to  that  of  the  next  marks  out 
the  spiral. 


The 


SECTION  7.] 


THEIR  ARRANGEMENT. 


71 


be  made  out  by  direct  inspection.  They  may  be  indirectly  ascertained,  how- 
ever, by  studying  the  secondary  spirals,  as  they  are  called,  which  usually 
become  conspicuous,  at  least  two  series  of  them,  one 
turning  to  the  right  and  one  to  the  left,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  191.  Tor  au  account  of  the  way  in  which  the 
character  of  the  phyllotaxy  may  be  deduced  from  the 
secondary  spirals,  see  Structural  Botany,  Chapter  IV. 
193.  Phyllotaxy  of  Opposite  and  whorled  Leaves. 
This  is  simple  and  comparatively  uniform.  The  leaves 
of  each  pair  or  whorl  are  placed  over  the  intervals 
between  those  of  the  preceding,  and  therefore  under 
the  intervals  of  the  pair  or  whorl  next  above.  The 
whorls  or  pairs  alternate  or  cross  each  other,  usually 
at  right  angles,  that  is,  they  decussate.  Opposite 
leaves,  that  is,  whorls  of  two  leaves  only,  are  far  com- 
moner than  whorls  of  three  or  four  or  more  members. 
This  arrangement  in  successive  decussating  pairs  gives 
an  advantageous  distribution  on  the  stem  in  four  verti- 
cal ranks.  Whorls  of  three  give  six  vertical  ranks, 
and  so  on.  Note  that  in  descriptive  botany  leaves  in 
whorls  of  two  are  simply  called  opposite  leaves ;  and 
that  the  term  verticillate  or  whorled,  is  employed  only 
for  cases  of  more  than  two,  unless  the  latter  number 
is  specified. 

194.  Vernation  or  Praefoliation,  the  disposition 
of  the  leaf-blades  in  the  bud,  comprises  two  things ;  1st, 
the  way  in  which  each  separate  leaf  is  folded,  coiled, 
or  packed  up  in  the  bud;  and  2d,  the  arrangement 
of  the  leaves  in  the  bud  with  respect  to  one  another. 
The  latter  of  course  depends  very  much  upon  the 

phyllotaxy,  i.  e.  thb  position  and  order  of  the  leaves  upon  the  stem.  The 
same  terms  are  used  for  it  as  for  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  of  the 
flower  in  the  flower-bud.  See,  therefore,  "  ^Estivation,  or  Praefloration." 

195.  As  to  each  leaf  separately,  it  is  sometimes  straight  and  open  in 
vernation,  but  more  commonly  it  is  either  bent,  folded,  or  rolled  up.     When 
the  upper  part  is  bent  down  upon  the  lower,  as  the  young  blade  in  the 
Tulip-tree  is  bent  upon  the  leafstalk,  it  is  said  to  be  Inflexed  or  Reclined  in 
vernation.     When  folded  by  the  midrib  so  that  the  two  halves  are  placed 
face  to  face,  it  is  Conduplicate  (Fig.  193),  as  in  the  Magnolia,  the  Cherry, 
and  the  Oak.     WThen  folded  back  and  forth  like  the  plaits  of  a  fan,  it  is 

FIG.  191.  A  young  plant  of  the  Houseleek,  with  the  leaves  (not  yet  expanded) 
numbered,  and  exhibiting  the  13-ranked  arrangement;  and  showing  secondary 
spirals. 

FIG.  192.  Opposite  leaves  of  Euonymus,  or  Spindle-tree,  showing  the  successive 
pairs  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles. 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


Plicate  or  Plaited  (Fig.  194),  as  in  the  Maple  and  Currant.  If  rolled,  it 
may  be  so  either  from  the  tip  downwards,  as  in  Ferns  and  the  Sundew 

(Fig.  197),  when  in  unroll- 
ing it  resembles  the  head 
of  a  crosier,  and  is  said  to 
be  Circinate;  or  it  may  be 
rolled  up  parallel  with  the 
axis,  either  from  one  edge 
into  a  coil,  when  it  is  Con- 
volute (Fig.  195),  as  in  the 
Apricot  and  Plum ;  or  rolled 
from  both  edges  towards 
the  midrib,  —  sometimes 
inwards,  when  it  is  Invo- 
196  197  198  'lute  (Fig.  198),  as  in 'the 

Violet    and  Water  -  Lily  ; 

sometimes  outwards,  when  it  is  Eevolute  (Fig.  196),  in  the  Rosemary  and 
Azalea.  The  figures  are  diagrams,  representing  sections  through  the  leaf, 
in  the  way  they  were  represented  by  Linuseus. 


SECTION  VIII.    FLOWEB& 

•  196.  Flowers  are  for  the  production  of  seed  (16).  Stems  and  branches, 
which  for  a  time  put  forth  leaves  for  vegetation,  may  at  length  put  forth 
flowers  for  reproduction. 

1 1.    POSITION  AND  ARRANGEMENT  OP  FLOWERS,  OR  INFLOR- 
ESCENCE. 

197.  Flower-buds  appear  just  where,  leaf -buds  appear;  that  is,  they  are 
either  terminal  or  axillary  (47-49).     Morphologically,  flowers  answer  to 
shoots  or  branches,  and  their  parts  to  leaves. 

198.  In  the  same  species  the  flowers  are  usually  from  axillary  buds  only, 
or  from  terminal  buds  only;  but  in  some  they  are  both  axillary  and 
terminal. 

199.  Inflorescence,  which  is  the  name  nsed  by  Linnaeus  to  signify  mode 
of  flower-arrangement,  is  accordingly  of  three  classes :  namely,  Indeterminate, 
when  the  flowers  are  in  the  axils  of  leaves,  that  is,  are  from  axillary  buds; 
Determinate,  when  they  are  from  terminal  buds,  and  so  terminate  a  stem 
or  branch ;  and  Mixed,  when  these  two  are  combined. 

200.  Indeterminate  Inflorescence  (likewise,  and  for  the  same  reason, 
called  indefinite  inflorescence)  is  so  named  because,  as  the  flowers  all  come 
from  axillary  buds,  the  terminal  bud  may  keep  on  growing  and  prolong  the 
stem  indefinitely.     This  is  so  in  Moneywort  (Fig.  199). 


SECTION  8.J 


INFLORESCENCE, 


73 


201.  "VYhen  Sowers  thus  arise  singly  from  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves, 
they  are  axillary  and  solitary,  not  collected  into  flower-clusters. 

202.  But  when  several  or  many  flowers  are  produced  near  each  other, 
the  accompanying  leaves  are 

apt  to  be  of  smaller  size,  or  of 
different  shape  or  character : 
then  they  are  called  BRACTS, 
aud  the  flowers  thus  brought 
together  form  a  cluster.  The 
kinds  of  flower-clusters  of  the 
indeterminate  class  have  re- 
ceived distinct  names,  according  to  their  form  and  disposition.  They  are 
principally  Raceme,  Corymb,  Umbel,  Spike,  Head,  Spadix,  Catkin,  and 
Panicle. 

203.  In  defining  these  it  will  be  necessary  to  use  some  of  the  following 
terms  of  descriptive  botany  which  relate  to  inflorescence.    If  a  flower  is 
stalkless,  i.  e.  sits  directly  in  the  axil  or  other  support,  it  is  said  to  be 
sessile.     If  raised  on  a  naked  stalk  of  its  own  (as  in  Fig.  199)  it  is  pedun- 
culate, and  the  stalk  is  a  PEDUNCLE. 

204.  A  peduncle  on  which  a  flower-cluster  is  raised  is  a 
Common  peduncle.  That  which  supports  each  separate  flower 
of  the  cluster  is  a  Partial  peduncle,  and  is  generally  called  a 
PEDICEL.  The  portion  of  the  general  stalk  along  which 
flowers  are  disposed  is  called  the  Axis  of  inflorescence,  or, 
when  covered  with  sessile  flowers,  the  Rhachis  (back-bone), 
and  sometimes  the  Receptacle.  The  leaves  of  a  flower-cluster 
generally  are  termed  BRACTS.  But  when  bracts  of  different 
orders  are  to  be  distinguished,  those  on  the  common  pedun- 
cle or  axis,  and  which  have  a  flower  in  their  axil,  keep  the 
name  of  bracts  ;  and  those  on  the  pedicels  or  partial  flower- 
stalks,  if  any,  that  of  BRACTLETS  or  Bracteoles.  The  for- 
mer is  the  preferable  English  name. 

205.  A  Raceme  (Fig.  200)  is  that  form  of  flower-cluster 
in  which  the  flowers,  each  on  their  own  foot-stalk  or  pedicel, 
are  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  common  stalk  or  axis  of 
inflorescence;   as  in  the  Lily  of  the  Valley,  Currant,  Bar- 
berry, one  section  of  Cherry,  etc.     Each  flower  comes  from 
the  axil  of  a  small  leaf,  or  bract,  which,  however,  is  often 
200       so  small  that  it  might  escape  notice,  and  even  sometimes  (as 
m  the  Mustard  Family)  disappears  altogether.     The  lowest  blossoms  of  a 

FIG.  199.  Piece  of  a  flowering-stem  of  Moneywort  (Lysimachia  nummularia,) 
with  single  flowers  successively  produced  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  from  below 
upwards,  as  the  stem  grows  on. 

FIG.  200.  A  raceme,  with  a  general  peduncle  (p),  pedicels  (pr),  bracts  (5),  and 
brackets  (6').  Plainly  the  bracts  here  answer  to  the  leaves  in  Fig.  193 


74 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


raceme  are  of  course  the  oldest,  and  therefore  open  first,  aiid  the  order  of 
blossoming  *s  ascending  from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  The  summit,  never 
being  stopped  by  a  terminal  flower,  may  go  on  to  grow,  and  often  does 
so  (as  in  the  common  Shepherd's  Purse),  producing  lateral  flowers  one 
after  another  for  many  weeks. 

206.  A  Corymb  (Fig.  202)  is  the  same  as  a  raceme,  except  that  it  is 
flat  and  broad,  either  convex,  or  level-topped.  That  is,  a  raceme  becomes 
a  corymb  by  lengthening  the  lower  pedicels  while  the  uppermost  remain 


203 


shorter.     The  axis  of  a  corymb  is  short  in  proportion  to  the  lower  pedicels 
By  extreme  shortening  of  the  axis  the  corymb  may  be  converted  into 

*207.  An  Umbel  (Pig.  203)  as  in  the  Milkweed,  a  sort  of  flower-cluster 
where  the  pedicels  all  spring  apparently  from  the  same  point,  from  the  top 
of  the  peduncle,  so  as  to  resemble,  when  spreading,  the  rays  of  an  umbrella ; 
whence  the  name.  Here  the  pedicels  are  sometimes  called  the 
Rays  of  the  umbel.  And  the  bracts,  when  brought  in  this  way 
into  a  cluster  or  circle,  form  what  is  called  an  INVOLUCRE. 

208.  The  corymb  and  the  umbel  being  more  or  less  level- 
topped,  bringing  the  flowers  into  a  horizontal  plane  or  a  con- 
vex form,  the  ascending  order  of  development  appears  as  Cen- 
tripetal.    That  is,  the  flowering  proceeds  from  the  margin  or 
circumference  regularly  towards  the  centre;  the  lower  flowers 
of  the  former  answering  to  the  outer  ones  of  the  latter. 

209.  In  these  three  kinds  of  flower-clusters,  the  flowers  are 
raised  on  conspicuous  pedicels  (204)  or  stalks  of  their  own.    The 
shortening  of  these  pedicels,  so  as  to  render  the  flowers  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  converts  a  raceme  into  a  Spike,  and  a  corymb  or  an 
umbel  into  a  Head. 

210.  A  Spike  is  a  flower-cluster  with  a  more  or  less  length- 
ened axis,  along  which  the  flowers  are  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  as  in 

801          the  Plantain  (Fig.  204). 
211.   A  Head  (Capitulum)  is  a  round  or  roundish  cluster  of  flowers, 

Pio.  201.  A  raceme.    202.  A  corymb.    203,  An  umbel. 
FIQ.  204.   Spike  of  the  common  Plantain  or  Ribwort. 


SECTION  8.] 


INFLORESCENCE. 


75 


which  are  sessile  on  a  very  short  axis  or  receptacle,  as  in  the  Button-ball, 
Button-busb  (Fig.  205),  and  Red  Clover.    It  is  just  what  a  spike  would 


become  if  its  axis  were  shortened ;  or  an  umbel,  if  its  pedicels  were  all 

shortened  until  the  flowers  became  sessile.    The  head 

of  the  Button-b:ish  is  naked ;  but  that  of  the  Thistle, 

of  the  Dandelion,  and  the  like,  is  surrounded  by  empty 

bracts,  which  form  an  Involucre.   Two  particular  forms 

of  the  spike  and  the  head  have  received  particular 

name?,  namely,  the  S$adix  and  the  Catkin. 

212.  A  Spadix  is  a  fleshy  spike  or  head,  with  small 
and  often  imperfect  flowers,  as  in  the  Calla,  Indian 
Turnip,  (Fig.  206),  Sweet  Flag,  etc.     It  is  commonly 
surrounded  or  embraced  by  a  peculiar  enveloping  leaf, 
called  a  SPATHE. 

213.  A  Catkin,  or  Ament,  is  the  name  given  to  the 
scaly  sort  of  spike  of  the  Birch  (Fig.  207)  and  Alder, 
the  Willow  and  Poplar,  and  one  sort  of  flower-clusters 
of  the  Oak,  Hickory,  and  the  like,  —  the  so-called  Amen- 
taceous trees. 

214.  impound  flower-clusters  of  these  kinds  are 
not   uncommon.     When  the  stalks  which  in  the  sim- 
ple umbel  are  the  pedicels  of  single  flowers  themselves 
branch  into  an  umbel,  a  Compound  Umbel  is  formed. 

FIQ.  205.    Head  of  the  Button-bush  (Cephalanthns). 

FIG.  206.   Spadix  and  spathe  of  the  Indian  Turnip;  the  latter  cnt  through  below, 

FIG.  207.   Catkin,  or  Ament,  of  Birch. 


76 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


This  is  the  inflorescence  of  Caraway  (Fig.  208),  Parsnip,  and  almost  all  of 
the  great  family  of  Umbelliferous  (umbel-bearing)  plants. 

215.  The  second- 
ary or  partial  umbels 
of  a  compound  um. 
bel  are  UMBELLETS. 
When  the  umbellets 
are  subtended  by  an 
involucre,  this  sec- 
ondary involucre  is 
called  an  IKVOLTJCEL. 

216.  A  Compound  raceme  is  a  cluster  of  racemes 
racemosely  arranged,  as  in  Smilacina  racemosa.    A 
compound  corymb  is  a  corymb  some  branches  of  which 
branch  again  in  the  same  way,  as  in  Mountain  Ash.    A 
compound  spike  is  a  spicately  disposed  cluster  of  spikes. 

217.  A  Panicle,  such  as  that  of  Oats  and  many 
Grasses,  is  a  compound  flower-cluster  of  a  more  or  less 
open  sort  which  branches  with  apparent  irregularity, 
neither  into  corymbs  nor  racemes.     Tig.  209  repre- 
sents the  simplest  panicle.    It  is,  as  it  were,  a  raceme 
of  which  some  of  the  pedicels  have  branched  so  as  to 
bear  a  few  flowers  on  pedicels  of  their  own,  while 
others  remain  simple.     A  compound  panicle  is  one  that 
branches  in  this  v7ay  again  and  again. 

218.  Determinate  Inflorescence  is  that  in  which  the  flowers  are  from 
terminal  buds.    The  simplest  case  is  that  of  a  solitary  terminal  flower,  as 


212 


in  Fig.  210.    This  stops  the  growth  of  the  stem ;  for  its  terminal  bud,  be- 
coming a  blossom,  can  no  more  lengthen  in  the  manner  of  a  leaf-bud.    Any 

FIG.  208.   Compound  Umbel  of  Caraway. 

FIG.  209.   Diagram  of  a  simple  panicle. 

FIG.  210.  Diagram  of  an  opposite-leaved  plant,  with  a  single  terminal  flower 
211.  Same,  with  a  cyme  of  three  flowers;  a,  the  first  flower,  of  the  main  axis:  b  b. 
those  of  branches.  212.  Same,  with  flowers  also  of  the  third  order,  c  c. 


\ 


SECTION  8.J  INFLORESCENCE  77 

further  growth  must  be  from  axillary  buds  developing  into  branches.  If 
such  branches  are  leafy  shoots,  at  length  terminated  by  single  blossoms, 
the  inflorescence  still  consists  of  solitary  flowers  at  the  summit  of  stem  and 
branches.  But  if  the  flowering  branches  bear  only  bracts  in  place  of  ordi- 
nary leaves,  the  result  is  the  kind  of  flower-cluster  called 

219.  A  Cyme.    This  is  commonly  a  flat-topped  or  convex  flower-cluster, 
like   a  corymb,  only  the  blossoms  are  from  terminal  buds.         ... 
Fig.  211  illustrates  the  simplest  cyme  in  a  plant  with  oppo-  ^  i/5» /*& 
site  leaves,  namely,  with  three  flowers.     The  middle  flower,      y       j^ 
a,  terminates  the  stem ;  the  two  others,  b  b,  terminate  branches,        \  / 
one  from  the  axil  of  each  of  the  uppermost  leaves ;  and  being 

later  than  the  middle  one,  the  flowering  proceeds  from  the 
centre  outwards,  or  is  Centrifugal.     This  is  the  opposite  of 
the  indeterminate  mode,  or  that  where  all  the  flower-buds  are 
axillary.     If  flowering  branches  appear  from  the  axils  below,        . 
the  lower  ones  are  the  later,  so  that  the  order  of  blossoming     K\ 
continues  centrifugal  or,  which  is  the  same  thing,  descending,       ^ 
as  in  Fig.  213,  making  a  sort  of  reversed  raceme  we  false  ra- 
ceme,—  a  kind  of  cluster  which  is  to  the  true  raceme  just 
what  the  flat  cyme  is  to  the  corymb. 

220.  Wherever  there  are  bracts  or  leaves,  buds  may  be          213 
produced  from  their  axils  and  appear  as  flowers.     Fig.  212  represents  the 
case  where  the  brandies,  b  b,  of  Fig.  211,  each  with  a  pair  of  small  leaves 
or   bracts  about  their  middle,  have  branched   again,  and  produced  the 
brauchlets  and  flowers  c  <?,  on  each  side.     It  is  the  continued  repetition  of 
this  which  forms  the  full  or  compound  cyme,  such  as  that  of  the  Laures- 
tiuus,  Hobble-bush,  Dogwood,  and  Hydrangea  (Fig.  214). 

221.  A  Fascicle  (meaning  a  bundle),  like  that  of  the  Sweet  William 
and  Lychnis  of  the  gardens,  is  only  a  cyme  with  the  flowers  much  crowded. 

222.  A  Glomerule  is  a  cyme  still  more  compacted,  so  as  to  imitate  a 
head.    It  may  be  known  from  a  true  head  by  the  flowers  not  expanding 
centripetally,  that  is,  not  from  the  circumference  towards  the  centre. 

223.  The  illustrations  of  determinate  or  cymose  inflorescence  have  been 
taken  from  plants  with  opposite  leaves,  which  give  rise  to  the  most  regular 
cymes.     But  the  Rose,  Cinque  foil,  Buttercup,  etc.,  with  alternate  leaves, 
furnish  also  good  examples  of  cymose  inflorescence. 

224.  A  Cymule  (or  diminutive  cyme)  is  either  a  reduced  small  cyme  of 
few  flowers,  or  a  branch  of  a  compound  cyme,  i.  e.  a  partial  cyme. 

225.  Scorpioid  or  Helicoid  Cymes,  of  various  sorts,  are  forms  of  de- 
terminate inflorescence  (often  puzzling  to  the  student)  in  which  one  half  of 
the  ramification  fails  to  appear.     So  that  they  may  be  called  incomplete 
cymes.    The  commoner  forms  may  be  understood  by  comparing  a  complete 

FIG.  213.   Diagram  of  a  simple  cyme  in  which  the  axis  lengthens,  so  as  to  take 
the  form  of  a  raceme. 


78 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


cyme,  like  that  of  Fig.  215  with  Fig.  216,  the  diagram  of  a  cyme  of  an  op- 
posite-leaved plant,  having  a  series  of  terminal  flowers  and  the  axis  con- 


tinued by  the  development  of  a  branch  in  the  axil  of  only  one  of  the  leaves 
at  each  node.    The  dotted  lines  on  the  left  indicate  the  place  of  the  wanting 


branches,  which  if  present  would 
convert  this  scorpioid  cyme  into  the 
complete  one  of  Fig.  215.  Fig.  217 
is  a  diagram  of  similar  inflorescence 
with  alternate  leaves.  Both  are 
kinds  of false  racemes  (219).  When 
the  bracts  are  also  wanting  in  such 
cases,  as  in  many  Borragineous 
plants,  the  true  nature  of  the  in- 
florescence is  very  much  disguised. 


Fio.   214.  Compound  cyme  of  Hydrangea  arborescens,  wirn  neutral  enlarged 
flowers  round  the  circumference. 

Fio.  215.  A  complete  forking  cyme  of  an  Arenaria,  or  Chickweed. 
Fio.  216.    Diagram  of  a  scorpioid  cyme,  with  opposite  leaves  or  bracts. 
Fio.  217._  Diagram  of  analogous  scorpioid  cyme,  with  alternate  leaves  or  bracts. 


SECTION  g.J  ORGANS  OF  THE  FLO  WEB.  79 

226.  These  distinctions  between  determinate  and  indeterminate  inflores- 
cence, between  corymbs  and  cymes,  and  between  the  true  and  the  false 
raceme  and  spike,  were  not  recognized  by  botanists  much  more  than  half 
a  century  ago,  and  even  now  are  not  always  attended  to  in  descriptions. 
It  is  still  usual  and  convenient  to  describe  rounded  or  flat-topped  and  open 
ramification  as  corymbose,  even  when  essentially  cymose;  also  to  call  the 
reversed  or  false  racemes  or  spikes  by  these  (strictly  incorrect)  names. 

227.  Mixed  Inflorescence  is  that  in  which  the  two  plans  are  mixed  or 
combined  in  compound  clusters.     A  mixed  panicle  is  one  in  which,  while 
the  primary  ramification  is  of  the  indeterminate  order,  the  secondary  or 
ultimate  is  wholly  or  partly  of  the  determinate  order.     A  contracted  or 
elongated  inflorescence  of  this  sort  is  called  a  THYRSUS.    Lilac  and  Horse- 
chestnut  afford  common  examples  of  mixed  inflorescence  of  this  sort.    When 
loose  and  open  such  flower-clusters  are  called  by  the  general  name  of 
Panicles.     The  heads  of  Composite  are  centripetal;  but  the  branches  01 
peduncles  which  bear  the  heads  are  usually  of  centrifugal  order. 


§2.  PARTS  OE  ORGANS  OF  THE  FLOWER, 

228.  These  were  simply  indicated  in  Section  II.  16.    Some  parts  are 
necessary  to  seed-bearing ;  these  are  Essential  Organs,  namely,  the  Stamens 
and  Pistils.     Others  serve  for  protection  or  for  attraction,  often  for  both. 
Such  are  the  leaves  of  the  Flower,  or  the  Floral  Envelopes. 

229.  The  Floral  Envelopes,  taken  together,  are  sometimes  called  the 
PERIANTH,  also  Perigone,  in  Latin  form  Perigonium.     In  a  flower  which 
possesses  its  full  number  of  organs,  the  floral  envelopes  are  of  two  kinds, 
namely,  an  outer  circle,  the  CALYX,  and  an  inner,  the  COROLLA. 

230.  The  Calyx  is  commonly  a  circle  of  green  or  greenish  leaves,  but 
not  always.     It  may  be  the  most  brightly  colored  part  of  the  blossom. 
Each  calyx-leaf  or  piece  is  called  a  SEPAL. 

231.  The  Corolla  is  the  inner  circle  of  floral  envelopes  or  flower-leaves, 
usually  of  delicate  texture  and  colored,  that  is,  of  some  other  color  than 
'green.     Each  corolla-leaf  is  called  a  PETAL. 

232.  There  are  flowers  in  abundance  whhAi  consist  wholly  of  floral  envel- 
opes.    Such  are  the  so-called  full  double  flowers,  of  which  the  choicer  roses 
and  camellias  of  the  cultivator  are  familiar  examples.     In  them,  under  the 
gardener's  care  and  selection,  petals  have  taken  the,  place  of  both  stamens 
and  pistils.     These  are  monstrous  or  unnatural  flowers,  incapable  of  pro- 
ducing seed,  and  subservient  only  to  human  gratification.     Their  common 
name  of  double  flowers  is  not  a  sensible  one :  except  that  it  is  fixed  by 
custom,  it  were  better  to  translate  their  Latin  name,  flores  pleni,  and  call 
them  full  flowers,  meaning  full  of  leaves. 

233.  Moreover,  certain  plants  regularly  produce  neutral  flowers,  consist- 
ing of  floral  envelopes  only.    In  Fig.  214,  some  are  seen  around  the  margin 


80 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


of  the  cyme  in  Hydrangea.  They  are  likewise  familiar  in  the  Hobble-bush 
and  in  Wild-Cranberry  tree,  Viburnum  Oxycoccus ;  where  they  form  an 
attractive  setting  to  the  cluster  of  small  and  comparatively  inconspicuous 


perfect  flowers  which  they  adorn.  In  the  Guelder  Rose,  or  Snow-ball  of 
ornamental  cultivation,  all  or  most  of  the  blossoms  of  this  same  shrub  are 
transformed  into  neutral  flowers. 

234.  The  Essential  Organs  are  likewise 
of  two  kinds,  placed  one  above  or  within 
the  other ;   namely,  first,  the  STAMENS  or 
fertilizing  organs,  and  second,  the  PISTILS, 
which  are  to   be  fertilized   and   bear   the 
seeds. 

235.  A  Stamen  consists  of  two  parts, 
namely,  the  FILAMENT  or  stalk  (Fig.  219  a), 
and  the  ANTHER  (4).    The  latter  is  the  only 

essential  part.  It  is  a  case,  commonly  with  two  lobes  or  cells,  each  opening 
lengthwise  by  a  slit,  at  the  proper  time,  and  discharging  a  powder  or  dust- 
like  substance,  usually  of  a  yellow  color.  This  powder  is  the  POLLEN,  01 
fertilizing  matter,  to  produce  which  is  the  office  of  the  stamen. 

236.  A  Pistil  (Fig.  220,  221)  when  complete,  has  three  parts;  OVARY, 
STYLE,  and  STIGMA.    The  Ovary,  at  base,  is  the  hollow  portion,  which  con- 
tains one  or  more  OVULES  or  rudimentary  seeds.     The  Style  is  the  tapering 

Fia.  218.   Kflosplenus,  namely,  a  full  double  flower  of  Rose. 
Fio.  219.   A  stamen  :  a,  filament :  b,  anther,  discharging  pollen. 
FIG.  220.   A  pistil;  with  ovary,  a,  half  cut  away,  to  show  the  contained  ovules ; 
b.  style;  c,  stigma. 


SECTION   8.] 


PLAN   OF  THE  FLOWER. 


81 


portion  above :  the  Stigma  is  a  portion  of  the  style,  usually  its  tip,  with 
moist   naked  surface,  upon  which  grains  of  pollen  may 
lodge  and  adhere,  and  thence  make  a  growth  which  ex- 
tends down  to  the  ovules.    When  there  is  no  style  then 
the  stigma  occupies  the  tip  of  the  ovary. 

237.  The   Torus  or   Receptacle  is  the  end  of  the 
flower-stalk,  or  the  portion  of  axis  or  stem  out  of  which 
the  several  organs  of  the  flower  grow,  upon  which  they 
are  borne  (Fig.  223). 

238.  The  parts  of  the  flower  are  thus  disposed  on  the 
receptacle  or  axis  essentially  as  are  leaves  upon  a  very 
short  stem ;  first  the  sepals,  or  outer  floral  leaves ;  then 
the  petals  or  inner  floral  leaves ;  then  the  stamens ;  lastly, 
at  summit  or  centre,  the  pistils,  when  thtere  are  two  or 
more  of  them,  or  the  single  pistil,  when  only  one.     Fig. 
223  shows  the  organs  displayed,  two  of  each  kind,  of  such 
a  simple  and  symmetrical  flower  as  that  of  a  Sedum  or 
Stonecrop,  Fig.  222. 

221 
§  3.    PLAN  OF  FLOWER. 

239.  All  flowers  are  formed  upon  one  general  plan,  but  with  almost  In- 
finite  variations,  and  many  disguises.     This  common  plan  is  best  understood 
by  taking  for  a  type,  or  standard  for  comparison,  some  perfect,  complete, 


regular,  and  symmetrical  blossom,  and  one  as  simple  as  such  a  blossom 
could  well  be.  Flowers  are  said  to  be 

Perfect  (hermaphrodite),  when  provided  with  both  kinds  of  essential  or- 
gans, i.  e.  with  both  stamens  and  pistils. 

Complete,  when,  besides,  they  have  the  two  sets  of  floral  envelopes,  namely, 

FIG.  221.  Model  of  a  simple  pistil,  with  ovary  cut  across  and  slightly  opened 
ventrally,  to  show  the  ovules  and  their  attachment.' 

FIG.  222.  Flower  of  Sedum  ternatnm,  a  Stonecrop. 

FIG.  223.  Parts  of  same,  two  of  each  kind,  separated  and  displayed ;  the  torus  or 
receptacle  in  the  centre;  a,  a  sepal ;  b,  a  petal;  c,  a  stamen ;  d,  a  pistil. 


82 


FLOWERS- 


[SECTION  8. 


calyx,  and  corolla.     Such  are  completely  furnished  with  all  that  belongs  to 

a  flower. 

Regular,  when  all  the  parts  of  each  set  are  alike  in  shape  and  size. 
Symmetrical,  when  there  is  an  equal  number  of  parts  in  each  set  or  circle 

of  organs. 

240.   Flax-flowers  were  taken  for  a  pattern  in  Section  II.  16.     But  in 

them  the  five  pistils  have  their  ovaries  as  it  were  consolidated  into  one  body. 
Sedum,  Fig.  222,  has  the  pistils  and  all  the  other  parts 
free  from  such  combination.  The  flower  is  perfect, 
complete,  regular,  and  symmetrical,  but  is  not  quite 
as  simple  as  it  might  be ;  for  there  are  twice  as  many 
stamens  as  there  are  of  the  other  organs.  Crassula, 
a  relative  of  Sedum,  cultivated  in  the  conservatories 
for  winter  blossoming  (Fig.  224)  is  simpler,  being 
isostemonous,  or  with  just  as  many  stamens  as  petals  or 
sepals,  while  Sedum  is  diplostemonous,  having  double 
that  number :  it  has,  indeed,  two  sets  of  stamens. 

241.  Numerical  Plan.  A  certain  number  either 
runs  through  the  flower  or  is  discernible  in  some  of 
its  parts.  This  number  is  most  commonly  either  five 
or  three,  not  very  rarely  four,  occasionally  two.  Thus 
the  ground-plan  of  the  flowers  thus  far  used  for  illus- 
tration is  five.  That  of  Trillium  (Fig.  226,  227)  is 

three,  as  it  likewise  is  as  really,  if  not  as  plainly,  in  Tulips  and  Lilies,  Crocus, 

Iris,  and  all  that  class  of  blossoms.     In  some  Sedums  all  the  flowers  are 

in  fours.     In  others  the  first  flowers  are 

on  the  plan  of  five,  the  rest  mostly  on 

the  plan  of  four,  that  is,  with  four  sepals, 

four    petals,     eight 

stamens  (i.  e.  twice 

four),  and  four  pis- 
tils.   Whatever  the 

ground  number  may 

be,  it  runs  through 

the  whole  in  symmet- 
rical blossoms. 

242.   Alternation  of  the  successive  Circles.     In  these  flowers  the 

parts  of  the  successive  circles  alternate ;  and  such  is  the  rule.     That  is, 

FIG.  224.  Flower  of  a  Crassula.    225.  Diagram  or  ground-plan  of  same. 

FIG.  226.  Flower  of  a  Trillium ;  its  parts  in  threes. 

FIG.  227.  Diagram  of  flower  of  Trillium.  In  this,  as  in  all  such  diagrams  of  cross- 
section  of  blossoms,  the  parts  of  the  outer  circle  represent  the  calyx  ;  the  next,  co- 
rolla; within,  stamens  (here  in  two  circles  of  three  each,  and  the  cross-section  is 
through  the  anthers) ;  in  the  centre,  section  of  three  ovaries  joined  into  a  compound 
sne  of  three  cells 


SECTION   8.]  PLAN  OF  THE  FLOWER.  83 

the  petals  stand  over  the  intervals  between  the  sepals ;  the  stamens,  when 
of  the  same  number,  stand  over  the  intervals  between  the  petals ;  or  when 
twice  as  mauy,  as  in  the  Trillium,  the  outer  set  alternates  with  the  petals, 
and  the  inner  set,  alternating  with  the  other,  of  course  stands  before  the 
petals;  and  the  pistils  alternate  with  these.  This  is  just  as  it  should  be  011 
the  theory  that  the  circles  of  the  blossom  answer  to  whorls  of  leaves,  which 
alternate  in  this  way.  While  in  such  flowers  the  circles  are  to  be  regarded 
as  whorls,  in  others  they  are  rather  to  be  regarded  as  condensed  spirals  of 
alternate  leaves.  But,  however  this  may  be,  in  the  mind  of  a  morphological 
botanist, 

243.  Flowers  are  altered  Branches,  and  their  parts,  therefore,  altered 
leaves.     That  is,  certain  buds,  which  might  have  grown  and  lengthened 
into  a  leafy  branch,  do,  under  other  circumstances  and  to  accomplish  other 
purposes,  develop  into  blossoms.     In  these  the  axis  remains  short,  nearly 
as  it  is  in  the  bud ;  the  leaves  therefore  remain  close  together  in  sets  or 
circles ;  the  outer  ones,  those  of  the  calyx,  generally  partake  more  or  less 
of  the  character  of  foliage ;  the  next  set  are  more  delicate,  and  form  the  co- 
rolla, while  the  rest,  the  stamens  and  pistils,  appear  under  forms  very  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  ordinary  leaves,  and  are  concerned  in  the  production 
of  seed.    This  view  gives  to  Botany  an  interest  which  one  who  merely  no- 
tices the  shape  and  counts  the  parts  of  blossoms,  without  understanding 
their  plan,  has  no  conception  of. 

244.  That  flowers  answer  to  branches  may  be  shown,  first,  from  their 
position.     As  explained  in  the  section  on  Inflorescence,  flowers  arise  from 
the  same  places  as  branches,  and  from  no  other ;  flower-buds,  like  leaf-buds, 
appear  either  on  the  summit  of  a  stem,  that  is,  as  a  terminal  bud,  or  in  the 
axil  of  a  leaf,  as  an  axillary  bud.     And,  as  the  plan  of  a  symmetrical  flower 
shows,  the  arrangement  of  the  parts  on  their  axis  or  receptacle  is  that  ol 
leaves  upon  the  stem. 

245.  That  the  sepals  and  petals  are  of  the  nature  of  leaves  is  evident 
from  their  appearance ;  they  are  commonly  called  the  leaves  of  the  flower. 
The  calyx  is  most  generally  green  in  color,  and  foliaceous  (leaf-like)  in 
texture.     And  though  the  corolla  is  rarely  green,  yet  neither  are  proper 
leaves  always  green.     In  our  wild  Painted-cup,  and  in  some  scarlet  Sages, 
common  in  gardens,  the  leaves  just  under  the  flowers  are  of  the  brightest 
red  or  scarlet,  often  much  brighter-colored  than  the  corolla  itself.    And 
sometimes  (as  in  many  Cactuses,  and  in  Carolina  Allspice)  there  is  such  a 
regular  gradation  from  the  last  leaves  of  the  plant  (bracts  or  bractlets)  into 
the  leaves  of  the  calyx,  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  where  the  one  ends  and 
the  other  begins.     If  sepals  are  leaves,  so  also  are  petals ;  for  there  is  no 
clearly  fixed  limit  between  them.     Not  only  in  the  Carolina  Allspice  and 
Cactus  (Tig.  229),  but  in  the  Water-Lily  (Fig.  228)  and  in  a  variety  of 
flowers  with  more  than  one  row  of  petals,  there  is  such  a  complete  transi- 
tion between  calyx  and  corolla  that  no  one  can  surely  tell  how  many  of  the 
leaves  belong  to  the  one  and  how  many  to  the  other. 


84 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


246.  That  stamens  are  of  the  same  general  nature  as  petals,  and  there- 
fore a  modification  of  leaves,  is  shown  by  the  gradual  transitions  that  ocfcui 

between  the  one  and  the 
other  in  many  blos- 
soms ;  especially  in  cul- 
tivated flowers,  such  as 
Roses  and  Camelh'as, 
when  they  begin  to 
double,  that  is,  to  change 
their  stamens  into  pet- 
als. Some  wild  and 
natural  flowers  show 
the  same  interesting 
transitions.  The  Caro- 
lina Allspice  and  the 
White  Water-Lily  ex- 
hibit complete  grada- 
tions not  only  between 
sepals  and  petals,  but 

between  petals  and  stamens.  The  sepals  of  our  Water-Lily  are  green  out- 
side, but  white  and  petal-like  on  the  inside ;  the  petals,  in  many  rows, 
gradually  grow  narrower  towards  the  centre  of  the  flower ;  some  of  these 
are  tipped  with  a  trace  of  a  yellow 
anther,  but  still  are  petals;  the 
next  are  more  contracted  and  sta- 
men-like, but  with  a  flat  petal-like 
filament;  and  a  further  narrow- 
ing of  this  completes  the  genuine 
stamen. 

247.  Pistils  and  stamens  now 
and  then  change  into  each  other  in 
some  Willows;  pistils  often  turn 
into  petals  in  cultivated  flowers; 
and  in  the   Double  Cherry  they 
are  occasionally  replaced  by  small 
green  leaves.    Sometimes  a  whole 
blossom  changes  into  a  cluster  of 
green  leaves,    as  in  the  "green 
roses  "  occasionally  noticed  in  gar- 
dens, and  sometimes  it  degenerates  into  a  leafy  branch.     So  the  botanist 
regards  pistils  also  as  answering  to  leaves ;  that  is,  to  single  leaves  when 
simple  and  separate,  to  a  whorl  of  leaves  when  conjoined. 

Fio.  228.  Series  of  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  of  White  Water-Lily,  showing 
the  transitions. 

fto.229.   A  Cactus  blossom. 


SECTION  8.J  MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  TYPE. 


§  4.    MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  TYPE. 

248.  The  Deviations,  as  they  may  be  called,  from  the  assumed  type  or 
pattern  of  flower  are  most  various  and  extensive.     The  differences  between 
one  species  and  another  of  the  same  genus  are  comparatively  insignificant ; 
those  between  different  genera  are  more  striking ;  those  between  different 
families  and  classes  of  plants  more  and  more  profound.     They  represent 
different  adaptations  to  conditions  or  modes  of  life,  some  of  which  have" 
obvious  or  probable  utilities,  although  others  are  beyond  particular  expla- 
nation.    The  principal  modifications  may  be  conveniently  classified.    Eirst 
those  which  in  place  of  perfect  (otherwise  called  hermaphrodite  or  bisexual) 
flowers,  give  origin  to 

249.  Unisexual,  or  Separated,  or  Diclinous  Flowers,  imperfect  flow- 
ers,  as  they  have  been  called  in  contradistinction  to  perfect  flowers ;  but  that 


term  is  too  ambiguous.  In 
these  some  flowers  want  the 
stamens,  while  others  want  the  pistils.  Taking 
hermaphrodite  flowers  as  the  patteru,  it  is  natural 
to  say  that  the  missing  organs  are  suppressed.  This 
expression  is  justified  by  the  very  numerous  cases 
in  which  the  missing  parts  are  abortive,  that  is, 
are  represented  by  rudiments  or  vestiges,  which 
serve  to  exemplify  the  plan,  although  useless  as 
co  office.  Unisexual  flowers  are 

Monoecious  (or  Monoicous,  i.  e.  of  one  household),  when  flowers  of  both 
sorts  or  sexes  are  produced  by  the  same  individual  plant,  as  in  the  Ricinus 
or  Castor-oil  Plant,  Fig.  230. 

Dioecious  (or  Dioicous,  i.  e.  of  separate  households),  when  the  two  kinds 
are  borne  on  different  plants ;  as  in  Willows,  Poplars,  Hemp,  and  Moon- 
seed,  Fig.  231,  232. 

Polygamous,  when  the  flowers  are  some  of  them  perfect,  and  some 
staminate  or  pistillate  only. 

Fio.  230.  Unisexual  flowers  of  Castor-oil  plant :  s,  staminate  flower ;  p,  pistillate 
flower. 
FIQ.  231,  staminate,  and  232,  pistillate  flower  of  Moonseed. 


86 


FLOWERS, 


[SECTION  8. 


250.  A  blossom  having  stamens  and  no  pistil  is  a  Staminate  or  Male 
flower.     Sometimes  it  is  called  a  Sterile  flower,  not  appropriately,  for  other 
flowers  may  equally  be  sterile.     One  having  pistil  but  no  stamens  is  a 
Pistillate  or  Female  flower. 

251.  Incomplete  Flowers  are  so  named 
in  contradistinction  to  complete  :  they  waut 
either  one  or  both  of  the  floral  envelopes. 
Those  of  Fig.  230  are  incomplete,  having  ca- 
lyx but  no  corolla.    So  is  the  flower  of  Anem- 
one (Fig.  233),  although 
its  calyx  is  colored  like  a 
corolla.    The  flowers  of 
Saururus  orLizard's-tail, 

although  perfect,  have  neither  calyx  nor  corolla  (Fig. 
234).     Incomplete  flowers,  accordingly,  are 

Naked  or  Achlamydeous,  destitute  of  both  floral  en- 
velopes, as  in  Fig.  234,  or 
dpetalow,  when  wanting  only  the  corolla.     The  case  of  corolla  present 
and  calyx  wholly  wanting  is  extremely  rare,  although  there  are  seeming 
instances.     In  fact,  a  single  or  simple  perianth  is  taken  to  be  a  calyx, 
unless  the  absence  or  abortion  of  a  calyx  can  be  made  evident. 

252.  In  contradistinction  to 
regular  and  symmetrical,  very 
many  flowers  are 

Irregular,  that  is,  with  the 
members  of  some  or  all  of  the 
floral  circles  unequal  or  dissim- 
ilar, and 

Unsymmetrical,  that  is,  when 
the  circles  of  the  flower  or 
some  of  them  differ  in  the  num- 
*** of  tbeir  members.  (Sym- 
metrical  and  unsymmetrical  are 
Bse<^  *n  a  different  sense  in  some 
recent  books,  but  the  older  use 
should  be  adhered  to.)  Want 
of  numerical  symmetry  and 
irregularity  commonly  go  to- 
gether; and  both  are  common. 
Indeed,  few  flowers  are  entirely 

FIG.  233.  Flower  of  Anemone  Pennsylvania;  apetalous,  hermaphrodite. 
FIG.  234.   Flower  of  Saurnrus  or  Lizard's- tail;  naked,  but  hermaphrodite. 
FIG.  235.  Flower  of  Mustard.    236.  Its  stamens  and  pistil  separate  and  enlarged. 
FIG.  237.   Flower  of  a  Violet.    238.    Its  calyx  and  corolla  displayed:  the  fiva 
smaller  parts  are  the  sepals;  the  five  intervening  larger  ones  are  the  petals. 


SECTION  8.J  MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  TYPE. 


symmetrical  beyond  calyx,  corolla,  and  perhaps  stamens ;  and  probably  no 
irregular  blossoms  are  quite  symmetrical. 
253.  Irregular  and  Unsymmetrical  Flowers  may  therefore  be  illus- 


trated together,  beginning  with  cases 
which  are  comparatively  free  from  other 
complications.  The  blossom  of  Mustard, 
and  of  all  the  very  natural  family  which 
it  represents  (Fig.  235,  236),  is  regular 
but  unsymmetrical  hi  the  stamens.  There 
are  four  equal  sepals,  four  equal  petals ; 
but  six  stamens,  and  only  two  members 
in  the  pistil,  which  for  the  present  may 


FIG.  839.  Flower  of  a  Larkspur.  240.  Its  calyx  and  corolla  displayed ;  the  five 
larger  parts  are  the  sepals;  the  four  smaller,  of  two  shapes,  are  the  petals;  the 
place  of  the  fifth  petal  is  vacant.  241.  Diagram  of  the  same ;  the  place  for  the 
missing  petal  marked  by  a  dotted  line. 

FIG.  242.  Flower  of  a  Monkshood.  248.  Its  parts  displayed ;  five  sepals,  the  up- 
per forming  the  hood;  the  two  lateral  alike,  broad  and  flat;  the  two  lower  small. 
The  two  pieces  under  the  hood  represent  the  corolla,  reduced  to  two  odd-shaped 
petals;  in  centre  the  numerous  stamens  and  three  pistils.  244.  Diagra-n  of  th« 
calyx  and  corolla ;  the  three  dotted  lines  in  the  place  of  missing  petals. 


88  FLOWERS.  LSECTION  8' 

be  left  out  of  view.  The  want  of  symmetry  is  in  the  stamens.  These  are  in 
two  circles,  an  outer  and  an  inner.  The  outer  circle  consists  of  two  stamens 
only;  the  inner  has  its  proper  number  of  four.  The  flower  of  Violet,  which 
is  on  the  plan  of  five,  is  symmetrical  in  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  inas- 
much as  each  of  these  circles  consists  of  five  members ;  but  it  is  conspicu- 
ously irregular  in  the  corolla,  one  of  the  petals  being  very  different  from  the 
rest. 

254.  The  flowers  of  Larkspur,  and  of  Monkshood  or  Aconite,  which  are 
nearly  related,  are  both  strikingly  irregular  in  calyx  and  corolla,  and  con- 
siderably unsymmetrical.     In  Larkspur  (Pig.  239-241)  the  irregular  calyx 
consists  of  five  sepals,  one  of  which,  larger  than  the  rest,  is  prolonged  be- 
hind into  a  large  sac  or  spur ;  but  the  corolla  is  of  only  four  petals  (of  two 
shapes),  —  the  fifth,  needed  to  complete  the  symmetry,  being  left  out.    And 
the  Monkshood  (Fig.  242-244)  has  five  very  dissimilar  sepals,  and  a  corolla 
of  only  two  very  snaall  and  curiously-shaped  petals, — the  three  needed  to 
make  up  the  symmetry  being  left  out.    The  stamens  in  both  are  out  of 
symmetry  with  the  ground-plan,  being  numerous.    So  are  the  pistils,  which 
are  usually  diminished  to  three,  sometimes  to  two  or  to  one. 

255.  Flowers  with  Multiplication  of  Parts  are  very  common.     The 

stamens  are  indefinitely  numerous 
in  Larkspur  and  in  Monkshood 
(Fig.  242,  243),  while  the  pistils 
are  fewer  than  the  ground-plan 
suggests.  Most  Cactus-flowers 
have  all  the  organs  much  in- 
creased in  number  (Fig.  229), 
and  so  of  the  Water-Lily.  In 
Anemone  (Fig.  233)  the  stamens 
and  pistils  are  multiplied  while 
the  petals  are  left  out.  In  Buttercups  or  Crowfoot,  while  the  sepals  and 
petals  conform  to  the  ground-plan  of  five,  both  stamens  and  pistils  are  indefi- 
nitely multiplied  (Fig.  245). 

256.  Flowers  modified  by  Union  of  Parts,  so  that  these  parts  more 
or  less  lose  the  appearance  of  separate  leaves  or  other  organs  growing  out 
of  the  end  of  the  stem  or  receptacle,  are  extremely  common.    There  are  two 
kinds  of  such  union,  namely :  — 

Coalescence  of  parts  of  the  same  circle  by  their  contiguous  margins;  and 
Adnation,  or  the  union  of  adjacent  circles  or  unlike  parts. 

257.  Coalescence  is  not  rai-e  in  leaves,  as  in  the  upper  pairs  of  Honey- 
suckles, Fig.  163.     It  may  all  the  more  be  expected  in  the  crowded  circles 
or  whorls  of  flower-leaves.     Datura  or  Stramonium  (Fig.  246)  shows  this 
coalescence  both  in  calyx  and  corolla,  the  five  sepals  and  the  five  petals  be- 
ing thus  united  to  near  their  tips,  each  into  a  tube  or  long  and  narrow  cup. 
These  unions  make  needful  the  following  terms  :  — 

FIG.  245.   Flower  of  Ranunculus  bulbosus,  or  Buttercup,  in  section. 


SECTION  8.]  MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  TYPE. 


89 


Gamopetalous,  said  of  a  corolla  the  petals  of  which  are  thus  coalescent 
into  one  body,  whether  only  at  base  or  higher.     The  union  may  extend  to 
the  very  summit,  as  in  Morning  Glory  and 
the  like  (Fig.  247),  so  that  the  number  of 
petals  in  it  may  not  be  apparent.     The  old 
name  for  this  was  Monopetalous,  but  that 
means  "  one-petalled ; "  while  gamopetalous 
means  "  petals  united,"  and  therefore  is  the 
proper  term. 

Polypetalous  is  the  counterpart  term,  to 
denote  a  corolla  of  distinct,  that  is,  separate 
petals.  As  it  means  "  many  petalled,"  it  is 
not  the  best  possible  name,  but  it  is  the  old 
one  and  in  almost  universal  use. 

Gamosepalous  applies  to  the  calyx  when 
the  sepals  are  in  this  way  united. 

Polysepalous,  to  the  calyx  when  of  sepa- 
rate sepals  or  calyx-leaves. 

258.  Degree  of  union  or  of  separation  in 
descriptive  botany  is  expressed  in  the  same 
way  as  is  the  lobing  of  leaves  (139).     See 
Fig.  249-253,  and  the  explanations. 

259.  A  corolla  when  gamopetalous  com- 
monly shows  a  distinction  (well  marked  in 
Fig.  249-251)  between  a  contracted  tubular 
portion  below,  the  TUBE,  and  the  spread- 
ing part  above,  the  BORDER  or  LIMB.    The 
junction  between  tube  and  limb,  or  a  more 
or  less  enlarged  upper  portion  of  the  tube 
between  the  two,  is  the  THROAT.     The 
same  is  true  of  the  calyx. 

260.  Some  names  are  given  to  partic- 
ular forms   of  the  gamopetalous  corolla, 
applicable  also  to   a  gamosepalous  calyx, 
such  as 

WTieel-shaped,  or  Rotate;  when  spread- 
ing out  at  once,  without  a  tube  or  with 
a  very  short  one,  something  in  the  shape 
of  a  wheel  or  of  its  diverging  spokes,  Fig. 
252,  253. 

Salver-shaped,  or  Salver-form  ;  when  a  flat-spreading  border  is  raised  on 

FIG.  246.   Flower  of  Datura  Stramonium ;  gamosepalous  and  gamopetalous. 
FIG.  247.   Funnelform  corolla  of  a  common  Morning  Glory,  detached  from  its 
polysepalous  calyx. 


90  FLOWERS.  [SECTION  8. 

a  narrow  tube,  from  which  it  diverges  at  right  angles,  like  the  salver  rep- 


resented  in  old  pictures,  with  a  slender 
handle  beneath,  Fig.  249-251,  255. 

Bell-shaped,  or  Campanulate;  where 
a  short  and  broad  tube  widens  upward, 
in  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  in  Fig.  254. 

Funnel-shaped,  or  Funnel-form ;  grad- 
ually spreading  at  the  summit  of  a  tube  which  is  narrow  below,  in  the 


254          265  266  267 

shape  of  a  funnel  or  tunnel,  as  in  the  corolk  of  the  common  Morning 
Glory  (Fig.  247)  and  of  the  Stramonium  (Fig.  246). 

FIG.  248.  Polypetalous  corolla  of  Soapwort,  of  five  petals  with  long  claw?  or 
stalk-like  bases. 

FIG.  249.  Flower  of  Standing  Cypress  (Gilia  coronopifolia) ;  gamopetalous:  the 
tube  answering  to  the  long  claws  in  248,  except  that  they  are  coalescent :  the  limb 
or  border  (the  spreading  part  above)  is  five-parted,  that  is,  the  petals  not  there 
united  except  at  very  base. 

FIG.  250.  Flower  of  Cypress-vine  (Ipomoea  Quamoclit);  like  preceding,  but  limb 
five-lobed. 

FIG.  251.    Flower  of  Ipomcea  coccinea;  limb  almost  entire. 

FIG.  252.  Wheel-shaped  or  rotate  and  five-parted  corolla  of  Bittersweet,  Solanum 
Dulcamara.  253.  Wheel-shaped  and  five-lobed  corolla  of  Potato. 

FIG.  254,  Flower  of  a  Campanula  or  Harebell,  with  a  campanulate  or  bell-shaped 
corolla;  255,  of  a  Phlox,  with  salver-shaped  corolla;  256,  of  Dead-Nettie  (Larnium), 
with  labiate  ringent  (or  gaping)  corolla;  257,  of  Snapdragon,  with  labiate  person- 
ate corolla;  258,  of  Toad-Flax,  with  a  similar  corolla  spurred  at  the  base. 


SECTION   8.]  MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  TYPE. 


91 


Tubular ;  when  prolonged  into  a  tube,  with  little  or  no  spreading  at  the 
border,  as  in  the  corolla  of  the  Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  the  calyx  of  Stra- 
monium (Fig.  246),  etc. 

261.   Although  sepals  and  petals  are  usually  all  blade  or  lamina  (123), 
like  a  sessile  leaf,  yet  they  may  have  a  contracted  and  stalk-like  base,  an- 
swering to  petiole.    This 
is  called   its    CLAW,  in 

_      ^WlT  Latin  Unguis.    Unguicu- 

late  petals  are  universal 
and  strongly  marked  in 
the  Pink  tribe,  as  in 
Soapwort  (Fig.  248). 

262.  Such  petals,  and 
various  others,  may  have 

259  260  an  outgrowth  of  the  in- 

ner face  into  an  appendage  or  fringe,  as  in  Soapwort,  and  in  Silene  (Fig. 
259),  where  it  is  at  the  junction  of 
claw  and  blade.  This  is  called  a 
CROWN,  or  Corona.  In  Passion- 
flowers (Fig.  260)  the  crown  consists 
of  numerous  threads  on  the  base  of 
each  petal. 

263.  Irregular  Flowers  may  be 
polypetalous,  or  nearly  so,  as  in  the 
papilionaceous  corolla;  but  most  of 
them  are  irregular  through  coales- 
cence, which  often  much  disguises 
the  numerical   symmetry  also.      As 
affecting  the  corolla    the  following 
forms  have  received  particular  names  : 

264.  Papilionaceous   .Corolla, 
Fig.  261,  262.     This  is  polypetalous, 
except  that  two  of  the  petals  cohere, 
usually  but  slightly.    It  belongs  only 
to  the  Leguminous  or  Pulse  family. 
The  name  means  butterfly-like;  but 
the  likeness  is  hardly  obvious.     The 
names    of  the    five   petals    of   the 
papilionaceous  corolla  are  curiously 
incongruous.     They  are, 


FIG.  259.   Unguiculate  (clawed)  petal  of  a  Silene;  with  a  two-parted  crown. 
FIG.  260.  A  small  Passion-flower,  with  crown  of  slender  threads. 
FIG.  261.  Front  view  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla.    262.   The  parts  of  the  same, 
displayed :  s,  Standard,  or  Vexillum ;  w,  Wings,  or  Alae ;  k,  Keel,  or  Carina. 


92 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


The  STANDARD  or  Banner  (Fexittuni),  the  large  upper  petal  which  is 

external  in  the  bud  and  wrapped  around  the  others. 

The  WINGS  (Aloe),  the  pair  of  side  petals,  of  quite  different  shape  from 

the  standard. 

The  KEEL  (Carina),  the  two  lower  and  usually  smallest  petals ;  these  are 

lightly  coalescent  into  a  body  which  bears  some  likeness,  not  to  the  keel, 

but  to  the  prow  of  a  boat ;  and  this  encloses  the  stamens  and  pistil.     A 

Pea-blossom  is  a  typical  example ;  the  present  illustration  is  from  a  species 

of  Locust,  Robinia  hispida. 

265.  Labiate  Corolla  (Fig.  256-258),  which  would  more  properly  have 
been  called  Bilabiate,  that  is,  two-lipped. 
This  is  a  common  form  of  gamopetalous  co- 
rolla ;  and  the  calyx  is  often  bilabiate  also. 
These  flowers  are  all  on  the  plan  of  five; 
and  the  irregularity  in  the  corolla  is  owing 
to  unequal  union  of  the  petals  as  well  as  to 
diversity  of  form.  The  two  petals  of  the 
upper  or  posterior  side  of  the  flower  unite 
•with  each  other  higher  up  than  with  the 
lateral  petals  (in  Fig.  256,  quite  to  the  top), 
forming  the  Upper  lip :  the  lateral  and  the 
lower  similarly  unite  to  form  the  Lower  lip. 
The  single  notch  which  is  generally  found 
at  the  summit  of  the  upper  lip,  and  the  two 
notches  of  the  lower  lip,  or  in  other  words 
the  two  lobes  of"  the  upper  and  the  three  of 
the  lower  lip,  reveal  the  real  composition. 
So  also  does  the  alternation  of  these  five 
parts  with  those  of  the  calyx  outside.  When 
the  calyx  is  also  bilabiate,  as  in  the  Sage, 
this  alternation  gives  three  lobes  or  sepals 
to  the  upper  and  two  to  the  lower  lip.  Two 
forms  of  the  labiate  corolla  have  been  desig- 
nated, viz. :  — 

Rinffetit  or   Gaping,   when  the  orifice  is 
wide  open,  as  in  Fig.  256. 
.   Personate  or  Masked,  when  a  protube- 
rance or  intrusion  of  the  base  of  the  lower 
lip  (called  a  Palate)  projects  over  or  closes 

the  orifice,  as  in  Snapdragon  and  Toad -Flax,  Fig.  257,  258. 

FIG.  263.  Corolla  of  a  purple  Gerardia  laid  open,  showing  the  four  stamens ;  the 
cross  shows  where  the  fifth  stamen  would  be,  if  present. 

FIG.  264.   Corolla,  laid  open,  and  stamens  of  Pentstemon  grandiflorus,  with  a 
sterile  filament  in  the  place  of  the  fifth  stamen,  and  representing  it. 

FIG.  265.   Corolla  of  Catalpa  laid  open,  displaying  two  good  stamens 
abortive  ones  or  vestiges.  - 


SECTION  8.]  MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  TYPB.  93 

266.  There  are  all  gradations  between  labiate  and  regular  corollas.     In 
those  of  Gerardia,  of  some  species  of  Pentstemon,  and  of  Catalpa  (Fig. 
263-265),  the  labiate  character  is  slight,  but  is  manifest  on  close  inspection, 
In  almost  all  such  flowers  the  plan  of  five,  which  is  obvious  or  ascertain- 
able  in  the  calyx  and  corolla,  is  obscured  in  the  stamens  by  the  abortion  or 
suppression  of  one  or  three  of  their  number. 

267.  Ligulate  Corolla.    The  ligulate  or  Strap-shaped  corolla  mainly 
belongs  to  the  family  of  Composite,  in  which  numerous  small  flowers  are 


gathered  into  a  head,  within  an  involucre  that  imitates  a  calyx.  It  is  best 
exemplified  in  the  Dandelion  and  in  Chiccory  (Fig.  266).  Each  one  of 
these  straps  or  Ligules,  looking  like  so  many  petals,  is  the  corolla  of  a  dis- 


tinct flower:  the  base  is  a  short  tube,  which  opens  out  into  the  ligule :  the 
five  minute  teeth  at  the  end  indicate  the  number  of  constituent  petals.  So 
this  is  a  kind  of  gamopetalous  corolla,  which  is  open  along  one  side  nearly 

FlO.  266.  Two  flower-heads  of  Chiccory- 

FKk  207.   One  of  them  half  rot  vmj,  setter  Bhowlnjr  §ome  of  the  flow*^ 


94 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


to  the  base,  and  outspread.  The  nature  of  such  a  corolla  (and  of  the  sta- 
mens also,  to  be  explained  in  the  next  section)  is  illustrated  by  the  flower 
of  a  Lobelia,  Fig.  285. 

268.  In  Asters,  Daisies,  Sunflower,  Coreopsis  (Fig.  268),  and  the  like, 
only  the  marginal  (or  Ray)  corollas  are  ligulate;  the  rest  (those  of- the 

Disk)  ar*  regularly  gamopetalous, 
tubular,  and  five-lobed  at  summit ; 
'  but  they  are  small  and  individually 
inconspicuous,  only  the  ray-Jiowers 
making  a  show.  In  fact,  those  of 
Coreopsis  and  of  Sunflower  are 
simply  for  show,  these  ray-flowers 
being  not  only  sterile,  but  neutral, 
that  is,  having  neither  stamens 
nor  pistil.  But  in  Asters,  Daisies, 
Golden-rods,  and  the  like,  these  ray-flowers  are  pistillate  and  fertile,  serving 


therefore  for  seed-bearing  as  well  as  for  show.    Let  it  not  be  supposed  tha* 
the  show  is  useless.    See  Section  XIII. 

269.  Actuation,  or  Consolidation,  is  the  onion  of  the  members  of  parts 
belonging  to  different  circles  of  the  flower  (256).  It  is  of  course  under- 
stood that  in  this  (as  likewise  in  coalescence)  the  parts  are  not  formed  and 
then  conjoined,  but  are  produced  in  union.  They  are  born  united,  as  the 
term  adnate  implies.  To  illustrate  this  kind  of  union,  take  the  accompany, 
ing  series  of  flowers  (Fig.  270-274),  shown  in  vertical  section.  In  the 
first,  Fig.  270,  Flax-flower,  there  is  no  adnation ;  sepals,  petals,  and  sta- 
mens, are  free  as  well  as  distinct,  being  separately  borne  on  the  receptacle, 
Dne  circle  within  or  above  the  next  j  only  the  five  pistils  have  their  ovaries 
coalescent.  In  Fig.  271,  a  Cherry  flower,  the  petals  and  stamens  are  borne 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx-tube ;  that  is,  the  sepals  are  coalescent  into  a  cup, 
and  the  petals  and  stamens  are  adnate  to  the  inner  face  of  this;  in  other 

Pio.  268.   Head  of  flowers  of  a  Coreopsis,  divided  lengthwise. 

Fio.  269.  A  slice  of  the  preceding  more  enlarged,  with  one  tubular  perfect  flower 
/a)  left  standing  on  the  receptacle,  with  its  bractlet  or  chaff  (6),  one  ligulate  and 
neutral  ray-flower  (cc\  and  part  of  another;  dd,  section  of  bracts  or  leaves  of  th« 
involucre. 


SECTION  8.]          MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  TYPE, 


95 


words,  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  are  all  consolidated  up  to  a  certain 
height.  In  Fig.  272,  a  Purslane-flower,  the  same  parts  are  adnate  to  or 
consolidated  with  the  ovary  up  to 
its  middle.  In  Fig.  273,  a  Haw- 
thorn-flower, the  consolidation  has 
extended  over  the  whole  ovary; 
and  petals  and  stamens  are  adnate 
to  the  calyx  still  further.  In  Fig. 
274,  a  Cranberry-blossom,  it  is  the 
same  except  that  all  the  parts  are 
free  at  the  same  height;  all  seem 
to  arise  from  the  top  of  the  ovary. 

270.  In  botanical  description, 
to  express  tersely  such  differences 
in  the  relation  of  these  organs  to 
the  pistil,  they  are  said  to  be 

Hypogynous  (i.  e.  under  the  pis- 
til) when  they  are  all/ra?,  that  is, 
not  adnate  to  pistil  nor  connate 
with  each  other,  as  in  Fig.  270. 

Perigynous  (around  the  pistil) 
when  couuate  with  each  other, 
that  is,  when  petals  and  stamens 
are  inserted  or  borne  on  the  calyx, 
whether  as  in  Cherry -flowers  (Fig. 
271)  they  are  free  from  the  pistil, 
or  as  in  Purslane  and  Hawthorn 
(Fig,  272,  273)  they  are  also  ad- 
nate below  to  the  ovary. 

Epigynous  (on  the  ovary)  when 
so  adnate  that  all  these  parts  ap- 
pear to  arise  from  the  very  summit  of  the  ovary,  as  in  Fig.  274.    The 
last  two  terms  are  not  very  definitely  distinguished. 

271.  Another  and  a  simpler  form  of  expression  is  to  describe  parts  of 
the  flower  as  being 

Free,  when  not  united  with  or  inserted  upon  other  parts. 

Distinct,  when  parts  of  the  same  kind  are  not  united.  This  term  is  the 
counterpart  of  coalescent,  as  free  is  the  counterpart  of  adnate.  Many 
writers  use  the  term  "  free  "  indiscriminately  for  both ;  but  it  is  better  to 
distinguish  them. 

FIG.  270    Flax-flower  in  section;  the  parts  all  free,  —  hypogyuous. 

FIG.  271.  Cherry-flower  in  section;  petals  and  stamens  adnate  to  tube  of  calyx,  — 
perigynous. 

FIG.  272.  Purslane-flower  in  section;  calyx,  petals,  stamens,  all  adnate  to  lower 
half  of  ovary,  — perigynous. 


FLOWERS. 


[SECTION  8. 


Connate  is  a  term  common  for  either  not  free  or  not  distinct,  that  is,  foi 
parts  united  congenitally,  whether  of  same  or  of  different  kinds. 
Adnate,  as  properly  used,  relates  to  the  union  of  dissimilar  parts. 

272.  In  still  another  form  of  ex- 
pression,  the  terms  superior  and 
inferior  have  been  much  used  in 
the  sense  of  above  and  below. 

Superior  is  said  of  the  ovary  of 
Flax-flower,  Cherry,  etc.,  because 
above  the  other  parts ;  it  is  equiv- 
alent to  "ovary  free."  Or  it  is 
said  of  the  calyx,  etc.,  when  above 
the  ovary,  as  in  Eig.  273-275. 

Inferior,  when  applied  to  the 
ovary,  means  the  same  as  "  calyx 
adnate ; "  when  applied  to  the  flo- 
ral envelopes,  it  means  that  they 
are  free. 

273.  Position  of  Flower  or 
of  its  Parts.    The  terms  superior 
and  inferior,  or  upper  and  lower, 
are  also  used  to  indicate  the  relative 
position  of  the  parts  of  a  flower  in 
reference  to  the  axis  of  inflorcs- 

An  axillary  flower  stands  between  the  bract  or  leaf  which  sub- 
tends it  and  the  axis  or  stem  which  bears  this  bract 
or  leaf.  This  is  represented  in 
sectional  diagrams  (as  in  ¥ig.  275, 
276)  by  a  transverse  line  for  the 
bract,  and  a  small  circle  for  the  axis 
of  inflorescence.  Now  the  side  of 
the  blossom  which  faces  the  bract 
is  the 

Anterior,  or  Inferior,  or  Lower  side ; 
while  the  side  next  the  axis  is  the 
Posterior,  or  Superior,  or  Upptr  side  of  the  flower. 
274.    So,  in  the  labiate  corolla  (Fig.  256-258),  the  lip  which  is  composed 
of  three  of  the  five  petals  is  the  anterior,  or  inferior,  or  lower  lip;  the  other 
is  the  posterior,  or  superior^  or  upper  lip. 

FIQ.  273.  Hawthorn-blossom  in  section ;  parts  adnate  to  whole  face  of  ovary. 
«nd  with  each  other  beyond;  another  grade  of  perigynous. 

FlQ.  274.  Cranberry-blossom  in  section ;  parts  epigynous. 

FIQ.  275.  Diagram  of  papilionaceous  flower  (Robinia,  Fig.  261),  with  bract  be- 
low;  axis  of  inflorescence  above. 

FIQ.  276.  Diagram  of  Violet-flower;  showing  the  relation  of  parts  to  bract  and 
axis. 


SECTION  8.]  ARRANGEMENTS  IN  THE  BUD.  97 

975.  In  Violets  (Fig.  238,  276),  the  odd  sepal  is  posterior  (next  the 
axis)  ;  the  odd  petal  is  therefore  anterior,  or  next  the  subtending  leaf.  In 
the  papilionaceous  flower  (Fig.  261,  and  diagram,  Fig.  275),  the  odd  sepal  is 
anterior,  and  so  two  sepals  are  posterior;  consequently,  by  the  alternation, 
the  odd  petal  (the  standard)  is  posterior  or  upper,  and  the  two  petals  form- 
ing the  keel  are  anterior  or  lower. 

§  5.    ARRANGEMENT  OP  PARTS  IN  THE  BUD. 

276.  -Estivation  was  the  fanciful  name  given  by  Linnaeus  to  denote 
the  disposition  of  the  parts,  especially  the  leaves  of  the  flower,  before  An- 
thesis,  i.  e.  before  the  blossom  opens.     Prafloration,  a  better  term,  is  some- 
times used.    This  is  of  importance  in  distinguishing  different  families  or 
genera  of  plants,  being  generally  uniform  in  each.     The  aestivation  is  best 
seen  by  making  a  slice  across  the  flower-bud ;  and  it  may  be  expressed  in 
diagrams,  as  in  the  accompanying  figures. 

277.  The  pieces  of  the  calyx  or  the  corolla  either  overlap  each  other  in 
the  bud,  or  they  do  not.    When  they  do  not  overlap,  the  aestivation  is 

Vahate,  when  the  pieces  meet  each  other  by  their 
abrupt  edges,  without  any  infolding  or  overlapping; 
as  the  calyx  of  the  Linden  or  Basswood  (Fig.  277). 
Induplicate,  which  is  valvate  with  the  margins  of 
each  piece  projecting  inwards,  as  in  the  calyx  of  a 
common  Virgin's-bower,  Fig.  278,  or 

Involute,  which  is  the  same  but  the  margins  rolled         y^_         _// 
inward,  as  in  most  of  the  large-flowered  species  of  377  """ 

Clematis,  Fig.  279. 

Reduplicate,  a  rarer  modification  of  valvate,  is  similar  but  with  margins 
projecting  outward. 

Open,  the  parts  not  touching  in  the  bud,  as 
the  calyx  of  Mignonette. 

278.  When  the  pieces  overlap  in  the  bud,  it 
is  in  one  of  two  ways ;  either  every  piece  has 
one  edge  in  and  one  edge  out,  or  some  pieces 
are  whdly  outside  and  others  wholly  inside.    In 
the  first  case  the  estivation  is 

Convolute,  also  named  Contorted  or  Twisted,  as  in  Fig.  280,  a  cross-sec- 
tion of  a  corolla  very  strongly  thus  convolute  or  rolled  up  together,  and  in 
the  corolla  of  a  Flax-flower  (Fig.  281),  where  the  petals  only  moderately 
overlap  in  this  way.  Here  one  edge  of  every  petal  covers  the  next  before 

Pio.  277.  Diagram  of  a  flower  of  Linden,  showing  the  calyx  valvate  and  corolla 
imbricate  in  the  bud,  etc. 

FIG.  278.  Valvate-indttplicate  estivation  of  calyx  of  common  Virgin's-bower. 
FIG.  279.  Valvate-involute  aestivation  of  same  in  Vine-bower,  Clematis  Vitialla. 

7 


STAMENS. 


[SECTION  9. 


ft,  while  its  other  edge  is  covered  by  the  next  behind  it    The  other  mode 
is  the 

Imbricate  or  Imbricated,  in  which  the  outer  parts  cover  or  overlap  the 
inner  so  as  to  "break  joints,"  like  tiles 
or  shingles  on  a  roof ;  whence  the  name. 
When  the  parts  are  three,  the  first,  or 
outermost  is  wholly  external,  the  third 
wholly  internal,  the  second  has  one 
margin  covered  by  the  first  while  the 
other  overlaps  the  third  or  innermost 
piece:  this  is  the  arrangement  of  alternate  three- 
ranked  leaves  (187).  When  there  are  five  pieces,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Fig. 
825,  and  calyx  of  Fig.  281,  as  also  of  Fig.  241,  276,  two  are  external, 
two  are  internal,  and  one  (the  third  in  the  spiral)  has  one  edge  covered 
by  the  outermost,  while  its  other  edge  covers  the  in- 
nermost; which  is  just  the  five-ranked  arrangement  of 
alternate  leaves  (188).  When  the  pieces  are  four,  two 
are  outer  and  two  are  inner;  which  answers  to  the  ar- 
rangement of  opposite  leaves. 

279.  The  imbricate  and  the  convolute  modes  some- 
times  vary  one  into  the  other,  especially  in  the  corolla. 

280.  In  a  gamopetalous  corolla  or  gamosepalons  calyx, 
the  shape  of  the  tube  in  the  bud  may  sometimes  be  notice- 
able.   It  may  be 

Plicate  or  Plaited,  that  is,  folded  lengthwise;  and  the 
plaits  may  either  be  turned  outwards,  forming  projecting 
ridges,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Campanula;  or  turned  in- 
wards, as  in  that  of  Gentian  Belladonna ;  or 

Supervolvte,  when  the  plaits  are  convolutely  wrapped 
round  each  other,  as  in  the  corolla  of  Morning  Glory  and  of  Stramonium, 
Fig.  882. 


SECTION  IX.    STAMENS  IN  PARTICULAR. 

881.  Androecium  is  a  technical  name  for  the  staminate  system  of  „ 
flower  (that  is,  for  the  stamens  taken  together),  which  it  is  sometimes  con- 
venient to  use.  The  preceding  section  has  dealt  with  modifications  of  the 
flower  pertaining  mainly  to  calyx  and  corolla.  Those  relating  to  the  sta- 
mens are  now  to  be  indicated.  First  as  to 

Pio.  280.  Convolute  aestivation,  as  In  the  corolla-lobes  of  Oleander. 

FIG.  281.  Diagram  of  a  Flax-flower;  calyx  imbricated  and  corolla  convolute  In 
the  bnd. 

Fio.  282.  Upper  part  of  corolla  of  Datura  Stramonium  in  the  bud ;  and  below 
ft  section  showing  the  convolution  of  the  plaits. 


SECTION   9.] 


STAMENS. 


99 


282.  Insertion,  or  place  of  attachment.  The  stamens  usually  go  with 
the  petals.  Not  rarely  they  are  at  base 

Epipetalous,  that  is,  inserted 
on  (or  adnate  to)  the  corolla,  as 
in  Tig.  283.  When  free  from 
the  corolla,  they  may  be 

Hypogynous,  inserted  on  the 
receptacle  under  the  pistil  or 
gynoecium. 

Perigynous,  inserted  on  the 
calyx,  that  is,  with  the  lower 
part  of  filament  adnate  to  the 
calyx-tube. 

Epigynous,  borne  apparently  on  the  top  of  the  ovary ;  all  which  is  ex- 
plained in  Fig.  270-274. 

Grynandrous  is  another  term  relating  to  insertion  of  rarer  occurrence, 
that  is,  where  the  stamens  are 
inserted  on  (in  other  words, 
adnate  to)   the   style,   as  in 
^  Lady's  Slipper  (Fig.  284),  and 
in  the  Orchis  family  generally. 
283.   In  Relation  to  each 
0  Other,  stamens  are  more  com- 
monly 

Distinct,  that  is,  without  any 
union  with  each  other.    But 
when    united,  the    following 
technical  terms   of  long  use  285 
indicate  their  modes  of  mutual  connection :  — 

Monadelphous  (from  two  Greek  words,  meaning  "  in  one  brotherhood  "), 
when  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set,  usually  into  a  ring  or  cup 
below,  or  into  a  tube,  as  in  the  Mallow  Family  (Fig.  286),  the  Passion- 
flower (Fig.  260),  the  Lupine  (Fig.  287),  and  in  Lobelia  (Fig.  285). 

Diadelphous  (meaning  in  two  brotherhoods),  when  united  by  the  fila- 
ments into  two  sets,  as  in  the  Pea  and  most  of  its  near  relatives  (Fig.  288), 
usually  nine  in  one  set,  and  one  in  the  other. 

Triadelphous  (three  brotherhoods),  when  the  filaments  are  united  in  three 
sets  or  clusters,  as  in  most  species  of  Hypericum. 


FIG.  283.  Corolla  of  Morning  Glory  laid  open,  to  show  the  five  stamens  inserted 
on  it,  near  the  base. 

FIG.  284.  Style  of  a  Lady's  Slipper  (Cypripedium),  and  stamens  united  with  it ; 
a,  a,  the  anthers  of  the  two  good  stamens ;  st,  an  abortive  stamen,  what  should 
be  its  anther  changed  into  a  petal-like  body  ;  stig,  the  stigma. 

FIG.  285.  Flower  of  Lobelia  cardinalis,  Cardinal  flower ;  corolla  making  approach 
to  the  ligulate  form;  filaments  (st)  monadelphous,  and  anthers  la)  syngenasious. 


100 


STAMENS. 


[SECTION  9. 


Pentadelphous  (five  brotherhoods),  when  in  five  sets,  as  in  some  species 
of  Hypericum  and  in  American  Linden  (Fig.  277,  289). 

Polyadelphous  (many  or  several 
brotherhoods)  is  the  term  generally 
employed  when  these  sets  are  several, 
or  even  more  than  two,  and  the  par- 
ticular number  is  left  unspecified. 
These  terms  all  relate  to  the  fila- 


ments. 

Syngenesious  is  the  term  to  denote 
that  stamens  have  their  anthers  united, 
coalesceut  into  a  ring  or  tube ;  as  in 
Lobelia  (Fig.  285),  in  Violets,  and  hi 
all  of  the  great  family  of  Compositse. 

284.  Their  Number  in  a  flower  is  commonly  expressed  directly,  but 
sometimes  adjectively,  by  a  series  of  terms  which  were  the  name  of  classes 
in  the  Linnsean  artificial  system,  of  which  the  following  names,  as  also  the 
preceding,  are  a  survival  -.  — 

Monandrous,  i.  e.  solitary-stamened,  when  the  flower  has  only  one  stamen, 

Diandrous,  when  it  has  two  stamens  only, 

Triandrous,  when  it  has  three 
stamens, 

Tetrandrous,  when  it  has  four 
stamens, 

Pentandrous,  when  it  has 
five  stamens, 

Hexandrous,  when  with  six 
stamens,  and  so  on  to 

Polyandrous,  when  it  has 
many  stamens,  or  more  than  a  dozen. 

285.  For  which  terms,  see  the  Glossary.     They  are  all  Greek  numerals 
prefixed  to  -andria  (from  the  Greek),  which  Linnseus  used  for  andrcecium, 
and  are  made  into  an  English  adjective,  -androus.    Two  other  terms,  of 
same  origin,  designate  particular  cases  of  number  (four  or  six)  in  con- 
nection with  unequal  length.     Namely,  the  stamens  are 

Didynamous,  when,  being  only  four,  they  form  two  pairs,  one  pair  longer 
than  the  other,  as  in  the  Trumpet  Creeper,  in  Gerardia  (Fig.  263),  etc. 

FIG.  286.  Flower  of  a  Mallow,  with  calyx  and  corolla  cut  away ;  showing  mona- 
delphous  stamens. 

FIG.  287.  Monadelphous  stamens  of  Lupine.  288.  Diadelphous  stamens  (9  and  1) 
of  a  Pea-blossom,  v 

FIG.  289.  One  of  the  five  stamen-clusters  of  the  flower  of  American  Linden,  with 
accompanying  scale.  The  five  clusters  are  shown  in  section  in  the  diagram  of  this 
flower,  Fig.  277. 

FIG.  290.  Five  syngenesious  stamens  of  a  Coreopsis.  291.  Same,  with  tube  laid 
ooen  and  displayed. 


SECTION   9-3 


ANTHERS. 


101 


Tetradynamous,  when,  being  only  six,  four  of  them  surpass  the  other 
two,  as  iu  the  Mustard-flower  and  all  the  Cruciferous  family,  Fig.  235. 

286.  The  Filament  is  a  kind  of  stalk  to  the  anther,  commonly  slender 
or  thread-like :  it  is  to  the  anther  nearly  what  the  petiole  is  to  the  blade  of 
a  leaf.     Therefore  it  is  not  an  essential  part.     As  a  leaf  may  be  without 
a  stalk,  so  the  anther  may  be  Sessile,  or  without  a  filament. 

287.  The  Anther  is  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen.     It  is  a  sort  of 
case,  tilled  with  a  One  powder,  the  Pollen,  which  serves  to  fertilize  the  pis- 
til, so  that  it  may  perfect  seeds.     The  antber  is  said  to  be 

Innate  (as  in  Fig.  292),  when  it  is  attached  by  its  base  to  the  very  apex 
of  the  filament,  turning  neither  inward  nor  outward; 

Adnate  (us  in  Fig.  293),  when  attached 
as  it  were  by  one  face,  usually  for  its  whole 
length,  to  the  side  of  a  continuation  of  the 
filament ;  and 

Versatile  (as  in  Fig.  291),  when  fixed  by 
or  near  its  middle  only  to  the  very  point  of 
the  filament,  so  as  to  swing  loosely,  as  in 
the  Lily,  in  Grasses,  etc.  Versatile  or  ad- 
nate  anthers  are 

Introrse,  or  Incumbent,  when  facing  in- 
ward, that  is,  toward  the  centre  of  the  flow-  ^      293  294 
er,  as  in  Magnolia,  Water-Lily,  etc. 

Extrorse,  when  facing  outwardly,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree. 

288.  Rarely  does  a  stamen  bear  any  resemblance  to  a  leaf, 
or  even  to  a  petal  or  flower-leaf.     Nevertheless,  the  botanist's 
idea  of  a  stamen  is  that  it  answers  to  a  leaf  developed  in  a 
peculiar  form  and  for  a  special  purpose.     In  the  filament  he 
sees  the  stalk  of  the  leaf;  in  the  anther,  the  blade.    The 
blade  of  a  leaf  consists  of  two  similar  sides ;  so  the  anther 
consists  of  two  LOBES  or  CELLS,  one  answering  to  the  left,  the 
other  to  the  right,  side  of  the  blade.     The  two  lobes  are  often 
connected  by  a  prolongation  of  the  filament,  which  answers 
to  the  midrib  of  a  leaf ;  this  is  called  the  CONNECTIVE.     This 
is  conspicuous  in  Fig.  292,  where  the  connective  is  so  broad 
that  it  separates  the  two  cells  of  the  anther  to  some  distance. 

289.  A  simple  conception  of  the  morphological  relation  of 
an  anther  to  a  leaf  is  given  in  Fig.  295,  an  ideal  figure,  the  lower  part  rep- 
resenting a  stamen  with  the  top  of  its  anther  cut  away;  the  upper,  the 
corresponding  upper  part  of  a  leaf. 

FIG.  292.  Stamen  of  Isopyrum,  with  innate  anther.  293.  Of  Tulip-tree,  with 
adnate  (and  extrorse)  anther.  294.  Of  Evening  Primrose,  with  versatile  anther. 

FIG.  295.  Diagram  of  the  lower  part  of  an  anther,  cut  across  above,  and  the  upper 
part  of  a  leaf,  to  show  how  the  one  answers  to  the  other;  the  filament  to  petiole, 
the  connective  to  midrib;  the  two  cells  to  the  right  and  left  halves  of  the  blade. 


102 


STAMENS. 


[SECTION  9, 


890.  So  anthers  are  generally  two-celled.  But  as  the  pollen  begins  to 
form  in  two  parts  of  each  cell  (the  anterior  and  the  posterior),  sometimes 
these  two  strata  are  not  confluent,  and  the  anther  even  at  maturity  may  be 
four-celled,  as  in  Moonseed  (Fig.  296)  ;  or  rather,  in  that  case  (the  word 
cell  being  used  for  each  lateral  half  of  the 

PF\  ^fiS&    r  ^\    orSan)> ifc  fa  to°-celled>  but  the  cells  bikcel- 
LD        /\      y/M^     late. 

291.  But  anthers  may  become  one-celled, 
and  that  either  by  confluence  or  by  suppres- 
sion. 

292.  By  confluence,  when  the  two  cells 
run  together  into  one,  as  they  nearly  do  in 
most  species  of  Pentstemou  (Fig.  297),  more 
so  in  Monarda  (Fig.  300),  and  completely 

in  the  Mallow  (Fig.  298)  and  all  the  Mallow  family. 


3ns 


804 


FIG.  296.  Stamen  of  Moonseed,  with  anther  cut  across;  this  4-celled,  or  rather  4- 
locellate. 

FIG.  297.  Stamen  of  Pentstemon  pubescens ;  the  two  anther-cells  diverging,  and 
almost  confluent. 

FIG.  298.  Stamen  of  Mallow  ;  the  anther  supposed  to  answer  to  that  of  Fig.  297, 
but  the  cells  completely  confluent  into  one. 

FIG.  299.  Stamen  of  Globe  Amaranth  ;  very  short  filament  bearing  a  single 
anther-cell;  it  is  open  from  top  to  bottom,  showing  the  pollen  within. 

FIG.  300-305.  Stamens  of  several  plants  of  the  Labiate  or  Mint  Family.  FIG. 
300.  Of  a  Monarda :  the  two  anthei>cells  with  bases  divergent  so  that  they  are 
transverse  to  the  filament,  and  their  contiguous  tips  confluent,  so  as  to  form  one 
cell  opening  by  a  continuous  line.  FIG.  301.  Of  a  Calamintha:  the  broad  connec- 
tive separating  the  two  cells.  FIG.  302.  Of  a  Sage  (Sal  via  Texan  a  ;  with  long  and 
slender  connective  resembling  forks  of  the  filament,  one  bearing  a  good  anther-cell; 
the  other  an  abortive  or  poor  one.  FIG.  303.  Another  Sage  (S.  coccinea),  with 
connective  longer  and  more  thread-shaped,  the  lower  fork  having  its  anther-cell 
wholly  wanting.  FIG.  304.  Of  a  White  Sage,  Audibertia  grandiflora;  the  lower 
fork  of  connective  a  mere  vestige.  FIG.  305.  Of  another  White  Sage  (A.  stachy. 
oides),  the  lower  fork  of  connective  suppressed. 


SECTION  9.] 


POLLEN. 


103 


293.  By  suppression  ih  certain  cases  the  anther  may  be  reduced  to  one 
cell  or  halved.  In  Globe  Amaranth  (Fig.  299)  there  is  a  single  cell  without 
vestige  of  auy  other.  Different  species  of  Sage  and  of  the  White  Sages  of 
California  show  various  grades  of  abortion  of  one  of  the  anther-cells,  along 
with  a  singular  lengthening  of  the  connective  (Fig.  302-305). 

294-.  The  splitting  opeu  of  an  anther  for  the  discharge  of  its  pollen  is 
termed  its  Dehiscence. 

295.  As  the  figures  show,  this  is  commonly  by  a  line  along  the  whole 
length    of  each  cell,  either  lateral  or, 

when  the  anthers  are  extrorse,  often 
along  the  outer  face,  and  when  introrse, 
along  the  inner  face  of  each  cell.  Some- 
times the  opening  is  only  by  a  chink,  hole, 
or  pore  at  the  top,  as  hi  the  Azalea,  Py- 
rola  (Fig.  307),  etc. ;  sometimes  a  part  of 
the  face  separates  as  a  sort  of  trap-door 
(or  valve),  hinged  at  the  top,  and  open- 
ing to  allow  the  escape  of  the  pollen, 
as  in  the  Sassafras,  Spice-bush,  and  Barberry  (Fig.  308). 

296.  Pollen,    This  is  the  powdery  matter,  commonly  of  a  yeflow  color, 
which  fills  the  cells  of  the  anther,  and  is  discharged  during  blossoming, 


809  810  811  812  818 

after  which  the  stamens  generally  fall  or  wither  away.  Under  the  micro- 
scope it  is  found  to  consist  of  grains,  usually  round  or  oval,  and  all  alike 
in  the  same  species,  but  very  diiferent  in  different  plants.  So  that  the 


Q.Q 


314  315  316  817  818 

plant  may  sometimes  be  recognized  from  the  pollen  alone.    Several  forms 
are  shown  in  the  accompanying  figures. 

FIG.  306.  Stamen  with  the  usual  dehiscence  of  anther  down  the  side  of  each  cell. 

FIG.  307.  Stamen  of  Pyrola;  cells  opening  by  a  terminal  hole. 

FIG.  308.  Stamen  of  Barberry;  cells  of  anther  each  opening  by  an  nplifted  valve. 

FIG.  309.  Magnified  pollen  of  a  Lily,  smooth  and  oval;  310,  of  Echinocystis, 
grooved  lengthwise;  311,  of  Sicyos,  with  bristly  points  and  smooth  bands;  312,  of 
Mask  Plant  (Mimulus),  with  spiral  grooves;  313,  of  Succory,  twelve-sided  and 
dotted. 

FlG.  314.  Magnified  pollen  of  Hibiscus  and  other  Mallow-plants,  beset  with 
prickly  projections ;  315.  of  Circsea,  with  angles  bearing  little  lobes:  316.  of  Fven- 


104 


STAMENS. 


[SECTION  9. 


897.  An  ordinary  pollen-grain  has  two  coats;  the  outer  coat  ehickish, 
but  weak,  and  frequently  adorned  with  lines  or  bands,  or  studded  with 
points ;  the  inner  coat  is  extremely  thin  and  delicate,  but  extensible,  and 
its  cavity  when  fresh  contains  a  thickish  protoplasmic  fluid,  often  rendered 
turbid  by  an  immense  number  of  minute  particles  that  float  in  it.  As  the 
pollen  matures  this  fluid  usually  dries  up,  but  the  protoplasm  does  not  lose 
its  vitality.  When  the  grain  is  wetted  it  absorbs  water,  swells  up,  and  is 
apt  to  burst,  discharging  the  contents.  But  when  weak 
syrup  is  used  it  absorbs  this  slowly,  and  the  tough  in- 
ner coat  will  sometimes  break  through  the  outer  and 
begin  a  kind  of  growth,  like  that  which  takes  place  when 
the  pollen  is  placed  upon  the  stigma. 

298.  Some  pollen  -  grains  are,  as  it 
were,   lobed  (as  in  Fig.  315,   316),  or 
formed  of  four  grains  united  (as  in  the 
Heath  family,   Fig.  317)  :   that  of  Pine 
(Fig.  318)  has  a  large  rounded  and  empty 
bladder-like  expansion  upon  each  side. 
This  renders  such  pollen  very  buoyant, 
and  capable  of  being  trans- 
ported to  a  great  distance 

by  the  wind. 

299.  In  species  of  Acacia 
simple  grains  lightly  cohere 
into  globular  pellets.      In 
Milkweeds    and    in    most 
Orchids  all  the  pollen  of  an 

anther-cell  is  compacted  or  coherent  into  one  mass,  called  a  Pollen-mast,  o? 
POLLINIUM,  plural  POLLINIA.  (Fig.  319-322.) 

ing  Primrose,  the  three,  lobes  as  large  as  the  central  body;  317,  of  Kalmia,  four 
graius  united,  as  in  most  of  the  Heath  family;  318,  of  Pine,  as  it  were  of  three 
grains  or  cells  united;  the  lateral  empty  and  light. 

FIG.  319.  Pollen,  a  pair  of  pollinia  of  a  Milkweed,  Asclepias,  attached  by  stalks 
to  a  gland;  moderately  magnified. 

FIG.  320.  Pollinium  of  an  Orchis  (Habenaria),  with  its  stalk  attached  to  a 
sticky  gland;  magnified.  321.  Some  of  the  packets  or  partial  pollinia,  of  which 
Fig.  320  is  made  up,  more  magnified. 

Fro.  322.  One  of  the  partial  pollinia,  torn  up  at  top  to  show  the  grains  <whiei> 
•re  each  composed  of  four),  and  highly  magnified. 


SECTION  10.]  piariia.  106 


SECTIOH  X.    PISTILS  IN  PARTICTJLAB. 

§  1.    ANGIOSPERMOUS  OB  ORDINARY  GYNCECIUM. 

300.  Gynoecium  is  the  technical  name  for  the  pistil  or  pistils  of  a 
flower  taken  collectively,  or  for  whatever  stands  in  place  of  these.    The 
various  modifications  of  the  gyucecium  and  the  terms  which  relate  to 
them  require  particular  attention. 

301.  THE-  PISTIL,  when  only  one,  occupies  the  centre  of  the  flower ; 
when  there  are  two  pistils,  they  stand  facing  each  other  in  the  centre  of 
the  flower ;  when  several,  they  commonly  form  a  ring  or  circle ;  and  when 
very  numerous,  they  are  generally  crowded  in  rows  or  spirals  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  more  or  less  enlarged  or  elongated  receptacle.     Their  number 
gives  rise  to  certain  terms,  the  counterpart  of  those  used  for  stamens  (284), 
which  are  survivals  of  the  names  of  orders  in  the  Linnsean  artificial  system. 
The  names  were  coined  by  prefixing  Greek  numerals  to  -gynia  used  for 
gynoecium,  and  changed  into  adjectives  in  the  form  of  -gynous.    That  is,  a 
flower  is 

Monogynous,  when  it  has  a  single  pistil,  whether  that  be  simple  or  com- 
pound ; 

Digynous,  when  it  has  only  two  pistils ;  Trigynous,  when  with  three ; 
Tetragynous,  with  four ;  Pentagynous,  with  five ;  Hexagynous,  with  six ; 
and  so  on  to  Polygynous,  with  many  pistils. 

302.  The  Parts  of  a  Complete  Pistil,  as  already  twice  explained  (16, 
236),  are  the  OVARY,  the  STYLE,  and  the  STIGMA.     The  ovary  is  one  es- 
sential part:    it  contains  the  rudiments  of  seeds,  called  OVULES.     The 
stigma  at  the  summit  is  also  essential :  it  receives  the  pollen,  which  fer- 
tilizes the  ovules  in  order  that  they  may  become  seeds.     But  the  style, 
commonly  a  tapering  or  slender  column  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary, 
and  bearing  the  stigma  on  its  apex  or  its  side,  is  no  more  necessary  to  a 
pistil  than  the  filament  is  to  the  stamen.     Accordingly,  there  is  no  style  in 
many  pistils :  in  these  the  stigma  is  sessile,  that  is,  rests  directly  on  the 
ovary  (as  in  Fig.  326).     The  stigma  is  very  various  in  shape  and  appear- 
ance, being  sometimes  a  little  knob  (as  in  the  Cherry,  Fig.  271),  sometimes 
a  point  or  small  surface  of  bare  tissue  (as  in  Fig.  327-330),  and  sometimes 
a  longitudinal  crest  or  line  (as  in  Fig.  324,  341-343),  or  it  may  occupy  the 
whole  length  of  the  style,  as  in  Fig.  331. 

303.  The  word  Pistil  (Latin,  Pistilluni)  means  a  pestle.    It  came  into 
use  in  the  first  place  for  such  flowers  as  those  of  Crown  Imperial,  or  Lily, 
in  which  the  pistil  in  the  centre  was  likened  to  the  pestle,  and  the  perianth 
around  it  to  the  mortar,  of  the  apothecary. 

304.  A  pistil  is  either  simple  or  compound.    It  is  simple  when  it  answers 
to  a  single  flower-leaf,  compound  when  it  answers  to  two  or  three,  or  a 
fuller  circle  of  such  leaves  conjoined. 


106 


SIMPLE  PISTILS. 


[SECTION   10. 


305.  Carpels.    It  is  convenient  to  have  a  name  for  each  flower-leaf  of 
the  gyucecium ;  so  it  is  called  a  Carpel,  in  Latin  Carpellum  or  Carpidium. 
A  simple  pistil  is  a  carpel.     Each  component  flower-leaf  of  a  compound 
pistil  is  likewise  a  carpel.     When  a  flower  has  two  or  more  pistils,  these 
of  course  are  simple  pistils,  that  is,  separate  carpels  or  pistil-leaves.    There 
may  be  only  a  single  simple  pistil  to  the  flower,  as  in  a  Pea  or  Cherry 
blossom  (Eig.  271) ;   there  may  be  two  such,  as  in  many  Saxifrages ;  or 
many,  as  in  the  Strawberry.     More  commonly  the  single  pistil  in  the 
centre  of  a  blossom  is  a  compound  one.     Then  there  is  seldom  much 
difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  number  of  carpels  or  pistil-leaves  that  com- 
pose it. 

306.  The  Simple  Pistil,  viewed  morphologically,  answers  to  a  leaf, 
blade  with  margins  incurved  and  united  where  they  meet,  so  forming  a 
closed  case  or  pod  (the  ovary),  and  bearing  ovules  at  the  suture  or  junction 
of  these  margins :  a  tapering  upper  portion  with  margins  similarly  inrolled, 
is  supposed  to  form  the  style ;  and  these  same  margins,  exposed  at  the  tip 
or  for  a  portion  of  the  length,  become  the  stigma.     Compare,  under  this 
view,  the  three  accompanying  figures. 

307.  So  a  simple  pistil  should  have  a  one-celled  ovary,  only  one  line  of 

attachment  for  the  ovules,  a  single  style, 
and  a  single  stigma.  Certain  variations 
from  this  normal  condition  which  some- 
times occur  do  not  invalidate  this  mor- 
phological conception.  For  instance,  the 
stigma  may  become  two-lobed  or  two- 
ridged,  because  it  consists  of  two  leaf- 
margins,  as  Fig.  324-  shows;  it  may 
become  2-locellate  by  the  turning  or  grow- 
ing inward  of  one  of  the  sutures,  so  as  to 
divide  the  cavity. 

308.  There  are  two  or  three  terms  which  primarily  relate  to  the  parts 
of  a  simple  pistil  or  carpel,  and  are  thence  carried  on  to  the  compound 
pistil,  viz. :  — 

VENTRAL  SUTURE,  the  line  which  answers  to  the  united  margins  of  the 
carpel-leaf,  therefore  naturally  called  a  suture  or  seam,  and  the  ventral 
or  inner  one,  because  in  the  circle  of  carpel-leaves  it  looks  inward  or  to  the 
centre  of  the  flower. 

DORSAL  SUTURE  is  the  line  down  the  back  of  the  carpel,  answering  to 

FIG.  323.  An  inrolled  small  leaf,  such  as  in  double-flowered  Cherry  blossoms  is 
often  seen  to  occupy  the  place  of  a  pistil. 

FIG.  324.  A  simple  pistil  (of  Isopyrum),  with  ovary  cut  across  ;  the  inner  (ven- 
tral) face  turned  toward  the  eye :  the  ovules  seem  to  be  borne  on  the  ventral  suture, 
answering  to  leaf-margins :  the  stigma  above  seen  also  to  answer  to  leaf-margins. 

FIG.  325.  Pod  or  simple  pistil  of  Caltha  or  Marsh-Marigold,  which  has  opened 
*nd  shed  its  seeds. 


SECTION   10.] 


PISTILS. 


107 


the  midrib  of  the  leaf, — not  a  seam  therefore ;  but  at  maturity  many  fruits, 
such  as  pea-pods,  open  by  this  dorsal  as  well  as  by  the  ventral  line. 

PLACENTA,  a  name  given  to  the  surface,  whatever  it  be,  which  bears 
the  ovules  and  seeds.  The  name  may  be  needless  when  the  ovules  grow 
directly  on  the  ventral  suture,  or  from  its  top  or  bottom ;  but  when  there 
are  many  ovules  there  is  usually  some  expansion  of  an  ovule-bearing 
or  seed-bearing  surface ;  as  is  seen  in  our  Mandrake  or  Podophyllum, 
Fig.  326. 

309.  A  Compound  Hstfl  is  a  combination  of  two,  three,  or  a  greater 
number  of  pistil-leaves  or  carpels  in  a  circle,  united  into  one  body,  at  least 


by  their  ovaries.  The  annexed  figures  should  make  it  clear.  A  series 
of  Saxifrages  might  be  selected  the  gyncecium  of  which  would  show  every 
gradation  between  two  simple  pistils,  or  separate  carpels,  and  their  com- 
plete coalescence  into  one  compound  and  two-celled  ovary.  Even  when 
the  constituent  styles  and  stigmas  are  completely  coalescent  into  one,  the 
nature  of  the  combination  is  usually  revealed  by  some  external  lines  or 
grooves,  or  (as  in  Fig.  328-330)  by  the  internal  partitions,  or  the  number 
of  the  placentse.  The  simplest  case  of  compound  pistil  is  that 

310.  With  two  or  more  Cells  and  Axile  Placentae,  namely,  with  as 
many  cells  as  there  are  carpels,  that  have  united  to  compose  the  organ. 

FIG.  326.  Simple  pistil  of  Podophyllum,  cut  across,  showing  ovules  borne  on 
placenta. 

FIQ.  327.  Pistil  of  a  Saxifrage,  of  two  simple  carpels  or  pistil-leaves,  united  at 
the  base  only,  cut  across  both  above  and  below. 

FIG.  328.  Compound  3-carpellary  pistil  of  common  St.  John's-wort,  cut  across : 
the  three  styles  separate. 

FIG.  329.  The  same  of  shrubby  St.  John's-wort  ;  the  three  styles  as  well  as 
ovaries  here  united  into  one. 

FIG.  330.  Compound  3-carpellary  pistil  of  Tradescantia  or  Spiderwort ;  the  three 
stigmas  as  well  as  styles  and  ovary  completely  coalescent  into  one. 


108 


COMPOUND  PISTILS, 


[SECTION  10. 


Such  a  pistil  is  just  what  would  be  formed  if  the  simple  pistfls  (two,  three, 

or  five  in  a  circle,  as  the  case  may  be),  like  those  of  a  Pseony  or  Stonecrop 

(Fig.  224,  225),  pressed  together  in  the  centre  of  the  flower, 

were  to  cohere  by  their  contiguous  parts.     In  such  a  case 

the  placentae  are  naturally  axile,  or  all  brought  together  in 

the  axis  or  centre ;  and  the  ovary  has  as  many  DISSEPIMENTS, 

or  internal  Partitions,  as  there  are  carpels  in  its  composition. 

For  these  are  the  contiguous  and  coalesceut  walls  or  sides  of 

the  component  carpels.     When  such  pistils  ripen  into  pods, 

they  often  separate  along  these  lines  into  their  elementary 

carpels. 

311.  One-celled,  with   free  Central  Placenta.    The 
commoner  case  is  that  of  Purslane  (Fig.  272)  and  of  the 
Pink  and  Chickweed  families  (Fig.  331,  332).     This  is  ex- 
plained by  supposing  that  the  partitions  (such  as  those  of 
Fig.  329)  have  early  vanished  or  have  been  suppressed.     In- 
deed, traces  of  them  may  often  be  detected  in  Pinks.     On  the  other  hand, 
it  is  equally  supposable  that  in  the  Primula  family  the  free  central  is  de- 
rived from  parietal  placentation  by  the  carpels  bearing  ovules 

only  at  base,  and  forming  a  consolidated  common  placenta 
in  the  axis.     Mitella  and  Dionaea  help  out  this  conception. 

312.  One-celled,  with  Parietal  Placentae.     In  this  not 
uncommon  case  it  is  conceived  that  the  two  or  three  or 
more  carpel-leaves  of  such  a  compound  pistil  coalesce  by 
their  adjacent  edges,  just  as  sepal-leaves  do  to  form  a  gamo- 

sepalous    calyx, 
or  petals  to  form 

mm    \*s.     y*\  wST^M 

is  shown  in  the 
diagram,  Fig. 
333,  and  in  an 
actual  cross-sec- 
tion, Fig.  334.  Here  each  carpel  is  an  open  leaf,  or  with  some  introflexion, 
bearing  ovules  along  its  margins ;  and  each  placenta  consists  of  the  con- 


PIG.  331,  832.  Pistil  of  a  Sandwort,  with  vertical  and  transverse  section  of  the 
ovary :  free  central  placenta. 

FIG.  333.  Plan  of  a  one-celled  ovary  of  three  carpel-leaves,  with  parietal  pla- 
centa, cut  across  below,  where  it  is  complete ;  the  upper  part  showing  the  top  of 
the  three  leaves  it  is  composed  of,  approaching,  but  not  united. 

FIG.  334.  Cross  section  of  the  ovary  of  Frost-weed  (Helianthemum),  with  three 
parietal  placentae,  bearing  ovules. 

FIG.  335.  Cross  section  of  an  ovary  of  Hypericum  graveolens,  the  three  large  pla- 
eemse  meeting  in  the  centre,  so  as  to  form  a  three-celled  ovary.  336.  Same  in  fruit, 
the  placenta  now  separate  and  rounded. 


SECTION  10.]  PISTILS.  109 

tiguous  margins  of  two  pistil-leaves  grown  together.  There  is  every  grada- 
tion between  this  and  the  three-celled  ovary  with  the  placentae  in  the  axis, 
even  in  the  same  genus,  sometimes  even  in  different  stages  in  the  same 
pistil  (Fig.  335,  336). 

§  2.    GYMNOSPEEMOUS  GYNffiCIUM. 

318.  The  ordinary  pistil  has  a  closed  ovary,  and  accordingly  the  pollen 
can  act  upon  the  contained  ovules  only  indirectly,  through  the  stigma. 
This  is  expressed  in  a  term  of  Greek  derivation,  viz. :  — 

Angiospermous,  meaning  that  the  seeds  are  borne  in  a  sac  or  closed 
vessel.  The  counterpart  term  is 

Gymnospermous,  meaning  naked-seeded.  This  kind  of  pistil,  or  gynoe- 
cium,  the  simplest  of  all,  yet  the  most  peculiar,  characterizes  the  Pine 
family  and  its  relatives. 

314.  While  the  ordinary  simple  pistil  is  conceived  by  the  botanist  to 

be  a  leaf  rolled  together  into  a  closed  pod  (306),  those  of  the 
Pine,  Larch  (Fig.  337),  Cedar,  and  Arbor-Vita?  (Fig.  338, 
339)  are  open  leaves,  in  the  form  of  scales,  each  bearing  two 
or  more  ovules  on  the  inner  face,  next  the  base.  At  the  time 
of  blossoming,  these  pistil-leaves  of  the  young  cone  diverge, 

and  the  pollen,  so  abundantly  shed  from  the  stam- 

inate  blossoms,  falls  directly  upon  the  exposed, 

ovules.      Afterward  the  scales  close  over  each' 

other  until  the  seeds  are  ripe.  Then  they  sepa- 
rate that  the  seeds  may  be  shed.  As  the  pollen 

acts  directly  on  the  ovules,  such  pistil  (or  organ 

acting  as  pistil)  has  no  stigma. 

315.  In  the  Yew,  and  in  Torreya  and  Gingko, 
the  gynoecium  is  reduced  to  extremest  simplicity, 
that  is,  to  a  naked  ovule,  without  any  visible 
carpel. 

316.  In  Cycas  the  large  naked  ovules  are  borne 

on  the  margins  or  lobes  of  an  obvious  open  leaf.  All  GYMNOSPEEMOUS 
plants  have  other  peculiarities,  also  distinguishing  them,  as  a  class,  from 
ANGIOSPEBMOUS  plants. 

FIG.  337.  A  pistil,  that  is,  a  scale  of  the  cone,  of  a  Larch,  at  the  time  of  flower- 
ing; inside  view,  showing  its  pair  of  naked  ovules. 

FIG.  338.  Branchlet  of  the  American  Arbor- Vite,  considerably  larger  than  in 
nature,  terminated  by  its  pistillate  flowers,  each  consisting  of  a  single  scale  (an 
open  pistil),  together  forming  a  small  cone. 

FIG.  339.  One  of  the  scales  or  carpels  of  the  last,  removed  and  more  enlarged, 
ihe  inside  exposed  to  view,  showing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  its  base. 


110  OVULES.  [SECTION  H 


SECTION  XI.    OVULES. 


317.  Ovule  (from  the  Latin,  meaning  a  little  egg)  is  the  technical 
of  that  which  in  the  flower  answers  to  and  becomes  the  seed. 

318.  Ovules  are  naked  in  gymnospermous  plants  (as  just  described) ;  in 
%U  others  they  are  enclosed  in  the  ovary.    They  may  be  produced  along  the 

whole  length  of  the  cell  or  cells  of  the  ovary,  and  then  they  are 
apt  to  be  numerous ;  or  only  from  some  part  of  it,  generally 
the  top  or  the  bottom.  In  this  case  they  are  usually  few  or 
single  (solitary,  as  in  Fig.  341-343).  They  may  be  sessile, 
L  e.  without  stalk,  or  they  may  be  attached  by  a  distinct  stalk, 
the  FUNICLE  or  FUNICULUS  (Fig.  340). 

319.  Considered  as  to  their  position  and  direction  in  the  ovary,  they  are 
Horizontal,  when  they  are  neither  turned  upward  nor  downward,  as  in 

Podophyllum  (Fig.  326) ; 

Ascending^  when  rising  obliquely  upwards,  usually  from  the  side  of  the 
cell,  not  from  its  very  base,  as  in  the  But- 
tercup (Fig.  341),  and  the  Purslane  (Fig. 
272); 

Erect,  when  rising  upright  from  the 
very  base  of  the  cell,  as  in  the  Buck- 
wheat  (Fig.  342); 

Pendulous,  when  hanging  from  the         841  342'  843 

side  or  from  near  the  top,  as  in  the  Flax  (Fig.  270) ;  and 

Suspended,  when  hanging  perpendicularly  from  the  very  summit  of  the 
cell,  as  in  the  Anemone  (Fig.  343).  All  these  terms  equally  apply  to 
seeds. 

320.  In  structure  an  ovule  is  a  pulpy  mass  of  tissue,  usually  with  one 
or  two  coats  or  coverings.     The  following  parts  are  to  be  noted ;  viz :  — 

KERNEL  or  NUCLEUS,  the  body  of  the  ovule.  In  the  Mistletoe  and  some 
related  plants,  there  is  only  this  nucleus,  the  coats  being  wanting. 

TEGUMENTS,  or  coats,  sometimes  only  one,  more  commonly  two.  When 
two,  one  has  been  called  PRIMINE,  the  other  SECUNDINE.  It  will  serve  all 
purposes  to  call  them  simply  outer  and  inner  ovule-coats. 

ORIFICE,  or  FORAMEN,  an  opening  through  the  coats  at  the  organic  apex 
of  the  ovule.  In  the  seed  it  is  Micropyle. 

CHALAZA,  the  place  where  the  coats  and  the  kernel  of  the  ovule  blend. 

HILUM,  the  place  of  junction  of  the  ftmiculus  with  the  body  of  the  ovule. 

Fio.  340.  A  cluster  of  ovules,  pendulous  on  their  funicles. 
Fio.  841.  Section  of  the  ovary  of  a  Buttercup,  lengthwise,  showing  its  ascending 
ornle. 

FlO.  342.  Section  of  the  ovary  of  Buckwheat,  showing  the  erect  ovule. 
Fio.  343.  Section  of  the  ovary  of  Anemone,  showing  its  suspended  o-vul* 


SECTION   a.] 


OVULES. 


Ill 


321.  The  Kinds  of  Ovules.    The  ovules  iu  their  growth  develop  in 
three  or  four  different  ways,  and  thereby,  are  distinguished  into 

Ortkotropoits  or  Straight,  those  which  develop  without  curving  or  turn- 


347 


ing,  as  in  Fig.  344.  The  chalaza  is  at  the  insertion  or  base ;  the  foramen 
or  orifice  is  at  the  apex.  This  is  the  simplest,  but  the  least  common  kind  of 
ovule. 

Campylotropous  or  Incurved,  in  which,  by  the  greater  growth  of  one  side, 


the  ovule  curves  into  a  kidney-shaped  outline,  so  bringing  the  orifice  down 
close  to  the  base  or  chalaza;  as  in  Fig.  345. 

Amphitropous  or  Half-Inverted,  Fig.  346.  Here 
the  forming  ovule,  instead  of  curving  perceptibly, 
keeps  its  axis  nearly  straight,  and,  as  it  grows,  turns 
round  upon  its  base  so  far  as  to  become  transverse  to 
its  funiculus,  and  adnate  to  its  upper  part  for  some 
distance.  Therefore  in  this  case  the  attachment  of 
the  funiculus  or  stalk  is  about  the  middle,  the  chal- 
aza is  at  one  end,  the  orifice  at  the  other. 

Anatropous  or  Inverted,  as  in  Fig.  347,  the  com- 
monest kind,  so  called  because  in  its  growth  it  has 
as  it  were  turned  over  upon  its  stalk,  to  which  it  has  continued  adnate. 
The  organic  base,  or  chalaza,  thus  becomes  the  apparent  summit,  and  the 

FIG.  344.  Orthotropous  ovule  of  Buckwheat :  e,  hilum  and  chalaza;  /,  orifice. 

FIG.  345.  Campylotropous  ovule  of  a  Chickweed:  c,  hilum  and  chalaza ;  /,  orifice. 

FIG.  346.  Amphitropous  ovule  of  Mallow:/,  orifice;  h,  hilum;  r,  rhaphe;  c, 
chalaza. 

FIG.  347.  Anatropous  ovule  of  a  Violet;  the  parts  lettered  as  in  the  last. 

FIG.  348-350.  Three  early  stages  in  the  growth  of  ovule  of  a  Magnolia,  showing 
the  forming  outer  and  inner  coats,  which,  even  in  the  later  figure  have  not  yet 
completely  enclosed  the  nucleus ;  351,  further  advanced,  and  352,  completely  aiia- 
tropous  ovule. 

FIG.  353.    Longitudinal  section,  and  354,  transverse  section  of  352. 

FIG.  355.  Same  as  353,  enlarged,  showing  the  parts  in  section :  a,  outer  coat ; 
ft,  inner  coat  i  c,  nucleus ;  d,  rhaphe. 


112 


THE  RECEPTACLE. 


[SECTION  12. 


orifice  is  at  the  base,  by  the  side  of  the  hilum  or  place  of  attachment.  The 
aduate  portion  of  the  fuuiculus,  which  appears  as  a  ridge  or  cord  extending 
from  the  hilum  to  the  chalaza,  and  which  distinguishes  this  kind  of  ovule, 
is  called  the  RHAPHE.  The  amphitropous  ovule  (Fig.  346)  has  a  short  or 
incomplete  rhaphe. 

322.  Fig,  348-352  show  the  stages  through  which  an  ovule  becomes 
anatropous  in  the  course  of  its  growth.  The  annexed  two  figures  are  sec- 
tions of  such  an  ovule  at  maturity ;  and  Fig.  355  is  Fig.  353  enlarged, 
with  the  parts  lettered. 


SECTION  XII.    MODIFICATIONS  OF  THE  RECEPTACLE. 

323.  The  Torus  or  Receptacle  of  the  flower  (237,  Fig.  223)  is  the  por- 
tion which  belongs  to  the  stem  or  axis.  In  all  preceding  illustrations  it  is 
small  and  short.  But  it  sometimes  lengthens,  sometimes  thickens  or  vari- 
ously enlarges,  and  takes  on  various  forms.  Some  of  these  have  received 
special  names,  very  few  of  which  are  in  common  use.  A  lengthened  por- 
tion of  the  receptacle  is  called 

A  STIPE.    This  name,  which  means  simply  a  trunk  or  stalk,  is  used  in 


8CT 


botany  for  various  stalks,  even  for  the  leaf-stalk  in  Ferns.   It  is  also  applied 
to  the  stalk  or  petiole  of  a  carpel,  in  the  rare  cases  when  there  is  any,  as  in 


FIG.  356.  Longitudinal  section  of  flower  of  Silene  Pennsylvania,  showing  stipe 
between  calyx  and  corolla. 

FIG.  357.  Flower  of  a  Cleome  of  the  section  Gynandropsis,  showing  broadened 
receptacle  to  bear  petals,  lengthened  stipe  below  the  stamens,  and  another  between 
these  and  pistil. 

FIG.  358.  Pistil  of  Geranium  or  Cranesbill. 

FIG.  359.  The  same,  ripe,  with  the  five  carpels  splitting  away  from  the  long 
beak  (carpophore),  and  hanging  from  its  top  by  their  recurving  styles. 


SECTION   12.] 


THE  RECEPTACLE. 


113 


Goldthread.  Then  it  is  technically  distinguished  as  a  THECAPHORE.  When 
there  is  a  stalk,  or  lengthened  internode  of  receptacle,  directly  under  a 
compound  pistil,  as  in  Stanleya  and  some  other  Cruciferae,  it  is  called  a 
GYNOPHORE.  When  the  stalk  is  developed  below  the  stamens,  as  in  most 
species  of  Silene  (Tig.  356),  it  has  been  called  an  ANTHOPHORE  or  GONO- 
PHORE.  In  Fig.  357  the  torus  is  dilated  above  the  calyx  where  it  bears 
the  petals,  then  there  is  a  long  internode  (gonophore)  between  it  and  the 
stamens ;  then  a  shorter  one  (gynophore)  between  these  and  the  pistil. 

324.  A  Carpophore  is  a  prolongation  of  receptacle  or  axis  between  the 
carpels  and  bearing  them.     Umbelliferous  plants  and  Geranium  (Fig.  358, 
359)  afford  characteristic  examples. 

325.  Flowers  with  very  numerous  simple  pistils  generally  have  the  re- 
ceptacle enlarged  so  as  to  give  them  room ;  sometimes  becoming  broad  and 
tot,  as  in  the  Flowering  Raspberry,  sometimes  elongated,  as  in  the  Black- 


berry, the  Magnolia,  etc.  It  is  the  receptacle  in  the  Strawberry  (Fig.  360), 
much  enlarged  and  pulpy  when  ripe,  which  forms  the  eatable  part  qf  the 
fruit,  and  bears  the  small  seed-like  pistils  on  its  surface.  In  the  Rose 
(Fig.  361),  instead  of  being  convex  or  conical,  the  receptacle  is  deeply 
concave,  or  urn-shaped.  Indeed,  a  Rose-hip  may  be  likened  to  a  straw- 
berry turned  inside  out,  like  the  finger  of  a  glove  reversed, 
and  the  whole  covered  by  the  adherent  tube  of  the  calyx. 
The  calyx  remains  beneath  in  the  strawberry. 

326.  In  Nelumbium,  of  the  Water-Lily  family,  the  singu- 
lar and  greatly  enlarged  receptacle  is  shaped  like  a  top,  and 
bears  the  small  pistils  immersed  in  separate  cavities  of  its  flat 
upper  surface  (Fig.  362). 

327.  A  Disk  is  an  enlarged  low  receptacle  or  an  out- 
growth from  it,  hypogynous  when  underneath  the  pistil,  as  in 
Rue  and  the  Orange  (Fig.  363),  and  periffynom  when  aduate 

to  calyx-tube  (as  in  Buckthorn,  Fig.  364,  365),  and  Cherry  (Fig.  271),  or 

FIG.  360.   Longitudinal  section  of  a  young  strawberry,  enlarged. 
FIG.  361.   Similar  section  of  a  young  Rose-hip. 

FIG.  362.   Enlarged  and  top-shaped  receptacle  of  Nelumbium,  at  matnrity. 
Fio.  363.  Hypogynous  disk  in  Orange. 
8 


114  FERTILIZATION.  [SECTION  13. 

to  both  calyx-tube  and  ovary,  as  in  Hawthorn  (Fig.  273).  A  flattened 
hypogyuous  disk,  underlying  the  ovary 
or  ovaries,  and  from  which  they  fall 
away  at  maturity,  is  sometimes  called 
GYNOBASE,  as  in  the  Rue  family. 
In  some  Borragineous  flowers,  such  as 
Houndstongue,  the  gynobase  runs  up 
in  the  centre  between  the  carpels  into 

a  carpophore.     The  so-called  epigynous  disk  (or  STYLOPODIUM)  crowning 

the  summit  of  the  ovary  in  flowers  of  Umbelliferse,  etc.,  cannot  be  said  to 

belong  to  the  receptacle. 


SECTION  XIIL    FERTILIZATION. 

328.  The  end  of  the  flower  is  attained  when  the  ovules  become  seeds. 
A  flower  remains  for  a  certain  time  (longer  or  shorter  according  to  the 
species)  in  anthesis,  that  is,  in  the  proper  state  for  the  fulfilment  of  this 
end.     During  anthesis,  the  ovules  have  to  be  fertilized  by  the  pollen ;  or  at 
Ibast  some  pollen  has  to  reach  the  stigma,  or  in  gymuospermy  the  ovule 
itself,  and  to  set  up  the  peculiar  growth  upon  its  moist  and  permeable  tis- 
sue, which  has  for  result  the  production  of  an  embryo  in  the  ovules.     By 
this  the  ovules  are  said  to  be  fertilized.     The  first  step  is  pollination,  or, 
so  to  say,  the  sowing  of  the  proper  pollen  upon  the  stigma,  where  it  is  to 
germinate. 

§1.    ADAPTATIONS  FOR  POLLINATION  OF  THE  STIGMA. 

329.  These  various  and  ever-interesting  adaptations  and  processes  are 
illustrated  in  the  "  Botanical  Text  Book,  Structural  Botany,"  chap.  VI. 
sect,  iv.,  also  in  a  brief  and  simple  way  in  "  Botany  for  Young  People,  How 
Plants  Behave."    So  mere  outlines  only  are  given  here. 

330.  Sometimes  the  application  of  pollen  to  the  stigma  is  left  to  chance, 
as  in  dioecious  wind-fertilized  flowers ;  sometimes  it  is  rendered  very  sure, 
as  in  flowers  that  are  fertilized  in  the  bud ;  sometimes  the  pollen  is  prevented 
from  reaching  the  stigma  of  the  same  flower,  although  placed  very  near  to 
it,  but  then  there  are  always  arrangements  for  its  transference  to  the  stigma 
of  some  other  blossom  of  the  kind.     It  is  among  these  last  that  the  most 
exquisite  adaptations  are  met  with. 

331.  Accordingly,  some  flowers  are  particularly  adapted  to  close  or  self- 
fertilization  ;    others  to  cross  fertilization ;   some  for  either,  according  to 
circumstances. 

FIG.  364.    Flower  of  a  Buckthorn  showing  a  conspicuous  perigynous  disk. 
Flo.  365.    Vertical  section  of  same  flow«f . 


SECTION   13.J  FERTILIZATION.  115 

Close  Fertilization  occurs  when  the  pollen  reaches  and  acts  upon  a  stigma 
of  the  very  same  flower  (this  is  also  called  self-fertilization),  or,  less  closely, 
upon  other  blossoms  of  the  same  clustei  or  the  same  individual  plant. 

Cross  Fertilization  occurs  when  ovules  are  fertilized  by  pollen  of  other 
individuals  of  the  same  species. 

Hybridization  occurs  when  ovules  are  fertilized  by  pollen  of  some  other 
(necessarily  some  nearly  related)  species. 

332.  Close  Fertilization  would  seem  to  be  the  natural  result  in  ordi-' 
nary  hermaphrodite  flowers;  but  it  is  by  no  means  so  in  all  of  them.    More 
commonly  the  arrangements  are  such  that  it  takes  place  only  after  some 
opportunity  for  cross  fertilization  has  been  afforded.     But  close  fertiliza- 
tion is  inevitable  in  what  are  called 

Cleistogamous  Flowers,  that  is,  in  those  which  are  fertilized  in  the  flower-, 
bud,  while  still  unopened.  Most  flowers  of  this  kind,  indeed,  never  open 
at  all ;  but  the  closed  floral  coverings  are  forced  off  by  the  growth  of  the 
precociously  fertilized  pistil.  Common  examples  of  this  are  found  in  the 
earlier  blossoms  of  Specularia  perfoliata,  in  the  later  ones  of  most  Violets,  es- 
pecially the  stemless  species,  in  our  wild  Jewel  weeds  or  Impatiens,  in  the 
subterranean  shoots  of  Amphicarpsea.  Every  plant  which  produces  these 
cleistogamous  or  bud-fertilized  flowers  bears  also  more  conspicuous  and 
open  flowers,  usually  of  bright  colors.  The  latter  very  commonly  fail  to 
set  seed,  but  the  former  are  prolific. 

333.  Cross  Fertilization  is  naturally  provided  for  in  dioecious  plants 
(249),  is  much  favored  in  monoecious  plants  (249),  and  hardly  less  so  in 
dichogamous  and  in  heterogonous  flowers  (338).    Cross  fertilization  depends 
upon  the  transportation  of  pollen  ;  and  the  two  principal  agents  of  convey- 
ance are  winds  and  insects.    Most  flowers  are  in  their  whole  structure 
adapted  either  to  the  one  or  to  the  other. 

334.  Wind-fertilizable  or  Anemophilous  flowers  are  more  commonly 
dioecious  or  monoecious,  as  in  Pines  and  all  coniferous  trees,  Oaks,  and 
Birches,  and  Sedges;  yet  sometimes  hermaphrodite,  as  in  Plantains  and 
most  Grasses ;  they  produce  a  superabundance  of  very  light  pollen,  adapted 
to  be  wind-borne;  and  they  offer  neither  nectar  to  feed  winged  insects, 
nor  fragrance  nor  bright  colors  to  attract  them. 

335.  Insect-fertilizable  or  Entomophilous  flowers  are  those  which 
are  sought  by  insects,  for  pollen  or  for  nectar,  or  for  both.     Through  their 
visits  pollen  is  conveyed  from  one  flower  and  from  one  plant  to  another. 
Insects  are  attracted  to  such  blossoms  by  their  bright  colors,  or  their  fra- 
grance, or  by  the  nectar  (the  material  of  honey)  there  provided  for  them. 
While  supplying  their  own  needs,  they  carry  pollen  from  anthers  to  stigmas 
and  from  plant  to  plant,  thus  bringing  about  a  certain  amount  of  cross  fer- 
tilization.    Willows  and  some  other  dioecious  flowers  are  so  fertilized, 
chiefly  by  bees.     But  most  insect-visited  flowers  have  the  stamens  and  pis- 
tils associated  either  in  the  same  or  in  contiguous  blossoms.     Even  when 
in  the  same  blossom,  anthers  and  stigmas  are  very  commonly  so  pihia*-«J 


116  FERTILIZATION.  [SECTION   13. 

that  under  insect- visitation,  some  pollen  Is  more  likely  to  be  deposited  upon 
other  than  upon  own  stigmas,  so  giving  a  chance  for  cross  as  well  as  for 
close  fertilization.  On  the  other  hand,  numerous  flowers,  of  very  various 
kinds,  have  their  parts  so  arranged  that  they  must  almost  necessarily  be  cross- 
fertilized  or  be  barren,  and  are  therefore  dependent  upon  the  aid  of  insects. 
This  aid  is  secured  by  different  exquisite  adaptations  and  contrivances, 
which  would  need  a  volume  for  full  illustration.  Indeed,  there  is  a  good 
number  of  volumes  devoted  to  this  subject.1 

336.  Some  of  the  adaptations  which  favor  or  ensure  cross  fertilization 
are  peculiar  to  the  particular  kind  of  blossom.     Orchids,  Milkweeds,  Kal- 
mia,  Iris,  and  papilionaceous  flowers  each  have  their  own  special  contriv- 
ances, quite  different  for  each. 

337.  Irregular  flowers  (253)  and  especially  irregular  corollas  are  usu 
ally  adaptations  to  insect-visitation.     So  are  all  Nectaries,  whether  hollow 
spurs,  sacs,  or  other  concavities  in  which  nectar  is  secreted,  and  all  nectar- 
iferons  glands. 

338.  Moreover,  there  are  two  arrangements  for  cross  fertilization  com- 
mon to  hermaphrodite  flowers  in  various  different  families  of  plants,  which 
have  received  special  names,  Dichogamy  and  Heterogony. 

339.  Dichogamy  is  the  commoner  case.    Flowers  are  dichogamous  when 
the  anthers  discharge  their  pollen  either  before  or  after  the  stigmas  of  that 
flower  are  in  a  condition  to  receive  it.    Such  flowers  are 

Proterandrous,  when  the  anthers  are  earlier  than  the  stigmas,  as  in  Gen- 
tians, Campanula,  Epilobium,  etc. 

Proterogynous,  when  the  stigmas  are  mature  and  moistened  for  the  re- 
ception of  pollen,  before  the  anthers  of  that  blossom  are  ready  to  supply 
it,  and  are  withered  before  that  pollen  can  be  supplied.  Plantains  or 
Ribworts  (mostly  wind-fertilized)  are  strikingly  proterogynous :  so  is  Amor- 
pha,  our  Papaws,  Scrophularia,  and  in  a  less  degree  the  blossom  of  Pears, 
Hawthorns,  and  Horse-chestnut. 

340.  In  Sabbatia,  the  large-flowered  species  of  Epilobium,  and  strikingly 
hi  Clerodendron,  the  dichogamy  is  supplemented  and  perfected  by  move- 
ments of  the  stamens  and  style,  one  or  both,  adjusted  to  make  sure  of 
cross  fertilization. 

341.  Heterogony.    This  is  the  case  in  which  hermaphrodite  and  fer- 
tile flowers  of  two  sorts  are  produced  on  different  individuals  of  the  same 
species ;  one  sort  having  higher  anthers  and  lower  stigmas,  the  other  hav- 
ing higher  stigmas  and  lower  anthers.    Thus  reciprocally  disposed,  a  visit- 
ing insect  carries  pollen  from  the  high  anthers  of  the  one  to  the  high  stigma 
of  the  other,  and  from  the  low  anthers  of  the  one  to  the  low  stigma  of  the 
other.     These  plants  are  practically  as  if  dioecious,  with  the  advantage  thai 

1  Beginning  with  one  by  C.  C.  Sprengel  in  1793,  and  again  in  our  day  with 
Darwin,  "  On  the  Varions  Contrivances  by  which  Orchids  are  fertilized  by  Insects," 
»nd  in  succeeding  works. 


SECTION   14.]  FRUIT.  117 

both  kinds  are  fruitful.  Houstonia  and  Mitchella,  or  Partridge-berry,  are 
excellent  and  familiar  examples.  These  are  cases  of 

Heterogone  Dimorphism,  the  relative  lengths  being  only  short  and  long 
reciprocally. 

Heterogone  Trimorphism,  in  which  there  is  a  mid-length  as  well  as  a  long 
and  a  short  set  of  stamens  and  style ;  occurs  in  Lythruin  Salicaria  and  some 
species  of  Oxalis. 

342.  There  must  be  some  essential  advantage  in  cross  fertilization  or 
cross  breeding.     Otherwise  all  these  various,  elaborate,  and  exquisitely 
adjusted  adaptations  would  be  aimless.     Doubtless  the  advantage  is  the 
same  as  that  which  is  realized  in  all  the  higher  animals  by  the  distinction 
of  sexes. 

$  2.    ACTION  OP  POLLEN,  AND  FORMATION  OF  THE  EMBRYO. 

343.  Pollen-growth.    A  grain  of  pollen  may  be  justly  likened  to  one 
of  the  simple  bodies  (spores')  which  answer  for  seeds  in  Cryptogamous  plants. 
Like  one  of  these,  it  is  capable  of  germination.     When  deposited  upon  the 
moist  surface  of  the  stigma  (or  in  some  cases  even  when  at  a  certain  dis- 
tance) it  grows  from  some  point,  its  living  inner  coat  breaking  through  the 
inert  outer  coat,  and  protruding  in  the  form  of  a  delicate  tube.    This  as  it 
lengthens  penetrates  the  loose  tissue  of  the  stigma  and  of  a  loose  conduct- 
ing tissue  in  the  style,  feeds  upon  the  nourishing  liquid  matter  there  pro- 
vided, readies  the  cavity  of  the  ovary,  enters  the  orifice  of  an  ovule,  and 
attaches  its  extremity  to  a  sac,  or  the  lining  of  a  definite  cavity,  in  the 
ovule,  called  the  Embryo-Sac. 

344.  Origination  of  the  Embryo.    A  globule  of  living  matter  in  the 
embryo-sac  is  formed,  and  is  in  some  way  placed  in  close  proximity  to  the 
apex  of  the  pollen  tube ;  it  probably  absorbs  the  contents  of  the  latter ;  it 
then  sets  up  a  special   growth,  and  the  Embryo  (8-10)  or  rudimentary 
plautlet  in  the  seed  is  the  result. 


SECTION  XIV.    THE  FEUIT. 

345.  Its  Nature.     The  ovary  matures  into  the  Fruit.     In  the  strictest 
sense  the  fruit  is  the  seed-vessel,  technically  named  the  PERICARP.     But 
practically  it  may  include  other  parts  organically  connected  with  the  peri- 
carp.    Especially  the  calyx,  or  a  part  of  it,  is  often  incorporated  with  the 
ovary,  so  as  to  be  undistinguishably  a  portion  of  the  pericarp,  and  it  even 
forms  along  with  the  receptacle  the  whole  bulk  of  such  edible  fruits  as 
apples  and  pears.     The  receptacle  is  an  obvious  part  in  blackberries,  and 
is  the  whole  edible  portion  in  the  strawberry. 

346.  Also  a  cluster  of  distinct  carpels  may,  in  ripening,  be  consolidated 
or  compacted,  so  as  practically  to  be  taken  for  one  fruit.    Such  are  raspber- 


118 


FRUIT. 


[SECTION  14. 


ries,  blackberries,  the  Magnolia  fruit,  etc.  Moreover,  the  ripened  product 
of  many  flowers  may  be  compacted  or  grown  together  so  as  to  form  a  single 
compound  fruit. 

347.  Its  kinds  have  therefore  to  be  distinguished.     Also  various  names 
of  common  use  in  descriptive  botany  have  to  be  mentioned  and  defined. 

348.  In  respect  to  composition,  accordingly,  fruits  may  be  classified 
into 

Simple,  those  which  result  from  the  ripening  of  a  single  pistil,  and  con- 
sist only  of  the  matured  ovary,  either  by  itself,  as  in  a  cherry,  or  with 
calyx-tube  completely  incorporated  with  it,  as  in  a  gooseberry  or  cranberry. 
Aggregate,  when  a  cluster  of  carpels  of  the  same  flower  are  crowded  into 
a  mass ;  as  in  raspberries  and  blackberries. 

Accessory  or  Anthocarpous,  when  the  surroundings  or  supports  of  the 
pistil  make  up  a  part  of  the  mass ;  as  does 
the  loose  calyx  changed  into  a  fleshy  and 
berry-like  envelope  of  our  Wintergreen 
(Gaultheria,  Fig.  366,  367)  and  Buffalo- 
berry,  which  are  otherwise  simple  fruits. 
In  an  aggregate  fruit  such  as  the  straw- 
berry the  great  mass  is  receptacle  (Fig. 
360,  368) ;  and  in  the  blackberry  (Fig.  369)  the  juicy  receptacle  forms  the 
central  part  of  the  savory  mass. 

Multiple  or  Collective,  when  formed  from  several  flowers  consolidated 
into  one  mass,  of  which  the  common 
receptacle  or  axis  of  inflorescence, 
the  floral  envelopes,  and  even   the 
bracts,  etc.,  make  a  part.     A  mul- 
berry (Fig.  408,  which  superficially 
much    resembles    a 
blackberry)  is  of  this 
multiple  sort.  A  pine- 
apple is  another  ex- 
ample. 

349.  In  respect  to 
texture    or   consist- 
ence, fruit*  may  be 
distinguished  into  three  kinds,  viz. :  — 

Fleshy  Fruits,  those  which  are  more  or  less  soft  and  juicy  throughout ; 

FIG.  366.  Forming  fruit  (capsule)  of  Gaultheria,  with  calyx  thickening  around 
its  base.  367.  Section  of  same  mature,  the  berry -like  calyx  nearly  enclosing  the 
capsule. 

FIG.  368.   Section  of  a  part  of  a  strawberry.     Compare  with  Fig.  360. 

FIG.  369.  Similar  section  of  part  of  a  blackberry.  370.  One  of  its  component 
simple  fruits  (drupe)  in  section,  showing  the  pulp,  stone,  and  contained  seed,  mort 
enlarged.  Compare  with  Fig.  375. 


SECTION   U.] 


F1RUIT. 


119 


Stone  Fruits,  or  Drupaceous,  the  outer  part  fleshy  like  a  berry,  the  inner 
hard  or  stony,  like  a  nut ;  and 

Dry  Fruits,  those  which  have  no  flesh  or  pulp. 

350.  In  reference  to  the  way  of  disseminating  the  contained  seed,  fruits 
are  said  to  be 

IndeUscent  when  they  do  not  open  at  maturity.  Fleshy  fruits  and  stone 
fruits  are  of  course  indehiscent.  The  seed  becomes  free  only  through 
decay  or  by  being  fed  upon  by  animals.  Those  which  escape  digestion  are 
thus  disseminated  by  the  latter.  Of  dry  fruits  many  are  indehiscent ;  and 
these  are  variously  arranged  to  be  transported  by  animals.  Some  burst 
irregularly;  many  are 

Dehiscent,  that  is,  they  split  open  regularly  along  certain  lines,  and 
discharge  the  seeds.  A  dehiscent  fruit  almost  always  contains  many  or 
several  seeds,  or  at  least  more  than  one  seed. 


871  373  878  374 

351.  The  principal  kinds  of  fruit  which  have  received  substantive  names 
and  are  of  common  use  in  descriptive  botany  are  the  following.     Of  fleshy 
fruits  the  leading  kind  is 

352.  The  Berry,  such  as  the  gooseoerry  and  currant,  the  blueberry 
and  cranberry  (Fig.  371),  the  tomato,  and  the  grape.     Here  the  whole 
flesh  is  soft  throughout.     The  orange  is  a  berry  with  a  leathery  rind. 

353.  The  Pepo,  or  Gourd-fruit,  is  a  hard-rinded  berry,  belonging  to 
the  Gourd  family,  such  as  the  pumpkin,  squash,  cucumber,  and  melon, 
Fig.  372,  373. 

354.  The  Pome  is  a  name  applied  to  the  apple,  pear  (Fig.  374),  and 
quince ;  fleshy  fruits,  like  a  berry,  but  the  principal  thickness  is  calyx,  only 

FIG.  371.  Leafy  shoot  and  berry  (cut  across)  of  the  larger  Cranberry,  Vaccinium 
tnacrocarpon. 

Fia.  372.   Pepo  of  Gourd,  in  section.    373.  One  carpel  of  same  in  diagram. 
FJQ.  374.   Longitudinal  and  transverse  sections  of  a  pear  (pome). 


120 


FRUIT. 


[SECTION  H. 


the  papery  pods  arranged  like  a  star  in  the  core  really  belonging  to  the 
carpels.  The  fruit  of  the  Hawthorn  is  a  drupaceous  pome,  something  be- 
tween pome  and  drupe. 

355.  Of  fruits  which  are  externally  fleshy  and  internally  hard  the  lead- 
ing kind  is 

356.  The  Drupe,  or  Stone-fruit;  of  which  the  cherry,  plum,  and  peach 

(Tig.  375)  are  familiar  examples.     In  this  the 
outer  part  of  the  thickness  of  the  pericarp  be- 
comes fleshy,  or  softens  like  a  berry,  while  the 
inner  hardens,  like  a  nut.   From  the  way  in  which 
the  pistil  is  constructed,  it  is  evident  that  the 
fleshy  part  here  answers  to  the  lower,  and  the 
stone  to  the  upper  face  of  the  component  leaf. 
The  layers  or  concentric  portions  of  a  drupe,  or 
of  any  pericarp  which  is  thus  separable,  are  named, 
when  thus  distinguishable  into  three  portions, — 
Epicarp,  the  external  layer,  often  the  mere  skin  of  the  fruit, 
Mesocarp,  the  middle  layer,  which  is  commonly  the  fleshy  part,  and 
Endocarp,  the  innermost  layer,  the  stone.     But  more  commonly  only  two 
portions  of  a  drupe  are  distinguished,  and  are  named,  the  outer  one 

Sarcocarp  or  Exocarp,  for  the  flesh,  the  first  name  referring  to  the  fleshy 
character,  the  second  to  its  being  an  external  layer;  and 
Putamen  or  Endocarp,  the  Stone,  within. 

357.  The  typical  or  true  drupe  is  of  a  single  carpel.    But,  not  to  multiply 
technical  names,  this  name  is  extended  to  all  such  fruits  when 

fleshy  without  and  stony  within,  although  of  compound  pistil, 
—  even  to  those  having  several  or  separable  stones,  such  as  the 
fruit  of  Holly.  These  stones  in  such  drupes,  or  drupaceous 
fruits,  are  called  Pyretue,  or  Nucules,  or  simply  Nutlets  of 
the  drupe. 

358.  Of  Dry  fruits,  there  is  a  greater  diversity  of  kinds  hav- 
ing distinct  names.   The  indehis- 

cent  sorts    are    commonly   one- 


359.  The  Akene  or  Ache- 
nium  is  a  small,  dry  and  indehis- 
cent  one-seeded  fruit,  often  so 
seed-like  in  appearance  that  it  is 


377 


popularly  taken  for  a  naked  seed.     The  fruit  of  the  Butter  cup  or  Crowfoot 
is  a  good  example,  Tig.  376,  377.     Its  nature,  as  a  ripened  pistil  (in  this 

Fio.  375.  Longitudinal  section  of  a  peach,  showing  flesh,  stone,  and  seed. 

Fio.  376.  Akene  of  a  Buttercup.  377.  The  same,  divided  lengthwise,  to  show 
the  contained  seed. 

Fio.  378.  Akene  of  Virgin's-bower,  retaining  the  feathered  style,  which  aids  in 
dissemination. 


SECTION   14.] 


FRUIT. 


121 


case  a  simple  carpel),  is  apparent  by  its  bearing  the  remains  of  a  style  or 
stigma,  or  a  scar  from  which  this  has  fallen.  It  may  retain  the  style  and 
use  it  in  various  ways  for  dissemination  (Fig.  378).  . 

360.  The  fruit  of  Composite  (though  not  of  a  single  carpel)  is  also  an 
akene.  In  this  case  the  pericarp  is  invested 
by  an  adherent  calyx-tube ;  the  limb  of  which, 
when  it  has  any,  is  called  the  PAPPUS.  This 
name  was  first  given  to  the  down  like  that  of 
the  Thistle,  but  is  applied  to  all  forms  under 
which  the  limb  of  the  calyx  of  the  "  compound 
flower"  appears.  In  Lettuce,  Dandelion  (Fig. 


384),  and  the  like,  the  achenium  as  it  matures  tapers  upwards  into  a  slendei 

beak,  like  a  stalk  to  the  pappus. 

361.  A  Cremocarp  (Fig.  385),  a  name  given  to  the  fruit  of  Umbelli 
ferae,  consists  as  it  were  of  a  pair  of  akenes  united  com- 
pletely in  the  blossom,  but  splitting  apart  when  ripe 
into  the  two  closed  carpels.    Each  of  these  is  a  Heri~ 
carp  or  Hemicarp,  names  seldom  used. 

362.  A  Utricle  is  the  same  as  an  akene,  but  with 
a  thin  and  bladdery  loose  pericarp;  like  that  of  the 
Goosefoot  or  Pigweed  (Fig.  386).     When  ripe  it  may 
burst  open  irregularly  to  discharge  the  seed ;  or  it  may 
open  by  a  circular  line  all  round,  the  upper  part  fall- 
ing off  like  a  lid ;  as  in  the  Amaranth  (Tig.  387). 

363.  A  Caryopsis,  or  Grain,  is  like  an  akene  with 
the  seed  adhering  to  the  thin  pericarp  throughout,  so 

that  fruit  and  seed  are  incorporated  into  one  body ;  as  in  wheat,  Indian 
corn,  and  other  kinds  of  gram,. 

364.  A  Nut  is  a  dry  and  indehiscent  fruit,  commonly  one-celled  and  one. 


FIG.  379.  Akene  of  Mayweed  (uo  pappus).  380.  That  of  Succory  (its  pappus  a 
shallow  cup).  381.  Of  Sunflower  (pappus  of  two  deciduous  scales).  382.  Of 
Sneezeweed  (Helenium),  with  its  pappus  of  five^cales.  383.  Of  Sow-Thistle,  with 
its  pappus  of  delicate  downy  hairs.  384.  Of  the  Dandelion,  its  pappus  raised  on 
a  long  beak. 

FIG.  385.  Fruit  (cremocarp)  of  Osmorrhiza;  the  two  akene-like  ripe  carpels  sep- 
arating  at  maturity  from  a  slender  axis  or  carpophoree. 

FIG.  386.   Utricle  of  the  common  Pigweed  (Chenopodium  album). 

FIG.  387.  Utricle  (pyxis)  of  Amaranth,  opening  all  round  (circumscissile). 


122 


FRUIT. 


[SECTION   14. 


seeded,  with  a  hard,  crustaceous,  or  bony  wall,  such  as  the  cocoanut,  hazel- 
nut,  chestnut,  and  the  acorn  (Fig.  37,  388.)  Here  the 
involucre,  in  the  form  of  a  cup  at  the  base,  is  called  the 
CUPULE.  In  the  Chestnut  the  cupule  forms  the  bur;  in 
the  Hazel,  a  leafy  husk. 

365.  A  Samara,  or  Key-fruit,  is  either  a  nut  or  an 
akene,  pr  any  other  iudehiscent  fruit,  furnished  with  a  wing, 
like  that  of  Ash  (Fig.  389),  and  Elm  (Tig.  390).      The 
Maple-fruit  is  a  pair  of  keys  (Fig.  391). 

366.  Dehiscent  Fruits,  or  Pods,  are  of  two  classes,  viz., 
those  of  a  simple  pistil  or  carpel,  and  those  of  a  compound 

pistil.     Two  common  sorts  of  the  first  are  named  as  follows :  — 

367.  The  Follicle  is  a  fruit  of  a  simple  carpel,  which  dehisces  down  one 
side  only,  i.  e.  by  the  inner  or  ventral  suture.     The 

fruits  of  Marsh  Marigold  (Fig.  392),  Pseony,  Larkspur, 
and  Milkweed  are  of  this  kind. 

368.  The  Legume  or  true  Pod,  such  as  the  peapod 
(Fig.  393),  and  the  fruit  of  the  Leguminous  or  Pulse 
family  generally,  is  one  which  opens  along  the  dorsal  as 

well  as  the  ventral  suture.    The  two  pieces 


into  which  it  splits  are  called  VALVES.  A  LOMENT  is  a  legume  which  is 
constricted  between  the  seeds,  and  at  length  breaks  up  crosswise  into  dis- 
tinct joints,  as  in  Fig.  394. 

369.  The  pods  or  dehiscent  fruits  belonging  to  a  compound  ovary  have 
several  technical  names  :  but  they  all  may  be  regarded  as  kinds  of 

370.  The  Capsule,  the  dry  and  dehiscent  fruit  of  any  compound  pistil. 
The  capsule  may  discharge  its  seeds  through  chinks  or  pores,  as  in  the 

FIG.  388.  Nut  (acorn)  of  the  Q0k,  with  its  cup  or  cupule. 

FIG.  389.  Samara  or  key  of  the  White  Ash,  winged  at  end.    390.    Samara  oJ 
the  American  Elm,  winged  all  round. 

FIG.  39.1.  Pair  of  samaras  of  Sugar  Maple. 

FIG.  392.  Follicle  of  Marsh  Marigold  (Caltha  palustris). 

FIG.  393.  Legume  of  a  Sweet  Pea,  opened- 

Fio-  394,  Loment  or  jointed  legume  of  a  Tick-Trefoil  (Desmodium). 


SECTION    14.] 


FRUIT. 


123 


Poppy,  or  burst  irregularly  iu  some  part,  as  in  Lobelia  and  the  Snapdragon ; 
but  commonly  it  splits  open  (or  is  dehiscent)  lengthwise  into  regular  pieces, 
called  VALVES. 

371.  Regular  Dehiscence  in  a  capsule  takes  place  in  two  ways,  which  are 
best  illustrated  in  pods  of  two  or  three  cells.     It  is  either 

Loculicidal,  or,  splitting  directly  into  the  loculi  or  cells,  that  is,  down 
the  back  (or  the  dorsal  suture)  of  each  cell  or  carpel,  as  in 
Iris  (Fig.  395)  ;  or  A     * 

Septicidal,  that  is,  splitting  through  the  partitions  or  septa, 
as  in  St.  Jolm's-wort  (Fig.  396),  Rhododendron, 
etc.     This  divides  the  capsule  into  its  compo- 
nent carpels,  which  then  open  by  their  ventral 
suture. 

372.  In  loculicidal  dehiscence  the  valves  nat- 
urally bear  the  partitions  on  their  middle ;  in 
the  septicidal,  half  the  thickness  of  a  partition 
is  borne  on  the  margin  of  each  valve.     See  the 
annexed  diagrams.     A  variation  of  either  mode 
occurs  when  the  valves  break  away   from  the 
partitions,  these  remaining  attached  in  the  axis  of 
the  fruit.     This  is  called  Septifrugal  dehiscence. 
One  form  is  seen  in  the  Morning-Glory  (Fig. 
400). 

373.  The  capsules  of  Rue,  Spurge,  and  some  others,  are  both  loculi 
cidal  and  septicidal,  and  so  split       ^ 

into  half-carpellary  valves  or  pieces,     f 

374.  The  Silique  (Fig.  401)  is  /\ 
the  technical  name  of  the  peculiar  I 
pod  of  the  Mustard  family ;  which  » 

is  two-celled  by  a  false  partition 
stretched  across  between  two  pa- 
rietal placentae.   It  generally  opens 
by  two   valves    from   below  up-       /^         >>. 
ward,  and  the  placentae  with  the    /  ^V 

partition  are  left  behind  when  the  /  \.      ^^  \ 
valves  fall  off.  |^ 

375 .  A  Silicle  or  Pouch  is  only 

a  short  and  broad  silique,  like  that      ^  ' 

of  the  Shepherd's  Purse,  Fig.  402, 

403. 


FIG.  395.  Capsule  of  Iris,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence;  below,  cut  across. 
FIG.  396.  Pod  of  a  Marsh  St.  John's- wort,  with  septicidal  dehiscence. 
FIG.  397,  398.   Diagrams  of  the  two  modes. 

FIG.  399.  Diagram  of  septifragal  dehiscence  of  the  loculicidal  type.     400.  Same 
of  the  septicidal  or  marginicidal  type. 


124 


FRUIT. 


[SECTION  14. 


376.  The  Pyxis  is  a  pod  which  opens  by  a  circular  horizontal  line,  the 
upper  part  forming  a  lid,  as  in  Purslane  (Fig.  404),  the  Plantain,  Hen- 
bane, etc.  In  these  the  dehisceuce  extends  all  round,  or  is  cir- 
cumscissile.  So  it  does  in  Amaranth  (Fig.  387),  forming  a  one- 
seeded  utricular  pyxis.  In  Jeffersouia,  the  line  does  not  separate 
quite  round,  but  leaves  a  portion  for  a  hinge  to  the  lid. 

377.  Of  Multiple  or  Collective  Fruits,  which  are  properly 
masses  of  fruits  aggregated 
into  one  body  (as  is  seen  in 
the  Mulberry  (Fig.  408),  Pine- 
apple, etc.),  there  are  two  kinds 
with  special  names  and  of  pe- 
culiar structure. 

378.  The  Syconiumor  Fig- 

403        402  404  fruit  (Fig.  405,  406)  is  a  fleshy 

axis  or  summit  of  stem,  hollowed  out,  and  lined  within  by  a  multitude  of 
minute  flowers,  the  whole  becoming  pulpy,  and  in  the  common  fig,  luscious. 

406 


401 


379.  The  Strobile  or  Cone  (Fig.  411),  is  the  peculiar  multiple  fruit 
of  Pines,  Cypresses,  and  the  like :  hence  named  Coniferee,  viz.  cone-bearing 

FIG.  401.  Silique  of  a  Cadamine  or  Spring  Cress. 

FIG.  402.  Silicic  of  Shepherd's  Purse.     403.  Same,  with  one  valve  removed. 

FIG.  404.   Pyxis  of  Purslane,  the  lid  detaching. 

FIG.  405.  A  fig-fruit  when  young.  406.  Same  in  section.  407.  Magnified  por- 
tion, a  slice,  showing  some  of  the  flowers. 

FIG.  408.  A  mulberry.  409.  One  of  the  grains  younger,  enlarged  ;  seen  to  b« 
a  pistillate  flower  with  calyx  becoming  fleshy,  410.  Same,  with  fleshy  calyx  cat 
across. 


SECTION   15.] 


125 


plants.     As  already  shown  (313),  these  cones  are  open  pistils,  mostly  in 
the  form  of  flat  scales,  regularly  overlying  each 
other,  and  pressed  together  in  a  spike  or  head. 
Each  scale  bears  one  or  two  naked  seeds  on  its 
inner  face.     When  ripe  and  dry,  the  scales  turn 
back  or  diverge,  and  in  the  Pine  the  seed  peels 
off  and  falls,  generally  carrying  with  it  a  wing,  a 
part  of  the  lining  of  the  scale, 
which  facilitates  the  disper- 
sion of  the  seeds  by  the  wind 
(Fig.  412,  413).     In  Arbor- 
Vitae,  the  scales  of  the  small 


cone  are  few,  and  not  very 
unlike  the  leaves.  In  Cy- 
press they  are  very  thick  at 
the  top  and  narrow  at  the 
base,  so  as  to  make  a  peculiar  sort  of  closed  cone.  In  Juniper  and  Red 
Cedar,  the  few  scales  of  the  very  small  cone  become  fleshy,  and  ripen  into 
a  fruit  which  closely  resembles  a  berry. 


SECTION  XV.    THE  SEED. 


380.  Seeds  are  the  final  product  of  the  flower,  to  which  all  its  parts  and 
offices  are  subservient.     Like  the  ovule  from  which  it  originates,  a  seed 
consists  of  coats  and  kernel. 

381.  The  Seed-coats  are  commonly  two  (320),  the  outer  and  the  inner. 
Fig.  414  shows  the  two,  in  a  seed  cut  through  lengthwise. 

The  outer  coat  is  often  hard  or  crustaceous,  whence  it  is 
called  the  Testa,  or  shell  of  the  seed ;  the  inner  is  almost  al- 
ways thin  and  delicate. 

382.  The  shape  and  the  markings,  so  various  in  different 
seeds,  depend  mostly  on  the  outer  coat.    Sometimes  this  fits 

the  kernel  closely ;  sometimes  it  is  expanded  into  a  wing,  as  in  the  Trum- 
pet-Creeper (Fig.  415),  and  occasionally  this  wing  is  cut  up  into  shreds 
or  tufts,  as  in  the  Catalpa  (Fig.  416) ;  or  instead  of  a  wing  it  may  bear  a 
Coma,  or  tuft  of  long  and  soft  hairs,  as  in  the  Milkweed  or  Silkweed  (Fig. 
417).  The  use  of  wings,  or  downy  tufts  is  to  render  the  seeds  buoyant 


FIG.  411.  Cone  of  a  common  Pitch  Pine.  412.  Inside  view  of  a  separated  scale 
or  open  carpel ;  one  seed  in  place :  413,  the  other  seed. 

Fio.  414.  Seed  of  a  Linden  or  Basswood  cut  through  lengthwise,  and  magnified, 
tne  parts  lettered:  a,  the  hilum  or  scar;  b,  the  outer  coat;  c,  the  inner;  d,  the 
albumen;  «,  the  embryo. 


126 


[SECTION  15. 


for  dispersion  by  the  winds.     This  is  clear,  not  only  from  their  evident 

adaptation  to  this  purpose,  but  also  from  the  fact  that  winged  and  tufted 

seeds  are  found  only  in  fruits  that  split  open  at  maturity,  never  in  those 

jrifo       that  remain  closed.     The  coat  of  some  seeds  is  beset  with 

/"    v'.r\      long  linirs  or  wool.     Chiton,  one  of  the  most  important  vege- 
table products,  since  it  forms  the  principal  clothing  of  the 


larger  part  of  the  human  race,  consists  of  the  long  and  woolly  hairs  which 
thickly  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  seed.  There  are  also  crests  or  other 
appendages  of  various  sorts  on  certain  seeds.  A  few  seeds 
have  an  additional,  but  more  or  less  incomplete  covering,  out- 
side of  the  real  seed-coats  called  an 

383.  Aril,  or  Arillus.  The  loose  and  transparent 
bag  which  encloses  the  seed  of  the  White  Water-Lily 
(Fig.  418)  is  of  this  kind.  So  is  the  mace  of  the 
nutmeg ;  and  also  the  scarlet  pulp  around  the  seeds 
of  the  Waxwork  (Celastrus)  and  Strawberry-bush 
(Euonymus).  The  aril  is  a  growth  from  the  ex- 
tremity  of  the  seed-stalk,  or  from  the  placenta  when 
there  is  no  seed-stalk. 

384.  A  short  and  thickish  appendage  at  or  close  to  the  hilam  in  certain 
seeds  is  called  a  CARUNCLE  or  STROPHIOLE  (Fig.  419). 

385.  The  various  terms  which  define  the  position  or  direc- 
tion of  the  ovule  (erect,  ascending,  etc.)  apply  equally  to  the 
seed :  so  also  the  terms  anatropous,  orthotropous,  campylotro- 
pous,  etc.,  as  already  denned  (320,  321),  and  such  terms  as 

HILUM,  or  Scar  left  where  the  seed-stalk  or  funiculus  falls 
away,  or  where  the  seed  was  attached  directly  to  the  placenta 
when  there  is  no  seed-stalk. 

RHAPHE,  the  line  or  ridge  which  runs  from  the  hilum  to  the  chalaza  in 
anatropous  and  amphitropous  seeds. 

CHALAZA,  the  place  where  the  seed-coats  and  the  kernel  or  nucleus  are 
organically  connected,  —  at  the  hilum  in  orthotropous  and  campylotropous 
seeds,  at  the  extremity  of  the  rhaphe  or  tip  of  the  seed  in  other  kinds. 

MICROPTLE,  answering  to  the  Foramen  or  orifice  of  the  ovule.  Compare 
the  accompanying  figures  and  those  of  the  ovules,  Fig.  341-355. 

Fio.  415.  A  winged  seed  of  the  Trumpet-Creeper. 

Flo.  416.  One  of  Catalpa,  the  kernel  cut  to  show  the  embryo. 

Fio.  417.  Seed  of  Milkweed,  with  a  Coma  or  tuft  of  long  silky  hairs  at  one  end. 

Fia.  418.  Seed  of  White  Water-Lily,  enclosed  in  its  aril. 

Fio.  418.  Seed  of  Ricinus  or  Oastor-oil  plant,  with  oarunole. 


SECTION  15.]  EMBRYO.  127 

386.  The  Kernel,  or  Nucleus,  is  the  whole  body  of  the  seed  within  the 
coats.  In  many  seeds  the  ker- 
nel is  all  Embryo  ,•  in  others 

a  large  part  of  it  is  the  ^/- 

bumen.    For  example,  in  Fig. 

423,  it  is  wholly  embryo;  in 

Fig.  422,  all  but  the  small  420 

speck  (g)  is  albumen. 

387.  The  Albumen  or  Endosperm  of  the  seed  is  sufficiently  charac- 
terized and  its  office  explained  in  Sect.  III.,  31-35. 

388.  The  Embryo  or  Germ,  which  is  the  rudimentary  plantlet  and  the 
final  result  of  blossoming,  and  its  development  in  germination  have  been 
extensively  illustrated  in  Sections  II.  and  III.     Its  essential  parts  are  the 
Radicle  and  the  Cotyledons. 

389.  Its  Radicle  or  Caulicle  (the  former  is  the  term  long  and  gener- 
ally used  in  botanical  descriptions,  but  the  latter  is  the  more  correct  one, 
for  it  is  the  initial  stem,  which  merely  gives  origin  to  the  root),  as  to  its 
position  in  the  seed,  always  points  to  and  lies  near  the  micropyle.     In  re- 
lation to  the  pericarp  it  is 

Superior,  when  it  points  to  the  apex  of  the  fruit  or  cell,  and 
Inferior,  when  it  points  to  its  base,  or  downward. 

390.  The  Cotyledons  have  already  been  illustrated  as  re- 
spects their  number,  — giving  the  important  distinction  of  Dicoty- 
ledonous, Polycotyledonous  and  Monocotyledonous  embryos  (36-43), 
—  also  as  regards  their  thickness,  whether  foliaceous  or  fleshy  ; 

and  some  of  the  very  various  shapes  and  adaptations  to  the  seed  have  been 
figured.     They  may  be  straight,  or  folded,  or  rolled  up.     In  the  latter 
case  the  cotyledons  may  be  rolled  up  as  it  were  from  one  margin,  as 
in  Calycanthus  (Fig.  424),  or  from  apex  to  base  in 
a  flat  spiral,  or  they  may  be  both  folded  (plicate) 
and  rolled  up  (convolute),  as  in  Sugar  Maple  (Fig. 
11.)     In  one  very  natural  family,  the  Cruciferae,  two 
different  modes  prevail  in  the  way  the  two  cotyledons 
are  brought  round  against  the  radicle.     In  one  series 
425  426       they  are 

FIG.  420.   Seed  of  a  Violet  (anatropous) :  o,  hilum;  b,  rhaphe;  c,  chalaza. 

FIG.  421.  Seed  of  a  Larkspur  (also  anatropous);  the  parts  lettered  as  in  the  last. 

FIG.  422.  The  same,  cut  through  lengthwise:  a,  the  hilum;  c,  chalaza;  d,  outer 
seed-coat;  «,  inner  seed-coat;  /,  the  albumen;  g,  the  minute  embryo. 

FIG.  423.  Seed  of  a  St.  John's- wort,  divided  lengthwise;  here  the  whole  kernel 
is  embryo. 

FIG.  424.  Embryo  of  Calycanthus;  upper  part  cut  away,  to  show  the  convolute 
cotyledons. 

FIG.  425.  Seed  of  Bitter  Cress,  Barbarea,  cut  across  to  show  the  aecumbent 
cotyledons.  426.  Embryo  of  same,  whole. 


128  VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK,          [SECTION   16. 

Aecnmlent,  that  is,  the  edges  of  the  flat  cotyledons  lie  against  the  radicle, 
as  in  Fig.  425,  426.    In  another  they  are 

Incumbent,  or  with  the  plane  of  the  cotyledons  brought  up  in  the  opposite 
direction,  so  that  the  back  of  one  of  them  lies  against 
the  radicle,  as  shown  in  Fig.  427,  428. 

391.   As  to  the  situation  of  the  embryo  with  respect 
to  the  albumen  of  the  seed,  when  this  is  present  in  any 
quantity,  the  embryo  may  be  Axile,  that  is  occupying 
427  428       the  axis  or  centre,  either  for  most  of  its  length,  as  in 

Violet  (Fig.  429),  Barberry  (Fig.  48),  and 
Pine  (Fig.  56) ;  and  in  these  it  is  straight. 
But  it  may  be  variously  curved  or  coiled 
in  the  albumen,  as  in  Helianthemum 
(Fig.  430),  in  a  Potato-seed  (Fig.  50), 
or  Onion-seed  (Fig.  60),  and  Linden 
(Fig.  414) ;  or  it  may  be  coiled  around 
the  outside  of  the  albumen,  partly  or  into  a  circle,  as  in  Chickweed  (Fig. 
431, 432)  and  in  Mirabilis  (Fig.  52).  The  latter  mode  prevails  in  Campylo- 
tropous  seeds.  In  the  cereal  grains,  such  as  Indian 
Corn  (Fig.  67)  and  Rice,  430 «),  and  in  all  other 
Grasses,  the  embryo  b  straight  and  applied  to  the 
outside  of  the  abundant  albumen. 
392.  The  matured  seed,  with  embryo  ready  to  germinate  and  reproduce 
the  kind,  completes  the  cycle  of  the  vegetable  life  in  a  phanerogamous 
plant,  the  account  of  which  began  with  the  seed  and  seedling. 


SECTION  XVI.    VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WOEK. 

393.  The  following  simple  outlines  of  the  anatomy  and  physiology  ot 
plants  (3)  are  added  to  the  preceding  structural  part  for  the  better  prepar- 
ation of  students  in  descriptive  and  systematic  botany ;  also  to  give  to  all 
learners  some  general  idea  of  the  life,  growth,  intimate  structure,  and  action 
of  the  beings  which  compose  so  large  a  part  of  organic  nature.  Those  who 
would  extend  and  verify  the  facts  and  principles  here  outlined  will  use  the 
Physiological  Botany  of  the  "  Botanical  Text  Book,"  by  Professor  Goodale, 
or  some  similar  book. 

FIG.  427.  Seed  of  a  Sisymbrium,  cut  across  to  sbow  the  incumbent  cotyledons. 
428.  Embryo  of  the  same,  detached  whole. 

FIG.  429.  Section  of  seed  of  Violet ;  anatropous  with  straight  axile  embryo  in 
the  albumen.  430.  Section,  of  seed  of  Rock  Rose,  Helianthemum  Canadense  ; 
orthotropous,  with  curved  embryo  in  the  albumen.  430°.  Section  of  a  grain  of 
Rice,  lengthwise,  showing  the  embryo  outside  the  albumen,  which  forms  the 
principal  bulk. 

FIG.  431.  Seed  of  a  Chickweed,  campylotropous.  432.  Section  of  same,  show' 
ing  slender  embryo  coiled  around  the  outside  of  the  albumen  of  the  kernel. 


SECTION   16.]  STRUCTURE  AND  GROWTH.  129 


§  1.    ANATOMICAL  STRUCTURE  AND  GROWTH. 

394.  Growth  is  the  increase  of  a  living  thing  in  size  and  substance*    It 
appears  so  natural  that  plants  and  animals  should  grow,  that  one  rarely 
thinks  of  it  as  requiring  explanation.     It  seems  enough  to  say  that  a  thing 
is  so  because  it  grew  so.     Growth  from  the  seed,  the  germination  and  de- 
velopment of  an  embryo  into  a  plantlet,  and  at  length  into  a  mature  plant 
(as  illustrated  in  Sections  II.  and  III.),  can  be  followed  by  ordinary  obser- 
vation.    But  the  embryo  is  already  a  miniature  plantlet,  sometimes  with 
hardly  any  visible  distinction  of  parts,  but  often  one  which  has  already 
made  very  considerable  growth  in  the  seed.     To  investigate  the  formation 
and  growth  of  the  embryo  itself  requires  well-trained  eyes  and  hands,  and 
the  expert  use  of  a  good  compound  microscope.    So  this  is  beyond  the 
reach  of  a  beginner. 

395.  Moreover,  although  observation  may  show  that  a  seedling,  weigh- 
ing only  two  or  three  grains,  may  double  its  bulk  and  weight  every  week 
of  its  early  growth,  and  may  in  time  produce  a  huge  amount  of  vegetable 
matter,  it  is  still  to  be  asked  what  this  vegetable  matter  is,  where  it  came 
from,  and  by  what  means  plants  are  able  to  increase  and  accumulate  it,  and 
build  it  up  into  the  fabric  of  herbs  and  shrubs  and  lofty  trees. 

396.  Protoplasm.    All  this  fabric  was  built  up  under  life,  but  only  a 
small  portion  of  it  is  at  any  one  time  alive.     As  growth  proceeds,  life  is 
passed  on  from  the  old  to  the  new  parts,  much  as  it  has  passed  on  from 
parent  to  offspring,  from  generation  to  generation  in  unbroken  continuity. 
Protoplasm  is  the  common  name  of  that  plant-stuff  in  which  life  essentially 
resides.     All  growth  depends  upon  it;  for  it  has  the  peculiar  power  of 
growing  and  multiplying  and  building  up  a  living  structure,  —  the  animal 
MO  less  than  the  vegetable  structure,  for  it  is  essentially  the  same  in  both. 
Indeed,  all  the  animal  protoplasm  comes  primarily  from  the  vegetable, 
which  has  the  prerogative  of  producing  it ;  and  the  protoplasm  of  plants 
furnishes  all  that  portion  of  the  food  of  animals  which  forms  their  flesh 
and  living  fabric. 

397-  The  very  simplest  plants  (if  such  may  specifically  be  called  plants 
rather  than  animals,  or  one  may  say,  the  simplest  living  things)  are  mere 
particles,  or  pellets,  or  threads,  or  even' indefinite  masses  of  protoplasm  of 
vague  form,  which  possess  powers  of  motion  or  of  changing  their  shape, 
of  imbibing  water,  air,  and  even  other  matters,  and  of  assimilating  these 
into  plant-stuff  for  their  own  growth  and  multiplication.  Their  growth 
is  increase  in  substance  by  incorporation  of  that  which  they  take  in  and 
assimilate.  Their  multiplication  is  by  spontaneous  division  of  their  sub- 
stance or  body  into  two  or  more,  each  capable  of  continuing  the  process. 

398.  The  embryo  of  a  phanerogamous  plant  at  its  beginning  (344)  is  es- 
sentially such  a  globule  of  protoplasm,  which  soon  constricts  itself  into  two 
and  more  such  globules,  which  hold  together  inseparably  in  a  row ;  then 
the  last  of  the  row  divides  without  separation  in  the  two  other  planes,  tc 


130 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION   16. 


form  a  compound  mass,  each  grain  or  globule  of  which  goes  on  to  double 
itself  as  it  grows;  aud  the  definite  shaping  of  this  still  increasing  mass 
builds  up  the  embryo  into  its  form. 

399.  Cell-walls.  While  this  growth  was  going  on,  each  grain  of  the 
forming  structure  formed  and  clothed  itself  with  a  coat,  tliiu  and  trans« 
parent,  of  something  different  from  protoplasm,  —  something  which  hardly 

©and  only  transiently,  if  at  all,  partakes  of  the  life  and  action. 
The  protoplasm  forms  the  living  organism ;  the  coat  is  a  kind 
433         °f  protective  covering  or  shelL     The  protoplasm,  like  the 
flesh  of  animals  which  it  gives  rise  to,  is  composed  of  four 

§  chemical  elements:  Carbon,  Hydrogen,  Oxygen,  and  Nitro- 
gen. The  coating  is  of  the  nature  of  wood  (is,  indeed,  that 
which  makes  wood),  and  has  only  the  three  elements,  Car. 
bon,  Hydrogen,  and  Oxygen,  in  its  composition. 

400.  Although  the  forming  structure  of  an  embryo  in 
the  fertilized  ovule  is  very  minute  and  difficult  to  see,  there 
are  many  simple  plants  of  lowest  grade,  abounding  in  pools 
of  water,  which  more  readily  show  the  earlier  stages  or  sim- 
plest states  of  plant-growth.  One  of  these,  which  is  common 
in  early  spring,  requires  only  moderate  magnifying  power 
to  bring  to  view  what  is  shown  in  Fig.  437.  In  a  slimy 
mass  which  holds  all  loosely  together,  little  spheres  of  green 
vegetable  matter  are  seen,  assembled  in  fours, 
and  these  fours  themselves  in  clusters  of  fours. 
A  transient  inspection  shows,  what  prolonged 
watching  would  confirm,  that  each  sphere  di- 
vides first  in  one  plane,  then  in  the  other,  to 
make  four,  soon  acquiring  the  size  of  the  original,  and  so  on, 
producing  successive  groups  of  fours.  These  pellets  each 
form  on  their  surface  a  transparent  wall,  like  that  just  des- 
cribed. The  delicate  wall  is  for  some  time  capable  of  expan- 
sive growth,  but  is  from  the  first  much  firmer  than  the 
protoplasm  within;  through  it  the  latter  imbibes  sur- 
rounding moisture,  which  becomes  a  watery  sap,  occupy- 
ing vacuities  in  the  protoplasmic  mass  which  enlarge  or 
run  together  as  the  periphery  increases  and  distends. 
When  full  grown  the  protoplasm  may  become  a  mere  lining 
to  the  wall,  or  some  of  it  central,  as  a  nucleus,  this  usually  connected  with 
the  wall-lining  by  delicate  threads  of  the  same  substance.  So,  when  full 
grown,  the  wall  with  its  lining — a  vesicle,  containing  liquid  or  some 

Flo.  433-436.  Figures  to  illustrate  the  earlier  stages  in  the  formation  of  an 
embryo ;  a  single  mass  of  protoplasm  (Fig.  433)  dividing  into  two,  three,  and  then 
into  more  incipient  cells,  which  by  continued  multiplication  build  up  an  embryo. 

FIG.  437.  Magnified  view  of  some  of  a  simple  fresh  water  Alga,  the  Tetraspora 
hibrica,  each  sphere  of  which  may  answer  to  an  individual  plant 


Q 


O 
Q 


ooop 

QQQQ 

Q©  OQ 
OO  CO 

437 


SKCTION   16.]  ANATOMICAL  STRUCTURE. 


131 


solid  matters  and  in  age  mos%  air  —  naturally  came  to  be  named  a  CELL. 
Bat  the  name  was  suggested  by,  and  first  used  only  for,  cells  in  combination 
or  built  up  into  a  fabric,  much  as  a  wall  is  built  of  bricks,  that  is,  into  a 

401.  Cellular  Structure  or  Tissue.  Suppose  numerous  cells  like 
those  of  Fig.  437  to  be  heaped  up  like  a  pile  of  cannon-balls,  and  as  they 
grew,  to  be  compacted  together  while  soft  and  yielding ;  they  would  flatten 
where  they  touched,  and  each  sphere, 
being  touched  by  twelve  surrounding 
ones  would  become  twelve-sided.  Fig. 
438  would  represent  one  of  them. 
Suppose  the  contiguous  faces  to  be 
united  into  one  wall  or  partition  be- 
tween adjacent  cavities,  and  a  cellular 
itructure  would  be  formed,  like  that 
shown  in  Fig.  439.  Hoots,  stems,  leaves, 
and  the  whole  of  phan- 
erogamous plants  are  a 
fabric  of  countless  num- 
bers of  sucli  cells.  No 
such  exact  regularity  in 
size  and  shape  is  ever 
actually  found ;  but  a  nearly  truthful  magnified  view  of  a  small  portion  of 
a  slice  of  the  flower-stalk  of  a  Calla  Lily  (Fig.  440)  shows  a  fairly  oorres 


ponding  structure;  except  that,  owing  to  the  great  air-spaces  of  the  interior, 
the  fabric  may  be  likened  rather  to  a  stack  of  chimneys  than  to  a  solid 
fabric.  In  young  and  partly  transparent  parts  one  may  discern  the  cel- 
lular structure  by  looking  down  directly  on  the  surface,  as  of  a  form- 
ing root.  (Fig.  82,  441,  442). 

402.  The  substance  of  which  cell-walls  are  mainly  composed  is  called 
CELLULOSE.  It  is  essentially  the  same  in  the  stem  of  a  delicate  leaf  or 
petal  and  in  the  wood  of  an  Oak,  except  that  in  the  latter  the  walls  are 

Fio.  438.  Diagram  of  a  vegetable  cell,  such  as  it  would  be  if  when  spherical  it 
were  equally  pressed  by  similar  surrounding  cells  in  a  heap. 

FIG.  439.    Ideal  construction  of  cellular  tissue  so  formed,  in  section. 

FIG.  440.  Magnified  view  of  a  portion  of  a  transverse  slice  of  stem  of  Calla 
Lilv.  The  great  spaces  are  tubtrtar  air-channels  built  up  bv  the  op.lla. 


132 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION   16. 


much  thickened  and  the  calibre  small.  The  protoplasm  of  each  living  cell 
appears  to  be  completely  shut  up  and  isolated  in  its  shell  of  cellulose  ;  but 
microscopic  investigation  has  brought  to  view,  in  many  cases,  minute 
threads  of  protoplasm  which  here  and  there  traverse 
the  cell-wall  through  minute  pores,  thus  connecting 
the  living  portion  of  one  cell  with  that  of  adjacent 
cells.  (See  Fig.  447,  &c.) 

403.  The  hairs  of  plants  are  cells  formed  on  the 
surface ;  either  elongated  single  cells 
(like  the  root-hairs  of  Fig.  441,  442), 
or  a  row  of  shorter  cells.  Cotton 
fibres  are  long  and  simple  cells  grow- 
ing from  the  surface  of  the  seed. 

404.  The  size  of  the  cells  of  which 
common  plants  are  made  up  varies 
from  about  the  thirtieth  to  the  thou- 
sandth of  an  inch  in  diameter.  An 
ordinary  size  of  short  or  roundish 
cells  is  from  -gfa  to  -fa  of  an  inch ;  so  that  there  may  generally  be  from 
27  to  125  millions  of  cells  in  the  compass  of  a  cubic  inch  1 

405.  Some  parts  are  built  up  as  a  compact  structure  ;  in  others  cells 
are  arranged  so  as  to  build  up  regular  air- 

channels,  as  in  the  stems  of  aquatic  and  other  IjjIiHf: 
water-loving  plants  (Fig.  440),  or  to  leave    Wjj$ 
irregular  spaces,  as  in  the  lower  part  of  most  ^M^ 
leaves,  where  the  cells  only  here  and  there 
come  into  close  contact  (Fig.  443). 

406.  All  such  soft  cellular  tissue,  like 
this  of  leaves,  that  of  pith,  and  of  the  green 
bark,  is  called  PARENCHYMA,  while  fibrous 
and  woody  parts  are  composed  of  PBOSEN- 
CHYMA,  that  is,  of  peculiarly  transformed 

407.  Strengthening  Cells.     Common  cellular  tissue,  which  makes  uu 
the  whole  structure  of  all  very  young  plants,  and  the  whole  of  Mosses 
and  other  vegetables  of  the  lowest  grade,  even  when  full  grown,  is  too 
tender  or  too  brittle  to  give  needful  strength  and  toughness  for  plants 
which  are  to  rise  to  any  considerable  height  and  support  themselves.     In 
these  needful  strength  is  imparted,  and  the  conveyance  of  sap  through  the 
plant  is  facilitated,  by  the  change,  as  they  are  formed,  of  some  cells  into 
thicker-walled  and  tougher  tubes,  and  by  the  running  together  of  some  of 

Fia.  441.  Much  magnified  small  portion  of  young  root  of  a  seedling  Maple 
(such  as  of  Fig.  82) ;  and  442,  a  few  cells  cf  same  more  magnified.  The  prolonga- 
tions from  the  back  of  some  of  the  cells  are  root-hairs. 

FIQ.  443.  Magnified  section  through  the  thickness  of  a  leaf  of  Florida  Star- 
Anise. 


SECTION   16.]  ANATOMICAL  STRUCTURE. 


133 


these,  or  the  prolongation  of  others,  into  hollow  fibres  or  tubes  of  various  size. 
Two  sorts  of  such  transformed  cells  go  together,  and  essentially  form  the 

408.  Wood.    This  is  found  in  all  common  herbs,  as  well  as  in  shrubs 
and  trees,  but  the  former  have  much  less  of  it  in  proportion  to  the  softer 
cellular  tissue.     It  is  formed  very  early  in  the  growth  of  the  root,  stem, 
and  leaves,  —  traces  of  it  appearing  in  large  embryos  even  while  yet  in  the 
seed.    Those  cells  that  lengthen,  and  at  the  same  time  thicken  their  walls 
form  the  proper  WOODY  FIBRE  or  WOOD-CELLS  ;  those  of  larger  size  and 
thinner  walls,  which  are  thickened  only  in  certain  parts  so  as  to  have 
peculiar  markings,  and  which  often  are  seen 

to  be  made  up  of  a  row  of  cylindrical  cells, 
with  the  partitions  between  absorbed  or  bro- 
ken away,  are  called  DUCTS,  or  sometimes 
VESSELS.  There  are  all  gradations  between 
wood-cells  and  ducts,  and  between  both  these 
and  common  cells.  But  in  most  plants  the 
three  kinds  are  fairly  distinct. 

409.  The  proper  cellular  tissue,  or  paren- 
chyma, is  the  ground-work  of  root,  stem,  and 
leaves ;  this  is  traversed,  chiefly  lengthwise, 
by  the  strengthening  and  conducting  tissue, 
wood-cells  and  duct-cells,   in  the  form   of 
bundles  or  threads,  which,  in  the  stems  and 
stalks  of  herbs  are  fewer  and  comparatively 
scattered,  but  in  shrubs  and  trees  so  numer- 
rous  and  crowded  that  in  the  stems  and 
all  permanent  parts  they  make  a  solid  mass 
of  wood.     They  extend  into  and  ramify  in 
the  leaves,  spreading  out  in  a  horizontal 
plane,  as  the  framework  of  ribs  and  veins, 
which  supports  the  softer  cellular  portion  or 
parenchyma, 

410.  Wood-Cells,  or  Woody  Fibres, 
consist  of  tubes,  commonly  between  one  and 

two  thousandths,  but  in  Pine-wood  sometimes  two  or  three  hundredths, 
of  an  inch  in  diameter.    Those  from  the  tough  bark  of  the  Basswood, 


FIG.  444.  Magnified  wood-cells  of  the  bark  (bast-cells)  of  Basswood,  one  and 
part  of  another.  445.  Some  wood-cells  from  the  wood  (and  below  part  of  a  duct); 
and  446,  a  detached  wood-cell  of  the  same ;  equally  magnified. 

FIG.  447.  Some  wood-cells  from  Buttonwood,  Platanus,  highly  magnified,  a 
whole  cell  and  lower  end  of  another  on  the  left ;  a  cell  cut  half  away  lengthwise, 
and  half  of  another  on  the  right ;  some  pores  or  pits  (a)  seen  on  the  left;  while 
b  b  mark  sections  through  these  on  the  cut  surface.  When  living  and  young  the 
protoplasm  extends  into  these  and  by  minuter  perforations  connects  across  them. 
In  age  the  pits  become  open  passages,  facilitating  the  passage  of  sap  and  air 


134 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION   Ifi, 


A 


shown  in  Fig.  444,  are  only  the  fifteen-hundredth  of  an  inch  wide.  Those 
of  Buttonwood  (Fig.  447)  are  larger,  and  are  here  highly  magnified  besides. 
The  figures  show  the  way  wood-cells  are  commonly  put  together,  namely, 
with  their  tapering  ends  overlapping  each  other,  —  spliced  together,  as  it 
were,  —  thus  giving  more  strength  and  toughness.  In  hard  woods,  such 
as  Hickory  and  Oak,  the  walls  of  these  tubes  are  very  thick,  as  well  as 
dense ;  while  in  soft  woods,  such  as  White-Pine  and  Basswood,  they  are 
thinner. 

411.  Wood-cells  in  the  bark  are  generally  louger,  finer,  and  tougher 
than  those  of  the  proper  wood,  and  appear  more  like  fibres.  Tor  example, 
Fig.  446  represents  a  cell  of  the  wood  of  Basswood  of  average  length,  and 
Fig.  444  one  (and  part  of  another)  of  the  fibrous  bark,  both  drawn  to  the 
same  scale.  As  these  long  cells  form  the  principal  part  of  fibrous  bark,  or 
bast,  they  are  named  Bast-cells  or  Bast-Jibres.  These  give  the  great  tough- 
ness and  flexibility  to  the  inner  bark  of  Basswood  (i.  e.  Bast-wood)  and  of 
Leatherwood;  and  they  furnish  the  invaluable  fibres  of  flax  and  hemp; 

the  proper  wood  of  their  stems 
being  tender,  brittle,  and  de- 
j  stroyed  by  the  processes  which 
separate  for  use  the  tough  and 
slender  bast-cells.  In  Leather- 
wood  (Dirca)  the  bast-cells  are 
remarkably  slender.  A  view  of 
one,  if  magnified  on  the  scale 
of  Fig.  444,  would  be  a  foot 
and  a  half  long. 

412.  The  wood-cells  of  Pines, 
and  more  or  less  of  all  other  Coniferous  trees,  have  on  two  of  their  sides 
very  peculiar  disk-shaped  markings  (Fig.  448-450)  by  which  that  kind  of 
wood  is  recognizable. 

413.  Ducts,  also  called  VESSELS,  are  mostly  larger 
than  wood-cells :  indeed,  some  of  them,  as  in  Red  Oak, 
have  calibre  large  enough  to  be  discerned  on  a  cross 
section  by  the  naked  eye.  They  make  the  visible  porosity 
of  such  kinds  of  wood.  This  is  particularly  the  case  with 
Dotted  ducts  (Fig.  451,  452),  the  surface  of  which 
appears  as  if  riddled  with  round  or  oval  pores.  Such 
ducts  are  commonly  made  up  of  a  row  of  large  cells  more 
or  less  confluent  into  a  tube. 

Scalariform  ducts  (Fig.  458,  459),  common  in  Ferns, 
and  generally  angled  by  mutual  pressure  in  the  bundles, 

Fio.  448.  Magnified  bit  of  a  pine-shaving,  taken  parallel  with  the  silver  grain. 
449.  Separate  whole  wood-cell,  more  magnified.  450.  Same,  still  more  magnified} 
both  sections  represented  :  a,  disks  in  section,  6,  in  face. 

FlQ-  451.  452.   A  large  and  a  smaller  dotted  duct  from  Grape-Vine. 


••^/ 

\J 


452 


SECTION   16.]  ANATOMICAL  STRUCTURE. 


135 


have  transversely  elongated  thin  places,  parallel  with  each  other,  giving 
a  ladder-like  appearance,  whence  the  name. 

Annular  ducts  (Fig.  457)  are  marked  with  cross  lines  or  rings,  which 
are  thickened  portions  of  the  cell-wall. 


457 

Spiral  ducts  or  vessels  (Fig.  453-455)  have  thin  walls,  strengthened  by 
a  spiral  fibre  adherent  within.  This  is  as  delicate  and  as  strong  as  spider- 
web  :  when  uncoiled  by  pulling  apart, 
it  tears  up  and  annihilates  the  cell- 
wall.  The  uncoiled  threads  are  seen 
by  gently  pulling  apart  many  leaves, 
such  as  those  of  Amaryllis,  or  the 
stalk  of  a  Strawberry  leaflet. 

Laticiferous  ducts,  Vessels  of  the 
Latex,  or  Milk-vessels  are  peculiar 
branching  tubes  which  hold  latex  or 
milky  juice  in  certain  plants.  It  is 
very  difficult  to  see  them,  and  more 
so  to  make  out  their  nature.  They 
are  peculiar  in  branching  and  inosculating,  so  as  to  make  a  net-work  of 
tubes,  running  in  among  the  cellular  tissue;  and  they  are  very  small, 
except  when  gorged  and  old  (Fig.  460,  461). 

Fio.  453,  454.  Spiral  ducts  which  uncoil  into  a  single  thread.  455.  Spiral 
duct  which  tears  up  as  a  band.  456.  An  annular  duct,  with  variations  above. 
457.  Loose  spiral  duct  passing  into  annular.  458.  Scalariform  ducts  of  a  Fern; 
part  of  a  bundle,  prismatic  by  pressure.  459.  One  torn  into  a  band. 

FIQ.  460.  Milk  Vessels  of  Dandelion,  with  cells  of  the  common  cellular  tissue. 
461.  Others  from  the  same  older  and  gorged  with  milky  juice.  All  highly  mag- 
nified. 


136  VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  GROWTH.       [SECTION   16. 


}  2.    CELL-CONTENTS. 

414.  The  living  contents  of  young  and  active  cells  are  mainly  protoplasm 
with  water  or  watery  sap  which  this  has  imbibed.     Old  and  effete  cells  are 
often  empty  of  solid  matter,  containing  only  water  with  whatever  may  be 
dissolved  in  it,  or  air,  according  to  the  time  and  circumstances.    All  the 
various  products  which  plants  in  general  elaborate,  or  which  particular 
plants  specially  elaborate,  out  of  the  common  food  which  they  derive  from 
the  soil  and  the  air,  are  contained  in  the  cells,  and  in  the  cells  they  are 
produced. 

415.  Sap  is  a  general  name  for  the  principal  liquid  contents,  —Crude  sap, 
for  that  which  the  plant  takes  in,  Elaborated  sap  for  what  it  has  digested  or 
assimilated.     They  must  be  undistinguishably  mixed  in  the  cells. 

416.  Among  the  solid  matters  into  which  cells  convert  some  of  their 
elaborated  sap  two  are  general  and  most  important.    These  are  Chlorophyll 
and  Starch. 

417.  Chlorophyll  (meaning  leaf-green)  is  what  gives  the  green  color  to 
herbage.    It  consists  of  soft  grains  of  rather  complex  nature,  partly  wax- 
like,  partly  protoplasmic.     These  abound  in  the  cells  of  all  common  leaves 
and  the  green  rind  of  plants,  wherever  exposed  to  the  light.     The  green 
nolor  is  seen  through  the  transparent  skin  of  the  leaf  and  the  walls  of  the 
containing  cells.    Chlorophyll  is  essential  to  ordinary  assimilation  in  plants  : 

.  by  its  means,  under  the  influence  of  sunlight,  the  plant  converts  crude  sap 
into  vegetable  matter. 

418.  Tar  the  largest  part  of  all  vegetable  matter  produced  is  that  which 
goes  to  build  up  the  plant's  fabric  or  cellular  structure,  either  directly  or 
indirectly.     There  is  no  one  good  name  for  this  most  important  product  of 
vegetation.     In  its  final  state  of  cell-walls,  the  permanent  fabric  of  herb 
and  shrub  and  tree,  it  is  called  Cellulose  (408) :  in  its  most  soluble  form 
it  is  Sugar  of  one  or  another  kind ;  in  a  less  soluble  form  it  is  Dextrine,  a 
kind  of  liquefied  starch :  in  the  form  of  solid  grains  stored  up  in  the  cells 
it  is  Starch.     By  a  series  of  slight  chemical  changes  (mainly  a  variation  in 
the  water  entering  into  the  composition),  one  of  these  forms  is  converted 
into  another. 

419.  Starch  (Farina  or  Fecula)  is  the  form  in  which  this  common  plant 
material  is,  as  it  were,  laid  by  for  future  use.     It  consists  of  solid  grains, 
somewhat  different  in  form  in  different  plants,  in  size  varying  from  -g^-g-  to 
3-^jft,  of  an  inch,  partly  translucent  when  wet,  and  of  a  pearly  lustre.    From 
the  concentric  lines,  which  commonly  appear  under  the  microscope,  the 
grains  seem  to  be  made  up  of  layer  over  layer.     When  loose  they  are  com- 
monly  oval,  as  in  potato-starch  (Fig.  462)  :   when  much  compacted  the 
grains  may  become  angular  (Fig.  463). 

420.  The  starch  in  a  potato  was  produced  in  the  foliage.    In  the  soluble 
form  of  dextrine,  or  that  of  sugar,  it  was  conveyed  through  the  cells  of  the 
herbage  and  stalks  to  a  subterranean  shoot,  and  there  stored  up  in  the 


SECTION   16.) 


CELL-CONTENTS. 


137 


tuber.     When  the  potato  sprouts,  the  starch  in  the  vicinity  of  developing 

buds  or  eyes  is  changed  back  again,  first  into  mucilaginous  dextrine,  then 

into  sugar,  dissolved 

in  the  sap,  and  in  this 

form  it  is   made  to 

flow  to  the  growing 

parts,  where  it  is  laid 

down  into  cellulose 

or  cell-wall. 

421.  Besides  these  cell-contents  which  are  in  obvious  and  essential  rela- 
tion to  nutrition,  there  are  others  the  use  of  which  is  problematical.     Of 
such  the  commonest  are 

422.  Crystals.     These  when    slender    or    needle-shaped    are    called 
RHAPHIDES.   They  are  of  inorganic  matter,  usually  of  oxalate  or  phosphate 
or  sulphate  of  lime.     Some,  at  least  of  the  latter,  may  be  direct  crystalliza- 


tions of  what  is  taken  in  dissolved  in  the  water  absorbed,  but  others  must 
be  the  result  of  some  elaboration  in  the  plant.  Some  plants  have  hardly 
any  ;  others  abound  in  them,  especially  in  the  foliage  and  bark.  In  Locust- 
bark  almost  every  cell  holds  a  crystal ;  so  that  in  a  square  inch  not  thicker 
than  writing-paper  there  may  be  over  a  million  and  a  half  of  them.  When 

FIG.  462.  Some  magnified  starch-grains,  in  two  cells  of  a  potato.  463.  Some 
cells  of  the  albumen  or  floury  part  of  Indian  Corn,  filled  with  starch-grains. 

FIG.  464.  Four  cells  from  dried  Onion-peel,  each  holding  a  crystal  of  different 
shape,  one  of  them  twinned.  465.  Some  cells  from  stalk  of  Rhubarb-plant,  three 
containing  chlorophyll ;  two  (one  torn  across)  with  rhaphides.  466.  Rhaphides 
in  a  cell,  from  Arisaema,  with  small  cells  surrounding.  467.  Prismatic  crystals 
from  the  bark  of  Hickory.  468.  Glomerate  crystal  in  a  cell,  from  Beet-root. 
469.  A  few  cells  of  Locust-bark,  a  crystal  in  each.  470.  A  detached  cell,  with 
rhaphides  being  forced  out,  as  happens  when  put  in  water. 


138 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.          [SECTION   16. 


needle-shaped  (rhaphides),  as  in  stalks  of  Calla-Lily,  Rhubarb,  or  Four- 
o'clock,  they  are  usually  packed  in  sheaf-like  bundles.    (Fig.  465,  466.) 


f  3.    ANATOMY  OP  BOOTS  AND  STEMS. 

423.  This  is  so  nearly  the  same  that  an  account  of  the  internal  structure 
of  stems  may  serve  for  the  root  also. 

424.  At  the  beginning,  either  in  the  embryo  or  in  an  incipient  shoot 
from  a  bud,  the  whole  stem  is  of  tender  cellular  tissue  or  parenchyma. 
But  wood  (consisting  of  wood-cells  and  ducts  or  vessels)  begins  to  be 
formed  in  the  earliest  growth  ;  and  is  from  the  first  arranged  in  two  ways, 
making  two  general  kinds  of  wood.     The  difference  is  obvious  even  in 
herbs,  but  is  more  conspicuous  in  the  enduring  stems   of  shrubs  and 


425.  On  one  or  the  other  of  these  two  types  the  stems  of  all  phanero- 
gamous plants  are  constructed.     In  one,  the  wood  is  made  up  of  separate 
threads,  scattered  here  and  there  throughout  the  whole  diameter  of  the 
stem.    In  the  other,  the  wood  is  all  collected  to  form  a  layer  (in  a  slice 
across  the  stem  appearing  as  a  ring)  between  a  central  cellular  part  which 
has  none  in  it,  the  Pith,  and  an  outer  cellular  part,  the  Bark. 

426.  An  Asparagus-shoot  and  a  Corn-stalk  for  herbs,  and  a  rattan  for  a 

woody  kind,  represent  the  first  kind.  To  it 
belong  all  plants  with  monocotyledonous  em- 
bryo (40).  A  Bean-stalk 
and  the  stem  of  any  com- 
mon shrub  or  tree  rep- 
resent the  second;  and 


471  472 

to  it  belong  all  plants  with  dicotyledonous  or  polycotyledonous  embryo. 
The  first  has  been  called,  not  very  properly,  Endogenous,  which  means  in- 
side-growing ;  the  second,  properly  enough,  Exogenous,  or  outside-growing. 
427.  Endogenous  Stems,  those  of  Monocotyls  (40),  attain  their 
greatest  size  and  most  characteristic  development  "in  Palms  and  Dragon- 
trees,  therefore  chiefly  in  warm  climates,  although  the  Palmetto  and  some 

Pro.  471.  Diagram  of  structure  of  Palm  or  Yucca.  472.  Structure  of  a  Ooid- 
stalk,  in  transverse  and  longitudinal  section.  473.  Same  of  a  small  Palm-stem. 
The  dots  on  the  cross  sections  represent  cut  ends  of  the  vroody  bundles  or  threads. 


SECTION   16.] 


ANATOMY  OF  STEMS. 


139 


Yuccas  become  trees  along  the  southern  borders  of  the  United  States.  la 
such  stems  the  woody  bundles  are  more  numerous  and  crowded  toward  the 
circumference,  and  so  the  harder  wood  is  outside ;  while  in  an  exogenous 
stem  the  oldest  and  hardest  wood  is  toward  the  centre.  An  endogenous 
stem  has  no  clear  distinction  of  pith,  bark,  and  wood,  concentrically  ar- 
ranged, no  silver  grain,  no  annual  layers,  no  bark  that  peels  off  clean  from 
the  wood.  Yet  old  steins  of  Yuccas  and  the  like,  that  continue  to  increase 
in  diameter,  do  form  a  sort  of  layers  and  a  kind  of  scaly  bark  when  old. 
Yuccas  show  well  the  curving  of  the  woody  bundles  (Fig.  471)  which 
below  taper  out  and  are  lost  at  the  rind. 

428.  Exogenous  Stems,  those  of  Dicotyls  (37),  or  of  plants  coming 
from  dicotyledonous  and  also  polycotyledouous  embryos,  have 
a  structure  which  is  familiar  in  the  wood  of  our  ordinary 
trees  and  shrubs.  It  is  the  same  in  an  herbaceous  shoot 
(such  as  a  Flax-stem,  Fig.  474)  as  in  a  Maple-stem  of  the 
first  year's  growth,  except  that  the  woody  layer  is  com- 
monly thinner  or  perhaps  reduced  to  a  circle  of  bundles. 
It  was  so  in  the  tree-stem  at  the  beginning.  The  wood  all 
forms  in  a  cylinder,  —  in  cross  section  a  ring  —  around  a  cen- 
tral cellular  part,  dividing  the  cellular  core  within,  the  pith,  from  a  celliv 
lar  bark  without.  As  the  wood-bundles  increase  in  number  and  in  size, 


they  press  upon  each  other  and  become  -wedge-shaped  in  the  cross  sec- 
tion ;  and  they  continue  to  grow  from  the  outside,  next  the  bark,  so  that 
they  become  very  thin  wedges  or  plates.  Between  the  plates  or  wedges 
are  very  thin  plates  (in  cross  section  lines)  of  mnch  compressed  cellular 
tissue,  which  connect  the  pith  with  the  bark.  The  plan  of  a  one-year-old 
woody  stem  of  this  kind  is  exhibited  in  the  figures,  which  are  essentially 
diagrams. 
429.  Wlien  such  a  stem  grows  on  from  year  to  year,  it  adds  annually  a 

Pio.  474.  Short  piece  of  stem  of  Flax,  magnified,  showing  the  bark,  wood,  and 
pith  in  a  cross  section. 

FIG.  475.  Diagram  of  a  cross  section  of  a  very  young  exogenous  stem,  showing 
six  woody  V.nndles  or  wedges.  476.  Same  later,  with  wedges  increased  to  twelve. 
477.  Still  later,  the  wedges  filling  the  space,  separated  only  by  the  thin  lines,  or 
medullary  rays,  running  from  pith  to  bark. 


140 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION   16. 


layer  of  wood  outside  the  preceding  one,  between  that  and  the  bark.     This 
is  exogenous  growth,  or  outside-growing,  as  the  name  denotes. 

430.   Some  new  bark  is  formed  every  year,  as  well  as  new  wood,  the 

former  inside,  as  the  latter 
is  outside  of  that  of  the 
year  preceding.  The  ring 
or  zone  of  tender  forming 
tissue  between  the  bark 
and  the  wood  has  been 
called  the  Cambium  Layer. 
Cambium  is  an  old  name 
of  the  physiologists  for 
nutritive  juice.  And  this 
thin  layer  is  so  gorged 
with  rich  nutritive  sap 
when  spring  growth  is  re- 
newed, that  the  bark  then 
seems  to  be  loose  from 
the  wood  and  a  layer  of 
viscid  sap  (or  cambium)  to 
be  poured  out  between  the 
two.  But  there  is  all 
the  while  a  connection  of 
the  bark  and  the  wood  by 
delicate  cells,  rapidly  mul- 
tiplying and  growing. 

431.   The  Bark  of  a 
year-old  stem  consists  of 
three  parts,  more  or  less  distinct,  namely,  —  beginning  next  the  wood,  — 

1.  THE  LIBER  or  FIBROUS  BARK,  the  Inner  Bark.  This  contains  some 
wood-cells,  or  their  equivalent,  commonly  in  the  form  of  bast  or  bast-cells 
(411,  Fig.  444),  such  as  those  of  Basswood  or  Linden,  and  among  herbs 
those  of  flax  and  hemp,  which  are  spun  and  woven  or  made  into  cordage. 
It  also  contains  cells  which  are  named  *«<?p*-cells,  on  account  of  numerous 
slits  and  pores  in  their  walls,  by  which  thf  protoplasm  of  contiguous  cells 
communicates.  In  woody  stems,  whenever  a  new  layer  ot  wood  is  formed, 
some  new  liber  or  inner  bark  is  also  formed  outride  of  it. 


480 


Fio.  478.  Piece  of  a  stem  of  Soft  Maple,  of  a  year  old,  cut  crosswise  and  length- 
wise. 

FIG.  479.   A  portion  of  the  same,  magnified. 

FIG.  480.  A  small  piece  of  the  same,  taken  from  one  side,  reaching  from  the  bark 
to  the  pith,  and  highly  magnified:  a,  a  small  hit  of  the  pith ;  b,  spiral  ducts  of  what 
is  called  the  medullary  sheath;  c,  the  wood;  d,  d,  -lotted  ducts  in  the  wood; 
«,«,  annular  ducts;/,  the  liber  or  inner  bark-  g,  the  green  bark;  h,  the  corky 
layer;  t,  the  skin,  or  epidermis ; ,;,  one  of  the  medullary  rays,  or  plates  of  silvei 
grain,  seen  on  the  cross-section. 


SECTION   16.] 


ANATOMY  OF  STEMS. 


141 


2.  THE  GREEN  BARK  or  Middle  Bark.     This  consists  of  cellular  tissue 
only,  and  contains  the  same  green  matter  (chlorophyll,  417)  as  the  leaves. 
In  woody  stems,  before  the  season's  growth  is  completed,  it  becomes  cov- 
ered by 

3.  THE  CORKY  LATEE  or  Outer  Bark,  the  cells  of  which  contain  no 
chlorophyll,  aud  are  of  the  nature  of  cork.     Common  cork  is  the  thick 
corky  layer  of  the  bark  of  the  Cork-Oak  of  Spain.    It  is  this  which  gives 
to  the  stems  or  twigs  of  shrubs  and  trees  the  aspect  and  the  color  peculiar 
to  each,  —  light  gray  in  the  Ash,  purple  in  the  Red  Maple,  red  in  several 
Dogwoods,  etc. 

4.  THE  EPIDERMIS,  or  skin  of  the  plant,  consisting  of  a  layer  of  thick- 
sided  empty  cells,  which  may  be  considered  to  be  the  outermost  layer,  or 
in  most  herbaceous  stems  the  only  layer,  of  cork-cells. 


432.  The  green  layer  of  bark  seldom  grows  much  after  the  first  season. 
Sometimes  the  corky  layer  grows  and  forms  new  layers,  inside  of  the  old, 
for  years,  as  in  the  Cork-Oak,  the  Sweet  Gum-tree,  and  the  White  and  the 
Paper  Birch.    But  it  all  dies  after  a  while ;  and  the  continual  enlargement 
of  the  wood  within  finally  stretches  it  more  than  it  can  bear,  and  sooner  or 
later  cracks  and  rends  it,  while  the  weather  acts  powerfully  upon  its  sur- 
face ;  so  the  older  bark  perishes  and  falls  away  piecemeal  year  by  year. 

433.  So  on  old  trunks  only  the  inner  bark  remains.    This  is  renewed 
every  year  from  within  and  so  kept  alive,  while  the  older  and  outer  layers 
die,  are  fissured  and  rent  by  the  distending  trunk,  weathered  and  worn,  and 
thrown  off  in  fragments,  —  in  some  trees  slowly,  so  that  the  bark  of  old 
trunks  may  acquire  great  thickness ;  in  others,  more  rapidly.    In  Honey- 
suckles and  Grape-Vines,  the  layers  of  liber  loosen  and  die  when  only  a 
year  or  two  old.    The  annual  layers  of  liber  are  sometimes  as  distinct  as 
those  of  the  wood,  but  often  not  so. 

FIG.  481.  Magnified  view  of  surface  of  a  bit  of  young  Maple  wood  from  which 
!he  bark  has  been  torn  away,  showing  the  wood-cells  and  the  bark-ends  of  medul- 
lary rays. 

Fio.  482.  Section  in  the  opposite  direction,  from  bark  (on  the  left)  to  beginning 
9f  pith  (on  the  right),  and  a  medullary  ray  extending  from  one  to  the  other. 


142  VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WOR3,         [SECTION   16. 

434.  The  Wood  of  an  exogenous  trunk,  having  the  old  growths  covered 
by  the  new,  remains  nearly  unchanged  in  age,  except  from  decay.    Wherever 
there  is  an  annual  suspension  and  renewal  of  growth,  as  in  temperate  cli- 
mates, the  annual  growths  are  more  or  less  distinctly  marked,  in  the  form 
of  concentric  rings  on  the  cross  section,  so  that  the  age  of  the  tree  may  bt 
known  by  counting  them.     Over  twelve  hundred  layers  have  been  counted 
on  the  p*umps  of  Sequoias  in  California,  and  it  is  probable  that  some  trees 
now  living  antedate  the  Christian  era. 

435.  The  reason  why  the  annual  growths  are  distinguishable  is,  that  the 
wood  formed  at  the  beginning  of  the  season  is  more  or  less  different  in  the 
size  or  character  of  the  cells  from  that  of  the  close.    In  Oak,  Chestnut,  etc., 
the  first  wood  of  the  season  abounds  in  dotted  ducts,  the  calibre  of  which 
is  many  times  greater  than  that  of  the  proper  wood-cells. 

436.  Sap-wood,  or  Alburnum.    This  is  the  newer  wood,  living  or 
recently  alive,  and  taking  part  in  the  conveyance  of  sap.     Sooner  or  later, 
each  layer,  as  it  becomes  more  and  more  deeply  covered  by  the  newer  ones 
and  farther  from  the  region  of  growth,  is  converted  into 

437.  Heart-wood,  or  Duramen.    This  is  drier,  harder,  more  solid, 
and  much  more  durable  as  timber,  than  sap-wood.     It  is  generally  of  a 
different  color,  and  it  exhibits  in  different  species  the  hue  peculiar  to  each, 
such  as  reddish  in  Red-Cedar,  brown  in  Black-Walnut,  black  in  Ebony,  etc. 
The  change  of  sap-wood  into  heart- wood  results  from  the  thickening  of  the 
walls  of  the  wood-cells  by  the  deposition  of  hard  matter,  lining  the  tubes 
and  diminishing  their  calibre ;  and  by  the  deposition  of  a  vegetable  coloring- 
matter  peculiar  to  each  species.    The  heart-wood,  being  no  longer  a  living 
part,  may  decay,  and  often  does  so,  without  the  least  injury  to  the  tree, 
except  by  diminishing  the  strength  of  the  trunk,  and  so  rendering  it  more 
liable  to  be  overthrown. 

438.  The  Living  Parts  of  a  Tree,  of  the  exogenous  kind,  are  only 
these :  first,  the  rootlets  at  one  extremity ;  second,  the  buds  and  leaves  of 
the  season  at  the  other ;  and  third,  e  zone  consisting  of  the  newest  wood 
and  the  newest  bark,  connecting  the  rootlets  with  the  buds  or  leaves,  how- 
ever widely  separated  these  may  be,  —  in  the  tallest  trees  from  two  to  foui 
h'm(*red  feet  apart.    And  these  parts  of  the  tree  are  all  renewed  every  year. 
!No  *  :*><ler,  therefore,  that  trees  may  live  so  long,  since  they  annually  re- 
prod  tee  everything  that  is  essential  to  their  life  and  growth,  and  since  only 
a  very  small  part  of  their  bulk  is  alive  at  once.    The  tree  survives,  but 
nothing  now  living  has  been  so  long.    In  it,  as  elsewhere,  life  is  a  transi- 
tory tiling,  ever  abandoning  the  old,  and  renewed  in  the  young, 

|  4.    ANATOMY  OF  LEAVES. 

439.  The  wood  in  leaves  is  the  framework  of  ribs,  veins,  and  veinlet* 
(125),  serving  not  only  to  strengthen  them,  but  also  to  bring  in  the  sap, 
and  to  distribute  it  throughout  nrery  part.     The  cellular  portion  is  the 


SECTION   16.] 


ANATOMY  OF  LEAVES. 


143 


green  pulp,  and  is  nearly  the  same  as  the  green  layer  of  the  bark.  So  that 
the  leaf  may  properly  enough  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  expansion  of  the 
fibrous  and  green  layers  of  the  bark.  It  has  no  proper  corky  layer ;  but 
the  whole  is  covered  by  a  transparent  skin  or  epidermis,  resembling  that 
of  the  stem. 

440.  The  cells  of  the  leaf  are  of  various  forms,  rarely  so  compact  as  to 
form  a  close  cellular  tissue,  usually  loosely  arranged,  at  least  in  the  lower 
part,  so  as  to  give  copious  intervening  spaces  or  air  passages,  communi- 
cating throughout  the  whole  interior  (Fig.  443,  483).     The  green  color  is 
given  by  the  chlorophyll  (417),  seen  through  the  very  transparent  walls  of 
the  cells  and  through  the  translucent  epidermis  of  the  leaf. 

441.  In  ordinary  leaves,  having  an  upper  and  under  surface,  the  green 
cells  form  two  distinct  strata,  of  different  arrangement.    Those  of  the 
upper  stratum  are  oblong  or  cylindrical,  and  stand  endwise  to  the  surface 
of  the  leaf,  usually  close  together,  leaving  hardly  any  vacant  spaces ;  those 
of  the  lower  are  commonly  irregular  in  shape,  most  of  them  with  their 
longer  diameter  parallel  to  the  face  of  the  leaf,  and  are  very  loosely  ar- 
ranged, leaving  many  and  wide  air-chambers.    The  green  color  of  the 
lower  is  therefore  diluted,  and  paler  than  that  of  the  upper  face  of  the  leaf. 
The  upper  part  of  the  leaf  is  so  constructed  as  to  bear  the  direct  action 


of  the  sunshine  ;  the  lower  so  as  to  afford  freer  circulation  of  air,  and  to 
facilitate  transpiration.  It  communicates  more  directly  than  the  upper 
with  the  external  air  by  means  of  Stomates. 

442.  The  Epidermis  or  skin  of  leaves  and  all  young  shoots  is  best 
seen  in  the  foliage.  It  may  readily  be  stripped  off  from  the  surface  of  a 
Lily-leaf,  and  still  more  so  from  more  fleshy  and  soft  leaves,  such  as  those 


FIG.  483.  Magnified  section  of  a  leaf  of  White  Lily,  to  exhibit  the  cellular 
structure,  both  of  upper  and  lower  stratum,  the  air-passages  of  the  lower,  and 
the  epidermis  or  skin,  in  section,  also  a  little  cf  that  of  the  Icwer  face,  with  som« 
of  its  stomate*. 


144 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION    16. 


of  Houseleek.    The  epidermis  is  usually  composed  of  a  single  layer,  occa- 
sionally of   two  or  three  layers,  of  empty 
cells,  mostly  of  irregular  outline.     The  sin- 
uous lines  which  traverse  it,  and  may  be  dis-  /     "  ^    ^  )   ( 


cerned  under  low  powers  of  the  microscope  (Fig.  487),  are  the  boundaries 
of  the  epidermal  cells. 

443.  Breathing-pores,  or  Stomates,  Stomata  (singular,  a  Stoma,  — 
literally,  a  mouth)  are  openings  through  the  epidermis  into  the  air-chambers 
or  intercellular  passages,  always  between  and  guarded  by  a  pair  of  thin- 
walled  guardian  cells.     Although  most  abundant  in  leaves,  especially  on 
their  lower  face  (that  which  is  screened  from  direct  sunlight),  they  are 
found  on  most  other  green  parts.    They  establish  a  direct  communication 
between  the  external  air  and  that  in  the  loose  interior  of  the  leaf.    Their 
guardian  cells  or  lips,  which  are  soft  and  delicate,  like  those  of  the  green 
pulp  within,  by  their  greater  or  less  turgidity  open  or  close  the  orifice  as  the 
moisture  or  dryness  varies. 

444.  In  the  White  Lily  the  stomata  are  so  remarkably  large  that  they 
may  be  seen  by  a  simple  microscope  of  moderate  power,  and  may  be  dis- 
cerned even  by  a  good  hand  lens.     There  are  about  60,000  of  them  to  the 
square  inch  of  the  epidermis  of  the  lower  face  of  this  Lily-leaf,  and  only 
about  3000  to  the  same  space  on  the  upper  face.     It  is  computed  that  an 
average  leaf  of  an  Apple-tree  has  on  its  lower  face  about  100,000  of  these 
mouths. 


§5.    PLANT  FOOD  AND  ASSIMILATION. 

445.  Only  plants  are  capable  of  originating  organizable  matter,  or  the 
materials  which  compose  the  structure  of  vegetables  and  animals.  The  es- 
sential and  peculiar  work  of  plants  is  to  take  up  portions  of  earth  and  air 
(water  belonging  to  both)  upon  which  animals  cannot  live  at  all,  and  to 
convert  them  into  something  organizable;  that  is,  into  something  that, 
under  life,  may  be  built  up  into  vegetable  and  animal  structures.  All  the 
food  of  animals  is  produced  by  plants.  Animals  live  upon  vegetables, 

FIG.  484.  Small  portion  of  epidermis  of  the  lower  face  of  a  White-Lily  leaf, 
nth  stomata. 

FIQ.  485.  One  of  these,  more  magnified,  in  the  closed  state.  486.  Another 
stoma,  open. 

Fid.  487.  Small  portion  of  epidermis  of  the  Garden  Balsam,  highly  magnified, 
showing  very  sinuous-walled  cells,  and  three  stomata^ 


SECTION   16.]       PLANT  FOOD  AND  ASSIMILATION.  145 

directly  or  at  second  hand,  the  carnivorous  upon  the  herbivorous;  and 
vegetables  live  upon  earth  and  air,  immediately  or  at  second  hand. 

446.  The  Food  of  plants,  then,  primarily,  is  earth  and  air.    This  is 
evident  enough  from  the  way  in  which  they  live.     Many  plants  will  flourish 
in  pure  sand  or  powdered  chalk,  or  on  the  bare  face  of  a  rock  or  wall, 
watered  merely  with  rain.     And  almost  any  plant  may  be  made  to  grow 
from  the  seed  in  moist  sand,  and  increase  its  weight  many  times,  even  if  it 
will  not  come  to  perfection.     Many  naturally  live  suspended  from  the 
brandies  of  trees  high  in  the  air,  and  nourished  by  it  alone,  never  hav- 
ing any  connection  with  the  soil ;  and  some  which  naturally  grow  on  the 
ground,  like  the  Live-forever  of  the  gardens,  when  pulled  up  by  the  roots 
and  hung  in  the  air  will  often  flourish  the  whole  summer  long. 

447.  It  is  true  that  fast-growing  plants,  or  those  which  produce  much 
vegetable  matter  in  one  season  (especially  in  such  concentrated  form  as 
to  be  useful  as  food  for  man  or  the  higher  animals)  will  come  to  maturity 
only  in  an  enriched  soil.     But  what  is  a  rich  soil  ?     One  which  contains 
decomposing  vegetable  matter,  or  some  decomposing  animal  matter;  that 
is,  in  either  case,  some  decomposing  organic  matter  formerly  produced  by 
plants.     Aided  by  this,  grain-bearing  and  other  important  vegetables  will 
grow  more  rapidly  and  vigorously,  and  make  a  greater  amount  of  nourish- 
ing matter,  than  they  could  if  left  to  do  the  whole  work  at  once  from  the 
beginning.    So  that  in  these  cases  also  all  the  organic  or  organizable  matter 
was  made  by  plants,  and  made  out  of  earth  and  air.     Far  the  larger  and 
most  essential  part  was  air  and  water. 

448.  Two  kinds  of  material  are  taken  in  and  used  by  plants ;  of  which 
the  first,  although  more  or  less  essential  to  perfect  plant-growth,  are  in  a 
certain  sense  subsidiary,  if  not  accidental,  viz. :  — 

Earthy  constituents,  those  which  are  left  in  the  form  of  ashes  when  a  leaf 
or  a  stick  of  wood  is  burned  in  the  open  air.  These  consist  of  some  potash 
(or  soda  in  a  marine  plant),  some  silex  (the  same  as  flint),  and  a  little  lime, 
alumine,  or  magnesia,  iron  or  manganese,  sulphur,  phosphorus,  etc.,  —  some 
or  all  of  these  in  variable  and  usually  minute  proportions.  They  are  such 
materials  as  happen  to  be  dissolved,  in  small  quantity,  in  the  water  taken 
up  by  the  roots ;  and  when  that  is  consumed  by  the  plant,  or  flies  off  pure 
(as  it  largely  does)  by  exhalation,  the  earthy  matter  is  left  behind  in  the 
cells, — just  as  it  is  left  incrustiug  the  sides  of  a  teakettle  b  which  much 
hard  water  has  been  boiled.  Naturally,  therefore,  there  is  more  earthy 
matter  (i.  e.  more  ashes)  in  the  leaves  than  in  any  other  part  (sometimes 
as  much  as  seven  per  cent,  when  the  wood  contains  only  two  per  cent) ; 
because  it  is  through  the  leaves  that  most  of  the  water  escapes  from  the 
plant.  Some  of  this  earthy  matter  incrusts  the  cell-walls,  some  goes  to 
form  crystals  or  rhaphides,  which  abound  in  many  plants  (422),  some 
enters  into  certain  special  vegetable  products,  and  some  appears  to  be  ne- 
cessary to  the  well-being  of  the  higher  orders  of  plants,  although  forming 
no  necessary  part  of  the  proper  vegetable  structure. 
10 


U6  VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION   16. 

The  essential  constituents  of  the  organic  fabric  are  those  which  are  dissi- 
pated into  air  and  vapor  in  complete  burning.  They  make  up  from  88  to 
99  per  cent  of  the  leaf  or  stem,  and  essentially  the  whole  both  of  the  cellu- 
lose of  the  walls  and  the  protoplasm  of  the  contents.  Burning  gives  these 
materials  of  the  plant's  structure  back  to  the  air,  mainly  in  the  same  condi- 
tion in  which  the  plant  took  them,  the  same  condition  which  is  reached 
more  slowly  in  natural  decay.  The  chemical  elements  of  the  cell-walls  (or 
cellulose,  402),  as  also  of  starch,  sugar,  and  all  that  class  of  organizable 
cell-material,  are  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen  (399).  The  same,  with 
nitrogen,  are  the  constituents  of  protoplasm,  or  the  truly  vital  part  of 
vegetation. 

449.  These  chemical  elements  out  of  which  organic  matters  are  com- 
posed are  supplied  to  the  plant  by  water,  carbonic  acid,  and  some  combina- 
tions of  nitrogen. 

Water^  far  more  largely  than  anything  else,  is  imbibed  by  the  roots  ;  also 
more  or  less  by  the  foliage  in  the  form  of  vapor.  Water  consists  of  oxygen 
and  hydrogen;  and  cellulose  or  plant- wall,  starch,  sugar,  etc.,  however 
different  in  their  qualities,  agree  in  containing  these  two  elements  in  the 
same  relative  proportions  as  in  water. 

Carbonic  acid  gas  (Carbon  dioxide)  is  one  of  the  components  of  the  atmos- 
phere, —  a  small  one,  ordinarily  only  about  5-5^  °^  ^s  bulk,  —  sufficient 
for  the  supply  of  vegetation,  but  not  enough  to  be  injurious  to  animals,  as  it 
would  be  if  accumulated.  Every  current  or  breeze  of  air  brings  to  the  leaves 
expanded  in  it  a  succession  of  fresh  atoms  of  carbonic  acid,  which  it  absorbs 
through  its  multitudinous  breathing-pores.  This  gas  is  also  taken  up  by 
water.  So  it  is  brought  to  the  ground  by  rain,  and  is  absorbed  by  the  roots 
of  plants,  either  as  dissolved  in  the  water  they  imbibe,  or  in  the  form  of 
gas  in  the  interstices  of  the  soil.  Manured  ground,  that  is,  soil  containing 
decomposing  vegetable  or  animal  matters,  is  constantly  giving  out  this  gas 
into  the  interstices  of  the  soil,  whence  the  roots  of  the  growing  crop  absorb 
it.  Carbonic  acid  thus  supplied,  primarily  from  the  air,  is  the  source  of  the 
carbon  which  forms  much  the  largest  part  of  the  substance  of  every  plant. 
The  proportion  of  carbon  may  be  roughly  estimated  by  charring  some  wood 
or  foliage;  that  is,  by  heating  it  out  of  contact  with  the  air,  so  as  to  decom- 
pose and  drive  off  all  the  other  constituents  of  the  fabric,  leaving  the  large 
bulk  of  charcoal  or  carbon  behind. 

Nitrogen,  the  remaining  plant-element,  is  a  gas  which  makes  up  more 
than  two  thirds  of  the  atmosphere,  is  brought  into  the  foliage  and  also  to 
the  roots  (being  moderately  soluble  in  water)  in  the  same  ways  as  is  car- 
bonic acid.  The  nitrogen  which,  mixed  with  oxygen,  a  little  carbonic  acid, 
and  vapor  of  water,  constitutes  the  air  we  breathe,  is  the  source  of  this 
fourth  plant-element.  But  it  is  very  doubtful  if  ordinary  plants  can  use 
any  nitrogen  gas  directly  as  food ;  that  is,  if  they  can  directly  cause  it  to 
combine  with  the  other  elements  so  as  to  form  protoplasm.  But  when  com- 
bined with  hydrogen  ''forming  ammonia),  or  wheu  combined  with  oxygen 


SECTION  16.]      PLANT  FOOD  AND  ASSIMILATION.  147 

(uitric  acid  and  nitrates)  plants  appropriate  it  with  avidity.  And  several 
natural  processes  are  going  on  in  which  nitrogen  of  the  air  is  so  combined 
and  supplied  to  the  soil  in  forms  directly  available  to  the  plant.  The  most 
efficient  is  nitrification,  the  formation  of  nitre  (nitrate  of  potash)  in  the  soil, 
especially  in  all  fertile  soils,  through  the  action  of  a  bacterial  ferment. 

450.  Assimilation  in  plants  is  the  conversion  of  these  inorganic  sub- 
stances—  essentially,  water,  carbonic  acid,  and  some  form  of  combined  or 
combinable  nitrogen  —  into  vegetable  matter.     This  most  dilute  food  the 
living  plant  concentrates  and  assimilates  to  itself.    Only  plants  are  capable 
of  converting  these  mineral  into  organizable  matters ;  and  this  all-important 
work  is  done  by  them  (so  far  as  all  ordinary  vegetation  is  concerned)  only 

451.  Under  the  light  of  the  sun,  acting  upon  green  parts  or  foliage,  that 
is,  upon  the  chlorophyll,  or  upon  what  answers  to  chlorophyll,  which  these 
parts  contain.    The  sun  in  some  way  supplies  a  power  which  enables  the 
living  plant  to  originate  these  peculiar  chemical  combinations,  —  to  organ- 
ize matter  into  forms  which  are  alone  capable  of  being  endowed  with  life. 
The  proof  of  this  proposition  is  simple ;  and  it  shows  at  the  same  time,  in 
the  simplest  way,  what  a  plant  does  with  the  water  and  carbonic  acid  it 
consumes.     Namely,  1st,  it  is  only  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight  that  the 
green  parts  of  plants  give  out  oxygen  gas,  —  then  they  regularly  do  so ; 
and  3d,  the  giving  out  of  this  oxygen  gas  is  required  to  render  the  chemical 
composition  of  water  and  carbonic  acid  the  same  as  that  of  cellulose,  that 
is,  of  the  plant's  permanent  fabric.    This  shows  why  plants  spread  out  so 
large  a  surface  of  foliage.     Leaves  are  so  many  workshops,  full  of  ma- 
chinery worked  by  sun-power.     The  emission  of  oxygen  gas  from  any 
sun-lit  foliage  is  seen  by  placing  some  of  this  under  water,  or  by  using  an 
aquatic  plant,  by  collecting  the  air  bubbles  which  rise,  and  by  noting  that 
a  taper  burns  brighter  in  this  air.    Or  a  leafy  plant  in  a  glass  globe  may 
be  supplied  with  a  certain  small  percentage  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  after 
proper  exposure  to  sunshine,  the  air  on  being  tested  will  be  found  to  con- 
tain less  carbonic  acid  and  just  so  much  the  more  oxygen  gas. 

452.  Now  if  the  plant  is  making  cellulose  or  any  equivalent  substance, 
—  that  is,  is  making  the  very  materials  of  its  fabric  and  growth,  as  must 
generally  be  the  case,  — all  this  oxygen  gas  given  off  by  the  leaves  comes 
from  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  taken  in  by  the  plant.     For  cellu- 
lose, and  also  starch,  dextrine,  sugar,  and  the  like  are  composed  of  carbon 
along  with  oxygen  and  hydrogen  in  just  the  proportions  to  form  water. 
And  the  carbonic  acid  and  water  taken  in,  less  the  oxygen  which  the  carbon 
brought  with  it  as  carbonic  acid,  and  which  is  given  off  from  the  foliage  in 
sunshine,  just  represents  the  manufactured  article,  cellulose. 

453.  It  comes  to  the  same  if  the  first  product  of  assimilation  is  sugar, 
or  dextrine  which  is  a  sort  of  soluble  starch,  or  starch  itself.    And  in  the 
plant  all  these  forms  are  readily  changed  into  one  another.    In  the  tiny 
seedling,  as  fast  as  this  assimilated  matter  is  formed  it  is  used  in  growth, 
that  is,  in  the  formation  of  cell-walls.     After  a  time  some  or  much  01 


148  VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION  16. 

the  product  may  be  accumulated  in  store  for  future  growth,  as  in  the  root 
of  the  turnip,  or  the  tuber  of  the  potato,  or  the  seed  of  corn  or  pulse, 
rhia  store  is  mainly  in  the  form  of  starch.  When  growth  begins  anew, 
this  starch  is  turned  into  dextrine  or  into  sugar,  in  liquid  form,  and  used 
to  nourish  and  build  up  the  germinating  embryo  or  the  new  shoot,  where 
it  is  at  length  converted  into  cellulose  and  used  to  build  up  plant-structure. 
454>  But  that  which  builds  plant-fabric  is  not  the  cellular  structure 
itself;  the  work  is  doue  by  the  living  protoplasm  which  dwells  within  the 
walls.  This  also  has  to  take  and  to  assimilate  its  proper  food,  for  its  own 
maintenance  and  growth.  Protoplasm  assimilates,  along  with  the  other 
three  elements,  the  nitrogen  of  the  plant's  food.  This  comes  primarily  from 
the  vast  stock  in  the  atmosphere,  but  mainly  through  the  earth,  where  it  is 
accumulated  through  various  processes  in  a  fertile  soil,  —  mainly,  so  far  as 
concerns  crops,  from  the  decomposition  of  former  vegetables  and  animals. 
This  protoplasm,  which  is  formed  at  the  same  time  as  the  simpler  cellulose, 
is  essentially  the  same  as  the  flesh  of  animals,  and  the  source  of  it.  It  is 
the  common  basis  of  vegetable  and  of  animal  life. 

455.  So  plant-assimilation  produce*  all  the  food  and  fabric  of  animals, 
Starch,  sugar,  the  oils  (which  are,  as  it  were,  these  farinaceous  matters 
more  deoxidated),  chlorophyll,  and  the  like,  and  even  cellulose  itself,  form 
the  food  of  herbivorous  animals  and  much  of  the  food  of  man.     When 
digested  they  enter  into  the  blood,  undergo  various  transformations,  and  are 
at  length  decomposed  into  carbonic  acid  and  water,  and  exhaled  from  the 
lungs  in  respiration,  —  in  other  words,  are  given  back  to  the  air  by  the  ani- 
mal as  the  very  same  materials  which  the  plant  took  from  the  air  as  its  food, 
—  are  given  back  to  the  air  in  the  same  form  that  they  would  have  taken  if 
the  vegetable  matter  had  been  left  to  decay  where  it  grew,  or  if  it  had  been 
set  on  fire  and  burned  ;  and  with  the  same  result,  too,  as  to  the  heat,  —  the 
heat  in  this  case  producing  and  maintaining  the  proper  temperature  of  the 
animal. 

456.  The  protoplasm  and  other  products  containing  nitrogen  (gluten, 
legumine,  etc.),  and  which  are  most  accumulated  in  grains  and  seeds  (for 
the  nourishment  of  their  embryos  when  they  germinate),  compose  the  most 
nutritious  vegetable  food  consumed  by  animals;  they  form  their  proper 
flesh  and  sinews,  while  the  earthy  constituents  of  the  plant  form  the  earthy 
matter  of  the  bones,  etc.     At  length  decomposed,  in  the  secretions  and 
excretions,  these  nitrogenous  constituents  are  through  successive  changes 
finally  resolved  into  mineral  matter,  into  carbonic  acid,  water,  and  ammonia 
or  some  nitrates,  —  into  exactly  or  essentially  the  same  materials  which  the 
plants  took  up  and  assimilated.     Animals  depend  upon  vegetables  abso- 
lutely and  directly  for  their  subsistence ;  also  indirectly,  because 

457.  Plants  purify  the  air  for  animals.    In  the  very  process  by  which  they 
create  food  they  take  from  the  air  carbonic  acid  gas,  injurious  to  animal  res- 
piration,  which  is  continually  poured  into  it  by  the  breathing  of  all  animals, 
by  all  decay,  by  the  burning  of  fuel  aud  all  other  ordinary  combustion;  and 


SECTION   16.]  MOVEMENTS.  149 

they  restore  an  equal  bulk  of  life-sustaining  oxygen  needful  for  the  respiration 
of  animals,  —needful,  also,  in  a  certain  measure,  for  plants  in  any  work  they 
do.  for  in  plants,  as  well  as  in  animals,  work  is  done  at  a  certain  coat 


§  6.    PLANT  WORK  AND  MOVEMENT. 

458.  As  the  organic  basis  and  truly  living  material  of  plants  is  identical 
with  that  of  animals,  so  is  the  life  at  bottom  essentially  the  same ;  but  in 
animals  something  is  added  at  every  rise  from  the  lowest  to  highest  organ- 
isms.   Action  and  work  in  living  beings  require  movement. 

459.  Living  things  move;  those  not  living  are  only  moved.     Plants 
move  as  truly  as  do  animals.     The  latter,  nourished  as  they  are  upon  or- 
ganized food,  which  has  been  prepared  for  them  by  plants,  and  is  found 
only  here  and  there,  must  needs  have  the  power  of  going  after  it,  of  collect- 
ing it,  or  at  least  of  taking  it  in ;  which  requires  them  to  make  spontaneous 
movements.    But  ordinary  plants,  with  their  wide-spread  surface,  always 
hi  contact  with  the  earth  and  air  on  which  they  feed,  —  the  latter  every- 
where the  same,  and  the  former  very  much  so,  —  might  be  thought  to  have 
no  need  of  movement.    Ordinary  plants,  indeed,  have  no  locomotion ;  some 
float,  but  most  are  rooted  to  the  spot  where  they  grew.     Yet  probably  ah1 
of  them  execute  various  movements  which  must  be  as  truly  self-caused  as 
are  those  of  the  lower  grades  of  animals,  —  movements  which  are  over- 
looked only  because  too  slow  to  be  directly  observed.     Nevertheless,  the 
motion  of  the  hour-hand  and  of  the  minute-hand  of  a  watch  is  not  less  real 
than  that  of  the  second-hand. 

460.  Locomotion.    Moreover,  many  microscopic  plants  living  in  water 
are  seen  to  move  freely,  if  not  briskly,  under  the  microscope ;  and  so  like- 
wise   do    more    conspicuous 

aquatic  plants  in  their  embryo- 
like  or  seedling  state.  Even  at 
maturity,  species  of  Oscillaria 
(such  as  hi  Fig.  488,  minute 
worm-shaped  plants  of  fresh 
waters,  taking  this  name  from 
their  oscillating  motions)  freely 
execute  three  different  kinds 

of  movement,  the  very  delicate  investing  coat  of  cellulose  not  impeding  the 
action  of  the  living  protoplasm  within.  Even  when  this  coat  is  firmer  and 
hardened  with  a  siliceous  deposit,  such  crescent-shaped  or  boat-shaped 
one-celled  plants  as  Closterium  or  Navicvla  are  able  in  some  way  to  move 
along  from  place  to  place  in  the  water. 

461.  Movements  in  Cells,  or  Cell-circulation,  sometimes  called  Cy* 
closis,  has  been  detected  in  so  many  plants,  especially  in  comparatively 

FIG.  488.  Two  individuals  of  an  Oscillaria,  magnified. 


150 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION   16. 


transparent  aquatic  plants  and  in  hairs  on  the  surface  of  land  plants  (where 
it  is  easiest  to  observe),  that  it  may  be  inferred  to  take  place  in  all  cells 
during  the  most  active  part  of  their  life.  This  motion  is  commonly  a 
treaming  movement  of  threads  of  protoplasm,  carrying 
•'^  A  tr~=si  along  solid  granules  by  which  the  action  may  be  ob- 
served and  the  rate  measured,  or  in  some  cases  it  is  a 
rotation  of  the  whole  protoplasmic  contents  of  the  cell. 
A  comparatively  low  magnifying  power  will  show  it  in 
the  cells  of  Nitella  and  Chara  (which  are  cryptogamous 
plants) ;  and  under  a  moderate  power  it  is  well  seen  in 
the  Tape  Grass  of  fresh  water,  Vallisneria,  and  in  Naias 
flexilis  (Fig.  489).  Minute  particles  and  larger  green- 
ish globules  are  seen  to  be  carried  along,  as  if  in  a  cur- 
rent, around  the  cell,  passing  up  one  side,  across  the 
end,  down  the  other  and  across  the  bottom,  completing 
the  circuit  sometimes  within  a  minute  or  less  when  well 
warmed.  To  see  it  well  in  the  cell,  which  like  a  string 
of  beads  form  the  hairs  on  the  stamens  of  Spiderwort, 
a  high  magnifying  power  is  needed. 

462.  Transference  of  Liquid  from  Cell  to  Cell, 
and  so  from  place  to  place  in  the  plant,  the  absorption 
of  water  by  the  rootlets,  and  the  exhalation  of  the 
greater  part  of  it  from  the  foliage,  —  these  and  similar 
operations  are  governed  by  the  physical  laws  which 
regulate  the  diffusion  of  fluids,  but  are  controlled  by  the 
action  of  living  protoplasm.  Equally  under  vital  control 
are  the  various  chemical  transformations  which  attend 
assimilation  and  growth,  and  which  involve  not  only  molecular  movements 
but  conveyance.  Growth  itself,  which  is  the  formation  and  shaping  of 
new  parts,  implies  the  direction  of  internal  activities  to  definite  ends. 

463.  Movements  of  Organs.  The  living  protoplasm,  in  all  but  the 
lowest  grade  of  plants,  is  enclosed  and  to  common  appearance  isolated  in 
separate  cells,  the  walls  of  which  can  only  in  their  earliest  state  be  said  to 
be  alive.  Still  plants  are  able  to  cause  the  protoplasm  of  adjacent  cells 
to  act  in  concert,  and  by  their  combined  action  to  effect  movements  in 
roots,  stems,  or  leaves,  some  of  them  very  slow  and  gradual,  some  manifest 
and  striking.  Such  movements  are  brought  about  through  individually 
minute  changes  in  the  form  or  tension  in  the  protoplasm  of  the  innumera- 
ble cells  which  make  up  the  structure  of  the  organ.  Some  of  the  slower 
movements  are  effected  during  growth,  and  may  be  explained  by  inequality 
of  growth  on  the  two  sides  of  the  bending  organ.  But  the  more  rapid 
changes  of  position,  and  some  of  the  slow  ones,  cannot  be  so  explained. 


FIG.  489.  A  few  cells  of  a  leaf  of  Naias  flexilis,  highly  magnified:  the  arrows 
Indicate  the  courses  of  the  circulating  currents- 


SECTION   16.J  MOVEMENTS.  151 

464.  Boot-movements,     In  its  growth  a  root  turns  or  bends  away 
from  the  light  and  toward  the  centre  of  the  earth,  so  that  in  lengthening 
it  buries  itself  in  the  soil  where  it  is  to  live  and  act.     Every  one  must 
have  observed  this  in  the  germination  of  seeds.     Careful  observations  have 
shown  that  the  tip  of  a  growing  root  also  makes  little  sweeps  or  short 
'movements  from  side  to  side.     By  this  means  it  more  readily  insinuates 
itself  into  yielding  portions  of  the  soil.     The  root-tips  will  also  turn 
toward  moisture,  and  so  secure  the  most  favorable  positions  in  the  soil. 

465.  Stem-movements.    The  root  end  of  the  caulicle  or  first  joint  ot 
stem  (that  below  the  cotyledons)  acts  like  the  root,  in  turning  downward 
in  germination  (making  a  complete  bend  to  do  so  if  it  happens  to  point 
upward  as  the  seed  lies  in  the  ground),  while  the  other  end  turns  or 
points  skyward.    These  opposite  positions  are  taken  in  complete  dark- 
ness as  readily  as  in  the  light,  in  dryness  as  much  as  in  moisture :  there 
fore,  so  far  as  these  movements  are  physical,  the  two  portions  of  the  same 
internode  appear  to  be  oppositely  aifected  by  gravitation  or  other  in- 
fluences. 

466.  Rising  into  the  air,  the  stem  and  green  shoots  generally,  while 
young  and  pliable,  bend  or  direct  themselves  toward  the  light,  or  toward 
the  stronger  light  when  unequally  illuminated ;  while  roots  turn  toward  the 
darkness. 

467.  Many  growing  stems  have  also  a  movement  of  Nutation,  that  is, 
of  nodding  successively  in  different  directions.     This  is  brought  about  by 
a  temporary  increase  of  turgidity  of  the  cells  along  one  side,  thus  bowing 
the  stem  over  to  the  opposite  side;  and  this  line  of  turgescence  travels 
round  the  shoot  continually,  from  right  to  left  or  from  left  to  right  accord- 
ing to  the  species :  thus  the  shoot  bends  to  all  points  of  the  compass  in 
succession.     Commonly  this  nutation  is  slight  or  hardly  observable.     It  is 
most  marked  in 

468.  Twining  Stems  (Fig.  90).      The  growing  upper  end  of  such 
stems,  as  is  familiar  in  the  Hop,  Pole  Beans,  and  Morning-Glory,  turns 
over  in  an  inclined  or  horizontal  direction,  thus  stretching  out  to  reach  a 
neighboring  support,  and  by  the  continual  change  in  the  direction  of  the 
nodding,  sweeps  the  whole  circle,  the  sweeps  being  the  longer  as  the  stem 
lengthens.     When  it  strikes  against  a  support,  such  as  a  stem  or  branch  of 
a  neighboring  plant,  the  motion  is  arrested  at  the  contact,  but  continues 
at  the  growing  apex  beyond,  and  this  apex  is  thus  made  to  wind  spirally 
around  the  supporting  body. 

469.  Leaf-movements  are  all  but  universal.     The  presentation  by 
most  leaves  of  their  upper  surface  to  the  light,  from  whatever  direction 
that  may  come,  is  an  instance ;  for  when  turned  upside  down  they  twist  or 
bend  round  on  the  stalk  to  recover  this  normal  position.     Leaves,  and  the 
leaflets  of  compound  leaves,  change  this  position  at  nightfall,  or  when  the 
light  is  withdrawn ;  they  then  take  what  is  called  their  sleeping  posture, 
resuming  the  diurnal  position  when  daylight  returns.     This  is  very  striking 


152  VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION   16. 

in  Locust-trees,  in  the  Sensitive  Plant  (Fig.  490),  and  in  Woodsorrel. 
Young  seedlings  droop  or  close  their  leaves  at  night  in  plants  which  are 
not  thus  affected  in  the  adult  foliage.  All  this  is  thought  to  be  a  protec- 
tion against  the  cold  by  nocturnal  radiation. 

470.  Various  plants  climb  by  a  coiling  movement  of  their  leaves  or  their 
leaf-stalks.     Familiar  examples  are  seen  in  Clematis,  Maurandia,  Tropseo- 
lum,  and  in  a  Solanum  which  is  much  cultivated  in  greenhouses  (Fig.  172). 
In  the  latter,  and  in  other  woody  plants  which  climb  in  this  way,  the 
petioles  thicken  and  harden  after  they  have  grasped  their  support,  thus 
securing  a  very  firm  hold. 

471.  Tendril  movements.    Tendrils  are  either  leaves  or  stems  (98, 
168),  specially  developed  for  climbing  purposes.     Cobeea  is  a  good  exam. 
pie  of  partial  transformation ;  some  of  the  leaflets  are  normal,  some  of  the 
same  leaf  are  little  tendrils,  and  some  intermediate  in  character.    The 
Passion-flowers  give  good  examples  of  simple  stem-tendrils  (Fig.  92) ; 
Grape- Vines,  of  branched  ones.    Most  tendrils  make  revolving  sweeps,  like 
those  of  twining  stems.     Those  of  some  Passion-flowers,  in  sultry  weather, 
are  apt  to  move  fast  enough  for  the  movement  actually  to  be  seen  for  a  part 
of  the  circuit,  as  plainly  as  that  of  the  second-hand  of  a  watch.     Two 
herbaceous  species,  Passiflora  gracilis  and  P.  sicyoides  (the  first  an  annual, 
the  second  a  strong-rooted  perennial  of  the  easiest 

cultivation),  are  admirable  for  illustration  both  of 
revolving  movements  and  of  sensitive  coiling. 

472.  Movements  under  Irritatioa    The  most 
familiar  case  is  that  of  the  Sensitive  Plant  (Fig.  490). 
The  leaves  suddenly  take  their  nocturnal  position 
when  roughly  touched  or  when  shocked  by  a  jar. 
The  leaflets  close  in  pairs,  the  four  outspread  par- 
tial  petioles  come  closer  together,  and  the  common 
petiole     is     depressed. 

The  seat  of  the  move- 
ments is  at  the  base  of 
the  leaf-stalk  and  stalk- 
lets.  Schrankia,  a  near 
relative  of  the  Sensitive 
Plant,  acts  in  the  same 
way,  but  is  slower. 
These  are  not  anoma- 
lous actions,  but  only 

extreme  manifestations  of  a  faculty  more  or  less  common  in  foliage.  In 
Locust  and  Honey-Locusts  for  example,  repeated  jars  will  slowly  pro* 
dnce  similar  effects. 


FIG.  490.  Piece  of  stem  of  Sensitive  Plant  (Mimosa  pudica),  with  two  leaves, 
the  lower  open,  the  upper  in  the  closed  state. 


SECTION  16.] 


MOVEMENTS. 


153 


473.  Leaf -stalks  and  tendrils  are  adapted  to  their  uses  in  climbing  by  a 
similar  sensitiveness.    The  coiling  of  the  leaf-stalk  is  in  response  to  a 
kind  of  irritation  produced  by  contact  with  the  supporting  body.    This 
may  be  shown  by  gentle  rubbing  or  prolonged  pressure  upon  the  upper 
face  of  the  leaf-stalk,   which  is  soon  followed   by  a  curvature.     Ten- 
drils are  still  more  sensitive  to  contact  or  light  friction.     This  causes  the 
free  end  of  the  tendril  to  coil  round  the  support,  and  the  sensitiveness, 
propagated  downward  along  the  tendril,  causes  that  side  of  it  to  become 
less  turgesceut  or  the  opposite  side  more  so,  thus  throwing  the  tendril  into 
coils.     This  shortening  draws  the  plant  up  to  the  support.    Tendrils  which 
have  not  laid  hold  will  at  length  commonly  coil  spontaneously,  in  a  simple 
coil,  from  the  free  apex  downward. 

In  Sicyos,  Echinocystis,  and  the 
above  mentioned  Passion-flowers 
(471),  the  tendril  is  so  sensitive, 
under  a  high  summer  temperature, 
that  it  will  curve  and  coil  prompt- 
ly after  one  or  two  light  sttokes 
by  the  hand. 

474.  Among  spontaneous  move- 
ments the  most  singular  are  those 
of  Desmodium  gyrans  of   India, 
sometimes  called  Telegraph-plant, 
which  is  cultivated  on  account  of 
this  action.     Of  its  three  leaflets, 
the  larger  (terminal)  one  moves 
only  by  drooping  at  nightfall  and 
rising  with  the  dawn.    But  its  two 
small  lateral    leaflets,  when  in  a 
congenial  high  temperature,  by  day 
and  by  night  move  upward  and 
downward  in  a  succession  of  jerks, 
stopping  occasionally,  as  if  to  re- 
cover from  exhaustion.     In  most 
plant-movements   some   obviously 
useful  purpose  is  subserved :  this 
of  Desmodium  gyrans  is  a  riddle. 

475.  Movements  in  Flowers  are  very  various.     The  most  remarkable 
are  in  some  way  connected  with  fertilization  (Sect.  XIII.).     Some  occur 
under  irritation :  the  stamens  of  Barberry  start  forward  when  touched  at 
the  base  inside :  those  of  many  polyandrous  flowers  (of  Sparmannia  very 
strikingly)  spread  outwardly  when  lightly  brushed :  the  two  lips  or  lobes 


FIG.  491.   Portion  of  stem  and  leaves  of  Telegraph-plant  (Desmodium  gyrans), 
almost  of  natural  size. 


154 


VEGETABLE  LIFE  AND  WORK.         [SECTION   16. 


of  the  stigma  in  Mimulus  close  after  a  touch.  Some  are  automatic  and 
are  connected  with  dichogamy  (339) :  the  style  of  Sabbatia  and  of  large- 
flowered  species  of  Epilobium  bends  over  strongly  to  one  side  or  turns  down- 
ward when  the  blossom  opens,  but  slowly  erects  itself  a  day  or  two  later. 

476.  Extraordinary  Movements  connected  with  Capture  of  In- 
sects.   The  most  striking  cases  are  those  of  Drosera  and  Dionaea ;  for  an 
account  of  which  see  "How  Plants  Behave,"  and  Goodale's  "  Physiological 
Botany." 

477.  The  upper  face  of  the  leaves  of  the  common  species  of  Drosera, 
or  Sundew,  is  beset  with  stout  bristles,  having  a  glandular  tip.    This  tip 
secretes  a  drop  of  a  clear  but  very  viscid  liquid,  which  glistens  like  a  dew- 
drop  in  the  sun ;  whence  the  popular  name.     When  a  fly  or  other  small 
insect,  attracted  by  the  liquid,  alights  upon  the  leaf,  the  viscid  drops  are  so 
tenacious  that  they  hold  it  fast.     In  struggling  it  only  becomes  more  com- 
pletely entangled.   Now  the  neighboring  bris- 
tles, which  have  not  been  touched,  slowly  bend 
inward  from  all  sides  toward  the  captured  in- 
sect, and  bring  their  sticky  apex  against  its 
body,  thus  increasing  the  number  of  bonds. 
Moreover,  the  blade  of  the  leaf  commonly  aids 
in  the  capture  by  becoming  concave,  its  sides 
or  edges  turning  inward,  which  brings  still 
more  of  the  gland-tipped  bristles  into  contact 
with  the  captive's  body.     The  insect  per- 
ishes ;  the  clear  liquid  disappears, apparently 

by  absorption  into  the  tissue  of 
the  leaf.  It  is  thought  that  the 
absorbed  secretion  takes  with  it 
some  of  the  juices  of  the  insect 
or  the  products  of  its  decompo- 
sition. 

478.  Dionsea  muscipula,  the 
most  remarkable  vegetable  fly-trap 
(Fig.  176,  492),  is  related  to  the 
Sundews,  and  has  a  more  special 
and  active  apparatus  for  fly- 
catching,  formed  of  the  summit 
of  the  leaf.  The  two  halves  of  this  rounded  body  move  as  if  they  were 
hinged  upon  the  midrib;  their  edges  are  fringed  with  spiny  but  not 
glandular  bristles,  which  interlock  when  the  organ  closes.  Upon  the  face 
are  two  or  three  short  and  delicate  bristles,  whicli  are  sensitive.  They  do 
not  themselves  move  when  touched,  but  they  propagate  the  sensitiveness  to 
the  organ  itself,  causing  it  to  close  with  a  quick  movement.  In  a  fresh 


Fio.  492.   Plant  of  Dionaea  muscipula,  or  Venus's  Fly-trap,  reduced  in  size. 


SECTION  16.]     TRANSFORMING  MATERIAL  AND  ENERGY.          155 

and  vigorous  leaf,  under  a  high  summer  temperature,  and  when  the  trap 
lies  widely  opeu,  a  touch  of  any  one  of  the  minute  bristles  on  the  face,  by 
the  finger  or  any  extraneous  body,  springs  the  trap  (so  to  say),  and  it 
closes  suddenly ;  but  after  an  hour  or  so  it  opens  again.  When  a  fly  or 
other  small  insect  alights  on  the  trap,  it  closes  in  the  same  manner,  and  so 
quickly  that  the  intercrossing  marginal  bristles  obstruct  the  egress  of  the 
insect,  unless  it  be  a  small  one  and  not  worth  taking.  Afterwards  and 
more  slowly  it  completely  closes,  and  presses  down  upon  the  prey ;  then 
some  hidden  glands  pour  out  a  glairy  liquid,  which  dissolves  out  the  juices 
of  the  insect's  body ;  next  all  is  re-absorbed  into  the  plant,  and  the  trap 
opens  to  repeat  the  operation.  But  the  same  leaf  perhaps  never  captures 
more  than  two  or  three  insects.  It  ages  instead,  becomes  more  rigid  and 
motionless,  or  decays  away. 

479.  That  some  few  plants  should  thus  take  animal  food  will  appear 
less  surprising  when  it  is  considered  that  hosts  of  plants  of  the  lower  grade, 
known  as  Fungi,  moulds,  rusts,  ferments,  Bacteria,  etc.,  live  upon  animal 
or  other  organized  matter,  either  decaying  or  living.     That  plants  should 
execute  movements  in  order  to  accomplish  the  ends  of  their  existence  is 
less  surprising  now  when  it  is  known  that  the  living  substance  of  plants 
and  animals  is  essentially  the  same ;  that  the  beings  of  both  kingdoms  par- 
take of  a  common  life,  to  which,  as  they  rise  in  the  scale,  other  and  higher 
endowments  are  successively  superadded. 

480.  Work  uses  up  material  and  energy  in  plants  as  well  as  in  ani- 
mals.    The  latter  live  and  work  by  the  consumption  and  decomposition 
of  that  which  plants  have  assimilated  into  organizable  matter  through  an 
energy  derived  from  the  sun,  and  which  is,  so  to  say,  stored  up  hi  the  as- 
similated products.    In  every  internal  action,  as  well  as  in  every  movement 
and  exertion,  some  portion  of  this  assimilated  matter  is  transformed  and 
of  its  stored  energy  expended.     The  steam-engine  is  an  organism  for  con- 
verting the  sun's  radiant  energy,  stored  up  by  plants  in  the  fuel,  into  me- 
chanical work.     An  animal  is  an  engine  fed  by  vegetable  fuel  in  the  same 
or  other  forms,  from  the  same  source,  by  the  decomposition  of  which  it 
also  does  mechanical  work.    The  plant  is  the  producer  of  food  and  accumu- 
lator of  solar  energy  or  force.     But  the  plant,  like  the  animal,  is  a  con- 
sumer whenever  and  by  so  much  as  it  does  any  work  except  its  great  work 
of  assimilation.     Every  internal  change  and  movement,  every  transforma- 
tion, such  as  that  of  starch  into  sugar  and  of  sugar  into  cell-walls,  as  well 
as  every  movement  of  parts  which  becomes  externally  visible,  is  done  at 
the  expense  of  a  certain  amount  of  its  assimilated  matter  and  of  its  stored 
energy ;  that  is,  by  the  decomposition  or  combustion  of  sugar  or  some  such 
product  into  carbonic  acid  and  water,  which  is  given  back  to  the  air,  just 
as  in  the  animal  it  is  given  back  to  the  air  in  respiration.     So  the  respira 
tion  of  plants  is  as  real  and  as  essential  as  that  of  animals.    But  what  plants 
consume  or  decompose  in  their  life  and  action  is  of  insignificant  amount  ia 
comparison  with  what  they  compose. 


156        CRYPTOGAMOUS  OE  FLOWEKLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17. 


SECTIO*  XVH.     CBYPTOGAMOU8  OB  FLOWERLESS 
PLANTS. 

481.  Even  the  beginner  in  botany  should  have  some  general  idea  of 
what  cryptogamoua  plants  are,  and  what  are  the  obvious  distinctions  of  the 
principal  families.    Although  the  lower  grades  are  difficult,  and  need  special 
books  and  good  microscopes  for  their  study,  the  higher  orders,  such  as 
Ferns,  may  be  determined  almost  as  readily  as  phanerogamous  plants. 

482.  Linnaeus  gave  to  this  lower  grade  of  plants  the  name  of  Crypto- 
gamia,  thereby  indicating  that  their  organs  answering  to  stamens  and 
pistils,  if  they  had  any,  were  recondite  and  unknown.     There  is  no  valid 
reason  why  this  long-familiar  name  should  not  be  kept  up,  along  with  the 
counterpart  one  of  Phanerogamia  (6),  although  organs  analogous  to  stamens 
and  pistil,  or  rather  to  pollen  and  ovule,  have  been  discovered  in  all  the 
higher  and  most  of  the  lower  grades  of  this  series  of  plants.     So  also 
the  English  synonymous  name  of  Flowerless  Plants  is  both  good  and  con- 
venient :  for  they  have  not  flowers  in  the  proper  sense.    The  essentials  of 
flowers  are  stamens  and  pistils,  giving  rise  to  seeds,  and  the  essential  of  a 
seed  is  an  embryo  (8).    Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  plants  are  propagated 
by  SPORES;  and  a  spore  b  not  an  embryo-plantlet,  but  mostly  a  single 
plant-cell  (399). 

483.  Vascular  Cryptogams,  which  compose  the  higher  orders  of  this 
series  of  plants,  have  stems  and  (usually)  leaves,  constructed  upon  the 
general  plan  of  ordinary  plants ;  that  is,  they  have  wood  (wood-cells  and 
vessels,  408)  in  the  stem  and  leaves,  in  the  latter  as  a  frame  work  of  veins. 
But  the  lower  grades,  having  only  the  more  elementary  cellular  structure, 
are  called  Cellular  Cryptogams.    Far  the  krger  number  of  the  former  are 
Ferns :  wherefore  that  class  has  been  called 

484.  Pteridophyta,  Pteridophytes  in  English  form,  meaning  Fern- 
plants,  —  that  is,  Ferns  and  their  relatives.    They  are  mainly  Horsetails, 
Ferns,  Club-Mosses,  and  various  aquatics  which  have  been  called  Hi/drop- 
terides,  i.  e.  Water-Ferns. 

485.  HorsetaUs,  Equisetacea,  is  the  name  of  a  family  which  consists 
only  (among  now-living  plants)  of  Equisetum,  the  botanical  name  of  Horse- 
tail and  Scouring  Rush.     They  have  hollow  stems,  with  partitions  at  the 
nodes;  the  leaves  consist  only  of  a  whorl  of  scales  at  each  node,  these 
coalescent  into  a  sheath  :  from  the  axils  of  .these  leaf-scales,  in  many  species, 
branches  grow  out,  which  are  similar  to  the  stem  but  on  a  much  smaller 
scale,  close-jointed,  and  with  the  tips  of  the  leaves  more  apparent.     At  the 
apex  of  the  stem  appears  the  fructification,  as  it  is  called  for  lack  of  a  better 
term,  in  the  form  of  a  short  spike  or  head.     This  consists  of  a  good  num« 
ber  of  stalked  shields,  bearing  on  their  inner  or  under  face  several  wedge. 
shaped  spore-cases.    The  spore-cases  when  they  ripen  open  down  the  innef 


SECTION  17.] 


PTERIDOPHYTES. 


157 


side  and  discharge  a  great  number  of  green  spores  of  a  size  large  enough 
to  he  well  seen  by  a  hand-gkss.    The  spores  are  aided  in  their  discharge 


and  dissemination  by  four  club-shaped  threads  attached  to  one  part  of  them 
These  are  hygrometric :  when  moist  they  are  rolled 
up  over  the  spore  ;  when  dry  they  straighten, 
and  exhibit  lively  movements,  closing  over  the 
spore  when  breathed  upon,  and  unrolling  promptly 
a  moment  after  as  they  dry.  (See  Fig.  493-498.; 
486.  Ferns,  or  Filices,  a  most  attractive  family 
of  plants,  are  very  numerous  and  varied.  In  warm 
and  equable  climates  some  rise  into  forest-trees, 
with  habit  of  Palms ;  but  most  of  them  are  peren- 
nial herbs.  The  wood  of  a  Fern-trunk  is  very  dif- 
ferent, however,  from  that  of  a  palm,  or  of  any  exogenous  stem  either.  A 
section  is  represented  in  Fig.  500.  The  curved  plates  of  wood  each  ter- 

Fio.  493.  Upper  part  of  a  stem  of  a  Horsetail,  Equisetum  sylvaticnm.  494.  Part 
of  the  head  or  spike  of  spore-cases,  with  some  of  the  latter  taken  off.  495.  View 
(more  enlarged)  of  under  side  of  the  shield-shaped  body,  bearing  a  circle  of  spore* 
cases.  496.  One  of  the  latter  detached  and  more  magnified.  497.  A  spore  with 
the  attached  arras  moistened.  498.  Same  when  dry,  the  arms  extended. 

FIG.  499.  A  Tree-Fern,  Dicksonia  arborescens,  with  a  young  one  near  its  base. 
In  front  a  common  herbaceous  Fern  (Polypodium  vulgare)  with  its  creeping  ateip 
or  rootstock. 

FIG.  500.   A  section  of  the  trunk  of  a  Tree- torn. 


158        CBYPTOGAMOU8  OR  FLOWEKLESS  PLANTS.     {SECTION   17. 

miuate  upward  in  a  leaf-stalk.  The  subterranean  trunk  or  stem  of  any 
strong-growing  herbaceous  Fern  shows  a  similar  structure.  Most  Ferns 
are  circinate  in  the  bud ;  that  is,  are  rolled  up  in  the  manner  shown  in  Fig. 
197.  Uncoiling  as  they  grow,  they  have  some  likeness  to  a  crosier. 

487.   The  fructification  of  Ferns  is  borne  on  the  back  or  under  side  of 

the  leave"     The  early  botanists  thought  this  such  a  peculiarity  that  they 

606  607 


always  called  a  Fern-leaf  a  FROND,  and  its  petiole  a  STIPE.  Usage  con- 
tinues these  terms,  although  they  are  superfluous.  The  fruit  of  Ferns 
consists  of  SPORE-CASES,  technically  SPORANGIA,  which  grow  out  of  the 
veins  of  the  leaf.  Sometimes  these  are  distributed  over  the  whole  lower 


Fio.  501.  The  Walking-Fern,  Camptosorus,  reduced  in  size,  showing  its  fruit- 
dots  on  the  veins  approximated  in  pairs.  502.  A  small  piece  (pinnule)  of  a 
Shield-Fern:  a  row  of  fruit-dots  on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  each  covered  by  its 
kidney-shaped  indnsium.  603.  A  spore-case  from  the  latter,  just  bursting  by  the 
partial  straightening  of  the  incomplete  ring;  well  magnified.  504.  Three  of  the 
spores  of  509,  more  magnified.  505.  Schizaea  pusilla,  a  very  small  and  simple- 
leaved  Fern,  drawn  nearly  of  natural  size.  506.  One  of  the  lobes  of  its  fruit- 
bearing  portion,  magnified,  bearing  two  rows  of  epore-cases.  507.  Spore-case  of 
the  latter,  detached,  opening  lengthwise.  508.  Adder-tongue,  Ophioglossum: 
ipore-cases  in  a  kind  of  spike:  a,  a  portion  of  the  fruiting  part,  about  natural 
«*ze;  showing  two  rows  of  the  firm  spore-cases,  which  open  transversely  into  two 
Mire*- 


SECTION   17.] 


PTER1DOPHYTES. 


159 


surface  of  the  leaf  or  frond,  or  over  the  whole  surface  when  there  are  no 
proper  leaf-blades  to  the  frond,  but  all  is  reduced  to  stalks.  Commonly  the 
spore-cases  occupy  only  detached  spots  or  iines,  each  of  which  is  called  a 
SOKUS,  or  in  English  merely  a  Fruit-dot.  In  many  Ferns  these  fruit-dots 
are  naked ;  in  others  they  are  produced  under  a  scale-like  bit  of  membrane, 
called  an  INDUSIUM.  In  Maidenhair-Ferns  a  little  lobe  of  the  leaf  is  folded 
back  over  each  fruit-dot,  to  serve  as  its  shield  or  indusium.  In  the  true 
Brake  or  Bracken  (Pteris)  the  whole  edge  of  the  fruit-bearing  part  of  the 
leaf  is  folded  back  over  it  like  a  hem. 

488.  The  form  and  structure  of  the  spore-cases  can  be  made  out  with 
a  common  hand  magnifying  glass.  The  commonest  kind  (shown  in  Fig. 
503)  has  a  stalk  formed  of  a  row  of  jointed  cells,  and  is  itself  composed 
of  a  layer  of  thin-walled  cells,  but  is  incompletely  surrounded  by  a  border  of 
thicker-walled  cells,  forming  the  RING.  This  extends  from  the  stalk  up 
one  side  of  the  spore-case,  round  its  summit,  descends  011  the  other  side, 
but  there  gradually  vanishes.  In  ripening  and  drying  the  shrinking  of  the 
cells  of  the  ring  on  the  outer  side  causes  it  to  straighten ;  in  doing  so  it 
tears  the  spore-case  open  on  the  weaker  side  and 
discharges  the  minute  spores  that  fill  it,  com- 
monly with  a  jerk  which  scatters  them  to  the 
wind.  Another  kind  of  spore-case  (Fig.  507) 

is  stalkless,  and   has  its 

ring-cells  forming  a  kind 

of  cap  at  the  top :  at  ma- 
turity it  splits  from  top 

to  bottom   by  a  regular 

dehiscence.    A  third  kind 

is    of   firm    texture  and 

opens    across    into   two 

valves,  like   a  clam-shell 

(Fig.  508°):    this    kind 

makes  an  approach  to  the 

next  family. 

489.  The  spores  germi- 
nate on  moistened  ground. 

In  a    conservatory   they 

may  be  found  germinating 
on  a  damp  wall  or  on  the  edges  of  a  well-watered  flower-pot.     Instead  of 
directly  forming  a  fern-plautlet,  the  spore  grows  first  into  a  body  which 


FIG.  509.  A  young  prothallus  of  a  Maiden-hair,  moderately  enlarged,  and  an 
older  one  with  the  first  fern-leaf  developed  from  near  the  notch.  510.  Middle  por- 
tion of  the  young  one,  much  magnified,  showing  below,  partly  among  the  rootlets, 
the  antheridia  or  fertilizing  organs,  and  above,  near  the  notch,  three  pitttilidiu 
to  be  fertilized. 


160        CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17. 

closely  resembles  a  small  Liverwort.  This  is  named  a  PROTHJLLLUS  (Fig. 
509) :  from  some  point  of  this  a  bud  appears  to  originate,  which  produces 
the  first  fern-leaf,  soon  followed  by  a  second  and  third,  and  so  the  stem 
%nd  leaves  of  the  plant  are  set  up. 

490.  Investigation  of  this  prothallus  under  the  microscope  resulted  in 
the  disoovary  of  a  wholly  unsuspected  kind  of  fertilization,  taking  place  at 


this  germinating  stage  of  the  plant.  On  the  under  side  of  the  prothallus 
two  kinds  of  organs  appear  (Fig.  510).  One  may  be  likened  to  an  open 
and  depressed  ovule,  with  a  single  cell  at  bottom  answering  to  nucleus ; 
the  other,  to  an  anther;  but  instead  of  pollen,  it  discharges  corkscrew- 
shaped  microscopic  filaments,  which  bear  some  cilia  of  extreme  tenuity,  by 
the  rapid  vibration  of  which  the  filaments  move  freely  over  a  wet  surface. 
These  filaments  travel  over  the  surface  of  the  prothallus,  and  even  to  other 
prothalli  (for  there  are  natural  hybrid  Ferns),  reach  and  enter  the  ovule- 

Pio.  511.  Lycopodium  Caroliniannm,  of  nearly  natural  size.  512.  Inside  view 
of  one  of  the  bracts  and  spore-case,  magnified. 

FIG.  513.  Open  4-valved  spore-case  of  a  Selaginella,  and  its  four  large  spores 
(macrospores),  magnified.  514.  Macrospores  of  another  Selaginella.  515.  Same 
separated. 

FIG,  516.  Plant  of  Isoetes.  617.  Base  of  a  leaf  and  contained  sporocarp  filled 
with  microspores  cut  across,  magnified.  518.  Same  divided  lengthwise,  equally 
magnified  ;  some  microspores  seen  at  tne  left.  519.  Section  of  a  spore-case  contain- 
ing macrospores,  equally  magnified  5  at  the  right  three  macrospores  more  magnified. 


SECTION   17.] 


PTERIDOPHYTES. 


161 


like  cavities,  and  fertilize  the  cell.    This  thereupon  sets  up  a  growth,  forms 
a  vegetable  bud,  and  so  develops  the  new  plant. 

491.  Au  essentially  similar  process  of  fertilization  has  been  discovered 
in  the  preceding  and  the  following  families  of  Pteridophytes ;  but  it  is 
mostly  subterranean  and  very  difficult  to  observe. 

492.  Club-Mosses  or  Lycopodiums.    Some  of  the  common  kinds, 
called  Ground  Pine,  are  familiar,  being  largely  used  for  Christmas  wreaths 
and  other  decoration.    They  are  low  evergreens,  some  creeping,  all  with 
considerable  wood  in  their  stems :  this  thickly  beset  with  small  leaves.    In 
the  axils  of  soce  of  these  leaves,  or  more  commonly,  in  the  axils  of  pecu- 
liar leaves  changed  into  bracts  (as  in  Fig.  511,  512)  spore-cases  appear,  as 
roundish  or  kidney-shaped  bodies,  of  firm  texture,  opening  round  the  top 
into  two  valves,  and  discharging  a 'great  quantity  of  a  very  fine  yellow 
powder,  the  spores. 

493.  The  Selaginellas  have  been  separated  from  Lycopodium,  which 
they  much  resemble,  because  they  produce  two  kinds  of  spores,  in  sepa- 
rate spore-cases.    One  kind  (MICKOSPOBES)  is  just  that  of  Lycopodium ; 
the  other  consists  of  only 

four  large  spores  (MACKO- 
SPORES),  in  a  spore-case 
which  usually  breaks  in 
pieces  at  maturity  (Fig. 
513-515). 

494.  The   Qum\rorts, 
Isoetes    (Tig.    516-519), 
are  very  unlike  Club  Mos- 
ses in  aspect,  but  have  been 
associated  with  them.   They 
look  more  like  Rushes,  and 
live  in  water,  or  partly  out 
of  it.    A  very  short  stem, 
like  a  corm,  bears  a  cluster 
of  roots  underneath ;  above 
it  is  covered  by  the  broad 
bases  of  a  cluster  of  awl- 
shaped    or    thread-shaped 
leaves.      The    spore-cases 
are  immersed  in  the  bases 
of  the  leaves.    The  outer 

leaf-bases  contain  numerous  macrospores ;  the  inner  are  filled  with  innu- 
merable ttjicrospores. 

495.  The  Kllworts  (Marsilia  and  Pilularia)  are  low  aquatics,  which 


FIG.  520.   Plant  of  Marsilia  quadrifoliata,  reduced  in  size ;  at  the  right  a  pair  of 
sporo-carps  of  about  natural  size. 


162        CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17. 

betx  globular  or  pill-shaped  frnit  (SPOROCARPS)  on  the  lower  part  of  then 
leaf-stalks  or  on  their  sleuder  creeping  steins.  The  leaves  of  the  commoner 
species  of  Marsilia  might  be  taken  for  four-leaved  Clover.  (See  Fig.  520.) 
The  sporocarps  are  usually  raised  on  a  short  stalk.  Within  they  are 
divided  lengthwise  by  a  partition,  and  then  crosswise  by  several  partitions. 
These  partitions  bear  numerous  delicate  sacs  or  spore-cases  of  two  kinds, 
intermixed.  The  larger  ones  contain  each  a  large  spore,  or  macrospore ; 
the  smaller  contain  numerous  microspores,  immersed  in  mucilage.  At 
maturity  the  fruit  bursts  or  splits  open  at  top,  and  the  two  kinds  of  spores 
are  discharged.  The  large  ones  in  germination  produce  a  small  prothallus ; 
upon  which  the  contents  of  the  microspores  act  in  the  same  way  as  iu 
Ferns,  and  with  a  similar  result 

496.  Azolla  is  a  little  floating  plant,  looking  like  a  small  Liverwort  or 
Moss.  Its  branches  are  covered  with  minute  and  scale-shaped  leaves. 
On  the  under  side  of  the  branches  are  found  egg-shaped  thin- walled  sporo- 
carps of  two  kinds.  The  small  ones  open  across  and  discharge  micro- 
spores  ;  the  larger  burst  irregularly,  and  bring  to  view  globose  spore-cases, 
attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  sporocarp  by  a  slender  stalk.  These  delicate 
spore-cases  burst  and  set  free  about  four  macrospores,  which  are  ferti. 
lized  at  germination,  in  the  manner  of  the  Pillworts  and  Quillworts. 

(See  Fig.  521-526.) 

521 


497.  Cellular  Cryptogams  (483)  are  so  called  because  composed, 
even  in  their  higher  forms,  of  cellular  tissue  only,  without  proper  wood- 
cells  or  vessels.  Many  of  the  lower  kinds  are  mere  plates,  or  ribbons, 
or  simple  rows  of  cells,  or  even  single  cells.  But  their  highest  orders 
follow  the  plan  of  Ferns  and  phanerogamous  plants  in  having  stem  and 
leaves  for  their  upward  growth,  and  commonly  roots,  or  at  least  rootlets, 

FIG.  521.  Small  plant  of  Azolla  Carolinians.  522.  Portion  magnified,  showing 
tbe  two  kinds  of  sporocarp;  the  small  ones  contain  microspores ;  523  represents 
one  more  magnified.  524.  The  larger  sporocarp  more  magnified.  525.  Same 
more  magnified  and  burst  open,  showing  stalked  spore-cases.  526.  Two  of  the 
latter  highly  magnified  ;  one  of  them  bursting  shows  four  contained  macrospores: 
between  the  two,  three  of  these  scores  highly  magnified. 


SECTION   17.] 


BRYOPHYTES. 


163 


to  attach  them  to  the  soil,  or  to  trunks,  or  to  other  bodies  on  which  they 
grow.  Plants  of  this  grade  are  chiefly  Mosses.  80  as  a  whole  they  take 
the  name  of 

498.  Biyophyta,  Bryophytes  in   English  form,  Bryum  being  the 
Greek  name  of  a  Moss.    These  plants  are  of  two  principal  kinds :  true 
Mosses  (Musci,  which  is  their  Latin  name  in  the  plural) ;  and  Hepatic 
Mosses,  or  Liverworts  (Hepatictg). 

499.  Mosses  or  Musoi.    The  pale  Peat-mosses  (species  of  Sphagnum, 
the  principal  component  of  sphagnous  bogs)  and  the  strong-growing  Hair- 
cap  Moss  (Polytrichum)  are  among  the  lar- 
ger  and   commoner  representatives   of  this 

numerous  family ;  while  Fountain  Moss  (Fon- 
tinalis)  in  running  water  sometimes  attains  the 
length  of  a  yard  or  more.  On  the  other  hand, 
some  are  barely  individually  distinguishable 
to  the  naked  eye.  Fig.  52?'  represents  a  com- 
mon little  Moss,  enlarged  to  about  twelve 
times  its  natural  size ;  and  by  its  side  is  part 
of  a  leaf,  much  magnified,  showing  that  it  is 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  (parenchyma-cells) 
only.  The  leaves  of  Mosses  are  always  sim- 
ple, distinct,  and  sessile  on  the  stem.  The 
fructification  is  an  urn-shaped  spore-case,  in 
this  as  in  most  cases  raised  on  a  slender  stalk. 
The  spore-case  loosely  bears  on  its  summit 
a  tliin  and  pointed  cap,  like  a  candle-extin- 
guisher, called  a  Calyptra.  Detaching  this,  it 
is  found  that  the  spore-case  is  like  a  pyxis 
(376),  that  is,  the  top  at  maturity  comes  off 
as  a  lid  (Operculum) ;  and  that  the  interior  is 
filled  with  a  green  powder,  the  spores,  which 
are  discharged  through  the  open  mouth.  In 
most  Mosses  there  is  a  fringe  of  one  or  two 
rows  of  teeth  or  membrane  around  this  month  628  B27 

or  orifice,  the  Peristone.  When  moist  the  peristome  closes  hygrometri- 
cally  over  the  orifice  more  or  less;  when  drier  the  teeth  or  processes 
commonly  bend  outward  or  recurve ;  and  then  the  spores  more  readily  es- 
cape. In  Hair-cap  Moss  a  membrane  is  stretched  quite  across  the  mouth, 
like  a  drum-head,  retaining  the  spores  until  this  wears  away.  See  Figures 
527-541  for  details. 

500.  Fertilization  in  Mosses  is  by  the  analogues  of  stamens  and  pistils, 
which  are  hidden  in  the  axils  of  leaves,  or  in  the  cluster  of  leaves  at  the 


Flo.  527o  Single  plant  of  Physcomitrium  pyriforme,  magnified.    628.  Top  of  a 
leaf,  out  across;  it  consists  of  a  single  layer  of  cell*. 


164        CRYPTOGAMOUS  OB  FLOWEKLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17. 

end  of  the  stem.     The  analogue  of  the  anther  (Antheridium)  is  a  cellulai 
sac,  which  in  bursting  discharges  innumerable  delicate  cells  floating  in  a 
mucilaginous  liquid;  each  of  these  bursts  and  sets  free  a  vibratile  self- 
681  £84  Ml          640 


moving  thread.  These  threads,  one  or  more,  reach  the  orifice  of  the  pistil, 
shaped  body,  the  Pistillidium,  and  act  upon  a  particular  cell  at  its  base 
within.  This  cell  in  its  growth  develops  into  the  spore-case  and  its  stalk 
(when  there  is  any),  carrying  on  its  summit  the  wall  of  the  pistillidium, 
which  becomes  the  calyptra. 

501.  Liverworts  or  Hepatio  Mosses  (Hepaticee)  in  some  kinds  re- 
semble  true  Mosses,  having  distinct  stem  and  leaves,  although  their  leaves 
occasionally  run  together ;  while  in  others  there  is  no  distinction  of  stem 
and  leaf,  but  the  whole  plant  is  a  leaf-like  body,  which  produces  rootlets  on 
the  lower  face  and  its  fructification  on  the  upper.  Those  of  the  moss-like 
kind  (sometimes  called  Scale-Mosses)  have  their  tender  spore-cases  splitting 
into  four  valves ;  and  with  their  spores  are  intermixed  some  slender  spiral 

FIG.  529.  Mnium  cuspidatum,  smaller  than  nature.  530.  Its  calyptra,  detached, 
enlarged.  531.  Its  spore-case,  with  top  of  stalk,  magnified,  the  lid  (532)  being 
detached,  the  outer  peristome  appears.  533.  Part  of  a  cellular  ring  (annulus) 
which  was  under  the  lid,  outside  of  the  peristome,  more  magnified.  534.  Some 
of  the  enter  and  of  the  inner  peristome  (consisting  of  jointed  teeth)  much  magni- 
fied. 535.  Antheridia  and  a  pistillidium  (the  so-called  flower)  at  end  of  a  stem 
of  same  plant,  the  leaves  torn  away  (<f ,  antheridia,  9,  pistillidium),  magnified. 
536.  A  bursting  antheridium,  and  some  of  the  accompanying  jointed  threads, 
highly  magnified.  537.  Summit  of  an  open  spore-case  of  a  Moss,  which  has 
a  peristome  of  16  pairs  of  teeth.  538.  The  double  peristome  of  a  Hypnum. 
539-541.  Spore-case,  detached  calyptra,  and  top  of  more  enlarged  spore-case 
and  detached  lid,  of  Physcomitrium  pyriforme  (Fig.  527) :  orifice  shows  that  there 
is  no  peristome. 


SECTION   17.]  BRYOPHYTES.  165 

and  very  hygrometric  threads  (called  Slaters)  which  are  thought  to  aid  in 
the  dispersion  of  the  spores.     (Fig.  542-544.) 

502.  Marchantia,  the  commonest  and  largest  of  the  true  Liverworts, 
forms  large  green  plates  or  fronds  on  damp  and  shady  ground,  and  sends  up 
from  some  part  of  the  upper  face  a  stout  stalk,  ending  in  a  several-lobed 
umbrella-shaped  body,  under  the  lobes  of  which  hang  several  thin-walled 
spore-cases,  which  burst  open  and  discharge  spores  and  elaters.  Riccia 
natans  (Fig.  545)  consists  of  wedge-shaped  or  heart-shaped  fronds,  which 
float  free  in  pools  of  still  water.  The  under  face  bears  copious  rootlets ;  in 
the  substance  of  the  upper  face  are  the  spore-cases,  their  pointed  tips 


544 


merely  projecting:  there  they  burst  open,  and  discharge  their  spores. 
These  are  comparatively  few  and  large,  and  are  in  fours ;  so  they  are  very 
like  the  macrospores  of  Pillworts  or  Quillworts. 

503.  ThaUophyta,  or  Thallophytes  in  English  form.  This  is  the  name 
for  the  lower  class  of  Cellular  Cryptogams,  —  plants  in  which  there  is  no 
marked  distinction  into  root,  stem,  and  leaves.  Roots  in  any  proper  sense 
they  never  have,  as  organs  for  absorbing,  although  some  of  the  larger 
Seaweeds  (such  as  the  Sea  Colander,  Fig.  553)  have  them  as  holdfasts. 
Instead  of  axis  and  foliage,  there  is  a  stratum  of  frond,  in  such  plants 
commonly  called  a  THALLUS  (by  a  strained  use  of  a  Greek  and  Latin  word 
which  means  a  green  shoot  or  bough),  which  may  have  any  kind  of  form, 
leaf-like,  stem-like,  branchy,  extended  to  a  flat  plate,  or  gathered  into  a 
sphere,  or  drawn  out  into  threads,  or  reduced  to  a  single  row  of  cells,  or 
even  reduced  to  single  cells.  Indeed,  Thallophytes  are  so  multifarious,  so 
numerous  hi  kinds,  so  protean  in  their  stages  and  transformations,  so  re- 
condite in  their  fructification,  and  many  so  microscopic  in  size,  either  of 

FIG.  542.  Fructification  of  a  Jungermannia,  magnified;  its  cellular  spore-stalk, 
surrounded  at  base  by  some  of  the  leaves,  at  summit  the  4-valved  spore-case  open- 
ing, discharging  spores  and  elaters.  543.  Two  elaters  and  some  spores  from  the 
same,  highly  magnified. 

FIG.  544.  One  of  the  frondose  Liverworts,  Steetzia,  otherwise  like  a  Junger- 
mannia; the  spore-case  not  yet  protruded  from  its  sheath. 


166        CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17. 

the  plant  itself  or  its  essential  organs,  that  they  have  to  be  elaborately 
described  in  separate  books  and  made  subjects  of  special  study. 

504-.   Nevertheless,  it  may  be  well  to  try  to  give  some  general  idea  of 
what  Algse  and  Lichens  and  Fungi  are.    Linnaeus  had  them  all  under  the 
orders  of  Algse  and  Fungi.     Afterwards  the  Lichens  were  separated ;  but 
645  646  647 


549 


of  late  it  has  been  made  most  probable  that  a  Lichen  consists  of  an  Alga 
and  a  Fungus  conjoined.  At  least  it  must  be  so  in  some  of  the  ambiguous 
Forms.  Botanists  are  in  the  way  of  bringing  out  new  classifications  of  the 
Thallophytes,  as  they  come  to  understand  their  structure  and  relations 
better.  Here,  it  need  only  be  said  that 

505.  Lichens  live  in  the  air,  that  is,  on  the  ground,  or  on  rocks,  trunks, 
walls,  and  the  like,  and  grow  when  moistened  by  rains.  They  assimilate  air, 
water,  and  some  earthy  matter,  just  as  do  ordinary  plants.  Algse,  or  Sea- 


weeds, live  in  water,  and  live  the  same  kind  of  life  as  do  ordinary  plants. 
Fungi,  whatever  medium  they  inhabit,  live  as  animals  do,  upon  organic  mat- 
ter, —  upon  what  other  plants  have  assimilated,  or  upon  the  products  of 

FIG.  545,  546.  Two  plants  of  Riccia  natans,  about  natural  size.  547.  Magnified 
section  of  a  part  of  the  frond,  showing  two  immersed  spore-cases,  and  one  emptied 
space.  548.  Magnified  section  of  a  spore-case  with  some  spores.  549.  Magni- 
fied spore-case  torn  out,  and  spores;  one  figure  of  the  spores  united;  the  other  of 
the  four  separated. 

FIG.  550.  Branch  of  a  Chara,  about  natural  size.  551.  A  fruiting  portion, 
magnified,  showing  the  structure;  a  sporocarp,  and  an  antheridium.  552.  Outlines 
of  a  portion  of  the  stem  in  section,  showing  the  central  cell  and  the  outer  or 
cortical  cell*- 


SECTION   17.] 


THALLOPHYTES. 


167 


their  decay.  True  as  these  general  distinctions  are,  it  is  no  less  true  that 
these  orders  run  together  in  their  lowest  forms ;  and  that  Algse  and  Fungi 
may  be  traced  down  into  forms  so  low  and  simple  that  no  clear  line  can  be 
drawn  between  them ;  and  even  into  forms  of  which  it  is  uncertain  whether 
they  should  be  called  plants  or  animals.  It  is  as  well  to  say  that  they  are 
not  high  enough  in  rank  to  be  distinctively  either  the  one  or  the  other.  On 
the  other  hand  there  is  a  peculiar  group  of  plants,  which  in  simplicity  of 
composition  resemble  the  simpler  Algse,  while  in  fructification  and  in  the 
arrangements  of  their  simple  cells  into  stem  and  branches  they  seem  to  be 
of  a  higher  order,  viz. :  — 

506.  Characea9.  These  are  aquatic  herbs,  of  considerable  size,  abound- 
ing in  poud«.  The  simpler  kinds  (Nitella)  have  the  stem  formed  of  a 
single  row  of  tubular  cells,  and  at  the  nodes,  or  junction  of  the  cells,  a 
whorl  of  similar  branches.  Chara  (Fig.  550-552)  is  the  same,  except  that 
the  cells  which  make  up  the  stem  and  the  principal  branches  are  strength- 
ened by  a  coating  of  many  smaller  tubular  cells,  applied  to  the  surface 
of  the  main  or  central  cell.  The  fructifi 
cation  consists  of  a  globular  sporocarp 
of  considerable  size,  which  is  spirally 


enwrapped  by  tubular  cells  twisted  around  it:  by  the  side  of  this  is  a 
smaller  and  globular  autheridium.     The  latter  breaks  up  into  eight  shield- 

Fia  553.  Agarum  Turneri,  Sea  Colander  (so  called  from  the  perforations  with 
•which  the  frond,  as  it  grows,  becomes  riddled);  very  much  reduced  in  size. 

FIG.  554.  Upper  end  of  a  Rockweed,  Fucus  vesiculosus,  reduced  half  or  more, 
6,  the  fructification. 


168         CRYPTOGAMOUS  OB  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17. 

shaped  pieces,  with  an  internal  stalk,  and  bearing  long  and  ribbon  -shaped 
filaments,  which  consist  of  a  row  of  delicate  cells,  each  of  which  dis- 
charges a  free-moving  microscopic  thread  (the  analogue  of  the  pollen  or 
pollen-tube),  nearly  in  the  manner  of  Ferns  and  Mosses.  One  of  these 
threads  reaches  and  fertilizes  a  cell  at  the  apex  of  the  nucleus  or  solid 
body  of  the  sporocarp.  This  subsequently  germinates  and  forms  a  new 
individual. 

507.  Algse  or  Seaweeds.    The  proper  Seaweeds  may  be  studied  by 
the  aid  of  Professor  Farlow's  "  Marine  Algse  of  New  England ; "  the 


556 


fresh-water  species,  by  Prof.  H.  C.  Woods's  "Fresh- water  Algae  of  North 
America,"  a  larger  and  less  accessible  volume.  A  few  common  forms  are 
here  very  briefly  mentioned  and  illustrated,  to  give  an  idea  of  the  family. 
But  they  are  of  almost  endless  diversity. 

508.  The  common  Rockweed  (Fucus  vesiculosus,  Fig.  554,  abounding 
between  high  and  low  water  mark  on  the  coast),  the  rarer  Sea  Colander 
(Agarutn  Turneri,  Fig.  553),  and  Laminaria,  of  which  the  larger  forms 
are  called  Devil's  Aprons,  are  good  representatives  of  the  olive  green  or 
brownish  Seaweeds.    They  are  attached  either  by  a  disk-like  base  or  by 
root-like  holdfasts  to  the  rocks  or  stones  on  which  they  grow. 

509.  The  hollow  and  inflated  places  in  the  Fucus  vesiculosus  or  Rock- 
weed  (Fig-  554)  are  air-bladders  for  buoyancy.    The  fructification  forms 
in  the  substance  of  the  tips  of  the  frond :  the  rough  dots  mark  the  places 
where  the  conceptacles  open.     The  spores  and  the  fertilizing  cells  are  in 
different  plants.    Sections  of  the  two  kinds  of  conceptacles  are  given  in  Fig. 
555  and  556.    The  contents  of  the  conceptacles  are  discharged  through 

PIG.  555.  Magnified  section  through  a  fertile  conceptacle  of  Rockweed,  showing 
the  large  spores  in  the  midst  of  threads  of  cells.  556.  Similar  section  of  a  sterila 
conceptacle,  containing  slender  antheridia.  From  Farlow's  "  Marine  Algae  of  Ne* 
England." 


SECTION   17.] 


THALLOPHYTE8. 


169 


a  small  orifice  which  in  each  figure  is  at  the  margin  of  the  page.  The  large 
spores  are  formed  eight  together  in  a  mother-cell.  The  minute  motile 
filaments  of  the  antheridia  fertilize  the  large  spores  after  injection  into  the 
water:  and  then  the  latter  promptly  acquire  a  cell- wall  and  germinate. 

510.   The  Florideae  or  Rose-red  series  of  marine  Algae  (which,  however, 
are  sometimes  green  or  brownish)  are  the  most  attractive  to  amateurs. 
The  delicate  Porphyra  or  Laver  is  in  some  countries  eaten  as  a  delicacy,  and 
the  cartilaginous  Chondrus  crispus  has 
been  largely  used  for  jelly.    Besides  their 
conceptacles,  which  contain  true  spores 
(Fig.  560),  they  mostly  have  a  fructifi- 
cation in  Tetraspores,  that  is,  of  spores 
originating  in  fours  (Fig.  559). 


511.   The  Grass-green  Alga?  sometimes  form  broad  membranous  fronds, 
such  as  those  of  the  common  Ulva  of  the  sea-shore,  but  most  of  them  form 


icre  threads,  either  simple  or  branched.    To  this  division  belong  almost 


FIG.  557.  Small  plant  of  Chondrus  crispus,  or  Carrageen  Moss,  reduced  in 
size,  in  fruit ;  the  spots  represent  the  fructification,  consisting  of  numerous  tetra- 
spores  in  bunches  in  the  substance  of  the  plant.  558.  Section  through  the  thickness 
of  one  of  the  lobes,  magnified,  passing  through  two  of  the  imbedded  fruit-clusters. 
559.  Two  of  its  tetraspores  (spores  in  fours),  highly  magnified. 

FIG.  560.  Section  through  a  conceptacle  of  Delesseria  Leprieurei,  much  magni- 
fied, showing  the  spores,  which  are  single  specialized  cells,  two  or  three  in  a  row. 

FIG.  561.  A  piece  of  the  rose-red  Delesseria  Lepreiurei,  double  natural  size. 
662.  A  piece  cut  out  and  much  magnified,  showing  that  it  is  composed  of  a  layer 
of  cells.  563.  A  few  of  the  cells  more  highly  magnified:  the  cells  are  gelatinous 
and  thick-walled. 


JTO       CKYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17 

all  the  Fresh-water  Algse,  such  as  those  which  constitute  the  silky  threads 
or  green  slime  of  running  streams  or  standing  pools,  and  which  were  .all 
called  Confervas  before  their  immense  diversity  was  known.  Some  are 
formed  of  a  single  row  of  cells,  developed  each  from  the  end  of  another. 
Others  branch,  the  top  of  one  cell  producing  more  than  one  new  one 
(Fig.  564).  Others,  of  a  kind  which  is  very  common 
in  fresh  water,  simple  threads  made  of  a  line  of  cells, 
have  the  chlorophyll  and  protoplasm  of  each  cell  ar- 
ranged in  spiral  lines  or  bands. 
They  form  spores  in  a  peculiar 
way,  which  gives  to  this  family  the 
designation  of  conjugating  Alg®. 

512.  At  a  certain  time  two  par- 
allel threads  approach  each  other 
more  closely ;  contiguous  parts  of 


a  cell  of  each  thread  bulge  or  grow  out,  and  unite  when  they  meet ;  the 
cell-wall  partitions  between  them  are  absorbed  so  as  to  open  a  free  commu- 
nication; the  spiral  band  of  green  matter  in  both  cells  breaks  up ;  the  whole 
of  that  of  one  cell  passes  over  into  the  other ;  and  of  the  united  contents 
a  large  green  spore  is  formed.  Soon  the  old  cells  decay,  and  the  spore 

FIG.  564.  The  growing  end  of  a  branching  Conferva  (Cladophora  glomerata), 
much  magnified ;  showing  how,  by  a  kind  of  budding  growth,  a  new  cell  is  formed 
by  a  cross  partition  separating  the  newer  tip  from  the  older  part  below;  also,  how 
the  branches  arise. 

FIG.  565.  Two  magnified  individuals  of  a  Spirogyra,  forming  spores  by  con- 
jugation;  a  completed  spore  at  base  :  above,  successive  stages  of  the  conjugation 
are  represented. 

FIG.  566.  Closterium  acutum,  a  common  Desmid,  moderately  magnified.  It  is 
a  single  firm-walled  cell,  filled  with  green  protoplasmic  matter. 

FIG.  567.  More  magnified  view  of  three  stages  of  the  conjugation  of  a  pair  of 
the  same. 


SECTION  17.] 


THALLOPHTTES. 


171 


set  free  is  ready  to  germinate.  Fig.  565  represents  several  stages  of  the 
conjugating  process,  which,  however,  would  never  be  found  all  together  like 
this  in  one  pair  of  threads. 

513.  Desinids  and  Diatomes,  which  are  microscopic  one-celled  plants  of 
the  same  class,  conjugate  in  the  same  way,  as  is  shown  in  a  Closterium  bj 
Fig.  566,  567.  Here  the  whole  living  contents  of  two  individuals  are  in- 
corporated into  one  spore,  for  a  fresh  start.  A  reproduction  which  costs 
the  life  of  two  individuals  to  make  a  single  new  one  would  be  fatal  to  the 
species  if  there  were  not  a  provision  for  multiplication  by  the  prompt  divi- 
sion of  the  new-formed  individual  into  two,  and  these  again  into  two,  and 
so  on  in  geometrical  ratio.  And  the  costly  process  would  be  meaningless 
if  there  were  not  some  real  advantage  in  such  a  fresh  start,  that  is,  ia 


574 


514.  There  are  other  Algae  of  the  grass-green  series  which  consist  of 
single  cells,  but  which  by  continued  growth  form  plants  of  considerable 
size.     Three  kinds  of  these  are  represented  in  Fig.  568-574. 

515.  Lichens,  Latin  Lichenes,  are  to  be  studied  in  the  works  of  the 
late  Professor  Tuckermau,  but  a  popular  exposition  is   greatly  needed. 
The  subjoined  illustrations  (Fig.  575-580)  may  simply  indicate  what  some 
of  the  commoner  forms  are  like.     The  cup,  or  shield-shaped  spot,  or  knob, 
which  bears  the  fructification  is  named  the  Apothecium.     This  is  mainly 


PIG.  568.  Early  stage  of  a  species  of  Botrydium,  a  globose  cell.  569,  570.  Stages 
of  growth.  571.  Full-grown  plant,  extended  and  ramified  below  in  a  root-like 
way.  572.  A  Vaucheria;  single  cell  grown  on  into  a  much-branched  thread;  the 
end  of  some  branches  enlarging,  and  the  green  contents  in  one  (a)  there  condensed 
into  a  spore.  573.  More  magnified  view  of  a,  and  the  mature  spore  escaping. 
574.  Bryopsis  plumosa;  apex  of  a  stem  with  its  brancblets;  all  the  extension  of 
one  celL  Variously  magnified. 


172        CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17. 

composed  of  slender  sacs  (Asci),  having  thread-shaped  cells  intermixed ; 
and  each  ascus  contains  few  or  several  spores,  which  are  commonly  double 
or  treble.  Most  Lichens  are  flat  expansions  of  grayish  hue  ;  some  of  them 
foliaceous  in  textnre,  but  never  of  bright  green  color;  more  are  crusta- 
ceous ;  some  are  wholly  pulverulent  and  nearly  formless.  But  in  several 
the  vegetation  lengthens  into  an  axis  (as  in  Fig.  5 SO),  or  imitates  stem 

573  580 


and  branches  or  threads,  as  in  the  Reindeer-Moss  on  the  ground  in  our 
northern  woods,  and  the  Usnea  hanging  from  the  boughs  of  old  trees 
overhead. 

516.  Fungi  For  this  immense  and  greatly  diversified  class,  it  must 
here  suffice  to  indicate  the  parts  of  a  Mushroom,  a  Sphseria,  and  of  one  or 
two  common  Moulds.  The  true  vegetation  of  common  Fungi  consists  of 
slender  cells  which  form  what  is  called  a  Mycelium.  These  filamentous 


FIG.  575.  A  stone  on  which  various  Lichens  are  growing,  such  as  (passing  from 
left  to  right)  a  Parmelia,  a  Sticta,  and  on  the  right,  Lecidia  geographica,  so  called 
from  its  patches  resembling  the  outline  of  islands  or  continents  as  depicted  upon 
maps.  576.  Piece  of  thallus  of  Parmelia  conspersa,  with  section  through  an 
apothecinm.  577.  Section  of  a  smaller  apothecinm,  enlarged.  578.  Two  asci 
of  same,  and  contained  spores,  and  accompanying  filaments;  more  magnified. 
579.  Piece  of  thallus  of  a  Sticta,  with  section,  showing  the  immersed  apothecia; 
the  small  openings  of  these  dot  the  surface.  580.  Cladonia  coccinea;  the  fructi- 
fication is  in  the  scarlet  knobs,  which  surround  the  cups. 


SECTION  17.] 


THALLOPHYTES. 


173 


cells  lengthen  and  branch,  growing  by  the  absorption  through  their  whole 
surface  of  the  decaying,  or  organizable,  or  living  matter  which  they  feed 
npon.  In  a  Mushroom  (Agaricus),  a  knobby  mass  is  at  length  formed, 
which  develops  into  a  stout  stalk  (Stipe),  bearing  the  cap  (Pileus")  :  the 
under  side  of  the  cap  is  covered  by  the  Hymenium,  in  this  genus  consisting 
of  radiating  plates,  the  gills  or  Lamella;  aud  these  bear  the  powdery  spores 
in  immense  numbers.  Under  the  microscope,  the  gills  are  found  to  be 
studded  with  projecting  cells,  each  of  which,  at  the  top,  produces  four 
stalked  spores.  These  form  the  powder  which  collects  on  a  sheet  of  paper 
upon  which  a  mature  Mushroom  is  allowed  to  rest  for  a  day  or  two.  (Fig. 
581-586.) 

517.  The  esculent  Morel,  also  Sphseria  (Fig.  585,  586),  and  many  other 
Fungi  bear  their  spores  in  sacs  (asci)  exactly  in  the  manner  of  Lichens 


518.    Of  the  Moulds,  one  of  the  commoner  is  the  Bread  Mould  (Fig. 
587).    In  fruiting  it  sends  up  a  slender  stalk,  which  bears  a  globular  sac  ; 


FIG.  581.  Agaricus  campestris,  the  common  edible  Mushroom.  582.  Section 
of  cap  and  stalk.  583.  Minute  portion  of  a  section  of  a  gill,  showing  some  spore- 
•bearing  cells,  much  magnified.  584.  One  of  these,  with  its  four  spores,  more 
magnified. 

TIG.  585.   Sphseria  rosella.    586.  Two  of  the  asci  and  contained  double  spores, 
quite  like  those  of  a  Lichen;  much  magnified. 


174        CRYPTOGAMOUS  OB  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.      [SECTION   17. 

this  bursts  at  maturity  and  discharges  innumerable  spores.  The  blue 
Cheese-Mould  (Fig.  588)  bears  a  cluster  of  branches  at  top,  each  of 
which  is  a  row  of  naked  spores,  like  a  string  of  beads,  all  breaking  apart 

at  maturity.   Botrytis 

(*«•  589>'  the  fruit' 

ing  stalk  of  which 
branches,  and  each 
branch  is  tipped  with 
a  spore,  is  one  of  the 
many  moulds  which 
live  and  feed  upon  the 
juices  of  other  plants 
or  of  animals,  and  are 
often  very  destructive. 
The  extremely  nume- 
rous kinds  of  smut,  rust,  mildew,  the  ferments,  bacteria,  and  the  like, 
many  of  them  very  destructive  to  other  vegetable  and  to  animal  life,  are 
also  low  forms  of  the  class  of  Fungi.1 

FIG.  687.  Ascophora,  the  Bread-Mould.  588.  Aspergillus  glaucus,  the  mould 
of  cheese,  but  common  on  mouldy  vegetables.  589.  A  species  of  Botrytis.  All 
magnified. 

i  The  "Introduction  to  Cryptogamous  Botany,"  or  third  volume  of  "The  Botan- 
ical Text  Book,"  now  in  preparation  by  the  author's  colleague,  Professor  Farlow, 
will  be  the  proper  guide  in  the  rtudy  of  the  Flowwlesa  Plants,  especially  of  th« 
Algw  and  Fmxt 


SECTION   18.]  CLASSIFICATION.  175 


SECTION  XVIII.    CLASSIFICATION  AND  NOMENCLATIVE. 

519.  Classification,  in  botany,  is  the  consideration  of  plants  in  respect 
to  their  kinds  and  relationships.     Some  system  of  Nomenclature,  or  nam- 
ing, is  necessary  for  fixing  and  expressing  botanical  knowledge  so  as  to 
make  it  available.     The  vast  multiplicity  of  plants  and  the  various  degrees 
of  their  relationship  imperatively  require  order  and  system,  not  only  as  to 
names  for  designating  the  kinds  of  plants,  but  also  as  to  terms  for  defining 
their  differences.     Nomenclature  is  concerned  with  the  names  of  plants. 
Terminology  supplies  names  of  organs  or  parts,  and  terms  to  designate 
their  differences. 

§  1.    KINDS  AND  RELATIONSHIP. 

520.  Plants  and  animals  have  two  great  peculiarities  :  1st,  they  form 
themselves ;  and  2d,  they  multiply  themselves.     They  reproduce  their  kind 
in  a  continued  succession  of 

521.  Individuals.    Mineral  things  occur  as  masses,  which  are  divisible 
into  smaller  and  still  smaller  ones  without  alteration  of  properties.     But 
organic  things  (vegetables  and  animals)  exist  as  individual  beings.    Each 
owes  its  existence  to  a  parent,  and  produces  similar  individuals  in  its  turn. 
So  each  individual  is  a  link  of  a  chain;  and  to  this  chain  the  natural- 
historian  applies  the  name  of 

522.  Species.    All  the  descendants  from  the  same  stock  therefore  com- 
pose one  species.     And  it  was  from  our  observing  that  the  several  sorts  of 
plants  or  animals  steadily  reproduce  themselves,  or,  in  other  words,  keep 
up  a  succession  of  similar  individuals,  that  the  idea  of  species  originated. 
There  are  few  species,  however,  in  which  man  has  actually  observed  the 
succession  for  many  generations.     It  could  seldom  be  proved  that  all  the 
White  Pine  trees  or  White  Oaks  of  any  forest  came  from  the  same  stock. 
But  observation  having  familiarized  us  with  the  general  fact  that  indi- 
viduals proceeding  from  the  same  stock  are  essentially  alike,  we  infer  from 
their  close  resemblance  that  these  similar  individuals  belong  to  the  same 
species.     That  is,  we  infer  it  when  the  individuals  are  as  much  like  each 
other  as  those  are  which  we  know,  or  confidently  suppose,  to  have  sprung 
from  the  same  stock. 

523.  Identity  in  species  is  inferred  from  close  similarity  in  all  essential 
respects,  or  whenever  the  differences,  however  considerable,  are  not  known 
or  reasonably  supposed  to  have  been  originated  in  the  course  of  time  under 
changed  conditions.     No  two  individuals  are  exactly  alike ;  a  tendency  to 
variation  pervades  all  living  things.     In  cultivation,  where  variations  are 
looked  after  and  cared  for,  very  striking  differences  come  to  light ;  and  if 
in  wild  nature  they  are  less  common  or  less  conspicuous,  it  is  partly  be- 
cause they  are  uncared  for.     When  such  variant  forms  are  pretty  well 
marked  they  are  called 


176  CLASSIFICATION.  [SECTION   18. 

524.  Varieties.  The  White  Oak,  for  example,  presents  two  or  three 
varieties  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  although  they  may  be  all  alike  upon 
each  particular  tree.  The  question  often  arises,  and  it  is  often  hard  to 
answer,  whether  the  difference  in  a  particular  case  is  that  of  a  variety,  or 
is  specific.  If  the  former,  it  may  commonly  be  proved  by  finding  such 
intermediate  degrees  of  difference  in  various  individuals  as  to  show  that 
no  clear  distinction  can  be  drawn  between  them ;  or  else  by  observing  the 
variety  to  vary  back  again  in  some  of  its  offspring.  The  sorts  of  Apples, 
Pears,  Potatoes,  and  the  like,  show  that  differences  which  are  permanent 
in  the  individual,  and  continue  unchanged  through  a  long  series  of  gen- 
erations when  propagated  by  division  (as  by  offsets,  cuttings,  grafts, 
bulbs,  tubers,  etc.),  are  not  likely  to  be  reproduced  by  seed.  Still  they 
sometimes  are  so,  and  perhaps  always  tend  in  that  direction.  For  the 
fundamental  law  in  organic  nature  is  that  offspring  shall  be  like  parent. 

RACES  are  such  strongly  marked  varieties,  capable  of  coming  true  to 
seed.  The  different  sorts  of  Wheat,  Maize,  Peas,  Radishes,  etc.,  are 
familiar  examples.  By  selecting  those  individuals  of  a  species  which  have 
developed  or  inherited  any  desirable  peculiarity,  keeping  them  from  min- 
gling with  their  less  promising  brethren,  and  selecting  again  the  most 
promising  plants  raised  from  their  seeds,  the  cultivator  may  in  a  few 
generations  render  almost  any  variety  transmissible  by  seed,  so  long  as  it  is 
cared  for  and  kept  apart.  In  fact,  this  is  the  way  the  cultivated  domesti- 
cated races,  so  useful  to  man,  have  been  fixed  and  preserved.  Races,  in 
fact,  can  hardly,  if  at  all,  be  said  to  exist  independently  of  man.  But 
man  does  not  really  produce  them.  Such  peculiarities  —  often  surprising 
enough  —  now  and  then  originate,  we  know  not  how  (the  plant  sports,  as 
the  gardeners  say) ;  they  are  only  preserved,  propagated,  and  generally 
further  developed,  by  the  cultivator's  skilful  care.  If  left  alone,  they  are 
likely  to  dwindle  and  perish,  or  else  revert  to  the  original  form  of  the 
species.  Vegetable  races  are  commonly  annuals,  which  can  be  kept  up 
only  by  seed,  or  herbs  of  which  a  succession  of  generations  can  be  had 
every  year  or  two,  and  so  the  education  by  selection  be  completed  without 
great  lapse  of  time.  But  all  fruit-trees  could  probably  be  fixed  into  races 
in  an  equal  number  of  generations. 

BUD-VARIETIES  are  those  which  spring  from  buds  instead  of  seed. 
They  are  uncommon  to  any  marked  extent.  They  are  sometimes  called 
Sports,  but  this  name  is  equally  applied  to  variations  among  seedlings. 

CROSS-BREEDS,  strictly  so-called,  are  the  variations  which  come  from 
cross-fertilizing  one  variety  of  a  species  with  another. 

HYBRIDS  are  the  varieties,  if  they  may  be  so  called,  which  come  from 
the  crossing  of  species  (331).  Only  nearly  related  species  can  be  hybridized; 
and  the  resulting  progeny  is  usually  self-sterile,  but  not  always.  Hybrid 
plants,  however,  may  often  be  fertilized  and  made  prolific  by  the  pollen 
of  one  or  the  other  parent.  This  produces  another  kind  of  cross-breeds. 

525.   Species   are  the  units   in  classification.      Varieties,  although   of 


SECTION   18.]  KINDS  AND  RELATIONSHIP.  177 

utmost  importance  In  cultivation  and  of  considerable  consequence  in  the 
flora  of  any  country,  are  of  less  botanical  significance.  For  they  are  apt 
to  be  indefinite  and  to  shade  off  one  form  into  another.  But  species,  the 
botanist  expects  to  be  distinct.  Indeed,  the  practical  difference  to  the 
botanist  between  species  and  varieties  is  the  definite  limitation  of  the  one 
and  the  indefiniteness  of  the  other.  The  botanist's  determination  is  partly 
a  matter  of  observation,  partly  of  judgment. 

526.  In  an  enlarged  view,  varieties  may  be  incipient  species ;  and  nearly 
related  species  probably  came  from  a  common  stock  in  earlier  times.     For 
there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  existing  vegetation  came  from  the 
more  or  less  changed  vegetation  of  a  preceding  geological  era.     However 
that  may  be,  species  are  regarded  as  permanent  and  essentially  unchanged 
in  their  succession  of  individuals  through  the  actual  ages. 

527.  There  are,  at  nearly  the  lowest  computation,  as  many  as  one  hun- 
dred thousand  species  of  phanerogamous  plants,  and  the  cryptogamous 
species  are  thought  to  be  still  more  numerous.     They  are  all  connected  by 
resemblances  or  relationships,  near  and  remote,  which  show  that  they  are 
all  parts  of  one  system,  realizations  in  nature,  as  we  may  affirm,  of  the  con- 
ception of  One  Mind.     As  we  survey  them,  they  do  not  form  a  single  and 
connected  chain,  stretching  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest  organized 
species,  although  there  obviously  are  lower  and  higher  grades.     But  the 
species  throughout  group  themselves,  as  it  were,  into  clusters  or  constel- 
lations, and  these  into  still  more  comprehensive  clusters,  and  so  on,  with 
gaps  between.     It  is  this  clustering  which  is  the  ground  of  the  recognition 
of  kinds  of  species,  that  is,  of  groups  of  species  of  successive  grades  or 
degree  of  generality ;  such  as  that  of  similar  species  into  Genera,  of  genera 
into  Families  or  Orders,  of  orders  into  Classes.     In  classification  the  se- 
quence, proceeding  from  higher  or  more  general  to  lower  or  special,  is  always 
CLASS,  ORDER,  GENUS,  SPECIES,  VARIETY  (if  need  be). 

528.  Genera  (in  the  singular,  Genus)  are  assemblages  of  closely  related 
species,  in  which  the  essential  parts  are  all  constructed  on  the  same  partic- 
ular type  or  plan.     White  Oak,  Red  Oak,  Scarlet  Oak,  Live  Oak,  etc., 
are  so  many  species  of  the  Oak  genus  (Latin,  Quercus).     The  Chestnuts 
compose  another  genus;  the  Beeches  another.     The  Apple,  Pear,  and 
Crab  are  species  of  one  genus,  the  Quince  represents  another,  the  various 
species  of  Hawthorn  a  third.     In  the  animal  kingdom  the  common  cat,  the 
wild-cat,  the  panther,  the  tiger,  the  leopard,  and  the  lion  are  species  of  the 
cat  kind  or  genus ;  while  the  dog,  the  jackal,  the  differed  species  of  wolf, 
and  the  foxes,  compose  another  genus.     Some  genera  are  represented  by 
a  vast  number  of  species,  others  by  few,  very  many  by  only  one  known 
species.    For  the  genus  may  be  as  perfectly  represented  in  one  species  as 
in  several,  although,  if  this  were  the  case  throughout,  genera  and  species 
would  of  course  be  identical.     The  Beech  genus  and  the  Chestnut  genus 
would  be  just  as  distinct  from  the  Oak  genus  even  if  but  one  Beech  and 
one  Chestnut  WPJ-B  known ;  as  Indeed  was  once  the  case. 

18 


17«  CLASSIFICATION.  [SECTION   18, 

529.  Orders  are  groups  of  genera  that  resemble  each  other ;  that  is, 
they  are  to  genera  what  genera  are  to  species.     As  familiar  illustrations, 
the  Oak,  Chestaut,  and  Beech  genera,  along  with  the  Hazel  genus  and  the 
Hornbeams,  all  belong  to  one  order.     The  Birches  and  the  Alders  make 
another;  the  Poplars  and  Willows,  another;  the  Walnuts  (with  the  But- 
ternut) and  the  Hickories,  still  another.     The  Apple  genus,  the  Quince 
and  the  Hawthorns,  along  with  the  Plums  and  Cherries  and  the  Peach, 
the  Raspberry  with  the  Blackberry,  the  Strawberry,  the  Rose,  belong 
to  a  large  order,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  Rose.     Most  botanists 
use  the  names  "Order"  and  "Family"  synonymously;  the  latter  more 
popularly,   as  "the  Rose    Family,"    the    former    more    technically,    as 
"Order  Rosaceee" 

530.  But  when  the  two  are  distinguished,  as  is  common  in  zoology, 
Family  is  of  lower  grade  than  Order. 

531.  Classes  are  still  more  comprehensive  assemblages,  or  great  groups. 
Thus,  in  modern  botany,  the  Dicotyledonous  plants  compose  one  class, 
the  Monocotyledonous  plants  another  (36-40). 

532.  These  four  grades,  Class,  Order,  Genus,  Species,  are  of  universal 
use.     Variety  comes  in  upon  occasion.     For,  although  a  species  may  have 
no  recognized  varieties,  a  genus  implies  at  least  one  species  belonging  to 
it ;  every  genus  is  of  some  order,  and  every  order  of  some  class. 

533.  But  these   grades  by  no  means  exhaust  the  resources  of  clas- 
sification,  nor  suffice  for  the  elucidation  of   all  the  distinctions  which 
botanists  recognize.     In  the  first  place,  a  higher  grade  than  that  of  class 
is  needful  for  the  most  comprehensive  of  divisions,  that  of  all  plants  into 
the  two  Series  of  Phanerogamous  and  Cryptogamous  (6) ;   and  in  natu- 
ral history  there  are   the  two  Kingdoms  or  Realms,  the  Vegetable  and 
the  Animal. 

534.  Moreover,  the  stages  of  the  scaffolding  have  been  variously  ex- 
tended, as  required,  by  the  recognition  of  assemblages  lower  than  class  but 
higher  than  order,  viz.  Subclass  and  Cohort ;  or  lower  than  order,  a  Sub- 
order; or  between  this  and  genus,  a  Tribe ;  or  between  this  and  tribe,  a 
Subtribe ;   or  between  genus  and  species,  a  Subgenus ;  and   by  some   a 
species  has  been  divided  into  Subspecies,  and  a  variety  into  Subvarieties. 
Last  of  all  are  Individuals.     Suffice  it  to  remember  that  the  following  are 
the  principal  grades  in  classification,  with  the  proper  sequence ;  also  that 
only  those  here  printed  in  small  capitals  are  fundamental  and  universal 
in  botany:  — 

SERIES, 

CLASS,  Subclass,  Cohort, 

ORDEB,  or  FAMILY,  Suborder,  Tribe,  SubtrtDe, 
GENUS,  Subgenus  or  Section, 
SPECIES,  Variety, 


SECTION   18.  J  NOMENCLATURE.  179 


{  2.    NAMES,  TERMS,  AND  CHARACTERS. 

535.  The  name  of  a  plant  is  the  name  of  its  genus  followed  by  that  of 
the  species.    The  name  of  the  genus  answers  to  the  surname  (or  family 
name)  ;  that  of  the  species  to  the  baptismal  name  of  a  person.     Thus  Quer. 
cus  is  the  name  of  the  Oak  genus;  Quercus  alba,  that  of  the  White  Oak, 
Q.  rubra,  that  of  Red  Oak,  Q.  nigra,  that  of  the  Black-Jack,  etc.     Botani- 
cal names  being  Latin  or  Latinized,  the  adjective  name  of  the  species 
comes  after  that  of  the  genus. 

536.  Names  of  Genera  are  of  one  word,  a  substantive.    The  older 
ones  are  mostly  classical  Latin,  or  Greek  adopted  into  Latin;  such  as 
Quercus  for  the  Oak  genus,  Fagus  for  the  Beech,  Corylus,  the  Hazel,  and 
the  like.     But  as  more  genera  became  known,  botanists  had  new  names  to 
make  or  borrow.     Many  are  named  from  some  appearance  or  property  of 
the  flowers,  leaves,  or  other  parts  of  the  plant.    To  take  a  few  examples 
from  the  early  pages  of  the  "  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Northern  United 
States,"  —  the  genus  Hepatica  comes  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf,  resembling 
that  of  the  liver.    Myosurus  means  mouse-tail.    Delphinium  is  from  del- 
phin,  a  dolphin,  and  alludes  to  the  shape  of  the  flower,  which  was  thought 
to  resemble  the  classical  figures  of  the  dolphin.     Xanthorrhiza  is  from  two 
Greek  words  meaning  yellow-root,  the  common  name  of  the  plant.     Cimi- 
cifuga  is  formed  of  two  Latin  words  meaning  to  drive  away  bugs,  i.  e. 
Bugbane,  the  Siberian  species  being  used  to  keep  away  such  vermin. 
Sanguinaria,  the  Bloodroot,  is  named  from  the  blood-like  color  of  its  juice. 
Other  genera  are  dedicated  to  distinguished  botanists  or  promoters  of 
science,  and  bear  their  names :  such  are  Magnolia,  which  commemorates 
the  early  French  botanist,  Magnol ;  and  Je/ersonia,  named  after  President 
Jefferson,  who  sent  the  first  exploring  expedition  over  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.   Others  bear  the  name  of  the  discoverer  of  the  plant ;  as,  Sarra- 
cenia,  dedicated  to  Dr.  Sarrazin,  of  Quebec,  who  was  one  of  the  first  to 
send  the  common  Pitcher-plant  to  the  botanists  of  Europe  ;  and  Ctaytonia, 
first  made  known  by  the  early  Virginian  botanist  Clayton. 

537.  Names  of  Species.     The  name  of  a  species  is  also  a  single  word, 
appended  to  that  of  the  genus.     It  is  commonly  an  adjective,  and  therefore 
agrees  with  the  generic  name  in  case,  gender,  etc.     Sometimes  it  relates  to 
the  country  the  species  inhabits ;  as,  Claytonia  Virginica,  first  made  known 
from  Virginia;  Sanguinaria  Canadensis,  from  Canada,  etc.     More  com- 
monly it  denotes  some  obvious  or  characteristic  trait  of  the  species ;  as, 
for  example,  in  Sarracenia,  our  northern  species  is  named  purpurea,  from 
the  purple  blossoms,  while  a  more  southern  one  is  named  fava^  because 
its  petals  are  yellow ;  the  species  of  Jeffersonia  is  called  diphylla,  meaning 
two-leaved,  because  its  leaf  is  divided  into  two  leaflets.     Some  species  are 
named  after  the  discoverer,  or  in  compliment  to  a  botanist  who  has  made 
them  known ;  as,  Magnolia  Frateri,  named  after  the  botanist  Fraser,  onp 


180  NOMENCLATURE.  [SECTION   18. 

of  the  first  to  find  this  species ;  and  Sarracenia  Drummondii,  for  a  Pitcher- 
plant  found  by  Mr.  Drummond  in  Florida,  Such  personal  specific  names 
are  of  course  written  with  a  capital  initial  letter.  Occasionally  some  old 
substantive  name  is  used  for  the  species  ;  as  Magnolia  Umbrella,  the  Um- 
brella tree,  and  Ranunculus  Flammula.  These  are  also  written  with  a 
capital  initial,  and  need  not  accord  with  the  generic  name  in  gender.  Geo- 
graphical specific  names,  such  as  Canadensis,  Caroliniana,  Americana,  in 
the  later  usage  are  by  some  written  without  a  capital  initial,  but  the  older 
usage  is  better,  or  at  least  more  accordant  with  English  orthography. 

538.  Varietal  Names,  when  any  are  required,  are  made  on  the  plan  of 
specific  names,  and  follow  these,  with  the  prefix  var.     Ranunculus  Flam- 
mula,  var.  reptans,  the  creeping  variety:  R.  abortivus,  var.  micranthus, 
the  small-flowered  variety  of  the  species. 

539.  In  recording  the  name  of  a  plant  it  is  usual  to  append  the  name, 
or  an  abbreviation  of  the  name,  of  the  botanist  who  first  published  it ;  and 
in  a  flora  or  other  systematic  work,  this  reference  to  the  source  of  the 
name  is  completed  by  a  further  citation  of  the  name  of  the  book,  the 
volume  and  page  where  it  was  first  published.      So  "  Ranunculus  acris, 
L.,"  means  that  this  Buttercup  was  first  so  named  and  described  by  Lin- 
nseus ;  "  R.  multifidus,  Pursh,"  that  this  species  was  so  named  and  pub- 
lished by  Pursh.    The  suffix  is  no  part  of  the  name,  but  is  an  abbreviated 
reference,  to  be  added  or  omitted  as  convenience  or  definiteness  may  re- 
quire.    The  authority  for  a  generic  name  is  similarly  recorded.    Thus, 
"  Ranunculus,  L.,"  means  that  the  genus  was  so  named  by  Linnaeus ; 
"  Myosurus,  Dill.,"  that  the  Mouse-tail  was  established  as  a  genus  under 
this  name  by  Dilleuius ;  Caulophyllum,  Michx.,  that  the  Blue  Cohosh  was 
published  under  this  name  by  Michaux.     The  full  reference  in  the  last- 
named  instance  would  be,  "  in  Flora  Boreali-Americana,  first  volume,  205th 
page,"  —  in  the  customary  abbreviation,  "Michx.  Fl.  i.  205." 

540.  Names  of  Orders  are  given  in  the  plural  number,  and  are  com- 
monly formed  by  prolonging  the  name  of  a  genus  of  the  group  taken  as  a 
representative  of  it.     For  example,  the  order  of  which  the  Buttercup  or 
Crowfoot  genus,  Ranunculus,  is  the  representative,  takes  from  it  the  name 
of  Ranunculaceee ;  meaning  Planta  Ranunculaceee  when  written  out  in 
full,  that  is,   Ranunculaceous   Plants.     Some  old  descriptive  names  of 
orders  are  kept  up,  such  as  Cruciferce  for  the  order  to  which  Cress  and 
Mustard  belong,  from  the  cruciform  appearance  of  their  expanded  corolla, 
and  Umbelliferee,  from  the  flowers  being  in  umbels. 

541.  Names  of  Tribes,  also  of  suborders,  sabtribes,  and  the  like,  are 
plurals  of  the  name  of  the  typical  genus,  less  prolonged,  usually  in  eee, 
•nea,  idea,  etc.     Thus  the  proper  Buttercup  tribe  is  Ranunculea,  of  the 
Clematis  tribe,  Clematidea.    While  the  Rose  family  is  Rosaceee,  the  special 
Rose  tribe  is  Roseee. 

542.  Names  of  Classes,  eto.     For  these  see  the  following  synopsis  of 
the  actual  classification  adopted,  p.  183. 


SECTION   18.]  TERMINOLOGY.  181 

543.  So  a  plant  is  named  in  two  words,  the  generic  and  the  specific 
names,  to  which  may  be  added  a  third,  that  of  the  variety,  upon  occasion. 
The  generic  name  is  peculiar :  obviously  it  must  not  be  used  twice  over  in 
botany.     The  specific  name  must  not  be  used  twice  over  in  the  same  genus, 
but  is  free  for  any  other  genus.    A  Quercus  alba,  or  White  Oak,  is  no 
hindrance  to  Betula  alba,  or  White  Birch ;  and  so  of  other  names. 

544.  Characters  and  Descriptions.     Plants  are  characterized  by  a 
terse  statement,  in  botanical  terms,  of  their  peculiarities  or  distinguishing 
marks.     The  character  ot  the  order  should  include  nothing  which  is  com- 
mon to  the  whole  class  U  belongs  to ;  that  of  the  genus,  nothing  which  is 
common  to  the  ordev ;  that  of  the  species  nothing  which  is  shared  with 
all  other  species  or  the  genus;  and  so  of  other  divisions.    Descriptions 
may  enter  into  complete  details  of  the  whole  structure. 

545.  Terminology,  also  called  Glossology,  is  nomenclature  applied  to 
organs  or  p*\rts,  and  their  forms  or  modifications.    Each  organ  or  special 
part  has  ?  substantive  name  of  its  own :  shapes  and  other  modifications  of 
an  orgin  or  part  are  designated  by  adjective  terms,  or,  when  the  forms 
are  peculiar,  substantive  names  are  given  to  them.     By  the  correct  use 
of  such  botanical  terms,  and  by  proper  subordination  of  the  characters 
under  the  order,  genus,  species,  etc.,  plants  may  be  described  and  deter- 
mined  with  much  precision.     The  classical  language  of  botany  is  Latin. 
While  modern  languages  have  their  own  names  and  terms,  these  usually 
lack  the  precision  of  the  Latin  or  Latinized  botanical  terminology.    For. 
tuuately,  this  Latinized  terminology  has  been  largely  adopted  and  incor- 
porated  into  the  English  technical  language  of  botany,  thus  securing  pre- 
cision.    And  these  terms  are  largely  the  basis  of  specific  names  of  plants. 

546.  A  glossary  or  vocabulary  of  the  principal  botanical  terms  used  in 
phanerogamous  and  vascular  cryptogamous  botany  is  appended  to  this 
Tolume,  to  which  the  student  may  refer,  as  occasion  arises. 


§  3.    SYSTEM. 

547.  Two  systems  of  classification  used  to  be  recognized  in  botany,  —  the 
artificial  and  the  natural ;  but  only  the  latter  is  now  thought  to  deserve 
the  name  of  a  system. 

548.  Artificial  classifications  have  for  object  merely  the  ascertaining 
of  the  name  and  place  of  a  plant.    They  do  not  attempt  to  express  relation- 
ships, but  serve  as  a  kind  of  dictionary.     They  distribute  the  genera  and 
species  according  to  some  one  peculiarity  or  set  of  peculiarities  (just  as  a 
dictionary  distributes  words  according  to  their  first  letters),  disregarding 
all  other  considerations.     At  present  an  artificial  classification  in  botany 
is  needed  only  as  a  key  to  the  natural  orders,  —  as  an  aid  in  referring  an 
unknown  plant  to  its  proper  family ;  and  such  keys  are  still  very  needful, 
at  least  for  the  beginner.     Formerly,  when  the   orders  themselves   were 
not  clearly  made  out,  an  artificial  classification  was  required  to  lead  the 


182  SYSTEM.  [SECTION  18. 

student  down  to  the  genus.  Two  such  classiflcatious  were  long  in  vogie : 
First,  that  of  Tournefort,  founded  mainly  on  the  leaves  of  the  flower,  the 
calyx  and  corolla :  this  was  the  prevalent  system  throughout  the  first  half 
of  the  eighteenth  century ;  but  it  has  long  since  gone  by.  It  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  well-known 

549.  Artificial  System  of  Linnaeus,  which  was  founded  on  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils.     It  consists  of  twenty-four  classes,  and  of  a  variable 
number  of  orders ;  the  classes  founded  mainly  on  the  number  and  dispo- 
sition of  the  stamens  ;  the  orders  partly  upon  the  number  of  styles  or  stig- 
mas, partly  upon  other  considerations.     Useful  and  popular  as  this  system 
was  down  to  a  time  within  the  memory  of  still  surviving  botanists,  it  is 
now  completely  obsolete.     But  the  tradition  of  it  survives  in  the  names  of 
its  classes,  Monandria,  Diandria,  Triandria,  etc.,  which  are  familiar  in 
terminology  in  the  adjective  terms  monandrous,  diandrous,  triandrous,  etc. 
(284)  ;  also  of  the  orders,  Monogyuia,  Digynia,  Trigynia,  etc.,  preserved  in 
the  form  of  monogynous,  digynous,  trigyuous,  etc.  (301) ;  and  in  the  name 
Cryptogamia,  that  of  the  24th  class,  which  is  continued  for  the  lower  series 
in  the  natural  classification. 

550.  Natural  System.     A  genuine  system  of  botany  consists  of  the 
orders  or  families,  duly  arranged  under  their  classes,  and  having  the  tribes, 
the  genera,  and  the  species  arranged  in  them  according  to  their  relation- 
ships.   This,  when  properly  carried  out,  is  the  Natural  System  ;  because 
it  is  intended  to  express,  as  well  as  possible,  the  various  degrees  of  relation- 
ship among  plants,  as  presented  in  nature;  that  is,  to  rank  those  species 
and  those  genera,  etc.,  next  to  each  other  in  the  classification  which  are 
really  most  alike  in  all  respects,  or,  in  other  words,  which  are  constructed 
most  nearly  on  the  same  particular  plan. 

551.  There  can  be  only  one  natural  system  of  botany,  if  by  this  term 
is  meant  the  plan  according  to  which  the  vegetable  creation  was  called  into 
being,  with  all  its  grades  and  diversities  among  the  species,  as  well  of  past 
as  'of  the  present  time.    But  there  may  be  many  natural  systems,  if  we 
mean  the  attempts  of  men  to  interpret  and  express  that  plan,  —  systems 
which  will  vary  with  advancing  knowledge,  and  with  the  judgment  and 
skill  of  different  botanists.    These  must  all  be  very  imperfect,  bear  the 
impress  of  individual  minds,  and  be  shaped  by  the  current  philosophy  of 
the  age.    But  the  endeavor  always  is  to  make  the  classification  answer  to 
Nature,  as  far  as  any  system  can  which  has  to  be  expressed  in  a  definite 
and  serial  arrangement. 

552.  So,  although  the  classes,  orders,  genera,  etc.,  are  natural,  or  as 
natural  as  the  systematist  can  make  them,  their  grouping  or  order  of 
arrangement  in  a  book,  must  necessarily  be  in  great  measure  artificial. 
Indeed,  it  is  quite  impossible  to  arrange  the  orders,  or  even  the  few  classes, 
in  a  single  series,  and  yet  have  each  group  stand  next  to  its  nearest  relatives 
on  both  sides. 

553.  Especially  it  should  be  understood  that,  although  phanerogamous 


SECTION   1S.J  SYSTEM.  183 

plants  are  of  higher  grade  than  cryptogamous,  and  angiospermous  or  or- 
dinary  phanerogamous  higher  than  the  gymnospermous,  yet  there  is  no 
culmination  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  nor  auy  highest  or  lowest  order  of 
phanerogamous  plants. 

554.   The  particular  system  most  largely  used  at  present  in  the  classi- 
fication of  the  orders  is  essentially  the  following  :  — 

SERIES  I.  PHANEROGAMIA :  PHANEROGAMOUS  OB.  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

CLASS  I.     D1COTYLEDONES  ANGIOSPERME^J,  called  for  shortness 

in  English,  DICOTYLEDONS  or  DICOTYLS.     Ovules  in  a  closed  ovary. 

Embryo  dicotyledonous.     Stem  with  exogenous  plan  of  growth.    Leaves 

reticulate-veined, 

Artificial  Division  I.    POLYPETALJZ,  with  petals  mostly  present  and 

distinct.     Orders  about  80  in  number,  Uanunculacea  to  Cornacees. 
Artificial  Division   II.     GAMOPETAL^:,   with   gamopetalous   corolla. 

Orders  about  45,  Caprifoliaceee  to  Plantaginacece. 
Artificial  Division  III.     APETAUE  or  INCOMPLETE,  with  perianth, 
when  present,  of  calyx  only.     Orders  about  35  in  number,  from 
Nyctaginacea  to  Salicacece. 

CLASS  II.  DICOTYLEDONES  GYMNOSPERME^),  in  English  GYM- 
NOSPERMS.  No  ovary  or  pericarp,  but  ovules  and  seeds  naked,  and  no 
proper  calyx  nor  corolla.  Embryo  dicotyledonous  or  polycotyledonous. 
Stem  with  exogenous  plan  of  growth.  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined. 
Consists  of  order  Gnetaceee,  which  strictly  connects  with  Angiospermous 
Dicotyls,  of  Coniferte,  and  of  Cycadacea. 

CLASS  III.  MOXOCOTYLEDONES,  in  English  MONOCOTYLEDONS  or 
MOXOCOTYLS.  Angiospermous.  Embryo  monocotyledonous.  Stem  with 
endogenous  plan  of  growth.  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined. 

Division  I.  PETALOIDEE.  Perianth  complete,  having  the  equivalent 
of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  and  all  the  inner  series  corolliue.  About 
18  orders. 

Division  II.  CALYCIN^E.  Perianth  complete  (in  two  series)  but  not 
corolline,  mostly  thickish  or  glumaceous.  Chiefly  two  orders, 
Juncaceee,  the  true  Rushes,  and  Palma,  Palms. 
Division  HI  SPADICIFLORE  or  NUDIFLOR.S:.  Perianth  none,  or  rudi- 
mentary and  incomplete :  inflorescence  spadiceous.  Of  five  orders, 
Typhacea  and  Aroideae  the  principal. 

Division  IV.  GLUMACE^;.  Perianth  none,  or  very  rudimentary : 
glumaceous  bracts  to  the  flowers.  Orders  mainly  Cyperacea;  and 
Gramineee. 

SERIES  II.    CRYPTOGAMIA :  CRYPTOGAMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS 
CLASS     L    PTERIDOPHYTA,  PTEBIDOPHYTES  (484). 
CLASS    1L    BRYOPHYTA,  BRYOPHYTES  (498). 
CLASP  III.    THALLOPHYTA,  THALLOPHYTES  (503). 


184  BOTANICAL  WORK.  1  SECTION   19. 


SECTION  XIX.    BOTANICAL  WORK. 

555.  Some  bints  and  brief  instructions  for  the  collection,  examination, 
and  preservation  of  specimens  are  added.     They  are  especially  intended 
for  the  assistance  of  those  who  have  not  the  advantage  of  a  teacher.    They 
apply  to  phanerogamous  plants  and  Ferns  only,  and  to  systematic  botany.1 

fi  1.    COLLECTION,  OB  HERBORIZATION. 

556.  As  much  as  possible,  plants  should  be  examined  in  the  living  state, 
or  when  freshly  gathered.     But  dried  specimens  should  be  prepared  for 
more  leisurely  examination  and  for  comparison.     To  the  working  botanist 
good  dried  specimens  are  indispensable. 

557.  Botanical  Specimens,  to  be  complete,  should  have  root  or  root- 
stock,  stem,  leaves,  flowers,  both  open  and  hi  bud,  and  fruit.     Some- 
times these  may  all  be  obtained  at  one  gathering ;  more  commonly  two  or 
three  gatherings  at  different  times  are  requisite,  especially  for  trees  and 
shrubs. 

558.  In  Herborizing,  a  good  knife  and  a  narrow  and  strong  trowel  are 
needed ;  but  a  very  strong  knife  will  serve  instead  of  a  trowel  or  small  pick 
for  digging  out  bulbs,  tubers,  and  the  like.    To  carry  the  specimens,  either 
the  tin  box  (vasculum)  or  a  portfolio,  or  both  are  required.    The  tin  box  is 
best  for  the  collection  of  specimens  to  be  used  fresh,  as  in  the  class-room ; 
also  for  very  thick  or  fleshy  plants.    The  portfolio  is  indispensable  for  long 
expeditions,  and  is  best  for  specimens  which  are  to  be  preserved  in  the 
herbarium. 

559.  The  Pasculwm,  or  Botanical  Collecting-box,  is  made  of  tin,  in  shape 
like  a  candle-box,  only  flatter,  or  the  smaller  sizes  like  an  English  sandwich- 
case  ;  the  lid  opening  for  nearly  the  whole  length  of  one  side  of  the  box. 
Any  portable  tin  box  of  convenient  size,  and  capable  of  holding  specimens 
a  foot  or  fifteen  inches  long,  will  answer  the  purpose.    The  box  should  shut 
close,  so  that  the  specimens  may  not  wilt :  then  it  will  keep  leafy  branches 
and  most  flowers  perfectly  fresh  for  a  day  or  two,  especially  if  slightly 
moistened.    They  should  not  be  wet. 

560.  The  Portfolio  is  best  made  of  two  pieces  of  solid  binder's-board, 
covered  with  enamel  cloth,  which  also  forms  the  back,  and  fastened  by 
straps  and  buckles.     It  may  be  from  a  foot  to  twenty  inches  long,  from 
nine  to  eleven  or  twelve  inches  wide.    It  should  contain  a  needful  quantity 
of  smooth  but  strong  and  pliable  paper  (thin  so-called  Manilla  paper  is 
best),  either  fastened  at  the  back  as  in  a  book,  or  loose  in  folded  sheets 
when  not  very  many  specimens  are  required.    As  soon  as  gathered,  the 
specimens  should  be  separately  laid  between  the  leaves  or  in  the  folded 
sheets,  and  kept  under  moderate  pressure  in  the  closed  portfolio. 

1  For  fuller  directions  in  many  particulars,  see  "Structural  Botany,"  pp.  370- 
874. 


SECTION   19.]  HEEBOEIZATION.  186 

561.  Of  small  herbs,  especially  annuals,  the  whole  plant,  root  and  all, 
should  be  taken  for  a  specimen.    Of  larger  ones  branches  will  suffice,  with 
some  leaves  from  near  the  root.     Enough  of  the  root  or  subterranean  part 
of  the  plant  should  be  collected  to  show  whether  it  is  an  annual,  a 
biennial,  or  a  perennial.    Thick  roots,  bulbs,  tubers,  or  branches  of  speci- 
mens intended  to  be  pressed  should  be  thinned  with  a  knife,  or  cut  into 
slices.     Keep  the  specimens  within  the  length  of  fifteen  or  sixteen  inches, 
by  folding,  or  when  that  cannot  be  done,  by  cutting  into  lengths. 

562.  For  Drying  Specimens  a  good  supply  of  soft  and  unsized 
paper  is  wanted;  and  some  convenient  means  of  applying  considerable 
pressure.    To  make  good  dried  botanical  specimens,  dry  them  as  rapidly 
as  possible  between  many  thicknesses  of  sun-dried  paper  to  absorb  their 
moisture,  under  as  much  pressure  as  can  be  given  without  crushing  the 
more  delicate  parts.     This  pressure  may  be  had  by  a  botanical  press,  of 
which  various  forms  have  been  contrived;  or  by  weights  placed  upon  a 
board,  —  from  forty  to  eighty  or  a  hundred  pounds,  according  to  the 
quantity  of  specimens  drying  at  the  time.    For  use  while  travelling,  a 
good  portable  press  may  be  made  of  thick  binders'  boards  for  the  sides, 
and  the  pressure  may  be  applied  by  strong  straps  with  buckles.     Still 
better,  on  some  accounts,  are  portable  presses  made  of  wire  network, 
which  allow  the  dampness  to  escape  by  evaporation  between  the  meshes. 
For  herborization  in  a  small  way,  a  light  wire-press  may  be  taken  into 
the  field  and  made  to  serve  also  as  a  portfolio. 

563.  It  is  well  to  have  two  kinds  of  paper,  namely,  driers  of  bibulous 
paper,  stitched  into  pads  (or  the  pads  may  be  of  thick  carpet-paper,  cut  to 
size)  and  thin  smooth  paper,  folded  once ;  the  specimens  to  be  laid  into  the 
fold,  either  when  gathered  or  on  returning  from  the  excursion.     These, 
sheets  are  to  hold  the  specimens  until  they  are  quite  dry.     Every  day,  or 
at  first  even  twice  a  day,  the  specimens,  left  undisturbed  in  their  sheets, 
are  to  be  shifted  into  fire-dried  or  sun-dried  fresh  driers,  and  the  pressure 
renewed,  while  the  moist  sheets  are  spread  out  to  dry,  so  as  to  take  their 
turn  again  at  the  next  shifting.     This  course  must  be  continued  until  the 
specimens  are  no  longer  moist  to  the  touch.     Good  and  comely  specimens 
are  either  made  or  spoiled  within  the  first  twenty-four  or  thirty-six  hours. 
After  that,  when  plenty  of  driers  are  used,  it  may  not  be  necessary  to 
change  them  so  frequently. 

664.  Succulent  plants,  which  long  refuse  to  part  with  life  and  moisture, 
and  Spruces  and  some  other  evergreens  which  are  apt  to  cast  off  their 
leaves,  may  be  plunged  for  a  moment  into  boiling  water,  all  but  the  flowers. 
Delicate  flowers  may  be  encased  in  thin  tissue  paper  when  put  into  the  press. 
Thick  parts,  like  the  heads  of  Sun-flowers  and  Thistles,  may  be  cut  in  two 
or  into  slices. 

565.  Dried  specimens  may  be  packed  in  bundles,  either  in  folded  paper 
or  upon  single  half-sheets.  It  is  better  that  such  paper  should  not  be 
bibulous.  The  packages  should  be  well  wrapped  or  kept  in  close  cases. 


186  BOTANICAL  WORK.  [SECTION  19. 

560.  Poisoning  is  necessary  if  specimens  are  to  be  permanently  pre- 
served  from  the  depredatiou  of  insects.  The  usual  application  is  an  almost 
saturated  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  in  95  per  cent  alcohol,  freely  ap- 
plied with  a  large  and  soft  brush,  or  the  specimens  dipped  into  some  of  the 
solution  poured  into  a  large  and  flat  dish;  the  wetted  specimens  to  be 
transferred  for  a  short  time  to  driers. 


52.    HERBARIUM. 

567.  The  botanist's  collection  of  dried  specimens,  ticketed  with  their 
names,  place,  and  time  of  collection,  and  systematically  arranged  under 
their  genera,  orders,  etc.,  forms  a  Hortus  Siccus  or  Herbarium.     It  com. 
prises  not  only  the  specimens  which  the  proprietor  has  himself  collected, 
but  those  which  he  acquires  through  friendly  exchanges,  or  in  other  ways. 
The  specimens  of  an  herbarium  may  be  kept  in  folded  sheets  of  paper; 
or  they  may  be  fastened  on  half-sheets  of  thick  and  white  paper,  either 
by  gummed  slips,  or  by  glue  applied  to  the  specimens  themselves.     The 
former  is  best  for  private  and  small  herbaria;  the  latter  for  large  ones 
which  are  much  turned  over.     Each  sheet  should  be  appropriated  to  one 
species ;  two  or  more  different  plants  should  never  be  attached  to  the  same 
sheet.    The  generic  and  specific  name  of  the  plant  should  be  added  to 
the  lower  right-hand  corner,  either  written  on  the  sheet,  or  on  a  ticket 
pasted  down;  and  the  time  of  collection,  the  locality,  the  color  of  the 
flowers,  and  any  other  information  which  the  specimens  themselves  do 
not  afford,  should  be  duly  recorded  upon  the  sheet  or  the  ticket.    The 
sheets  of  the  herbarium  should  all  be  of  exactly  the  same  dimensions. 
The  herbarium  of  Linnaeus  is  on  paper  of  the  common  foolscap  size,  about 
eleven  inches  long  and  seven  wide.     This  is  too  small.     Sixteen  and  three 
eighths  inches  by  eleven  and  a  half  inches  is  an  approved  size. 

568.  The  sheets  containing  the  species  of  each  genus  are  to  be  placed 
in  genus-coven,  made  of  a  full  sheet  of  thick  paper  (such  as  the  strong- 
est Manilla-hemp  paper),  to  be  when  folded  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the 
species-sheet  but  slightly  wider:  the  name  of  the  genus  is  to  be  writ- 
ten on  one  of  the  lower  corners.     These  are  to  be  arranged  under  the 
orders  to  .which  they  belong,  and  the  whole  kept  in  closed  cases  or  cabi- 
nets, either  laid  flat  in  compartments,  like  "  pigeon-holes,"  or  else  placed 
in  thick  portfolios,  arranged  like  folio  volumes.     All  should  be  kept,  as 
much  as  practicable,  in  dust-proof  and  insect-proof  cases  or  boxes. 

569.  Fruits,  tubers,  and  other  hard  parts,  too  thick  for  the  herbarium, 
may  be  kept  in  pasteboard  or  light  wooden  boxes,  in  a  collection  apart. 
Small  loose  fruits,  seeds,  detached  flowers,  and  the  like  may  be  conven- 
iently preserved  in  paper  capsules  or  envelopes,  attached  to  the  herbarium 
ifceeto. 


SECTION   19.]     INVESTIGATION  AND  DETERMINATION.  187 


§3.    INVESTIGATION  AND  DETERMINATION  OF  PLANTS. 

570.  The  Implements  required  are  a  band  magnifying  glass,  a  pocket 
lens  of  an  inch  or  two  focus,  or  a  glass  of  two  lenses,  one  of  the  lower 
and  the  other  of  the  higher  power ;  and  a  sharp  penknife  for  dissection. 
With  these  and  reasonable  perseverance  the  structure  of  the  flowers  and 
fructification  of  most  phanerogamous  plants  aud  Ferns  can  be  made  out. 
But  for  ease  and  comfort,  as  well  as  for  certainty  and  right  training,  the 
student  should  have  some  kind  of  simple  stage   microscope,  and  under 
this  make  all  dissections  of  small  parts.     Without  it  the  student  will  be 
apt  to  fall  into  the  bad  habit  of  guessing  where  he  ought  to  ascertain. 

571.  The  simple  microscope  may  be  reduced  to  a  good  lens  or  doublet, 
of  an  inch  focus,  mounted  over  a  glass  stage,  so  that  it  can  be  moved  up 
and  down  and  also  sidewise,  and  with  (or  without)  a  little  mirror  under- 
neath.    A  better  one  would  have  one  or  two  additional  lenses  (say  of  half 
and  of  a  quarter  inch  focus),  a  pretty  large  stage,  on  the  glass  of  which 
several  small  objects  can  be  placed  and  conveniently  brought  under  the 
lens ;  and  its  height  or  that  of  the  lens  should  be  adjustable  by  a  rack- 
work;  also  a  swivel-mounted  little  mirror  beneath,  which  is  needed  for 
minute  objects  to  be  viewed  by  transmitted  light. 

572.  For  dissecting  and  displaying  small  parts  on  the  stage  of  the 
microscope,  besides  a  thin-bladed  knife,  the  only  tools  needed  are  a  good 
stock  of  common  needles  of  various  sizes,  mounted  in  handles,  and  one  or 
more  saddler's-needles,  which,  being  triangular,  may  be  ground  to  sharp 
edges  convenient  for  dissection.    Also  a  pair  of  delicate-pointed  forceps ; 
those  with  curved  points  used  by  the  dentist  are  most  convenient.    A 
cup  of  clean  water  is  indispensable,  with  which  to  moisten  or  wet,  or 
in  which  occasionally  to  float  delicate  parts.     Small  flowers,  buds,  fruits, 
and  seeds  of  dried  specimens  can  be  dissected  quite  as  well  as  fresh  ones. 
They  have  only  to  be  soaked  in  warm  or  boiling  water. 

573.  The  compound  microscope  is  rarely  necessary  except  in  crypto- 
gamic  botany  and  vegetable  anatomy ;  but  it  is  very  useful  and  convenient, 
especially  for  the  examination  of  pollen.     To  the  advanced  botanist  it  is  a 
necessity,  to  all  students  of  botany  an  aid  and  delight. 

574.  Analysis.     A  few  directions  and  hints  may  be  given.    The  most 
important  is  this :  In  studying  an  unknown  plant,  make  a  complete  ex- 
amination of  all  its  parts,  and  form  a  clear  idea  of  its  floral  structure 
and  that  of  its  fruit,  from  pericarp  down  to  the  embryo,  or  as  far  as  the 
materials  in  hand  allow,  before  taking  a  step  toward  finding  out  its  name 
and  relationship  by  means  of  the  keys  or  other  helps  which  the  Manuals 
and  Floras  provide.     If  it  is  the  name  merely  that  is  wanted,  the  shorter 
way  is  to  ask  some  one  who  already  knows  it.     To  verify  the  points  of 
structure  one  by  one  as  they  happen  to  occur  in  an  artificial  key,  without 
any  preparatory  investigation,  is  a  usual  but  is  not  the  best  nor  the  surest 


188  BOTANICAL  WORK.  [SECTION    19. 

way.  It  is  well  to  make  drawings  or  outline  sketches  of  the  smaller  parts, 
and  especially  diagrams  of  the  plaa  of  the  flower,  such  as  those  of  Fig. 
225,  227,  241,  244,  275-277.  For  these,  cross  sections  of  the  flower-bud 
or  flower  are  to  be  made :  and  longitudinal  sections,  such  as  Fig.  270-274, 
are  equally  important.  The  dissection  eveu  of  small  seeds  is  not  difficult 
after  some  practice.  Commonly  they  need  to  be  soaked  or  boiled. 

575.  The  right  appreciation  of  characters  and  terms  used  in  description 
needs  practice  and  calls   for  judgment.     Plants  do  not  grow  exactly  by 
rule  and  plummet,  and  measurements  must  be  taken  loosely.     Diiference 
of  soil  and  situation  are  responded  to  by  considerable  variations,  and  other 
divergences  occur  which  cannot  be  accounted  for  by  the  surroundings,  nor 
be  anticipated  in  general  descriptions.     Annuals  may  be  very  depauperate 
in  dry  soils  or  seasons,  or  very  large  when  particularly  well  nourished. 
Warm  and  arid  situations  promote,  and  wet  ones  are  apt  to  diminish  pubes- 
cence.   Salt  water  causes  increased  succulence.    The  color  of  flowers  is 
apt  to  be  lighter  in  shade,  and  brighter  in  open  and  elevated  situations. 
A  color  or  hue  not  normal  to  the  species  now  and  then  occurs,  which 
nothing  in  the  conditions  will  account  for.    A  white-flowered  variation  o/ 
any  other  colored  blossom  may  always  be  expected ;  this,  though  it  may  be 
notable,  no  more  indicates  a  distinct  variety  of  the  species  than  an  albino 
would  a  variety  of  the  human  species.     The  numerical  plan  is  subject  to 
variation  in  some  flowers ;  those  on  the  plan  of  five  may  now  and  then  vary 
to  four  or  to  six.    Variations  of  the  outline  or  lobing  of  leavss  are  so  familiar 
that  they  do  not  much  mislead.    Only  wider  and  longer  observation  suf- 
fices to  prevent  or  correct  mistakes  in  botanical  study.     But  the  weighing 
of  evidence  and  the  balancing  of  pi-obabilities,  no  less  than  the  use  of  the 
well-ordered  and  logical  system  of  classification,  give  as  excellent  training 
to  the  judgment  as  the  search  for  the  facts  themselves  does  to  the  observing 
powers. 

f  4    SIGNS  AND  ABBREVIATIONS. 

576.  For  a  full  account  of  these,  whether  of  former  or  actual  use,  see 
"  Structural  Botany  "  of  the  "  Botanical  Text  Book,"  pp.  367,  392,  as  also 
for  the  principles  which  govern  the  accentuation  of  names.     It  is  needful 
here  to  explain  only  those  used  in  the  Manuals  and  Floras  of  this  country, 
for  which  the  present  volume  is  an  introduction  and  companion.    They 
are  not  numerous. 

577.  In  arranging  the  species,  at  least  those  of  a  large  genus,  the  divi- 
sions are  denoted  and  graduated  as  follows :  The  sign  §  is  prefixed  to  sec- 
tions of  the  highest  rank  :  these  sections  when  they  have  names  affixed  to 
them  (as  PRUNUS  §  CEEASUS)  may  be  called  subgenera.     When  the  divi- 
sions  of  a  genus  are  not  of  such  importance,  or  when  divisions  are  mado 
under  the  subgenus  itself,  the  most  comprehensive  ones  are  marked  by  as- 
terisks, *  for  the  first,  *  *  for  the  second,  and  so  on.     Subdivisions  are 


SECTION   19.]  SIGNS  AND  ABBREVIATIONS.  189 

marked  with  a  prefixed  -i- ;  those  under  this  head  with  ++ ;  and  those 
under  this  with  — ,  if  there  be  so  many  grades.  A  similar  notation  is  fol- 
lowed in  the  synopsis  of  the  genera  of  an  order. 

578.  The  interrogation  point  is  used  in  botany  to  indicate  doubt.    Thus 
Clematis  crispa,  L.?  expresses  a  doubt  whether  the  plant  in  question  is 
really  the   Clematis  crispa  of  Liuua3us.     Clematis  ?  polypetala  expresses 
a  doubt  whether  the  plant  so  named  is  really  a  Clematis.     On  the  other 
hand  the  exclamation  point  (!)  is  used  to  denote  certainty  whenever  there 
is  special  need  to  affirm  this. 

579.  For  size  or  height,  the  common  signs  of  degrees,  minutes,  and 
seconds,  have  been  used,  thus,  1°,  2',  3",  stand  respectively  for  a  foot, 
two  inches,  and  three  lines  or  twelfths  of  an  inch.     A  better  way,  when 
such  brevity  is  needed,  is  to  write  1".  2to.  31. 

580.  Signs  for  duration  used  by  Linnaeus  were  Q  for  an  annual,  $  for 
a  biennial,  #  for  a  perennial  herb,  5  for  a  shrub  or  tree.     DeCandolle 
brought  in  0  for  a  plant  that  died  after  once  flowering,  (T)  if  annual,  (2) 
if  biennial. 

581.  To  indicate  sexes,  $  means  staminate  or  male  plant  or  blossom; 
9 ,  pistillate  or  female ;   K ,  perfect  or  hermaphrodite. 

582.  To  save  room  it  is  not  uncommon  to  use  oo  in  place  of  "  many ; "  thus, 
"  Stamens  oo,"  for  stamens  indefinitely  numerous  :  "oo flora  "  for  pluriflora 
or  many-flowered.     Still  more  common  is  the  form  "  Stamens  5-20,"  or 
"Calyx  4-5-parted,"  for  stamens  from  five  to  twenty,  calyx  four-parted  or 
five-parted,  and  the  like.     Such  abbreviations  hardly  need  explanation. 

583.  The  same  may  be  said  of  such  abbreviations  as  Cat.  for  calyx, 
Cor.  for  corolla,  Pet.  for  petals,  St.  for  stamens,  Fist,  for  pistil,  Hab.  for 
habitat,  meaning  place  of  growth,  Herb,  for  herbarium,  Hort.  for  garden. 
Also  /.  c.,  loco  citato,  which  avoids  repetition  of  volume  and  page. 

584.  "Structural  Botany"  has  six  pages  of  abbreviations  of  the  names 
of  botanists,  mostly   of  botanical  authors.      As  they  are  not  of  much 
consequence  to  the  beginner,  while  the  more  advanced  botanist  will  know 
the  names  in  full,  or  know  where  to  find  them,  only  a  selection  is  here 


190 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  BOTANISTS. 


ABBEBVIATIONS   OP  THE  NAMES  OF  BOTANISTS 


Mam* 

=  Adanson. 

Gmel.        - 

=  Gmelin. 

Ait. 

Alton. 

Good. 

Goodenougk 

All. 

AUioni. 

Grev. 

Greville. 

Andr. 

Andrews. 

Griseb. 

Grisebach. 

Arm. 
Aub. 

Arnott. 
Anblet. 

Gron. 
Gronov. 

J  Grouovius. 

Bartr. 

Bartram. 

Hall. 

HaHer. 

Beauv. 

Palisot  de  Beauvois. 

Hartm. 

Hartmann. 

Benth. 

Bentham. 

Hartw. 

Hartweg. 

Bernh. 

Bernhardi. 

Harv. 

Harvey. 

Bigel. 

Jacob  Bigelow. 

Haw. 

HawortL 

Bong. 

Bongard. 

Hegelm. 

Hegelmaier. 

Bovpl. 

Bonpland. 

Hemsl. 

Hemsley. 

Br.  or  S.  Br.  Robert  Brown. 

Herb. 

Herbert. 

Cass. 

Cassini. 

Hofm. 

Hoffmann. 

Cav. 

Cavanilles. 

Hoffmans. 

Hoffmansegg. 

Cham. 

Chamisso. 

Hook. 

Hooker. 

Chapm. 

Chapman. 

Hook.f. 

J.  D.  Hooker. 

Chols. 

Choisy. 

Hornem. 

Hornemann. 

Clayt. 

Clayton. 

Huds. 

Hudson. 

Curt. 

Curtis. 

Humb. 

Humboldt.            [Kunth 

Curt.(M.  A.}  M.  A.  Curtis. 

HBK. 

Humboldt,  Bonpland,  an£ 

Darf. 

Darlington. 

Jacq. 

Jacquin. 

DC. 
DeCand. 

|  DeCandolle. 

Jacq.f. 
Just. 

J.  F.  Jacquin. 
Jussieu. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  DeCandolK 

A.  Juts. 

Adrien  de  Jussien. 

Desc. 

Descourtilz. 

Kit. 

Kitaibel. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

L.  or  Linn. 

Linnaeus. 

Desv. 

Desvaux. 

Labill. 

Labillardierc. 

Dill. 

Dillenius. 

Lag. 

Lagasca. 

Douffl. 

Douglas. 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

DuAam. 

Duhamel 

Ledeb. 

Ledebour. 

Dun. 

Dnnal. 

Lehm. 

Lehmann. 

Eat. 

Eaton  (Amos)  or  D.  C. 

Letq. 

I^esqnereax. 

Ehrh. 

Ehrhart 

Lets. 

Lessing. 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Lestib. 

Lestibudois. 

Endl. 

Endlicher. 

L'Her. 

L'Heritier. 

Engelm. 

Engelmann. 

Lindb. 

Lindberg. 

Engl. 

Engler. 

Lindh. 

Lindheimer. 

Fitch. 

Fischer. 

Lindl. 

Lindley. 

Frost. 

Froelich. 

Lodd. 

Loddiges. 

Gartn. 

Gartner. 

Loud. 

Loudon. 

Gaud. 

Gandin. 

M.  Bieb. 

Marschall  von  Bieberstein. 

Gaudich. 

Gandichand. 

Marsh. 

Marshall  (Humphrey). 

GtKff. 

Ginsdw. 

Mart. 

Martiua. 

ABBREVIATIONS  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  BOTANISTS. 


191 


Mast.         as  Masters. 

Rcem.$-Sc> 

\ult.  =  Roemer  &  Scholtes. 

Maxim.           Maximowicz. 

Rottb. 

Rottlwell. 

Meisn.          \  Meisner  or 

Rupr. 

Ruprecht. 

Meissn.         i  Meissner. 

St.  Hil. 

Saint-  Hilaire. 

Michx.  or  MX.  Michaux. 

Salisb. 

SaKsbaiy. 

Michx.f.        F.  A.  Michaux. 

Schk. 

Schkuhr. 

Mill.               Miller. 

Schlecht. 

SchlechtendaL 

Miq.                 Miquel. 

Schrad. 

Schrader. 

Mitch.            Mitchell 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Moc.                Mo?ino. 

Schwein. 

Schweinits. 

Moq.               Moquin-Tandon. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

Moric.             Moricand. 

Spreng. 

SprengeL 

Moris.             Morison. 

Sternb. 

Sternberg. 

Muell.  Arg.    J.  Mueller. 

Steud. 

Steudel. 

Nuell.  (F.)     Ferdinand  Mueller. 

Sull. 

Sullivant 

Muhl.              Muhlenberg. 

Thunb. 

Thunberg. 

Murr.              Murray. 

Torr. 

Torrey. 

Naud.            Naudin. 

Tourn. 

Tonmefort 

Neck.              Necker. 

Trautv. 

Trautvetter. 

N  ab  E        1  ^eeS  Ton  ®8en^)ec'£' 

Trin. 
Tuck. 

Trinius. 
Tuckermao. 

Nult.              Nuttall. 

Vaill. 

VaiUant 

(Ed.                CEder. 

Vent. 

Ventenat 

Ort.                 Ortega. 

riii. 

Villare. 

P.  de  Beauv.  Palisot  de  Beauvoi*. 

Wahl. 

Wahlenberg. 

Pall.                Pallas. 

Walds. 

Waldstein.        • 

Part.              Parlatore. 

Wall. 

Wallicb, 

Pao.               Pavon. 

Wallr. 

Wallroth. 

Pers.              Persoon. 

Walp. 

Walpere. 

Planch.          Planchon. 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Pluk.              Pluk-net 

Wang. 

Wangenheim. 

P/WOT.             Plumier. 

Wats. 

Sereno  Watson,  unless 

PozV.               Poiret. 

other  initials  are  giret 

Radlk.            Radlkofer. 

Wedd. 

Weddell. 

Raf.                 Rafinesquc. 

Wendl. 

Wendland. 

Red.               Redoute. 

Wiks. 

Wikstrora. 

Reichenb.        Reichenbach. 

Willd. 

Willdenow. 

Rich.              L.  C.  Richard. 

Wulf. 

Wulfen. 

Rich.  f.  or  A.  Achille  Richard 

Zucc. 

Zuccarini. 

Richards.        Richardson. 

Zuccag. 

ZuccagioL 

Ridd.              Biddcll. 

GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX, 

OR 

DICTIONARY  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  TERMS  IN  DESCBJPTIV1 
BOTANY,  COMBINED  WITH  AN  INDEX. 


For  the  convenience  of  unclasslcal  students,  the  commoner  Latin  and  Greek  words  (or 
their  equivalents  in  English  form)  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  botanical 
well  as  of  technical  terms,  are  added  to  this  Glossary.    The  numbers  refer  to  pages. 


A,  at  the  beginning  of  words  of  Greek  derivation,  commonly  signifies  a  negative, 
or  the  absence  of  something;  as  apetalous,  without  petals;  aphyllous,  leaf- 
less, &c.  In  words  beginning  with  a  vowel,  the  prefix  is  an ;  as  owantherous, 
destitute  of  anther. 

Abnormal,  contrary  to  the  usual  or  the  natural  structure. 

Aooriginal,  original  in  the  strictest  sense;  same  as  indigenous. 

Abortive,  imperfectly  formed,  or  rudimentary. 

Abortion,  the  imperfect  formation  or  the  non-formation  of  some  part 

Abrupt,  suddenly  terminating;  as,  for  instance, 

Abruptly  pinnate,  pinnate  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end,  58. 

Acantho-,  spiny. 

Acaulescent  (acaidis),  apparently  stemless;  the  proper  stem,  bearing  the  leaves 
and  flowers,  being  very  short  or  subterranean. 

Accessory,  something  additional;  as  Accessory  buds,  30,  31^  Accessory  fruits,  118. 

Accrescent,  growing  larger  after  flowering. 

Accrete,  grown  to. 

Accumbent,  lying  against  a  thing.  The  cotyledons  are  accumbent  when  they  lie 
with  their  edges  against  the  radicle,  128. 

Acephalous,  headless. 

Acerwe,  needle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Pines. 

Acetdbuliform,  saucer-shaped. 

Achosnium,  or  Achenium  (plural  achenia),  a  one-seeded,  seed-like  frnit,  120 

Achlamydeous  (flower),  without  floral  envelopes,  86. 

Acicular,  needle-shaped;  more  slender  than  acerose. 

Acinaciform,  scimitar-shaped,  like  some  bean-pods. 

Acines,  the  separate  grains  of  a  fruit,  such  as  the  raspberry. 

Acorn,  the  nut  of  the  Oak,  122. 

Acotyledonous,  destitute  of  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves. 

Acrogenous,  growing  from  the  apex,  as  the  stems  of  Ferns  and  Mosses.  Acrogens 
or  Acrogenous  Plants,  a  name  for  the  vascular  cryptogamous  plants,  156. 

Aculeate,  armed  with  prickles,  i.  e.  aculei  ;  as  the  Rose  and  Brier. 

Acuteolate,  armed  with  small  prickles,  or  slightly  prickly. 

Acuminate,  taper-pointed,  54. 

Acute,  merely  sharp-pointed,  or  ending  in  a  point  less  than  a  right  angle,  54. 
18 


194  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Adelphous  (stamens),  joined  in  a  fraternity  (adelphia);  see  monadelphous,  &c. 

Aden,  Greek  for  gland.    So  Adenophorous,  gland-bearing. 

Adherent,  sticking  to,  or  more  commonly,  growing  fast  to  another  body. 

Adnate,  literally,  growing  fast  to,  born  adherent,  95.    The  anther  is  adnate  when 

fixed  by  its  whole  length  to  the  filament  or  its  prolongation,  101. 
A  dnation,  the  state  of  being  adnate,  9i. 

Adpressed  or  appressed,  brought  into  contact  with,  but  not  united. 
Adscendent,  ascendent,  or  ascending,  rising  gradually  upwards,  39. 
Adsurgent,  or  assurgent,  same  as  ascending,  39. 

Adventitious,  out  of  the  proper  or  usual  place;  e.  g.  Adventitious  buds,  30. 
Adventive,  applied  to  foreign  plants  accidentally  or  sparingly  introduced  into  a 

country,  but  hardly  to  be  called  naturalized. 
^Equilateral,  equal-sided ;  opposed  to  oblique. 
Aerial  roots,  &c.,  36. 
jEruginous,  verdigris-colored. 
^Estival,  produced  in  summer. 

^Estivation,  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  a  flower-bud,  97. 
Agamous,  sexless. 
Aggregate  fruits,  118. 
Agrestis,  growing  in  fields. 

Air-cells  or  Air-passages,  spaces  in  the  tissue  of  leaves  and  some  stems,  131. 
Air-Plants,  36. 
Akene  or  Akenium,  120. 

Ala  (plural,  alee),  a  wing;  the  side-petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla,  92. 
Alabastrum,  a  flower-bud. 
Alar,  situated  in  the  forks  of  a  stem. 
Alate,  winged. 

Albescent,  whitish,  or  turning  white. 
Albus,  Latin  for  white. 

Albumen  of  the  seed,  nourishing  matter  stored  up  with  the  embryo,  21, 127o 
Albumen,  a  vegetable  product,  of  four  elements. 
Albuminous  (seeds),  furnished  with  albumen,  21. 
Alburnum;  young  wood,  sap-wood,  142. 
Alliaceous,  with  odor  of  garlic. 
Attogamous,  close  fertilization. 
Alpestrine,  subalpine. 

Alpine,  belonging  to  high  mountains  above  the  limit  of  forests. 
Alternate  (leaves),   one  after  another,   29,  67.     Petals  are  alternate  with  the 

sepals,  or  stamens  with  the  petals,  when  they  stand  over  the  intervals  between 

them,  82. 

Alveolate,  honeycomb-like. 

Ament,  the  scaly  spike  of  trees  like  the  Birch  and  Willow,  75. 
Amentaceous,  catkin-like,  or  catkin-bearing. 
Amorphous,  shapeless,  without  any  definite  form. 
Amphicarpous,  producing  two  kinds  of  fruit. 

Amphigastrium  (plural,  amphigastria),  a  peculiar  stipule-like  leaf  of  Liverworts. 
Amphitropous,  ovules  or  seeds,  111. 
Amphora,  a  pitcher-shaped  organ. 

Amplectant,  embracing.    Amplexicaul  (leaves),  clasping  the  stem  by  the  base. 
Amptillaceous,  swelling  out  like  a  bottle  or  bladder  (ampulla'). 
Amylaceous,  Amyloid,  composed  of  starch  (amylum),  or  starch-like. 
Anandrous,  without  stamens. 

Anantherous,  without  anthers.     AnantJious,  destitute  of  flowers  ;  flowerless. 
Anastomosing,  forming  a  net-work  (anastomosis),  as  the  veins  of  leaves,  50. 
Anatropous  ovules  or  seeds,  111, 
Ancipital  (anceps),  two-edged. 
Andracium,  a  name  for  the  stamens  taken  together,  98. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  195 

Andro-dioxious,  flowers  staminate  on  one  plant,  perfect  on  another. 
Androgynous,  having  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  cluster. 
Androphore,  a  column  of  united  stamens,  as  in  a  Mallow. 
Androus,  or  Ander,  andra,  andrum,  Greek  in  compounds  for  male,  or  stametta 
Anemophilous,  wind-loving,  said  of  wind-fertilizable  flowers,  113. 
Anfractuose,  bent  hither  and  thither  as  the  anthers  of  the  Squash,  &c. 
Anyiospermce,  Angiospermous,  with  seeds  formed  in  an  ovary  or  pericarp,  106. 
Angular  divergence  of  leaves,  69. 

Anisos,  unequal.    Anisomerous,  parts  unequal  in  number.     Anisopetalous,  with  un- 
equal petals.     Anisophyllous,  the  leaves  unequal  in  the  pairs. 
Annual  (plant),  flowering  and  fruiting  the  year  it  is  raised  from  the  seed,  and  then 

dying,  37. 

Annular,  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  forming  a  circle. 
Annulate,  marked  by  rings ;  or  furnished  with  an 
Annulus,  or  ring,  like  that  of  the  spore-case  of  most  Ferns.    In  Mosses  it  is  a  ring 

of  cells  placed  between  the  mouth  of  the  spore-case  and  the  lid  in  many  species. 
Annotinous,  yearly,  or  in  yearly  growths. 
Anterior,  in  the  blossom,  is  the  part  next  the  bract,  i.  e.  external;    while  the 

posterior  side  is  that  next  the  axis  of  inflorescence.    Thus,  in  the  Pea,  &c.,  the 

keel  is  anterior,  and  the  standard  posterior •,  96. 
Anthela,  an  open  paniculate  cyme. 

Anther,  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the  pollen,  14,  80,  101. 
Antheridium  (plural  antheridia),  the  organ  in  Cryptogams  which  answers  to  the 

anther  of  Flowering  Plants,  150. 
Antheriferous,  anther-bearing. 

Anthesis,  the  period  or  the  act  of  the  expansion  of  a  flower. 
Anthocarpus  (fruits),  118. 

Anthophore,  a  stipe  between  calyx  and  corolla,  113, 
Anthos,  Greek  for  flower ;  in  composition,  Monanthotu,  one-flowered.  &« 
Anticous,  same  as  anterior. 
Antrorse,  directed  upwards  or  forwards 
Apetalous,  destitute  of  petals,  8C, 
Aphyllous,  leafless. 

Apical,  belonging  to  the  apex  or  point. 
Apictilate,  pointleted;  tipped  with  a  small  point- 

Apocarpous  (pistils),  when  the  several  pistils  of  the  same  flower  are  separate. 
Apophysis,  any  irregular  swelling ;  the  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  spore-case  o» 

the  Umbrella-Moss. 

Apothecium,  the  fructification  of  Lichens,  171. 

Appendage,  any  superadded  part.     Appendiculate,  provided  with  appendages. 
Appressed,  close  pressed  to  the  stem,  &c. 
Apricws,  growing  in  dry  and  sunny  places. 
Apterous,  wingless. 
Aquatic  (Aqttatilis),  living  or  growing  in  water ;  applied  to  plants  whether  growing 

under  water,  or  with  all  but  the  base  raised  out  of  it. 

Arachnoid,  Araneose,  cobwebby;  clothed  with,  or  consisting  of,  soft  downy  fibres. 
Arboreous,  Arborescent,  tree-like,  in  size  or  form,  39. 
Arboretum,  a  collection  of  trees. 
Archegonium  (plural  archegonia),  the  organ  in  Mosses,  &c.,  which  is  analogous  to 

the  pistil  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Arcuate,  bent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 
Arenose  (Arenarius),  growing  in  sand. 
Areolate,  marked  out  into  little  spaces  or  areofa. 
Arffenteous,  or  Argentate,  silvery-like. 
Argillote,  growing  in  clay. 

Argot,  Greek  for  pure  white  ;  Argophyltou*  or  Argyr aphyllous,  white-leaved,  &c, 
Argutui,  asutely  dentate. 


196  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

ArUlate  (seeds)  furnished  with  an  aril 

Ariiliform,  aril-like. 

Arillus,  or  Aril,,  a  fleshy  growth  from  base  of  a  seed,  126. 

Aristate,  awned,  L  e.  furnished  with  an  arista,  like  the  beard  of  Barley,  &c.,  54. 

Aristulate,  diminutive  of  the  last ;  short-awned. 

Arrect,  brought  into  upright  position. 

Arrow-shaped  or  Arrow-headed,  same  as  sagittate,  53. 

Articulated,  jointed ;  furnished  with  joints  or  articulations,  where  it  separates  or 

inclines  to  do  so.     Articulated  leaves,  57. 
Artificial  Classification,  181, 
Ascending  (stems,  &c.),  39;  (seeds  or  ovules)  110. 
Ascidium,  a  pitcher-shaped  body,  like  leaves  of  Sarracenia. 
Ascus  (asci),  a  sac,  the  spore-case  of  Lichens  and  some  Fungi. 
Aspergilliform,  shaped  like  the  brush  used  to  sprinkle  holy  water;  as  the  stigmas 

of  many  Grasses. 
Asperous,  rough  to  touch. 
Assimilation,  144,  147. 
Assurgent,  same  as  ascending,  89. 
Atropous  or  Atropol  (ovules),  same  as  orthotropous. 
Aurantiacous,  orange-colored. 
Aureous,  golden. 

Auriculate,  furnished  with  auricles  or  ear-like  appendages,  58. 
Autogamy,  self-fertilization,  115. 
Awl-shaped,  sharp-pointed  from  a  broader  base,  61. 
Awn,  the  bristle  or  beard  of  Barley,  Oats,  &c.;  or  any  similar  appendage. 
Awned  or  Awn-pointed,  furnished  with  an  awn  or  long  bristle-shaped  tip,  54. 
Axil,  the  angle  on  the  upper  side  between  a  leaf  and  the  stem,  13. 
Axile,  belonging  to  the  axis,  or  occupying  the  axis. 
Axillary  (buds,  &c.),  occurring  in  an  axil,  27. 
Axis,  the  central  line  of  any  body  ;  the  organ  round  which  others  are  attached;  the 

root  and  stem.    Asctnding  and  Descending  Axis,  38. 

Baccate,  berried,  berry-like,  of  A  pulpy-nature  like  a  berry  (bacca). 

Bndius,  chestnut-colored. 

Banner,  see  Standard,  92. 

Barbate,  bearded;  bearing  tufts,  spots,  or  lines  of  hairs. 

Barbed,  furnished  with  a  barb  or  double  hook  ;  as  the  apex  of  the  bristle  on  the 

fruit  of  Echinospermum  (Stickseed),  &c. 
Barbellate,  said  of  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  of  some  Compositae  when  beset  with 

short,  stiff  hairs,  longer  than  when  denticulate,  but  shorter  than  when  plumose 
Barbellulate,  diminutive  of  barbellate. 
Bark,  the  covering  of  a  stem  outside  of  the  wood,  138, 140. 
Basal,  belonging  or  attached  to  the 

Bftse,  that  extremity  of  any  organ  by  which  it  is  attached  to  its  support. 
Bneifixed,  attached  by  its  base. 
Bait,  Bast-fibres,  134. 
Beaked,  ending  in  a  prolonged  narrow  tip. 
Bearded,  see  barbate.     Beard  is  sometimes  used  for  awn,  more  commonly  for  lonp 

or  stiff  hairs  of  any  sort. 

Bell-shaped,  of  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  the  corolla  of  Harebell,  90. 
Berry,  a  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout,  as  a  grape,  119. 
fit-  (or  Bit),  in  compound  words,  twice;  as 

Biarticulate,  twice-jointed,  or  two-jointed;  separating  into  two  pieces, 
Biauriculate,  having  two  ears,  as  the  leaf  in  fig.  126. 
BicaUose,  having  two  callosities  or  harder  spots. 
Bicarinate,  two-keeled. 
Bicipital  (Biceps),   two-headed:  dividing  into  two  parts. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  197 

Biconjugate,  twice  paired,  as  when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Bidtntate,  having  two  teeth  (not  twice  or  doubly  dentate). 

Biennial,  of  two  years'  continuance;  springing  from  the  seed  one  season,  flowering 

ami  dying  the  next,  38. 

Bifarious,  two-ranked ;  arranged  in  two  rows. 
Bifid,  two-cleft  to  about  the  middle. 
Bifoliolnte,  a  compound  leaf  of  two  leaflets,  59. 
Bifurcate,  twice,  forked ;  or  more  commonly,  forked  into  two  branches. 
Bijuyatt,  bearing  two  pairs  (of  leaflets,  &c.). 
Bilabiate,  two-lipped,  as  the  corolla  of  Labiatae. 
Bilameltate,  of  two  plates  (lamella),  as  the  stigma  of  Stimulus. 
Bilobed,  the  same  as  two-lobed. 
Bilocdlate,  when  a  cell  is  divided  into  two  locetti. 
Bilocular,  two-celled;  as  most  anthers,  the  pod  of  Foxglove,  &c. 
Binary,  in  twos. 

Binate,  in  couples,  two  together.    Bipartite,  the  Latin  form  of  two-parted. 
Binodal,  of  two  nodes. 

Binomial,  of  two  words,  as  the  name  of  genus  and  species  taken  together,  180. 
Bipalmate,  twice  palmately  divided. 
Biparous,  bearing  two. 

Bipinnate  (leaf),  twice  pinnate,  58.    Bipinnatifid,  twice  pinnatifid,  57. 
Bipinnatisect,  twice  pinnately  divided. 
Biplicate,  twice  folded  together. 

Biseriol,  or  Biseriate,  occupying  two  rows,  one  within  the  other. 
Biserrate,  doubly  serrate,  as  when  the  teeth  of  a  leaf  are  themselves  serratu. 
Bisexual,  having  both  stamens  and  pistil. 

Biternate,  twice  ternate;  i.  e.  principal  divisions  three,  each  bearing  three  leaflets.  59 
Bladdery,  thin  and  inflated. 
Blade  of  a  leaf,  its  expanded  portion,  49. 
Bloom,  the  whitish  powder  on  some  fruits,  leaves,  &c. 
Boat-shaped,  concave  within  and  keeled  without,  in  shape  like  a  small  boat. 
Border  of  corolla,  &c.,  89. 

Brachiate,  with  opposite  branches  at  right  angles  to  each  other. 
Brachy-,  short,  as  Brachycarpous,  short-fluited,  &c. 
Bract  (Bractea),  the  leaf  of  an  inflorescence.    Specially,  the  bract  is  the  small  leal 

or  scale  from  the  axil  of  which  a  flower  or  its  pedicel  proceeds,  73. 
Bracteate,  furnished  with  bracts. 
Bracteolate,  furnished  with  bractlets. 
Bracteose,  with  numerous  or  conspicuous  bracts. 

Bractlet  ( Bracteola),  or  Bracteole,  is  a  bract  seated  on  the  pedicel  or  flower-stalk,  73. 
Branch,  Branching,  27. 
Breathing-pores,  144. 

Bristles,  stiff,  sharp  hairs,  or  any  very  slender  bodies  of  similar  appearance. 
Bristly,  beset  with  bristles.     Bristle-pointed,  54. 
Brunneous,  brown. 
Brush-shaped,  see  aspergilliform. 
Bryolor/y,  that  part  of  botany  which  relates  to  Mosses. 
Bryophyta,  Bryophytes,  163. 

Bud,  a  branch  in  its  earliest  or  undeveloped  state,  27.    Bud-scalet,  63. 
Bulb,  a  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usually  subterranean,  46. 
Bulbils,  diminutive  bulbs. 

Bulbtferous,  bearing  or  producing  bulbs.    Bulbose  or  bulbous,  bulb-like  in  shape,  &o 
Bulblets,  small  bulbs,  borne  above  ground,  46. 
Bulb-tcales,  46. 

Bullate,  appearing  as  if  blistered  or  bladdery  (from  bulla,  a  bubble). 
Bystaceous,  composed  of  fine  flax-like  threads. 


198  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Caducous,  dropping  off  very  early,  compared  with  other  parts;  as  the  calyx  in  th« 

Poppy,  falling  wLen  the  flower  opens. 
Cceruleous,  blue.     Ccerulescent,  becoming  bluish. 
Cce&pitose,  or  Cespitose,  growiug  in  turf-like  patches  or  tufts. 
Calathiform,  cup-shaped. 

Calcarate,  furnished  with  a  spur  (calcar),  86,  87. 

Calceolate  or  Calceiform,  slipper-shaped,  like  one  petal  of  the  Lady's  Slipper. 
Callose,  hardened ;  or  furnished  with  callosities  or  thickened  spots. 
Calvous,  bald  or  naked  of  hairs. 

Calycifltn-us,  when  petals  and  stamens  are  adnate  to  calyx. 
Calycine,  belonging  to  the  calyx. 
Calculate,  furnished  with  an  outer  accessory  calyx  (calyculus)  or  set  of  bracts 

looking  like  a  calyx,  as  in  true  Pinks. 
Calyptra,  the  hood  or  veil  of  the  capsule  of  a  Moss,  163. 
Calypirate,  having  a  calyptra. 

Calyptnform,  shaped  like  a  calyptra  or  candle-extinguisher. 
Calyx,  the  outer  set  of  the  floral  envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower,  14,  79. 
Cambium,  Cambium-layer,  140. 
Campanulate,  bell-shaped,  90. 
Campylotropous,  or  Campylotropal,  curved  ovules  and  seeds,  111.    Campylotpermous, 

applied  to  fruits  of  Umbelliferae  when  the  seed  is  curved  in  at  the  edges, 

forming  a  groove  down  the  inner  face ;  as  in  Sweet  Cicely. 
Canaliculate,  channelled,  or  with  a  deep  longitudinal  groove. 
Cancellate,  latticed,  resembling  lattice-work. 
Candidus,  Latin  for  pure  white. 
Canescent,  grayish-white;  hoary,  usually  because  the  surface  is  covered  with  fine 

white  hairs.    Incanous  is  whiter  still. 
Canous,  whitened  with  pubescence;  see  incanout. 

Capillaceous,  Capillary,  hair-like  in  shape;  as  fine  as  hair  or  slender  bristles 
Capitate,  having  a  globular  apex,  like  the  head  on  a  pin. 
Capitellate,  diminutive  of  capitate. 

Capitulum,  a  close  rounded  dense  cluster  or  head  of  sessile  flowers,  74, 
Capreolate,  bearing  tendrils  (from  capreolus,  a  tendril). 
Capsule,  a  dry  dehiscent  seed-vessel  of  a  compound  pistil,  122. 
Capsular,  relating  to,  or  like  a  capsule. 
Capture  of  insects,  154. 

Carina,  a  keel;  the  two  anterior  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  flower,  92. 
Carinate,  keeled,  furnished  with  a  sharp  ridge  or  projection  on  the  lowei  side. 
Cariopsis,  or  Caryopsis,  the  one-seeded  fruit  or  grain  of  Grasses,  121. 
Carneous,  flesh-colored;  pale  red.     Carnose,  fleshy  in  texture. 
Carpel,  or  Carpidium,  a  simple  pistil  or  a  pistil-leaf,  106. 
Caipellary,  pertaining  to  a  carpel. 

Carpoloyy,  that  department  of  botany  which  relates  to  fruits. 
Carpophore,  the  stalk  or  support  of  a  pistil  extending  between  its  carpels,  113 
Carpos,  Greek  for  fruit. 

Cartilaginous,  or  Carttlagineous,  firm  and  tough  in  texture,  like  cartilage 
Caruncle,  an  excrescence  at  the  scar  of  some  seeds,  126. 
Carunculate,  furnished  with  a  caruncle- 

Caryophyllaceous,  pink-like :  applied  to  a  corolla  of  5  long-ciawed  pet-Js. 
Cassideous,  helmet-shaped 
Cassue,  empty  and  sterile 

Catenate,  or  Catenulate,  end  to  end  a.  in  a  chain. 
Catkin,  see  Ament,  75. 
Caudate,  tailed,  or  tail-pointed. 

Caudex,  a  sort  of  trunk,  such  as  that  of  Pahns;  an  upright  rootstock,  38,  44 
Caudicle,  the  stalk  of  a  pollen-mass,  &c. 
Caulescent,  having  an  obvious  stem.  86. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  iyi> 

Caulide,  &  little  stem,  or  rudimentary  stem  (of  a  seedling),  11, 127. 
Cauline,  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem,  36.     Caulis,  Latin  name  of  stem. 
Caulocarpic,  equivalent  to  perennial. 
Caulome,  the  cauline  parts  of  a  plant. 

Cell  (diminutive,  Cellule),  the  cavity  of  an  anther,  ovary,  &c. ;  one  of  the  anatomi- 
cal elements,  131. 

Cellular  Cryptogams,  162.     Celluiar  tissue,  131. 
Cellulose,  131.     Cell-walls,  130. 
Centrifugal  (inflorescence),  produced  or  expanding  in  succession  from  the  centre 

outwards,  77. 

Centripetal,  the  opposite  of  centrifugal,  74. 
Cephala,  Greek  for  head.    In  compounds,  Monocephalous,  with  one  head,  Micro 

cephalous,  small-headed,  &c. 
Cereal,  belonging  to  corn,  or  corn-plants. 
Cernuous,  nodding;  the  summit  more  or  less  inclining. 
Chceta,  Greek  for  bristle. 
Chaff,  small  membranous  scales  or  bracts  on  the  receptacle  of  Composite;  th« 

glumes,  &c.,  of  grasses. 

Chaffy,  furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the  texture  of  chaff. 
Chalaza,  that  part  of  the  ovule  where  all  the  parts  grow  together,  110,  128. 
Channelled,  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter;  same  as  canaliculate. 
Character,  a  phrase  expressing  the  essential  marks  of  a  species,  genus,  &c.,  181 
Chartaceous,  of  the  texture  of  paper  or  parchment. 
Chloros,   Greek  for  green,  whence    Chloranthous,  green-flowered;  Chlorocarpouf . 

green-fruited,  &c. 
Chlorophyll,  leaf  green,  136. 

Chlorosis,  a  condition  in  which  naturally  colored  parts  turn  green. 
Choripetalous,  same  as  polypetalous. 
Chorisis,  separation  of  the  normally  united  parts,  or  where  two  or  more  parts  tak« 

the  place  of  one. 

Chromule,  coloring  matter  in  plants,  especially  when  not  green,  or  when  liquid. 
Chrysos,  Greek  for  golden  yellow,  whence  Chrysanthous,  yellow-flowered,  &c. 
Cicatrix,  the  scar  left  by  the  fall  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 
Ciliate,  beset  on  the  margin  with  a  fringe  of  cilia,  i.  e.  of  hairs  or  bristles,  like  the 

eyelashes  fringing  the  eyelids,  whence  the  name. 
Cinereous,  or  Cineraceous,  ash-grayish ;  of  the  color  of  ashes. 
Circinate,  rolled  inwards  from  the  top,  72. 
Circumscissile,  or  Circumcissile,  divided  by  a  circular  line  round  the  sides,  as  tht 

pods  of  Purslane,  Plantain,  &c.,  124. 
Circumscription,  general  outline. 
Cirrhiferous,  or  Cirrkose,  furnished  with  a  tendril  (Latin,  Cirrhtu) ;  as  the  Grape 

vine.     Cirrhose  also  means  resembling  or  coiling  like  tendrils,  as  the  leaf 

stalks  of  Virgin's-bower.    More  properly  Cirrus  and  CirroK. 
Citreous,  lemon-yellow. 
dados,  Greek  for  branch.     Cladophylla,  64. 
Class,  178,  183. 
Classification,  175,  183. 
Clathrate,  latticed;  same  as  cancellate. 
Clavate,  club-shaped;  slender  below  and  thickened  upwards. 
Clavellate,  diminutive  of  clavate. 

Claviculate,  having  Clnviculce,  or  little  tendrils  or  hooks. 
Clntc,  the  narrow  or  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals,  as  of  Pinks,  91 
Cleistoyamous  (Cleistogamy),  fertilized  in  closed  bud,  115. 
Cleft,  cut  into  lobes,  55. 
Close  fertilization,  115. 

Climbing,  rising  by  clinging  to  other  objects,  39,  151. 
Club-shaped,  see  clavate. 
Clustered,  leaves,  flowers.  &c.,  aggregated  or  collected  into  a  bunco. 


200  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Clypeate,  buckler-shaped. 

Coadunate,  same  as  connate,  i.  e.  united. 

Caulescent,  growing  together-     Coalescence,  88. 

Coarctate,  contracted  or  brought  close  together. 

Coated,  having  an  integument,  or  covered  in  layers.    Coated  bulb,  46. 

Cobwebby,  same  as  arachnoid;  bearing  hairs  like  cobwebs  or  gossamer. 

Coccineous,  scarlet-red. 

Coccus  (plural  cocci),  anciently  a  berry ;  new  mostly  used  to  denote  the  separable 

carpels  or  nutlets  of  a  dry  fruit. 
Cochleariform,  spoon-shaped. 
Cochleate,  coiled  or  shaped  like  a  snail-shell 
Ccelospermous,  applied  to  those  fruits  of  UmbellifersB  which  have  the  seed  hollowed 

on  the  inner  face,  by  incurving  of  top  and  bottom ;  as  in  Coriander. 
Coherent,  usually  the  same  as  connate. 

Cohort,  name  sometimes  used  for  groups  Between  order  and  class  17ft. 
Coleorhiza,  a  root-sheath. 
Collateral,  side  by  side. 
Collective  fruits,  118. 

Collum  or  Collar,  the  neck  or  junction  of  stem  and  root. 
Colored,  parts  of  a  plant  which  are  other-colored  than  green. 
Columella,  the  axis  to  which  the  carpels  of  a  compound  pistil  are  often  attached, 

as  in  Geranium  (112),  or  which  is  left  when  a  pod  opens,  as  in  Azalea. 
Column,  the  united  stamens,  as  in  Mallow,  or  the  stamens  and  pistils  united  inti 

one  body,  as  in  the  Orchis  family. 
Columnar,  shaped  like  a  column  or  pillar. 
Coma,  a  tuft  of  any  sort  (literally,  a  head  of  hair),  125. 
Comose,  tufted;  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  the  seeds  of  Milkweed,  126. 
Commissure,  the  line  of  junction  of  two  carpels,  as  in  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferse, 
Complanate,  flattened. 

Compound  leaf,  54,  57.     Compound  pistil,  107.     Compound  umbel,  75,  &c. 
Complete  (flower),  81. 
Complicate,  folded  upon  itself 
Compressed,  flattened  on  opposite  sides. 
Conceptacle,  168. 
Concinnous,  neat. 
Concolor,  ail  of  one  color. 
Conchiform,  shell-  or  half-shell-  shaped. 
Conduplicate,  folded  upon  itself  lengthwise,  71. 
Cone,  the  fruit  of  the  Pine  family,124.     Coniferoui,  cone-bearing. 
Confertus,  much  crowded. 

Conferruminate,  stuck  together,  as  the  cotyledons  in  a  horse-chestnut 
Confluent,  blended  together;  or  the  same  as  coherent. 
Conformed,  similar  to  another  thing  it  is  associated  with  or  compared  to;  or  closei} 

fitted  to  it,  as  the  skin  to  the  kernel  of  a  seed. 
Congested,  Conglomerate,  crowded  together. 
Conglomerate,  crowded  into  a  glomerule. 
Conjugate,  coupled ;  in  single  pairs.     Conjugation,  170. 
Connate,  united  or  grown  together  from  the  first  formation,  96- 
Connate-perfoliate,  when  a  pair  of  leaves  are  connate  round  a  stem,  60, 
Connective,  Ctmnectivum,  the  part  of  the  anther  connecting  its  two  cells,  101. 
Connivent,  converging,  or  brought  close  together. 
Consolidation  (floral),  94. 
Consolidated  forms  of  vegetation,  47. 
Contents  of  cells,  136. 

Continuous,  the  reverse  of  Interrupted  or  articuiateri 
Contorted,  twisted  together.     Contorted  cestivation,  same  as  convolute,  97. 
Contortuplicate,  twisted  back  upon  itself. 
Contracted*  either  narrowed  or  shortened. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  201 

Contrary,  turned  in  opposite  direction  to  the  ordinary. 

Convolute,  rolled  up  lengthwise,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Plum  In  Ternation,  72.     ID 

aestivation,  same  as  contorted,  97. 
Cordate,  heart-shaped,  53. 
Coriaceous,  resembling  leather  in  texture. 
Corky,  of  the  texture  of  cork.     Corky  layer  of  bark,  141. 
Conn,  a  solid  bulb,  like  that  of  Crocus,  45. 
Corneous,  of  the  consistence  or  appearance  of  horn. 
Corniculate,  furnished  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 
Cornule,  horned;  bearing  a  horn-like  projection  or  appendage. 
Corolla,  the  leaves  of  the  flower  within  the  calyx,  14,  79. 
Corollaceous,  Coralline,  like  or  belonging  to  a  corolla. 

Corona,  a  coronet  or  crown;  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  emw  of  some  petals,  91 
Coronate,  crowned;  furnished  with  a  crown. 
Cortex,  bark.     Cortical,  belonging  to  the  bark  (cortex). 
Corticate,  coated  with  bark  or  bark-like  covering. 
Corymb,  a  flat  or  convex  indeterminate  flower-cluster,  74. 
Corymbiferous,  bearing  corymbs. 

Corymbose,  in  corymbs,  approaching  the  form  of  a  corymb,  or  branched  in  that  way 
Costa,  a  rib;  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  &c.     Costate,  ribbed. 
Cotyledons,  the  proper  leaves  of  the  embryo,  11,  127. 
Crattriform,  goblet-shaped  or  deep  saucer-shaped. 
Creeping  (stems),  growing  flat  on  or  beneath  the  ground  and  rooting,  39. 
Cremocarp,  a  half-fruit,  or  one  of  the  two  carpels  of  Umbelliferae,  121. 
Crenate,  or  Crenelled,  the  edge  scalloped  into  rounded  teeth,  55 
Crenulate,  minutely  or  slightly  crenate. 

Crested,  or  Cristate,  bearing  any  elevated  appendage  like  a  crest. 
Cretaceous,  chalky  or  chalk-like. 

Cribrose,  or  cribriform,  pierced  like  a  sieve  with  small  aperture*. 
Crinite,  bearing  long  hairs. 
Crispate,  curled  or  crispy. 
Croceous,  saffron-color,  deep  reddish-yellow. 
Cross-breeds,  the  progeny  of  interbred  varieties,  176- 
Cross  fertilization,  115. 
Crown,  see  corona.     Crowned,  see  coronate. 
Cruciate,  or  Cruciform,  cross-shaped.     Cruciform  Corolla^  86. 
Crustaceous,  hard  and  brittle  in  texture;  crust-like. 
Cryptogamous  Plants,  Cryptogams,  10,  156. 
Cryptos,  concealed,  as  Cryptopetalous,  with  concealed  petals,  &c. 
Crystals  in  plants,  137. 
Cucullate,  hooded,  or  hood-shaped,  rolled  up  like  a  cornet  of  paper,  or  8  hood 

(cucullus),  as  the  spathe  of  Indian  Turnip,  75. 
Culm,  a  straw ;  the  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges,  89. 
Cultrate,  shaped  like  a  trowel  or  broad  knife. 
Ctmeate,  Cuneiform,  wedge-shaped,  53. 
Cup-shaped,  same  as  cyathiform  or  near  it. 
Cupule,  a  little  cup;  the  cup  to  the  acorn  of  the  Oak,  129 
Cupular,  or  Cupulate,  provided  with  a  cupule. 
Cupuliferous,  cupule-bearing. 
Curviveined,  with  curved  ribs  or  veins. 
Curviserial,  in  oblique  or  spiral  ranks. 

Cushion,  the  enlargement  at  the  insertion  or  base  of  a  petiole. 
Cuspidate,  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  stiff  point  or  cusp,  54. 
Cut,  same  as  incised,  or  applied  generally  to  any  sharp  and  deep  division,  55. 
Cuticle,  the  skin  of  plants,  or  more  strictly  its  external  pellicle. 
Cyaneous,  bright  blue. 

Cyathiform,  in  the  shape  of  a  cup,  or  particularly  of  a  wine-glass. 
Cycle,  one  complett  turn  of  a  spire,  or  a  circle,  70. 


202  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Cyclical,  rolled  up  circularly,  or  coiled  into  a  complete  circle. 

Cyclosis,  circulation  in  closed  cells,  149. 

Cylindraceous,  approaching  to  the  Cylindrical  form,  terete  and  not  tapering. 

Cymbcsform,  or  Cymbiform,  same  as  boat-shaped. 

Cyme,  a  cluster  of  centrifugal  inflorescence,  77. 

Cymote,  furnished  with  cymes,  or  like  a  cyme. 

Cymule,  a  partial  or  diminutive  cyme,  77. 

Deca-  (In  words  of  Greek  derivation),  ten;  as 

Decagynous,  with  10  pistils  or  styles,  Decamerous,  of  10  parts,  Decandrous,  with 

10  stamens,  &c. 
Deciduous,  falling  off,  or  subject  to  fall;  said  of  leaves  which  fall  in  autumn,  and 

of  a  calyx  and  corolla  which  fall  before  the  fruit  forms. 
Dtclinate,  declined,  turned  to  one  side,  or  downwards. 
Decompound,  several  times  compounded  or  divided,  59. 
Decumbent,  reclined  on  the  ground,  the  summit  tending  to  rise,  39. 
Decurrent  (leaves),  prolonged  on  the  stem  beneath  the  insertion,  as  in  Thistles 
Decussate,  arranged  in  pairs  which  successively  cross  each  other,  71. 
Deduplication,  same  as  chorisis. 

Definite,  when  of  a  uniform  number,  and  not  above  twelve  or  so. 
Definite  Inflorescence,  72. 
Defiexed,  bent  downwards. 

Deflorate,  past  the  flowering  state,  as  an  anther  after  it  has  discharged  its  pollen. 
Dehiscence,  the  regular  splitting  open  of  capsule  or  anther,  103,  119. 
Dehiscent,  opening  by  regular  dehiscence,  119,  123. 
Deliquescent,  branching  off  so  that  the  stem  is  lost  in  the  branches,  32. 
Deltoid,  of  a  triangular  shape,  like  the  Greek  capital  A. 
Demersed,  growing  below  the  surface  of  water. 
Dendroid,  Dendritic,  tree-like  in  form  or  appearance. 
Dendron,  Greek  for  tree. 
Deni,  ten  together. 
Dens,  Latin  for  tooth. 

Dentate,  toothed,  55.     Denticulate,  furnished  with  denticulations,  or  little  teeth. 
Depauperate,  impoverished  or  starved,  and  so  below  the  natural  size. 
Depressed,  flattened  or  as  if  pressed  down  from  above. 
Derma,  Greek  for  skin. 

Descending,  tending  gradually  downwards.     Descending  axis,  the  root. 
Desmos,  Greek  for  things  connected  or  bound  together. 
Determinate  Inflorescence,  72. 
Dextrorse,  turned  to  the  right  hand. 
Di-  Dis  (in  Greek  compounds),  two,  as  . 

Diadelphout  (stamens),  united  by  their  filaments  in  two  sets,  99. 
Diagnosis,  a  short  distinguishing  character  or  descriptive  phrase 
Dialypetalous,  same  as  polypetalous. 
Diandrous,  having  two  stamens,  &c. 
Diaphanous,  transparent  or  translucent. 
Dicarpellary,  of  two  carpels. 

Dichlamydeous  (flower),  having  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
Dichogamous,  Dichogamy,  116. 
Dichotomous,  two-forked. 

Diclinous,  having  the  stamens  in  one  flower,  the  pistils  in  another,  85. 
Dicoccous  (fruit),  splitting  into  two  cocci  or  closed  carpels. 
Dicntyh,  23 
Dicotylt<lono>u  < enr  oryo  N.  having  A  pair  of  cotyledons,  2£     Kcotyledono*t  Plants,  25 

189 

Didymout,  twin. 

Didynnmout  (stamen*),  having  four  stamen*  in  two  pairs.  l«v 
Difute.  upreading  widely  and  irrefralarly 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  203 

Digitate  (fingered),  where  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  are  all  bora*  on  the  apex 
of  the  petiole,  58. 

Digynous  (flower),  having  two  pistils  or  styles,  105. 

Dimerous,  made  up  of  two  parts,  or  its  organs  in  twos. 

Dimidiate,  halved;  as  where  a  leaf  or  leaflet  has  only  one  side  developed. 

Dimorphism,  117.    Dimorphous,  Dimorphic,  of  two  forms,  117. 

Dioecious,  or  Dioicous,  with  stamens  and  pistils  on  different  plants,  85. 

Dipetalous,  of  two  petals.     Diphyllous,  two-leaved.    Dipterous,  two-winged. 

Diplo-,  Greek  for  double,  as  Diplostemonous,  with  two  sets  of  stamens. 

Distifurm  or  Disk-shaped,  flat  and  circular,  like  a  disk  or  quoit 

Discoidal,  or  Discoid,  belonging  to  or  like  a  disk. 

Discolor,  of  two  different  colors  or  hues. 

Discrete,  separate,  opposite  of  concrete. 

Disepalous,  of  two  sepals. 

Dak,  the  face  of  any  flat  body;  the  central  part  of  a  head  of  flowers,  like  the  Sun- 
flower, or  Coreopsis,  as  opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin ;  a  fleshy  expansion  of  th« 
receptacle  of  a  flower,  113. 

Disk-flowers,  those  of  the  disk  in  Compositse. 

Dissected,  cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or  divisions. 

Dissepiments,  the  partitions  of  a  compound  ovary  or  a  fruit,  108. 

Dissilient,  bursting  in  pieces. 

Distichous,  two-ranked. 

Distinct,  uncornbined  with  each  other,  95, 

Dithecous,  of  two  thecae  or  anther-cel.'s. 

Divaricate,  straddling;  very  widely  divergent. 

Divided  (leaves,  &c.),  cut  into  divisions  down  to  the  base  or  midrib,  55. 

Dodeca,  Greek  for  twelve ;  as  Dodecagynouz,  with  twelve  pistils  or  styles,  Dode- 
candrous,  with  twelve  stamens. 

Dodrans,  span-long. 

Dolabriform,  axe-shaped. 

Dorsal,  pertaining  to  the  back  (dorsum)  of  an  organ.     Dorsal  Suture,  106. 

Dotted  Ducts,  148. 

Double  Flowers,  where  the  petals  are  multiplied  unduly,  79. 

Downy,  clothed  with  a  coat  of  soft  and  short  hairs. 

Drupaceous,  like  or  pertaining  to  a  drupe. 

Drupe,  a  stone-fruit,  120.    Drupelet  or  Drupel,  a  little  drupe. 

Ducts,  the  so-called  vessels  of  plants,  134. 

Dumose,  bushy,  or  relating  to  bushes. 

Duramen,  the  heart-wood,  142. 

Dwarf,  remarkably  low  in  stature. 

J?-,  as  a  prefix  of  Latin  compound  words,  means  destitute  of;  as  ecottate,  without . 

rib  or  midrib;  exalbuminous,  without  albumen,  &c. 
Eared,  see  auriculate,  53. 

Ebracteate,  destitute  of  bracts.    Ebracleolate,  destitute  of  bractlets. 
Ebumeous,  ivory-white. 

Echinate,  armed  with  prickles  (like  a  hedgehog).    Echinutate,  a  diminutive  of  ft 
Edentate,  toothless. 

Effete,  past  bearing.  &    ;  said  of  anthers  which  have  discharged  th«t  pollen 
Effuse,  very  loosely  branched  and  spreading. 
Eglandulose,  destitute  of  glands. 

Elaters,  threads  mixed  with  the  spores  of  Liverworts,  166. 
Ellipsoidal,  approaching  an  elliptical  figure. 
Elliptical,  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  ends  regularly  rounded,  fift. 
Emarffinate,  notched  at  the  summit.  64- 
Embryo,  the  rudimentary  plantlet  in  a  seed,  11,  187. 
Embryonal,  belonging  or  relating  tc  tae  embryo- 


204  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Emerged,  raised  out  of  water. 

Endecagynous,  with  eleven  pistils  or  styles.    Endecandrous,  with  eleven  stamens, 

Endemic,  peculiar  to  the  country  geographically. 

Endocarp,  the  inner  layei  of  a  pericarp  or  fruit,  120. 

Endockrome,  the  coloring  matter  of  Algae  and  the  like. 

Endogenous  Stems,  138.     Endogenous  plants,  an  old  name  for  monocotyledons. 

Endopleura,  inner  seed-coat. 

Endvrhizal,  radicle  or  root  sheathed  in  germination. 

Endosperm,  the  albumen  of  a  seed,  21. 

Endostome,  the  orifice  in  the  inner  coat  of  an  ovule. 

Ennea-,  nine.  Enneagynous,  with  nine  petals  or  styles.  Enneandrous,  nine-stamened 

Ensate,  Ensiform,  sword-shaped. 

Entire,  the  margins  not  at  all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided,  but  even,  55. 

Entomophilous,  said  of  flowers  frequented  and  fertilized  by  insects,  113. 

Ephemeral,  lasting  for*  day  or  less,  as  the  corolla  of  Purslane,  &c. 

Epi-,  Greek  for  upon. 

Epicalyx,  such  an  involucel  as  that  of  Malvaceae. 

Epicarp,  the  outermost  layer  of  a  fruit,  120. 

Epidermal,  relating  to  the  Epidermis,  or  skin  of  a  plant.  50,  141, 143. 

Epigaeous,  growing  on  the  earth,  or  close  to  the  ground. 

Epigynous,  upon  the  ovary,  95,  99. 

Epipetalous,  borne  on  the  petals  or  the  corolla,  99, 

Epiphyllous,  borne  on  a  leaf. 

Epiphyte,  a  plant  growing  on  another  plant,  but  not  nourished  by  it,  86. 

Epiphytic  or  Epiphytal,  relating  to  Epiphytes. 

Epipterous,  winged  at  top. 

Episperm,  the  skin  or  coat  of  a  seed,  especially  the  outer  coat. 

Equal,  alike  in  number  or  length. 

Equally  pinnate,  same  as  abruptly  pinnate,  57. 

Equitant  (riding  straddle),  60. 

Erion,  Greek  for  wool.    Erianthous,  woolly-flowered.  Eriophorovt,  wool- bearing,  &c 

Erase,  eroded,  as  if  gnawed. 

Erostrate,  not  beaked. 

Erythros,  Greek  for  red.    Erythrocarpoui,  red-fruited,  &c. 

Essential  Organs  of  the  flower,  80. 

Estivation,  see  (estivation. 

Etiolated,  blanched  by  excluding  the  light,  as  the  stalks  of  Celery. 

Eu,  Greek  prefix,  meaning  very,  or  much. 

Evergreen,  holding  the  leaves  over  winter  and  until  new  ones  appear,  or  longer. 

Ex,  Latin  prefix;  privative  in  place  of  "e"  when  next  letter  is  a  vowel.    So  Ex, 

alate,  wingless;  Exalbuminous  (seed),  without  albumen,  21. 
Excurrent,  running  out,  as  when  a  midrib  projects  beyond  the  apex  of  a  leaf,  or  a 

trunk  is  continued  to  the  very  top  of  a  tree,  32. 

puny. 

lank  or  meagre. 
Evimius,  distinguished  for  size  or  beauty 
Fvo-,  in  Greek  compounds,  outward,  as  in 
Exocarp,  outer  layer  of  a  pericarp,  120. 
Exogenous,  outward  growing.     Exogenous  stemt,  lift. 
Exorhizal,  radicle  in  germination  not  sheathed. 
Exostome,  the  orifice  in  the  outer  coat  of  the  <nni!« 
Explanate,  spread  or  flattened  out. 

Exserted,  protruding  out  of,  as  the  stamens  out  of  the  corolU- 
Exstipulate,  destitute  of  stipules. 
Extine,  outer  coat  of  a  pollen-grain. 

Ext>-n-axillary,  said  of  a  branch  or  hud  somewhat  out  of  the  axil,  3i 
Extrorse,  turned  outwards;  the  anther  Is  extrorse  when  fastened  tw  the  filament  ot 

the  side  next  the  pistil,  and  opening  on  the  outer  side,  101. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  205 

Falcate,  scythe-shaped;  a  flat  body  curved,  its  edges  parallel. 

False  Racemes,  78. 

Family,  in  botany  same  as  Order,  177. 

Farina,  meal  or  starchy  matter,  136. 

Farinaceous,  mealy  in  texture.     Farinose,  covered  with  a  mealy  powder. 

Fasciate,  banded;  also  applied  to  monstrous  stems  which  grow  flat. 

Fascicle,  a  close  cluster,  77. 

Fascicled,  Fasciculated,  growing  in  a  bundle  or  tuft,  as  the  leaves  of  Larch,  68,  and 
roots  of  Peony,  35. 

Fastigiate,  close,  parallel,  and  upright,  as  the  branches  of  Lombardy  Poplar. 

Faux  (plural,  fauces),  the  throat  of  a  calyx,  corolla,  &c.,  89. 

Faveolate,  Favose,  honeycombed;  same  as  alveolate. 

Feather-veined,  with  veins  of  a  leaf  all  springing  from  the  sides  of  a  midrib,  51. 

Fecula  or  Faecula,  starch,  136. 

Female  flower  or  plant,  one  bearing  pistils  only. 

Fenestrate,  pierced  with  one  or  more  large  holes,  like  windows. 

Ferrugineous,  or  Ferruginous,  resembling  iron-rust;  red-grayish. 

Fertile,  fruit-bearing,  or  capable  of  it;  also  said  of  anthers  producing  good  pollen. 

Fertilization,  the  process  by  which  pollen  causes  the  embryo  to  be  formed,  114. 

Fibre  (woody),  133.     Fibrous,  containing  much  fibre,  or  composed  of  fibres. 

Fibrillose,  formed  of  small  fibres,  or  Fibrillce. 

Fibro-vascular  bundle  or  tissue,  formed  of  fibres  and  vessels. 

Fiddle-shaped,  obovate  with  a  deep  recess  on  each  side. 

Fidus,  Latin  suffix  for  cleft,  as  Bifid,  two-cleft. 

Filament,  the  stalk  of  a  stamen,  14,  80,  101 ;  also  any  slender  thread-shaped  body 

Filamentose,  or  Filamentous,  bearing  or  formed  of  slender  threads. 

Filiform,  thread-shaped;  long,  slender,  and  cylindrical. 

Fimbriate,  fringed;  furnished  with  fringes  (jimbrice). 

Fimbrillate,  Fimbrilliferous,  bearing  smallj£/n6nee,  i.  e.fimbrilla. 

Fissiparous,  multiplying  by  division  of  one  body  into  two. 

Fissus,  Latin  for  split  or  divided. 

Fistular,  or  Fistulose,  hollow  and  cylindrical,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Onion. 

Flabelliform,  or  Flabellate,  fan-shaped. 

Flagellate,  or  Flagelliform,  long,  narrow,  and  flexible,  like  the  thong  of  a  whip;  01 
like  the  runners  (flagellce)  of  the  Strawberry. 

Flavescent,  yellowish,  or  turning  yellow. 

Flavus,  Latin  for  yellow. 

Fleshy,  composed  of  firm  pulp  or  flesh. 

Flexuose,  or  Flexuous,  bending  in  opposite  directions,  in  a  zigzag  way 

Floating,  swimming  on  the  surface  of  water. 

Floccose,  composed  of  or  bearing  tufts  of  woolly  or  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Flora  (the  goddess  of  flowers),  the  plants  of  a  country  or  district,  taken  together,  01 
a  work  systematically  describing  them,  9. 

Floral  Envelopes,  or  Flower-leaves,  79. 

Floret,  a  diminutive  flower,  one  of  a  mass  or  cluster. 

Floribund,  abundantly  floriferous. 

Florula,  the  flora  of  a  small  district 

Flos,  floris,  Latin  for  flower. 

Flosculus,  diminutive,  same  as  floret. 

Flower,  the  whole  organs  of  reproduction  of  Phaenogamous  plants.  14.  72 

Flower-bud,  an  unopened  flower. 

Flowering  Plants,  10,  156.     Flowerless  Plants,  10,  156. 

Fly-trap  leaves,  65. 

Fluitans,  Latin  for  floating.     Fluviatile,  belonging  to  a  river  or  stream. 

Foliaceous,  belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture  or  nature  of,  a  leaf  (folium). 

Foliate,  provided  with  leaves.    Latin  prefixes  denote  the  number  of  leaves,  as  bifo- 
liate, trifoliate,  &c.     Foliose,  leaf}';  abounding  in  leaves. 

e,  relating  to  or  bearing  leaflets  (foliola)  ,•  trifoliate,  with  three  leaflets  &e 


206  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Folium  (plural,  folia),  Latin  for  leaf. 

Follicle,  a  simple  pod,  opening  down  the  inner  suture,  182. 

Follicular,  resembling  or  belonging  to  a  follicle. 

Food  of  Plants,  144. 

Foot-stalk,  either  petiole  or  peduncle,  49. 

Foramen,  a  hole  or  orifice,  as  that  of  the  ovule,  110. 

Foraminost,  Foraminulose,  pierced  with  holes. 

Forked,  branched  in  two  or  three  or  more. 

Fornicate,  bearing  fornices. 

Fornix,  little  arched  scales  in  the  throat  of  some  corollas,  as  of  Comfrey. 

Foveate,  deeply  pitted.     Foveolate,  diminutive  oifoveate. 

Free,  not  united  with  any  other  parts  of  a  different  sort,  95. 

Fringed,  the  margin  beset  with  slender  appendages,  bristles,  &c. 

Frond,  what  answers  to  leaves  in  Ferns,  &c.,  157 ;  or  to  the  stem  and  leave*  fused 

into  one,  as  in  Liverwort. 
Frondescence,  the  bursting  into  leaf. 

Frondose,  frond-bearing;  like  a  frond,  or  sometimes  used  for  leafy. 
Fructification,  the  state  or  result  of  fruiting. 
Fructus,  Latin  for  fruit. 

F-ruit,  the  matured  ovary  and  all  it  contains  or  is  connected  with,  117. 
Fruit-dots  in  Ferns ;  see  Sorus. 

Frustulose,  consisting  of  a  chain  of  similar  pieces,  or  Frustules. 
Frutescent,  somewhat  shrubby ;  becoming  a  shrub  (Frutex),  39. 
Fruticulose,  like  a  small  shrub,  or  Fruticulus.    Fruticose,  shrubby,  39. 
Fugacious,  soon  falling  off  or  perishing. 
Fulcrate,  having  accessor}'  organs  or  fulcra,  i.  e.  props. 
Fulvous,  tawny;  dull  yellow  with  gray. 
Fungus,  Fungi,  172. 

Funicle,  Funiculus,  the  stalk  of  a  seed  or  ovule,  110. 
Funnelform,  or  funnel-shaped,  expanding  gradually  upwards  into  an  open  mouth, 

like  a  funnel  or  tunnel,  90. 
Furcate,  forked. 

Furfuraceous,  covered  with  bren-like  fine  scurf. 
Furrowed,  marked  by  longitudinal  channels  or  grooves. 
Fuscous,  deep  gray-brown. 
Fusiform,  spindle-shaped,  36. 

Galbalus,  the  fleshy  or  at  length  woody  cone  of  Juniper  and  Cypress. 

Galea,  &  helmet-shaped  body,  as  the  upper  sepal  of  the  Monkshood,  87. 

Galeate,  shaped  like  a  helmet. 

Gamopetalous,  of  united  petals,  89. 

Gamophyllous,  formed  of  united  leaves.     Gamosepalous,  formed  of  united  sepals,  88 

Geminate,  twin;  in  pairs. 

Gemma,  Latin  for  a  bud. 

Gemmation,  the  state  of  budding;  budding  growth, 

Gemmule,  a  small  bud;  the  plumule,  6. 

Genera,  plural  of  genus. 

Geniculate,  bent  abruptly,  like  a  knee  (ffenu),  as  many  stems. 

Generic  Names,  179. 

Genus,  a  kind  of  a  rank  above  species,  177. 

Germ,  a  growing  point;  a  young  bud;  sometimes  the  same  as  embryo,  127 

Germen,  the  old  name  for  ovary. 

Germination,  the  development  of  a  plantlet  from  the  seed,  12. 

Gerontoffceous,  inhabiting  the  Old  World. 

Gibbous,  more  tumid  at  one  place  or  on  one  side  than  the  other 

Gilvous,  dirty  reddish-yellow. 

Glabrate,  becoming  glabrous  with  age,  or  almost  glabrous. 

Glabrou*.  smooth,  in  the  sense  of  having  no  hairs,  bristles,  or  other  pubescence 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  207 

Gladiate,  sword-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Iris. 

Glands,  small  cellular  organs  which  secrete  oily  or  aromatic  or  other  products ;  they 

are  sometimes  sunk  in  the  leaves  or  rind,  as  in  the  Orange,  Prickly  Ash,  &c. ; 

sometimes  on  the  surface  as  small  projections ;  sometimes  raised  on  hairs  or 

bristles  (glandular  hairs,  $c.),  as  in  the  Sweetbrier  and  Sundew.    The  name  is 

also  given  to  any  small  swellings,  &c.,  whether  they  secrete  anything  or  not;  so 

that  the  word  is  loosely  used. 

Glandular,  Glandulvse,  furnished  with  glands,  or  gland-like. 
Glans  (Gland),  the  acorn  or  mast  of  Oak  and  similar  fruits. 
Glareose,  growing  in  gravel. 
Glaucesctnt,  slightly  glaucous,  or  bluish-gray. 
Glaucous,  covered  with  a  bloom,  viz.  with  a  fine  white  powder  of  wax  that  rubs  off, 

like  that  on  a  fresh  plum,  or  a  cabbage-leaf. 

Globose,  spherical  in  form,  or  nearly  so.     Globular,  nearly  globose. 
Glochidiate,  or  Glochideous,  (bristles)  barbed;  tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a  double 

hooked  point. 

Glomerate,  closely  aggregated  into  a  dense  cluster. 
Glomerule,  a  dense  head-like  cluster,  77. 

Glossology,  the  department  of  botany  in  which  technical  terms  are  explained. 
Glumaceous,  glume-like,  or  glume-bearing. 
Glume ;  Glumes  are  the  husks  or  floral  coverings  of  Grasses,  or;  particularly,  the 

outer  husks  or  bracts  of  each  spikelet 
Glumelles,  the  inner  husks  of  Grasses. 
Gonophwe,  a  stipe  below  stamens,  113. 
Gossypine,  cottony,  flocculent. 
Gracilis,  Latin  for  slender. 
Grain,  see  Caryopsis,  121. 
Gramineous,  grass-like. 

Granular,  composed  of  grains.     Granule,  a  small  grain. 
Graveolent,  heavy-scented. 
Griseous,  gray  or  bluish-gray. 
Growth,  129. 

Grumous,  or  Grumose,  formed  of  coarse  clustered  grains. 
Guttate,  spotted,  as  if  by  drops  of  something  colored. 
Gymnos,  Greek  for  naked,  as 

Gymnocarpous,  naked-fruited.     Gymnospermous,  naked-seeded,  iOS 
Gymnospermous  yyncecium,  109. 
GymnospermcB,  or  Gymnospermous  Plants,  183. 
Gynandrous,  with  stamens  borne  on,  i.  e.  united  with,  the  pistil,  99. 
Gynoecium,  a  name  for  the  pistils  of  a  flower  taken  altogether,  105. 
Gynobase,  a  depressed  receptacle  or  support  of  the  pistil  or  carpels,  114. 
Gynophore,  a  stalk  raising  a  pistil  above  the  stamens,  113. 
Gynostegium,  a  sheath  around  pistils,  of  whatever  nature. 
Gynostemium,  name  of  the  column  in  Orchids,  &c.,  consisting  of  style  and  stigma 

with  stamens  combined. 
Gyrate,  coiled  or  moving  circularly. 
Gyrose,  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Habit,  the  genera!  aspect  of  a  plant,  or  its  mode  of  growth. 
Habitat,  the  situation  or  country  in  which  a  plant  grows  in  a  wild  state 
Hairs,  hair-like  gn>wths  on  the  surface  of  plants. 
Hairy,  beset  with  hairs,  especially  longish  ones. 
Halberd-shaped,  see  hastate,  53. 

Hahed,  when  appearing  as  if  one  half  of  the  body  were  cut  away. 
Hamate,  or  Hamose,  hooked;  the  end  of  a  slender  body  bent  round. 
Hamulose,  bearing  a  small  hook;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 

Haplo-,  in  Greek  compounds,  single;  as  Haplottemonous,  having  only  one  series  ol 
stamens. 


SOS  GLOSSARY  AND   INDEX. 

Hastate,  or  Basiile,  shaped  like  a  halberd;  furnished  with  a  spreading  iobe  on  each 

side  at  the  base,  53. 

ffead,  capitulum,  a  form  of  inflorescence.  74. 
Heart-shaped,  of  the  shape  of  a  heart  as  painted  on  cards,  63. 
Heart-wood,  the  older  or  matured  wood  of  exogenous  trees,  14i 
Helicoid,  coiled  like  a  helix  or  snail-shell,  77. 
Helmet,  the  upper  sepal  of  Monkshood  is  so  called. 
Helvolous,  grayish-yellow. 

Hemi-  in  compounds  from  the  Greek,  half;  e.  g  Hemispherical,  &c- 
Hemicarp,  half-fruit,  one  carpel  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant,  121. 
Hemitropous  (ovule  or  seed),  nearly  same  as  amphitropous,  123. 
Hepta-  (in  words  of  Greek  origin),  seven;  as  Heptagynous,  with  seven  pistils  01 

styles.    Heptamerous,  its  parts  in  sevens.    Heptandrous,  having  seven  stamens 
Herb,  plant  not  woody,  at  least  above  ground. 
Herbaceous,  of  the  texture  of  an  herb ;  not  woody,  39. 
Herbarium,  the  botanist's  arranged  collection  of  dried  plants,  186. 
Herborization,  184. 

Hermaphrodite  (flower),  having  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same  blossom,  81 
Hesperidium,  orange-fruit,  a  hard-rinded  berry. 
Hetero-,  in  Greek  compounds,  means  of  two  or  more  sorts,  as 
Heterocarpous,  bearing  fruit  of  two  kinds  or  shapes. 
Heterogamous,  bearing  two  or  more  sorts  of  flowers  in  one  cluster. 
Heterogany,  Heterogone,  or  Heterogonous,  with  stamens  and  pistil  reciprocally  of 

two  sorts,  116.     Heterostyled  is  same. 
Heleromorphous,  of  two  or  more  shapes. 
Heterophyllous,  with  two  sorts  of  leaves. 
Heterotropous  (ovule),  the  same  as  amphitropous,  123. 
Hexa-  (in  Greek  compounds),  six;  as  Hexagonal,  six-angled.    Hexngynovg.  with 

six  pistils  or  styles.     Hexamerous,  its  parts  in  sixes,     ffexandrous,  with  six 

stamens.    Hexapterous,  six-winged 
Hibernaculum,  a  winter  bud. 
Hiemal,  relating  to  winter. 
Hilar,  belonging  to  the  hilum. 

Hilum,  the  scar  of  the  seed;  its  place  of  attachment,  110.  12f 
Hippocrepiform,  horseshoe-shaped. 
Hirsute,  clothed  with  stiffish  or  beard-like  hairs. 
Hirtellous,  minutely  hirsute. 

Hispid,  bristly,  beset  with  stiff  hairs.     Hispidulous,  diminutive  ?•*  hispm 
Histology,  9. 

Hoary,  grayish-white;  see  canescent,  &c. 
Holostriceous,  all  over  sericeous  or  silky. 
Homo-,  in  Greek  compounds,  all  alike  or  of  one  sort. 
Homodromous,  running  in  one  direction. 
Homogamous,  a  head  or  cluster  with  flowers  all  of  one  km<i 
Homogeneous,  uniform  in  nature ;  all  of  one  kind. 
Bomogone,  or  Homogenous,  counterpart  of  Heterogone  or  ffomostyled. 
Homologous,  of  same  type ;  thus  petals  and  sepals  are  the  homologues  of  leaves. 
Hqmomallous  (leaves,  &c.),  originating  all  round  an  axis,  but  all  bent  or  curved 

to  one  side. 

Homorphous,  all  of  one  shape. 

Homotropous  (embryo),  curved  with  the  seed;  curved  only  one  way. 
Hood,  same  as  helmet  or  galea.    Hooded,  hood-shaped;  see  cucullate. 
Hooked,  same  as  hamate. 

Horn,  a  spur  or  some  similar  appendage.     Horny,  of  the  texture  of  horn 
Hortensis,  pertaining  to  the  garden. 

Hortus  Siccus,  an  herbarium,  or  collection  of  dried  plants,  201. 
Ihtmifuse,  Humistrate,  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground- 
in  stature 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  209 

Byaiine,  transparent,  or  partly  »o. 

Hybnd,  a  cross-breed  between  two  allied  »p«ci«s,  17* 

Hydrophyte*,  water-plants. 

ffyemai,  see  hiemal. 

Hymenium  of  a  Mushroom,  172. 

Hypanthium,  a  hollow  flower-receptacle,  such  as  that  of  Rose. 

Hypo-,  Greek  prefix  for  under,  or  underneath. 

Hypocotyle,  or  Hypocotyl,  part  of  stem  below  the  cotyledons,  11. 

Hypocrateriform,  properly  Hypocraterimorphous,  salver-shaped. 

Hypogcean,  or  Hypogceous,  produced  under  ground,  19. 

Hypogynous,  inserted  under  the  pistil,  95,  99. 

llysteranthous,  with  the  blossoms  developed  earlier  than  the  leaves- 

Icosandrous,  having  20  (or  12  or  more)  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Imberbis,  Latin  for  beardless. 

Imbricate,  Imbricated,  Imbricative,  overlapping  one  another,  like  tiles  or  shingles 

on  a  roof,  as  the  bud-scales  of  Horse-chestnut  and  Hickory,  27.    In  aestivation, 

where  some  leaves  of  the  calyx  or  corolla  are  overlapped  on  both  sides  by 

others,  98. 

/mmarginate,  destitute  of  a  rim  or  border. 
Immersed,  growing  wholly  under  water. 
Impari-pinnate,  pinnate  with  a  single  leaflet  at  the  apex,  57 
Imperfect  flowers,  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils,  85. 
Inaquilateral,  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Begonia. 
Inane,  empty,  s^id  of  an  anther  which  produces  no  pollen,  &c. 
Inappendiculate ,  not  appendaged. 

Incanous,  Incnnescent,  hoary  with  soft  white  pubescence. 
Incarnate,  flesh-colored. 
Incised,  cut  rather  deeply  and  irregularly,  58. 

Included,  enclosed ;  when  the  part  in  question  does  not  project  beyond  another. 
Incomplete  Flower,  wanting  calyx  or  corolla,  86. 
Incrassated,  thickened. 

Inotbous,  with  tip  of  one  leaf  lying  flat  over  the  base  of  the  next  above. 
Incumbent,  leaning  or  resting  upon ;  the  cotyledons  are  incumbent  when  the  back  oi 

one  of  them  lies  against  the  radicle,  128;   the  anthers  are  incumbent  when 

turned  or  looking  inwards. 
Incurved,  gradually  curving  inwards. 

Indefinite,  not  uniform  in  number,  or  too  numerous  to  mention  (over  12). 
Indefinite  or  Indeterminate  Inflorescence,  72. 
Indehiscent,  not  splitting  open;  i.  e.  not  dehiscent,  119. 
Indigenous,  native  to  the  country. 
Individuals,  175. 

Indumentum,  any  hairy  coating  or  pubescence. 
Induplicate,  with  the  edges  turned  inwards,  97. 
Induviate,  clothed  with  old  and  withered  parts  or  inrfuvue. 
Indusium,  the  shield  or  covering  of  a  fruit-dot  of  a  Fern,  169. 
Inermis,  Latin  for  unarmed,  not  prickly. 
Inferior,  growing  below  some  other  organ,  96. 
Infertile,  not  producing  seed,  or  pollen,  as  the  case  may  be- 
Inflated,  turgid  and  bladdery. 
Inflexed,  bent  inwards. 

Inflorescence,  the  arrangement  of  flowers  on  the  stem,  T& 
Infra-axillary,  situated  beneath  the  axil. 
Infundibuliform  or  Infundibular,  funnel-shaped,  90. 

Innate  (anther),  attached  by  its  base  to  the  very  apex  of  the  filament,  101. 
Innovation,  a  young  shoot,  or  new  growth. 

insertion,  the  place  or  the  mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its  support,  95,  99 
Integer,  entire,  not  lobed.    Integerrimus,  quite  entire,  not  serrate. 
14 


J10  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Intercellular  Pauages  or  Space*,  131, 143. 

Interfuiiaceous,  between  the  leaves  of  a  pair  or  wborl. 

Internode,  the  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes,  7.3 

Interpetiolar,  between  petioles. 

Interruptedly  pinnate,  pinnate  with  small  leaflets  intermixed  with  larger. 

Intine,  inner  coat  of  a  pollen  grain. 

Intrafoliaceous  (stipules,  &c.),  placed  between  the  leaf  or  petiole  and  the  stem. 

Introrse,  turned  or  facing  inwards ;  i.  e.  towards  the  axis  of  the  flower,  101. 

Intruse,  as  it  were  pushed  inwards. 

Inversed  or  Inverted,  where  the  apex  is  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  of  the  organ 
it  is  compared  with. 

fnvolucel,  a  partial  or  small  involucre,  76. 

Involucellate,  furnished  with  an  involucel.    Involucrate,  furnished  with  an  involucre. 

Involucre,  a  whorl  or  set  of  bracts  around  a  flower,  umbel,  or  head,  &c.,  74,  75. 

Involute,  in  vernation,  72;  rolled  inwards  from  the  edges,  97. 

Irregular  Flowers,  86,  91. 

Isos,  Greek  for  equal  in  number.  Isomerous,  the  same  number  in  the  successive  cir- 
cles or  sets.  Isostemonous,  the  stamens  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  or  petals. 

Jointed,  separate  or  separable  at  one  or  more  places  into  pieces,  64,  &c. 

Jugum  (plural  Juga),  Latin  for  a  pair,  as  of  leaflets,  — thus  Unijugate,  of  a  single 

pair ;  Bijugate,  of  two  pairs,  &c. 
Julaceus,  like  a  catkin  or  Julus. 

Keel,  a  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface,  like  the  keel  of  a  boat ;  the  two  anterioj 

petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla,  92. 
Keeled,  furnished  with  a  keel  or  sharp  longitudinal  ridge. 
Kermesine,  Carmine-red. 
Kernel  of  the  ovule  and  seed,  110. 
Key,  or  Key-fruit,  a  Samara,  122. 
Kidney-shaped,  resembling  the  outline  of  a  xidney,  58. 

Labellum,  the  odd  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Labiate,  same  as  bilabiate  or  two-lipped,  92. 

Labiatiflorous,  having  flowers  with  bilabiate  corolla. 

Labium  (plural,  Labia),  Latin  for  lip. 

Lacerate,  with  margin  appearing  as  if  torn. 

Laciniate,  slashed;  cut  into  deep  narrow  lobes  or  Lacinice, 

Lactescent,  producing  milky  juice,  as  does  the  Milkweed,  &c. 

Lacteus,  Latin  for  milk-white. 

Lacunose,  full  of  holes  or  gaps. 

Lacustrine,  belonging  to  lakes. 

Lcevigate,  smooth  as  if  polished.    Latin,  Lcevis,  smooth,  as  opposed  to  rough 

Lageniform,  gourd-shaped. 

Layopnus,  Latin,  hare-footed ;  densely  clothed  with  long  soft  hairs. 

Lamellar  or  Lamellate,  consisting  of  flat  plates,  Lamella. 

Lamina,  a  plate  or  blade,  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  &c.,  49. 

Lanate,  Lanose,  woolly;  clothed  with  long  and  soft  entangled  hairs 

Lanceolate,  lance-shaped,  52. 

Lanu'ginous,  cottony  or  woolly. 

Latent  buds,  concealed  or  undeveloped  bads,  30. 

Lateral,  belonging  to  the  side. 

Latex,  the  milky  juice,  &c.,  of  plants,  135. 

Lax  (Laxus),  loose  in  texture,  or  sparse;  the  opposite  of  crowded. 

Leaf,  49.    Leaf-buds,  31 

Leaflet,  one  of  the  divisions  or  blades  of  a  compound  leaf,  &7. 

Leaf-like,  same  &sfoliaceous. 

Leathery,  of  about  the  consistence  of  leather ;  coriaceous 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  Jll 

Legume,  a  simp.e  poo  which  dehisces  in  two  pieces,  like  that  of  the  Pea.  12a 

Leguminous,  belonging  to  legumes,  or  to  the  Leguminous  Family. 

Lenticular,  lens-shaped ;  i.  e.  flattish  and  convex  on  both  sides 

Lappaceous,  bur-like. 

Lasio,  Greek  for  woolly  or  hairy,  as  Lasianthus,  woolly-flowered 

Lateritious,  brick-colored. 

Laticiferous,  containing  latex,  138. 

Lotus,  Latin  for  broad,  as  Latifolius,  broad-leaved. 

Leaf-scar,  Leafstalk,  petiole. 

Lenticels,  lenticular  dots  on  young  bark. 

Lentiginose,  as  if  freckled. 

Lepal,  a  made-up  word  for  a  staminode. 

Lepis,  Greek  for  a  scale,  whence  Lepidote,  leprous ;  covered  with  scurfy  scales. 

Leptos,  Greek  for  slender;  so  Leptophyllous,  slender-leaved. 

Leukos,  Greek  for  white;  whence  Leucanthous,  white-flowered,  &e. 

Liber,  the  inner  bark  of  Exogenous  stems,  140. 

Lid,  see  operculum. 

Ligneous,  or  Liynose,  woody  in  texture. 

Ligulate,  furnished  with  a  ligule,  93. 

Ligule,  Ligula,  the  strap-shaped  corolla  in  many  Composite,  93 ;  the  membranout 

appendage  at  the  summit  of  the  leaf-sheaths  of  most  Grasses,  67. 
Limb,  the  border  of  a  corolla,  &c.,  89. 
Limbate,  bordered  (Latin,  Limbus,  a  border). 
Line,  the  twelfth  of  an  inch ;  or  French  lines,  the  tenth 
Linear,  narrow  and  flat,  the  margins  parallel,  52 

Lineate,  marked  with  parallel  lines.    Lineolate,  marked  with  minute  line*. 
Lingulate,  Linguiform,  tongue-shaped. 
Lip,  the  principal  lobes  of  a  bilabiate  corolla  or  calyx,  92. 
Literal  or  Littoral,  belonging  to  the  shore. 
Livid,  pale  lead-colored. 

Lobe,  any  projection  or  division  (especially  a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf,  &c. 
Lobe d  or  Lobatet  cut  into  lobes,  55,  56 ;  Lobulate,  into  small  lobes. 
Locellate,  having  Locelli,  i.  e.  compartments  in  a  cell:  thus  an  anther-cell  is  ofter 

bilocellate. 

Loculament,  same  as  loculus. 

Locular,  relating  to  the  cell  or  compartment  {Loculus)  of  an  ovary,  &c. 
'  Loculicidal  (dehiscence),  splitting  down  through  the  back  of  each  cell,  123. 
Locusta,  a  name  for  the  spikelet  of  Grasses. 

Lodicule,  one  of  the  scales  answering  to  perianth-leaves  in  Grass-flowers- 
Lament,  a  pod  which  separates  transversely  into  joints,  122. 
Lomentaceous,  pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  loment. 
Lorate,  thong-shaped. 

Lunate,  crescent-shaped.     Lanulate,  diminutive  of  .unate. 
Lupuline,  like  hops. 

Lusus,  Latin  for  a  sport  or  abnormal  variation. 
Luteolus,  yellowish;  diminutive  of 

Luteus,  Latin  for  yellow.     Lutescent,  verging  to  yellow. 
Lyrate,  lyre-shaped ;  a  pinnatifid  leaf  of  an  obovate  or  spatulate  outline,  the  end- 

lobe  large  and  roundish,  and  the  lower  lobes  small,  as  in  fig.  149. 

Macros,  Greek  for  long,  sometimes  also  used  for  large ;  thus  Macrophylloiu,  lonjf 

or  large-leaved,  &c. 

Macrotpore,  the  large  kind  of  spore,  when  there  are  two  kinds,  160,  161. 
Maculnte.  spotted  or  blotched. 

Mate  (flowers  or  plants),  having  stamens  but  no  pistil 
Mammose,  breast-shaped. 
Marcescent,  withering  without  falling  oft. 
Marginal,  belonging  to  margin. 


212  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Margtnate,  margined  with  an  edge  different  from  the  rest. 

Marginicidal  dehiscence,  123. 

Maritime,  belonging  to  sea-coasts. 

Marmorate,  marbled. 

Mas.,  Muse.,  Masculine,  male. 

Masked,  see  personate. 

Mealy,  nee  farinaceous. 

Median,  Medial,  belonging  to  the  middle. 

Medifixed,  attached  by  the  middle. 

Medullary,  belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of,  pith  (Medulla)-,  pithy 

Medullary  Rays,  the  silver-grain  of  wood,  140,  141. 

Medullary  Sheath,  a  set  of  ducts  just  around  the  pith,  140. 

Meiostemonous,  having  fewer  stamens  than  petals. 

Membranaceous  or  Membranous,  of  the  texture  of  membrane;  thin  and  soft. 

Menitcoid,  crescent-shaped. 

Mericarp.  one  carpel  of  the  fruit  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant,  121. 

Merismatic,  separating  into  parts  by  the  formation  of  partitions  across. 

Merous,  from  the  Greek  for  part;  used  with  numeral  prefix  to  denote  the  number  ol 

pieces  in  a  set  or  circle:  as  Monomerous,  of  only  one,  Dimerous,  with  two-    Tri- 

merous,  with  three  parts  (sepals,  petals,  stamens,  &c.)  in  each  circle. 
Mesocarp,  the  middle  part  of  a  pericarp,  when  that  is  distinguishable  Into  three 

layers,  120. 

Mesophlaeum,  the  middle  or  green  bark. 
Micropyle,  the  closed  orifice  of  the  seed,  110,  126. 
Microspore,  the  smaller  kind  of  spore  when  there  are  two  kinds,  I0L 
Midrib,  the  middle  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf,  50. 
Milk-vessels,  138. 
Miniate,  vermilion-colored. 

Mitriform,  mitre-shaped:  in  the  form  of  a  peaked  cap,  or  one  cleft  at  the  top, 
Moniliform,  necklace-shaped;  a  cylindrical  body  contracted  at  intervals. 
Monocarpic  (duration),  flowering  and  seeding  but  once,  38. 
Monochlamydeous,  having  only  one  floral  envelope. 
Monocotyledonous  ( embryo),  with  only  one  cotyledon,  24. 
Monocotyledonous  Plants,  24.    Monocotyls,  24. 
Moncecious,  or  Monoicous  (flower),  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  9t 
Monogynous  (flower),  having  only  one  pistil,  or  one  style,  105. 
Monopetalous  (flower),  with  the  corolla  of  one  piece,  89. 
Monophyllous,  one-leaved,  or  of  one  piece. 
Monos,  Greek  for  solitary  or  only  one ;  thus  Monadelphous,  stamens  united  by  thelt 

filaments  into  one  set,  99 ;  Monandrous  (flower),  having  only  one  stamen,  100. 
Monosepalous,  a  calyx  of  one  piece;  i.  e.  with  the  sepals  united  into  one  body. 
Monospermous,  one-seeded. 

Monstrosity,  an  unnatural  deviation  from  the  usual  structure  or  form. 
Morphology,  Morphological  Botany,  9;  the  department  of  botany  which  treats  of 

the  forms  which  an  organ  may  assume. 
Moschate,  Musk-like  in  odor. 
Movements,  149. 

Mucronate,  tipped  with  an  abrupt  short  point  (Mucro),  54. 
Mucronulate,  tipped  with  a  minute  abrupt  point;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 
Multi-,  in  composition,  many;  as  Multangular,  many-angled;  Multicipital,  many 

headed,  &c.;  Multifarious,  in  many  rows  or  ranks;  Multifid,  many-cleft;  Mul 

tilocular,  many-celled;  Multiterial,  in  many  rows. 
Multiple  Fruits,  118,  124. 

Muricate,  beset  with  short  and  hard  or  prickly  points. 
Muriform,  wall-like;  resembling  courses  of  bricks  in  a  wall. 
Muticovt,  pointless,  blunt,  unarmed. 
Mycelium,  the  spawn  of  Fungi;  i.  e.  the  filaments  from  which  Mushrooms,  &cn 

originate,  172. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  213 

Naked,  wanting  some  usual  covering,  as  achlamydeous  flowers,  86,  gymnospermoug 
seeds,  109,  125,  &c. 

Names  in  botany,  179. 

Nanus,  Latin  for  dwarf 

Napiform,  turnip-shaped,  35- 

Natural  System,  182. 

Naturalized,  introduced  from  a  foreign  country,  and  flourishing  wild. 

Navicular,  boat-shaped,  like  the  glumes  of  most  Grasses. 

Necklace-shaped,  looking  like  a  string  of  beads;  see  moniliform. 

Nectar,  the  sweet  secretion  in  flowers  from  which  bees  make  honey,  &c. 

Nectariferous,  honey-bearing;  or  having  a  nectary. 

Nectary,  the  old  name  for  petals  and  other  parts  of  the  flower  when  of  unusual 
shape,  especially  when  honey-bearing.  So  the  hollow  spur-shaped  petals  of 
Columbine  were  called  nectaries;  also  the  curious  long-clawed  petals  of  Monks 
hood,  87,  &c. 

Needle-shaped,  long,  slender,  and  rigid,  like  the  leaves  of  Pines. 

Nemorose  or  Nemoral,  inhabiting  groves. 

Nerve,  a  name  for  the  ribs  or  veins  of  leaves  when  simple  and  parallel,  50. 

Nerved,  furnished  with  nerves,  or  simple  and  parallel  ribs  or  veins,  50. 

Nervose,  conspicuously  nerved.     Ntrvulose,  minutely  nervose. 

Netted-veined,  furnished  with  branching  veins  forming  network,  50,  51 

Neuter,  Neutral,  sexless.     Neutral  flower,  79. 

Niger,  Latin  for  black.    Nigricans,  Latin  for  verging  to  black. 

Nitid,  shining. 

Nival,  living  in  or  near  snow.    Niveus,  snow-white- 

Nodding,  bending  so  that  the  summit  hangs  downward. 

Node,  a  knot;  the  "joints  "  of  a  stem,  or  the  part  whence  a  leaf  or  a  pair  of  leaves 
springs,  13. 

Nodose,  knotty  or  knobby.     Nodulose,  furnished  with  little  knobs  or  knots. 

Nomenclature,  175,  179. 

Normal,  according  to  rule,  natural. 

Notate,  marked  with  spots  or  lines  of  a  different  color. 

Nucamentaceous,  relating  to  or  resembling  a  small  nut. 

Nuciform,  nut-shaped  or  nut-like. 

Nucleus,  the  kernel  of  an  ovule  (110)  or  seed  (127)  of  a  cell. 

Nucule,  same  as  nutlet. 

Nude,  (Latin.  Nudus),  naked.     So  Nudicaulis,  naked-stemmed,  &c. 

Nut,  Latin  Nux,  a  hard,  mostly  one-seeded  indehiscent  fruit;  as  a  chestnut,  butter- 
nut, acorn,  121. 

Nutant,  nodding. 

Nutlet,  a  little  nut;  or  the  stone  of  a  drupe. 

Ob-  (meaning  over  against),  when  prefixed  to  words  signifies  inversion;  as,  Ob- 
compressed,  flattened  the  opposite  of  the  usual  way ;  Obcordate,  heart-shaped, 
with  the  broad  and  notched  end  at  the  apex  instead  of  the  base,  54;  Oblance- 
olate,  lance-shaped  with  the  tapering  point  downwards,  52. 

Oblique,  applied  to  leaves,  &c.,  means  unequal-sided. 

Oblong,  from  two  to  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  52. 

Obovate,  inversely  ovate,  the  broad  end  upward,  53.     Obovoid,  solid  obovate. 

Obtuse,  blunt  or  round  at  the  end,  54. 

Obverse,  same  as  inverse. 

Obvolute  (in  the  bud),  when  the  margins  of  one  piece  or  leaf  alternately  overlap 
those  of  the  opposite  one. 

Ocellate,  with  a  circular  colored  patch,  like  an  eye. 

Ochroleucous,  yellowish-white  ;  dull  cream-color. 

Ocreate,  furnished  with  Ocrece  (boots),  or  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths,  57. 

0cto-3  Latin  for  eight,  enters  into  the  composition  of  Octayynous,  with  eight  pistils 
or  styles;  Octamerous,  its  parts  in  eights;  Octandrous,  with  eight  stamens.  &c- 


214  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Oculate,  with  eye-shaped  marking. 

Officinal,  used  in  medicine,  therefore  kept  In  the  snops. 

Offset,  short  branches  next  the  ground  which  take  root,  40 

Oides,  termination,  from  the  Greek,  to  denote  likeness ;  so  Dianthoidei.  Pink-tike 

Oleraceous,  esculent,  as  a  pot-herb. 

Oligos,  Greek  for  few;  thus  Oliganthous,  few-flowered,  &c. 

Olivaceous,  olive-green. 

Oophoridium,  a  name  for  spore-case  containing  macrospores, 

Opaque,  applied  to  a  surface,  means  dull,  not  shining. 

Operculate,  furnished  with  a  lid  (Operculum),  as  the  spore-case  of  Mosses,  163. 

Opposite,  said  of  leaves  and  branches  when  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem  from  each 

other  (i.  e.  in  pairs),  29.  68.    Stamens  are  opposite  the  petals,  &c.,  when  they 

stand  before  them. 

Oppositifolius,  situated  opposite  a  leaf. 
Orbicular,  Orbiculate,  circular  in  outline,  or  nearly  so,  52. 
Order,  group  below  class,  178.     Ordinal  names,  180. 
Organ,  any  member  of  the  plant,  as  a  leaf,  a  stamen,  &c. 
Organography,  study  of  organs,  9-     Organogentsis,  that  of  the  development  of 

organs. 

Orgyalis,  of  the  height  of  a  man. 
Orthos,  Greek  for  straight;  thus,  OrtTiocarpous,  with  straight  fruit;   C~ttH>aichous, 

straight-ranked. 

Orthotropous  (ovule  or  seed),  111. 
Osseous,  of  a  bony  texture. 

Outgrowths,  growths  from  the  surface  of  a  leaf,  petal,  &c. 
Oval,  broadly  elliptical,  52. 

Ovary,  that  part  of  the  pistil  containing  the  ovules  or  future  seeds,  14,  80,  105. 
Ovate,  shaped  like  an  egg,  with  the  broader  end  downwards;  or,  in  plain  surfaces, 

such  as  leaves,  like  the  section  of  an  egg  lengthwise,  52. 
Ovoid,  ovate  or  oval  in  a  solid  form. 

Ovule,  the  body  which  is  destined  to  become  a  seed,  14,  80,  105, 110. 
Ovuliferous,  ovule-bearing. 

Palate,  a  projection  of  the  lower  lip  of  a  labiate  corolla  into  the  throat,  as  in  Snap- 
dragon, &c. 

Palea  (plural  palece),  chaff;  the  inner  husks  of  Grasses;  the  chaff  or  bracts  on  the 
receptacle  of  many  Composites,  as  Coreopsis,  and  Sunflower. 

Paleaceous,  furnished  with  chaff,  or  chaffy  in  texture. 

Paleolate,  having  Paleolce  or  palese  of  a  second  order,  or  narrow  paleae. 

Palet,  English  term  for  palea. 

Palmate,  when  leaflets  or  the  divisions  of  a  leaf  all  spread  from  the  apex  of  the 
petiole,  like  the  hand  with  the  outspread  fingers,  57,  58. 

Palmately  (veined,  lobed,  &c.),  in  a  palmate  manner,  51,  56. 

Palmatifid,  -lobed,  -sect,  pahnately  cleft,  or  lobed,  or  divided. 

Paludose,  inhabiting  marshes.    Palustrine,  same. 

Panduriform,  or  Pandurate,  fiddle-shaped  (which  see). 

Panicle,  an  open  and  branched  cluster,  81. 

Panicled,  Paniculate,  arranged  in  panicles,  or  like  a  panicle. 

Pannose,  covered  with  a  felt  of  woolly  hairs. 

Papery,  of  about  the  consistence  of  letter-paper. 

Papilionaceous,  butterfly-shaped;  applied  to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the  Pea,  91. 

Papilla  (plural  papillae),  little  nipple-shaped  protuberances. 

Papillate,  Papilloie,  covered  with  papillae. 

Pappus,  thist.e-dowri.  The  down  crowning  the  achenium  of  the  Thistle,  Groundsel, 
&c.,  and  whatever  in  Compositae  answers  to  calyx,  whether  hairs,  teeth,  01 
scales.  121. 

Papyraceous,  like  parchment  in  texture. 

Parallel-veined  or  nerved  (leaves).  50. 


SLOSSAEY  AND  IND3X.  21& 

parapnyiet,  jointed  filaments  mixed  with  the  antheridia  of  Mossm 

Paratitic,  living  as  a  parasite,  i.  e.  on  another  plant  or  animal,  37. 

Parenchemytous,  composed  of  parenchyma. 

Parenchyma,  soft  cellular  tissue  of  plants,  like  the  green  pulp  of  leases,  138, 

Parietal  (placentae,  &c.),  attached  to  the  walls  (parleys)  of  the  ovary. 

Paripinnate,  pinnate  with  an  even  number  of  leaflets. 

Parted,  separated  or  cleft  into  parts  almost  to  the  base,  55. 

Parthenogenesis,  producing  seed  without  fertilization. 

Partial  involucre,  same  as  an  involucel;  partial  petiole,  a  division  of  a  main  leaf 

stalk  or  the  stalk  of  a  leaflet;  partial  peduncle,  a  branch  of  a  peduncle;  par 

tial  umbel,  an  umbellet,  76. 

Partition,  a  segment  of  &  parted  leaf;  or  an  internal  wall  in  an  ovary,  anther,  &c. 
Patelliform,  disk-shaped,  like  the  patella  or  kneeoan. 
Patent,  spreading,  open.    Patulous,  moderately  spreading. 
Pauci-,  in  composition,  few;  as paucijlorous,  few-flowered,  &c. 
Pear-shaped,  solid  obovate,  the  shape  of  a  pear. 
Pectinate,  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  narrow  and  close  divisions,  like  the 

teeth  of  a  comb. 
Pedate,  like  a  bird's  foot;  palmate  or  palmately  cleft,  with  the  side  divisions  agair 

cleft,  as  in  Viola  pedata,  &c. 

Pedicel,  the  stalk  of  each  particular  flower  of  a  cluster,  73. 
Pedicellate,  Pedicelled,  borne  on  a  pedicel. 
Pedalis,  Latin  for  a  foot  high  or  long. 

Peduncle,  a  flower-stalk,  whether  of  a  single  flower  or  of  a  flower-cluster,  78. 
Peduncled,  Pedunculate,  furnished  with  a  peduncle. 
Peloria,  an  abnormal  return  to  regularity  and  symmetry  in  an  irregular  flower;  com 

monest  in  Snapdragon. 
Peltate,  shield-shaped;  said  of  a  leaf,  whatever  its  shape,  when  the  petiole  is  at 

tached  to  the  lower  side,  somewhere  within  the  margin,  53. 
Pelviform,  basin-shaped. 

Pendent,  hanging.    Pendulous,  somewhat  hanging  or  drooping. 
Penicillate,  Penicilliform,  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  fine  hairs,  like  a  painter's  pencil;  as 

the  stigmas  of  some  Grasses. 

Pennate,  same  as  pinnate.    Penninerved  and  Penniveined\  pinnately  veined,  51. 
Penta-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition),  five;  as  Pentadelphous,  99;  Pentagynous, 

with  five  pistils  or  styles;  Pentamerous,  with  its  parts  in  fives,  or  on  the  plan  of 

five;  Pentandrous,  having  five  stamens,  112;  Pcntasticho&s,  in  five  ranks,  &c. 
Pepo,  a  fruit  like  the  Melon  and  Cucumber,  119. 
Perennial,  lasting  from  year  to  year,  38. 
Perfect  (flower),  having  both  stamens  and  pistils,  31. 
Perfoliate,  passing  through  the  leaf,  in  appearance,  60. 
Perforate,  pierced  with  holes,  or  with  transparent  dots  resembling  holes,  as  an 

Orange-leaf. 

Peri-,  Greek  for  around ;  from  which  are  such  terms  as 
Perianth,  the  leaves  of  the  flower  collectively,  79. 
Pericarp,  the  ripened  ovary;  the  walls  of  the  fruit,  117. 
Pericarpic,  belonging  to  the  pericarp. 
Perigonium,  Peri  gone,  same  as  perianth. 
Perigynium,  bodies  around  the  pistil;  applied  to  the  closed  cup  or  bottie-shapeo 

body  (of  bracts)  which  encloses  the  ovary  of  Sedges,  and  to  the  bristles,  littl* 

scales,  &c.,  of  the  flowers  of  some  other  Cyperaceae. 
Perigynous,  the  petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx,  95,  99. 
Peripherie,  around  the  cutside,  or  periphery,  of  any  organ. 
Perispe.rm,  a  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed. 
Perutome,  the  fringe  of  teeth  to  the  spore-case  of  Mosses,  163. 
Persistent,  remaining  beyond  the  period  when  such  parts  commonly  fall,  as  th« 

leaves  of  evergreens,  and  the  calyx  of  such  flowers  as  persist  during  th»  growth 

of  the  fruit- 


216  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX 

Pertonate,  masked;  a  bilabiate  corolla  with  a  palate  in  the  throat,  9i. 

Pertuse,  perforated  with  a  hole  or  slit. 

Perulate,  having  scales  (Ferulae),  such  as  bud-scales. 

Peg,  pedis,  Latin  for  the  foot  or  support,  whenct  Longipes,  long-stalked,  &c 

Petal,  a  leaf  of  the  corolla,  14,  79. 

Petalody,  metamorphosis  of  stamens,  &c.,  into  petals. 

Petaloid,  Petaline,  petal-like ;  resembling  or  colored  like  petals. 

Petiole,  a  footstalk  of  a  leaf;  a  leaf  stalk,  49. 

Petioled,  Petiolate,  furnished  with  a  petiole. 

Petiolulate,  said  of  a  leaflet  when  raised  on  its  own  partial  leafstalk 

Petrceus,  Latin  for  growing  on  rocks. 

Phalanx,  phalanges,  bundles  of  stamens. 

Phcenogamous,  or  Phanerogamous,  plants  bearing  flowers   and   producing   seeds 

same  as  Flowering  Plants.     Phcenogams,  Phanerogams,  10. 
Phlceum,  Greek  name  for  bark,  whence  Endophlceum,  inner  bark,  &c. 
Phceniceotts,  deep  red  verging  to  scarlet. 
Phycology,  the  botany  of  Algae. 

Phyllocladia,  branches  assuming  the  form  and  function  of  leaves. 
Phyllodium  (plural,  phyllodia),  a  leaf  where  the  seeming  blade  is  a  dilated  petiole, 

as  in  New  Holland  Acacias,  61. 

Phyllome,  foliar  parts,  those  answering  to  leaves  in  their  nature. 
Phyllon  (plural,  j)hylla),  Greek  for  leaf  and  leaves;  used  in  many  compound  terms 

and  names. 

Phyllotaxis,  or  Phyllolaxy,  the  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem,  87. 
Physiological  Botany,  9. 

Photography,  relates  to  characterizing  and  describing  plants. 
Phyton,  or  Phytomer,  a  name  used  to  designate  the  pieces  which  ty  their  repetition 

make  up  a  plant,  theoretically,  viz.  a  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf  or  pair  of  leaves. 
Pileus  of  a  mushroom,  172. 

Piliferous,  bearing  a  slender  bristle  or  hair  (pilum),  or  beset  with  hairs. 
Pilose,  hairy;  clothed  with  soft  slender  hairs. 

Pinna,  a  primary  division  with  its  leaflets  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf. 
Pinnule,  a  secondary  division  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf,  66. 
Pinnate  (leaf),  when  leaflets  are  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  common  petiole,  57. 
Pinnately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  divided,  veined,  56. 

Pinnatijid,  Pinnatisect,  same  as  pinnately  cleft  and  pinnately  parted,  56. 
Pisiform,  pea-shaped. 

Pistil,  the  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower,  14,  80, 106. 
Pistillate,  having  a  pistil,  85. 

Pistillidium,  the  body  which  in  Mosses  answers  to  the  pistil,  159, 164. 
Pitchers,  64. 

Pith,  the  cellular  centre  of  an  exogenous  stem,  138. 

Placenta,  the  surface  or  part  of  the  o  retry  to  which  the  ovules  are  attached,  107. 
Placentiform,  nearly  same  as  quoit-shaped. 
Plaited  (in  the  bud),  or  Plicate,  folded,  72,  98. 

Platy-,  Greek  for  broad,  in  compounds,  such  as  Platyphyllous,  broad-leaved,  &c. 
Pleio-,  Greek  for  full  or  abounding,  used  in  compounds,  such  as  Pleiopetalous,  of 

many  petals,  &c. 
Plumbeus,  lead-colored. 
Plumose,  feathery;  when  any  slender  body  (such  as  a  bristle  of  a  pappus  or  a  style* 

is  beset  with  hairs  along  its  sides,  like  the  plume  of  a  feather. 
Plumule,  the  bud  or  first  shoot  of  a  germinating  plantlet  above  the  cotyledons,  13 
Pluri-,  in  composition,  many  or  several;  as  Plurifoliolate,  with  several  leaflets. 
Pod,  specially  a  legume,  122;  also  may  be  applied  to  any  sort  of  capsule. 
Podium,  a  footstalk  or  stipe,  used  only  in  Greek  compounds,  as  (suffixed)  Leptn- 

podus,  slender-stalked,  or  (prefixed)  Podocephalus,  with  a  stalked  head,  and 

in  Podosperm,  a  seed  stalk  or  f  iinieiilus 
Pogon,  Greek  for  beard,  comes  into  various  compounds. 


GLOSSARY  AND   INDEX.  217 

Pointtea,  destitute  of  any  pointed  tip,  such  as  a  macro,  awn,  acumlnation,  &c. 

Pollen,  the  fertilizing  powder  contained  in  the  anther,  14,  80,  103. 

Pollen-growth,  117      Polleniferous,  pollen-bearing. 

Pollen-mass,  Pollinium,  the  united  mass  of  pollen,  104,  as  in  Milkweed  and  Orchis 

Pollicaris,  Latin  for  an  inch  long. 

Pollination,  the  application  of  pollen  to  the  stigma,  114» 

Poly-,  in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin,  same  as  multt-  in  those  of  Latin  origin 

viz.  many,  as 

Polyadelphous,  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  several  bundles,  100. 
Polyandrous,  with  numerous  stamens  (inserted  on  the  receptacle),  100. 
Polycarpic,  term  used  by  DeCandolle  in  the  sense  of  perennial. 
Polycotyledonous,  having  many  (more  than  two)  cotyledons,  as  Pines,  23. 
Polygamous,  having  some  perfect  and  some  unisexual  flowers,  85. 
Polygonal,  many-angled. 
Polygynous,  with  many  pistils  or  styles,  105. 
Polymerous,  formed  of  many  parts  of  each  set. 
Polymorphous,  of  several  or  varying  forms. 

Polypetalous,  when  the  petals  are  distinct  or  separate  (whether  few  or  many),  89. 
Polyphyllous,  many-leaved;  *ormed  of  several  distinct  pieces. 
Polysepalous,  same  as  the  last  when  applied  to  the  calyx,  89. 
Polyspermous,  many-seeded. 

Pome,  the  apple,  pear,  and  similar  fleshy  fruits,  119. 
Pomiferous,  poms-bearing. 
Porrect,  outstretched. 

Posterior  side  or  portion  of  a  flower  (when  axillary)  is  that  toward  the  axis.  96- 
Pouch,  the  silicle  or  short  pod,  as  of  Shepherd's  Purse,  123. 
Precocious  (Latin,  prcecox),  unusually  early  in  development 
Prtefloratwn,  same  as  cestivation,  97. 
Prcefoliation,  same  as  vernation,  71. 
Prcemorse,  ending  abruptly,  as  if  bitten  off. 
Pratensis,  Latin  for  growing  in  meadows. 

Prickles,  sharp  elevations  of  the  bark,  coming  off  with  it,  as  of  the  Rose. 
Prickly,  bearing  prickles,  or  sharp  projections  like  them. 
Primine,  the  outer  coat  of  the  covering  of  the  ovule,  110. 

Primordial,  earliest  formed;  primordial  leaves  are  the  first  after  the  cotyledons 
Prismatic,  prism-shaped ;  having  three  or  more  angles  bounding  flat  sides. 
Procerous,  tall,  or  tall  and  slim. 

Process,  any  projection  from  the  surface  or  edge  of  a  body. 
Procumbent,  trailing  on  the  ground,  39. 
Procurrent,  running  through  but  not  projecting. 
Produced,  extended  or  projecting ;  the  upper  sepal  of  a  Larkspur  is  produced  abov< 

into  a  spur,  87. 
Proliferous  (literally,  bearing  offspring),  whure  a  new  branch  rises  from  an  oldei 

one,  or  one  head  or  cluster  of  flowers  out  of  another. 
Pntpaculum  or  Projmgulum,  a  shoot  for  propagation. 
Prosenchyma,  a  tissue  of  wood-cells. 
Prostrate,  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  39. 

Protandrous  or  Proterandrous,  the  anthers  first  maturing,  116. 
Proteranthous,  flowering  before  leafing. 

Proterogynous  or  Protogynous,  the  stigmas  first  to  mature,  116. 
Prothalhum  or  Prothallus,  160. 

Protoplasm,  the  soft  nitrogenous  lining  or  contents,  or  living  part,  of  cells,  128 
Protos,  Greek  for  first;  in  various  compounds. 
Pruinose,  Pruinate,  frosted;  covered  with  a  powder  like  hoar-frost. 
Pseudo-,  Greek  for  false.    Pseudo-bulb,  the  aerial  corms  of  epiphytic  Orchids.  &c 
Psilos,  Greek  for  bare  or  naked,  used  in  many  compounds. 
Pteridophyta,  Pteridophytes,  158. 

s,  Greek  for  wing,  and  general  name  for  Fern,  enters  into  many  compounds 


218  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Puberulent,  covered  with  fine  and  short  or  almost  imperceptible  down. 

Pubescent,  hairy  or  downy,  especially  with  fine  and  soft  hairs  or  pubescence 

Pulverulent  or  Pulveraceous,  as  if  dusted  with  fine  powder. 

Pulvinate,  cushioned,  or  shaped  like  a  cushion. 

Pumilus,  low  or  little. 

Punctate,  dotted,  either  with  minute  holes  or  what  look  as  such. 

I'uucticulate.  minutely  punctate. 

Pungent,  prickly-tipped. 

Puniceous,  carmine-red. 

Purpureus,  originally  red  or  crimson,  more  used  for  duller  or  bluish  **A,. 

Pusiltus,  weak  and  small,  tiny. 

Futamen,  the  stone  of  a  drupe,  or  the  shell  of  a  nut,  120. 

Pygm&us,  Latin  for  dwarf. 

Pyramidal,  shaped  like  a  pyramid. 

Pyrene,  Pyrena,  a  seed-like  nutlet  or  stone  of  a  small  drupe. 

Pyriform,  pear-shaped. 

Pyxidaie,  furnished  with  a  lid. 

Pyxis,  Pyxidium,  a  pod  opening  round  horizontally  by  a  lid,  124. 

Utt*oM-»  in  words  of  Latin  origin,  four;  as  Quadrangular,  four-angled;  Quadn 
foliate,  four-leaved;  Quadrifid,  four-cleft.  Quaternatt  in  fours. 

Quinate,  in  fives.     Quinque,  five 

Qtincuncial,  in  a  quincunx ;  when  the  parts  in  aestivation  are  five,  two  of  then 
outside,  two  inside,  and  one  half  out  and  half  in. 

Quintuple,  five-fold. 

Mace,  a  marked  variety  which  may  be  perpetuated  from  seed,  176 

kaceme,  a  flower-cluster,  with  one-flowered  pedicels  arranged  iVot?  '.ae  sides  of  • 

general  peduncle,  73. 

fiacemose,  bearing  racemes,  or  raceme-like. 
Racrets,  see  rhachis. 
Radial,  belonging  to  the  ray. 
Radiate,  or  Radiant,  furnished  with  ray-flowers,  94. 
Radiate-veined,  52. 

Radical,  belonging  to  the  root,  or  apparently  coming  from  taa  XK&. 
Radicant,  rooting,  taking  root  on  or  above  the  ground. 
Radicels,  little  roots  or  rootlets. 

Radicle,'  the  stem  part  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  end  of  which  forms  the  root,  11, 127 
Rameal,  belonging  to  a  branch.     Ramose,  full  of  branches  (ramt). 
Ramentaceous,  beset  with  thin  chaffy  scales  (Ramenta),  as  the  stalks  of  many  Ferns 
Ramification,  branching,  27. 
Ramuiose,  full  of  branchlets  (ramuli). 
Rnphe,  seerhaphe. 
Ray,  parts  diverging  from  a  centre,  the  marginal  flowers  of  a  head  (as  of  Coreopsis, 

94),  or  cluster,  as  of  Hydrangea  (78),  when  different  from  the  rest,  especially 

when  ligulate  and  diverging  (like  rays  or  sunbeams);  also  the  branches  of  an 

umbel,  74. 
Ray-flowers,  94. 
Receptacle,  the  axis  or  support  of  a  flower,  81,  112;  also  the  common  4Jua  or  sup 

port,  of  B  head  of  flowers,  73. 

heclined,  turned  or  carved  downwards;  nearly  recumbent. 
Rectinerved,  with  straight  nerves  of-  veins. 
Recurved,  curved  outwards  or  backward*. 

Reduplicate  (in  aestivation),  valvate  with  tue  margins  turned  outwards.  -W 
Reflexed,  bent  cutwards  or  backwards. 
Refracted,  bent  suddenly,  so  as  to  appear  broken  at  the  benii 
Regular,  all  the  parts  similar  in  shape,  Si 
Reniform.  kidney-shaped,  53. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  219 

Repand,  wavy-margined,  65. 

Repent,  creeping,  i.  e.  prostrate  and  rooting  underneath. 

Replurn,  the  frame  of  some  pods  (as  of  Prickly  Poppy  and  Cress)    persistent  after 

the  valves  fall  away. 
Reptant,  same  as  repent. 

Resupinate,  inverted,  or  appearing  as  if  upside  down,  or  reversed. 
Reticulated,  the  veins  forming  network,  50.    Retiform,  in  network 
Retinerved,  reticulate-veined. 
Retroflexed,  bent  backwards;  same  as  reflexed. 

Retuse,  blunted;  the  apex  not  only  obtuse  but  somewhat  indented,  54. 
Revolute,  rolled  backwards,  as  the  margins  of  many  leaves,  72. 
Rhachls  (the  backbone),  the  axis  of  a  spike  or  other  body,  73. 
Rhaphe,  the  continuation  of  the  seed-stalk  along  the  side  of  an  anatropous  ovule  01 

seed,  112,  126. 

Rhaphides,  crystals,  especially  needle-shaped  ones,  in  the  tissues  of  plants,  137, 
Rhizanthous,  flowering  from  the  root. 
Rhizoma,  Rhizome,  a  rootstock,  42-44. 

Rhombic,  in  the  shape  of  a  rhomb.     Rfiomboidal,  approaching  that  shape. 
Rib,  the  principal  piece,  or  one  of  the  principal  pieces  of  the  framework  of  a  leaf, 

or  any  similar  elevated  line  along  a  body,  49,  50. 
Rimose,  having  chinks  or  cracks. 
Ring,  an  elastic  band  on  the  spore-cases  of  Ferns,  159 
Ringent,  grinning ;  gaping  open,  92. 
Riparious,  on  river-banks. 

Rivalis,  Latin  for  growing  along  brooks;  or  Rivulaiis,  in  rivruete. 
Moot,  33. 
Root-hairs,  35. 

Rootlets,  small  roots,  or  root-branches,  33. 

Rootstock,  root-like  trunks  or  portions  of  stems  on  or  under  ground,  42. 
Roridus,  dewy. 

Rosaceous,  arranged  like  the  petals  of  a  rose. 
Rostellate,  bearing  a  small  beak  (Rostellum). 
Rostrnte,  bearing  a  beak  (Rostrum)  or  a  prolonged  appendage. 
Rosulate,  in  a  rosette  or  cluster  of  spreading  leaves. 
Rotate,  wheel-shaped,  89. 
Rotund,  rounded  or  roundish  in  outline. 

Ruler,  Latin  for  red  in  general.    Rubescent,  Rubicund,  reddish  or  blushing. 
Rudimentary,  imperfectly  developed,  or  in  an  early  state  of  development 
Rufous,  Rufescent,  brownish-red  or  reddish-brown. 
Rugose,  wrinkled;  roughened  with  wrinkles. 
Ruminated  (albumen),  penetrated  with  irregular  channels  or  portions,  as  a  nutmeg, 

looking  as  if  chewed. 
Runcinate,  coarsely  saw-toothed  or  cut,  the  pointed  teeth  turned  towards  the  base  of 

the  leaf,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Dandelion. 
Runner,  a  slender  and  prostrate  branch,  rooting  at  the  end,  or  at  the  joints,  40 

Sabulose,  growing  in  sand. 

Sac,  any  closed  membrane,  or  a  deep  purse-shaped  cavity- 

Saccate,  sac-shaped. 

Sagittate,  arrowhead-shaped,  53. 

Salsuginous,  growing  in  brackish  soil. 

Salver-shaped,  or  Salver-form,  with  a  border  spreading  at  right  angles  to  a  slendei 

tube,  89. 

Samara,  a  wing-fruit,  or  key,  122 
Samaroid,  like  a  samara  or  key-fruit 
Sap,  the  juices  of  plants  generally,  138.     Sapwood,  142. 
Saprophytes,  37. 
Sarcocarp,  the  fleshy  part  of  a  stone-fruit.  120 


220  GLOSSARY  AND    INDEX. 

Sarmentaceotu,  Sarmentose,   aeanng  long  ana   ttexible  twigs  (SarmeHU),  eitbei 

spreading  or  procumbent 
Saw-toothed,  see  terrate,  66. 
Scabrous,  rough  01  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Scaiariform,  with  cross-bands,  resembling  the  steps  of  a  ladder,  184. 
Scales,  of  buds,  28;  of  bulbs,  &c.,  46. 
Scalloped,  same  as  cremate,  65. 
Scaly,  furnished  with  scales,  or  scale-like  in  texture. 
Scandent,  climbing,  39. 

Scape,  a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground  or  near  it,  as  :n  many  Violets 
Scapiform,  scape-like. 
Scapigerous,  scape-bearing. 
Scar  of  the  seed,  126.    Leaf-scars,  27,  28. 
Scarioutor  Scariose,  thin,  dry,  and  membranons. 
Scion,  a  shoot  or  slip  used  for  grafting. 
Scleros,  Greek  for  hard,  hence  Sclerocarpotu,  hard-fruited. 
Scobiform,  resembling  sawdust. 

Scorpioid  or  Scorpioidal,  curved  or  circinate  at  the  end,  77. 
Scroblculate,  pitted;  excavated  into  shallow  pits. 

Scurf,  Scurfiness,  minute  scales  on  the  surface  of  many  leaves,  as  of  Goosefoot, 
Scutate,  Scutiform,  buckler-shaped. 

Scutellate,  or  Scutelliform,  saucer-shaped  or  platter-shaped. 
Secund,  cne-sided;  i.  e.  where  flowers,  leaves,  &c.,  are  all  turned  to  one  side. 
Secundine,  the  inner  coat  of  the  ovule,  110. 
Seed,  125.     Seed-leaves,  see  cotyledons.    Seed-vessel,  127. 
Segment,  a  subdivision  or  lobe  of  any  cleft  body. 
Segregate,  separated  from  each  other. 
Semi-,  in  compound  words  of  Latin  origin,  half;  as 
Semi-adherent,  as  the  calyx  or  ovary  of  Purslane;  Semicordate,  half-heart-shapeo 

Semilunar,  like  a  half-moon;  Semiovate,  half-ovate,  &c. 
Seminal,  relating  to  the  seed  (Semen).     Semini/eroHt,  seed-bearing. 
Sempervirent,  evergreen. 
Sensitiveness  in  plants,  149,  152. 
Senary,  in  sixes. 

Sepal,  a  leaf  or  division  of  the  calyx,  14,  79. 
Sepaloid,  sepal-like.    Sepaline,  relating  to  the  sepals. 
Separated  Flowers,  those  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  85. 
Septate,  divided  by  partitions. 
Septenate,  with  parts  in  sevens. 

Septiddal,  where  dehiscence  is  through  the  partitions,  123. 
Septiferous,  bearing  the  partition. 

Septifragal,  where  the  valves  In  dehiscence  break  away  from  the  partitions,  123 
Septum  (plural  septa),  a  partition  or  dissepiment. 
Serial,  or  Seriate,  In  rows ;  as  biserial,  in  two  rows,  &c. 
Sericeous,  silky ;  clothed  with  satiny  pubescence. 
Serotinous,  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  the  margin  cut  into  teeth  (Serratures)  pointing  forwards,  65. 
Serrulate,  same  as  the  last,  but  with  fine  teeth. 
Sessile,  sitting;  without  any  stalk. 

Sesgui-,  Latin  for  one  and  a  half;  so  Besqmpedalis,  a  foot  and  a  half  long. 
Seta,  a  bristle,  or  a  slender  body  or  appendage  resembling  a  bristle. 
Setaceous,  bristle-like.    Setiform,  bristle-shaped. 
Setigerous,  bearing  bristles.    Setose,  beset  with  bristles  or  bristly  hairs 
Setula,  a  diminutive  bristle,     Setutose,  provided  with  such. 
Sex,  six.    Sexangular,  six-angled.    Bexfarious,  six-faced. 
Sheath,  the  base  of  such  leaves  as  those  of  Grasses,  wbicb.  are 
Sheathing,  wrapped  round  the  stem. 
Shield-shaped,  same  as  scutate,  or  as  peltate,  53. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  221 

Shrub,  Shrubby,  39- 

Sieve-cdU,  140. 

Sigmoid,  curved  in  two  directions,  like  the  letter  S,  or  the  Greek  nyma. 

Silicle,  a  pouch,  or  short  pod  of  the  Cress  Family,  123. 

Siliculose,  bearing  a  silicic,  or  a  fruit  resembling  it. 

Silique,  capsule  of  the  Cress  Family,  123. 

Siliquose,  bearing  siliques  or  pods  which  resemble  siliques. 

Silky,  glossy  with  a  coat  of  fine  and  soft,  close-pressed,  straight  hairs. 

Silver-grain,  the  medullary  rays  of  wood,  139. 

Silvery,  shining  white  or  bluish-gray,  usually  from  a  silky  pubescence. 

Simple,  of  one  piece;  opposed  to  compound. 

Sinistrorse,  turned  to  the  left. 

Sinuate,  with  margin  alternately  bowed  inwards  and  outwards,  65. 

Sinus,  a  recess  or  bay;  the  re-entering  angle  between  two  lobes  or  projections. 

Sleep  of  Plants  (so  called),  151. 

Smooth,  properly  speaking  not  rough,  but  often  used  for  glabrous,  i.  e.  not  pa 

Descent. 

Soboliferous,  bearing  shoots  (Soboles)  from  near  the  ground.. 
Solitary,  single;  not  associated  with  others. 
Sordid,  dull  or  dirty  in  hue. 
Sorediate,  bearing  patches  on  the  surface. 
Sorosis,  name  of  a  multiple  fruit,  like  a  pine-apple 
Sorus,  a  fruit-dot  of  Ferns,  159. 
Spadiceous,  chestnut-colored.    Also  spadix-bearme. 
Spadix,  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers,  75. 
Span,  the  distance  between  the  tip  of  the  thumb  and  of  little  finger  outstretched,  sis 

or  seven  inches. 

Spathaceous,  resembling  or  furnished  with  a 
Spathe,  a  bract  which  iuwraps  an  inflorescence,  76 
Spntulate,  or  Spatltulate,  shaped  like  a  spatula,  6'i 
Species,  175. 
Specific  Names,  179. 
Specimens,  184. 

Spermaphore,  or  Spermophore,  one  of  the  names  of  the  placenta. 
Spermum,  Latin  form  of  Greek  word  for  seed ;  much  used  in  composition. 
Spica,  Latin  for  spike;  hence  Spicate,  in  a  spike,  Spiciform,  in  shape  resembling  a 

spike. 

Spike,  an  inflorescence  like  a  raceme,  only  the  flowers  are  sessile,  74. 
Spikelet,  a  small  or  a  secondary  spike;  the  inflorescence  of  Grasses 
Spine,  41,  64. 

Spindle-shaped,  tapering  to  each  end,  like  a  radish,  8fl 
Spinescent,  tipped  by  or  degenerating  into  a  thoru. 
Spinose,  or  Spiniferous,  thorny- 
Spiral  Vessels  or  ducts,  135. 
Spithameous,  span-high. 

Spora,  Greek  name  for  seed,  used  in  compound  words. 
Sporadic,  widely  dispersed. 
Sporangium,  a  spore-case  in  Ferns,  &c.,  158 
Spore,  a  body  resulting  from  the  fructification  cf  Cryptogamous  plants,  in  them 

the  analogue  of  a  seed. 
Spore-case  (Sporangium),  158. 
Sporocarp,  162. 

Sport,  a  newly  appeared  variation,  ITfi. 
Sporule,  same  as  a  spore,  or  a  small  spore. 
Spumescent,  appearing  like  froth. 
Spur,  any  projecting  appendage  of  the  dower,  booking  like  a  spur  but  hollow,  as 

that  of  Larkspur,  fig.  239. 
3gvamate,  Squamose,  or  Squamaceoiu.  furnished  with  scales  (.squama). 


222  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Squametlate,  or  Squrtmulose,  furnished  with  little  scales  (Squamelke,  or  8quamul<r). 

Squamtform,  shaped  like  a  scale. 

Squarrose,  where  scales,  leaves,  or  any  appendages  spread  widely  from  the  axis  on 

which  they  are  thickly  set. 

Squarrulose,  diminutive  of  squarrose  ;  slightly  squarrose. 
Stackys,  Greek  for  spike. 

Stalk,  the  stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  &c.,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Stamen,  14,  80,  98. 

Staminate,  furnished  with  stamens,  86.    Stamineal,  relating  to  the  stamens. 
Staminodium,  an  abortive  stamen,  or  other  body  in  place  of  a  stamen. 
Standard,  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla,  92. 
Starch,  136,  163. 

Station,  the  particular  kind  of  situation  in  which  a  plant  naturally  occurs. 
Stellate,  Stellular,  starry  or  star-like;  where  several  similar  parts  spread  out  from 

a  common  centre,  like  a  star. 
Stem,  39.    Stemlet,  diminutive  stem. 
Stemless,  destitute  or  apparently  destitute  of  stem. 
Stenos,  Greek  for  narrow ;  hence  Stenophyllous,  narrow-leaved,  &c. 
Sterile,  barren  or  imperfect. 

Stigma,  the  part  of  the  pistil  which  receives  the  pollen,  14,  80,  105. 
Stigmatic,  or  Stigmatose,  belonging  to  the  stigma. 
Stipe  (Latin  Stipes),  the  stalk  of  a  pistil,  &c.,  when  it  has  any,  112;  also  of  a  Fern, 

158,  and  of  a  Mushroom,  172. 
Stipel,  a  stipule  of  a  leaflet,  as  of  the  Bean,  &c. 
Stipellate,  furnished  with  stipels,  as  in  the  Bean  tribe. 
Stipitate,  furnished  with  a  stipe. 

Stipulaceous,  belonging  to  stipules.     Stipulate,  furnished  with  stipules. 
Stipules,  the  appendages  one  each  side  of  the  base  of  certain  leaves,  66. 
Stirps  (plural,  stirpes),  Latin  for  race. 
Stock,  used  for  race  or  source.    Also  for  any  root-like  base  from  which  the  herb 

grows  up. 

Stole,  or  Stolon,  a  trailing  or  reclined  and  rooting  shoot,  40. 
Stoloniferous,  producing  stolons. 

Stomatf  'Latin  Stoma,  plural  Stomata),  the  breathing-pores  of  leaves,  144. 
Stone-J ritit,  119. 
Storage-leavts,  62. 

Stramineous,  straw-like,  or  straw-colored. 
Strap-shaped,  long,  flat,  and  narrow. 

Striate,  or  Striated,  marked  with  slender  longitudinal  grooves  or  stripes. 
Strict,  close  and  narrow;  straight  and  narrow. 

Strigillose,  Strigose,  beset  with  stout  and  appressed,  stiff  or  rigid  bristles. 
Strobilaceous,  relating  to  or  resembling  a  strobile. 
Strobile,  a  multiple  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  head,  124. 
Strombuliform,  twisted,  like  a  spiral  shell. 

Strophiole,  same  as  caruncle,  126.    Strophiolate,  furnished  with  a  strophiole 
Struma,  a  wen;  a  swelling  or  protuberance  of  any  organ. 
Strumose,  bearing  a  struma. 
Slupose,  like  tow. 

Style,  a  stalk  between  ovary  and  stigma,  14,  80,  105. 
Styliferous,  Stylose,  bearing  styles  or  conspicuous  ones. 
Stylopodium,  an  epigynous  disk,  or  an  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the  style. 
8ub-,  as  a  prefix,  about,  nearly,  somewhat;  as  Subcordate,  slightly  cordate;  Suoter- 

rate,  slightly  serrate;  Subnxttlarg,  just  beneath  the  axil,  &c. 
Subclass,  Suborder,  Subtribe,  178. 
Suberose,  corky  or  cork-like  in  texture. 

Subulate,  awl-shaped;  tapering  trom  a  broadish  or  thickish  base  to  a  sharp  point 
Succise,  as  if  cut  off  at  lower  end. 
Svccubous,  when  crowded  leaves  are  each  covered  by  base  of  next  above 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  323 

8*ckert,  shoots  from  subterranean  branches,  89. 

Sufrutescent,  slightly  shrubby  or  woody  at  the  base  only,  39. 

Suffruticose,  rather  more  than  suffrutescent,  37,  39. 

Sulcate,  grooved  longitudinally  with  deep  furrows. 

Superior,  above,  96;  sometimes  equivalent  to  posterior,  M 

Supernumerary  Buds,  30,  31. 

Supervolule,  plaited  and  convolute  in  bud,  97. 

Supine,  lying  flat,  with  face  upward. 

Supra-axillary,  borne  above  the  axil,  as  some  buds,  31. 

Supra-decompound,  many  times  compounded  or  divided. 

Surculose,  producing  suckers  (Surculi)  or  shoots  resembling  them. 

Suspended,  hanging  down.    Suspended  ovules  or  seeds  hang  from  the  very  summit 

of  the  cell  which  contains  them. 
Sutural,  belonging  or  relating  to  a  suture. 

Suture,  the  line  of  junction  of  contiguous  parts  grown  together,  106. 
Sword-shaped,  applied  to  narrow  leaves,  with  acute  parallel  edges,  tapering  above. 
Syconium,  the  fig-fruit,  124. 
Sylvestrine,  growing  in  woods. 

Symmetrical  Flower,  similar  in  the  number  of  parts  of  each  set,  82. 
Sympetalous,  same  as  gamopetalous. 
Sympode,  Sympodium,  a  stem  composed  of  a  series  of  superposed  branches  in  such 

a  way  as  to  imitate  a  simple  axis,  as  in  Grape-vine. 

Synantherous  or  Syngenesious,  where  stamens  are  united  by  their  anthers,  100. 
Syncarpous  (fruit  or  pistil),  composed  of  several  carpels  consolidated  into  one. 
Synonym,  an  equivalent  superseded  name. 
Synsepalous,  same  as  gamosepalous. 
System  (artificial  and  natural),  182,  183. 
Systematic  Botany,  the  study  of  plants  after  their  kinds,  6. 

Tabescent,  wasting  or  shrivelling. 

Tail,  any  long  and  slender  prolongation  of  an  organ. 

Taper-pointed,  same  as  acuminate,  54. 

Tap-root,  a  root  with  a  stout  tapering  body,  32-35. 

Tawny,  dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of  brown. 

Taxonomy,  the  part  of  botany  which  treats  of  classification 

Tegmen,  a  name  for  the  inner  seed-coat. 

Tendril,  a  thread-shaped  orgao  used  for  climbing,  40. 

Terete,  long  and  round;  same  as  cylindrical,  only  it  may  taf-er. 

Terminal,  borne  at,  or  belonging  to,  the  extremity  or  summit. 

Terminology  treats  of  technical  terms;  same  as  Glossology,  181- 

Ternate,  Ternately,  in  threes. 

Tessellate,  in  checker-work. 

Testa,  the  outer  (and  usually  the  harder)  coat  or  shell  of  the  seed,  128 

Testaceous,  the  color  of  unglazed  pottery. 

Tttra-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition),  four;  as,  Tetracoccow,  of  four  cocci. 

Tetradynamous,  where  a  flower  has  six  stamens,  two  shorter  than  the  four,  101. 

Tetragonal,  four-angled.     Tetragynous,  with  four  pistils  or  styles.     Tetramerotu 

with  its  parts  or  sets  in  fours.     Tetrandrous,  with  four  stamens,  100. 
Tetraspore,  a  quadruple  spore,  169. 

Thalamaflorous,  with  petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  torus  or  Thalamu* 
Thallophyta,  Thallvphytes,  165. 
Thallus,  a  stratum,  in  pl&ce  of  stem  and  leaves,  166 
Theca,  a  case;  the  cells  or  lobes  of  the  anther. 
Thecaphore,  the  stipe  of  a  carpel,  113. 
Thorn,  an  indurated  pointed  branch,  41,  42. 
Thread-shaped,  slender  and  round  or  roundish,  Ifke  a  thread. 
Throat,  the  opening  or  gorge  of  a  monopetalous  corolla,  &c.>  where  the  border  &ad 

the  tube  join,  and  a  little  below.  80. 


224  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX. 

Thyrte  or  Thyrsus,  a  compact  and  pyramidal  panicle  of  cymes  or  cymules,  79. 

Tomentose,  clothed  with  matted  woolly  hairs  (tomentum). 

Tongue-shaped,  long  and  flat,  but  thickish  and  blunt. 

Toothed,  furnished  with  teeth  or  short  projections  of  any  sort  on  the  margin;  used 
especially  when  these  are  sharp,  like  saw-teeth,  and  do  not  point  forwards,  55. 

Top-shaped,  shaped  like  a  top,  or  a  cone  with  apex  downwards. 

Torose,  Torulose,  knobby;  where  a  cylindrical  body  is  swollen  at  intervals. 

Torus,  the  receptacle  of  the  flower,  81,  112. 

Trachea,  a  spiral  duct. 

Trachys,  Greek  for  rough;  used  in  compounds,  as,  Trachyspermous,  rough-seeded. 

Transverse,  across,  standing  right  and  left  instead  of  fore  and  aft. 

Tri-  (in  composition),  three;  as, 

Triadelphous,  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  three  bundles,  99. 

Triandrous,  where  the  flower  has  three  stamens,  112. 

Tribe,  178. 

Trichome,  of  the  nature  of  hair  or  pubescence. 

Trichotomous,  three-forked.     Tricoccous,  of  three  cocci  or  roundish  carpels. 

Tricolor,  having  three  colors.     Tiicostate,  having  three  ribs. 

Tricuspidate,  three-pointed.     Tridentate,  three-toothed. 

Triennial,  lasting  for  three  years. 

Trifarious,  in  three  vertical  rows;  looking  three  ways. 

Trifid,  three-cleft,  56. 

Trifoliate,  three-leaved.     Trifoliolate,  of  three  leaflets. 

Trifurcate,  three-forked.     Trigonous,  three-angled,  or  triangular. 

Trigynous,  with  three  pistils  or  styles,  116.     Tnjugate,  in  three  pairs  (jugi), 

Trilobed  or  Trilobate,  three-lobed,  55. 

Trilocular,  three-celled,  as  the  pistils  or  pods  in  fig.  328-330. 

Trimerous,  with  its  parts  in  threes.  Trimorphism,  117.  Trimorphic  or  Trimor- 
phous,  in  three  forms. 

Trinervate,  three-nerved,  or  with  three  slender  ribs. 

TrvKcious,  where  there  are  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  the  same  or  different  individ- 
uals, as  in  Red  Maple.  A  form  of  Polygamous. 

Tripartite,  separable  into  three  pieces.     Tripartite,  three-parted,  55. 

Tripetalous,  having  three  petals. 

Triphyllous,  three-leaved ;  composed  of  three  pieces. 

Tripinnate,  thrice  pinnate,  59.     Tripinnatiftd,  thrice  pinnately  cleft,  57. 

Triple-ribbed,  Triple-nerved,  &c.,  where  a  midrib  branches  into  three,  near  the  base 
of  the  leaf. 

Triquetrous,  sharply  three-angled;  and  especially  with  the  sides  concave,  like  a 
bayonet. 

Triserial,  or  Triseriate,  in  three  rows,  under  each  other. 

Tristichmts,  in  three  longitudinal  or  perpendicular  ranks. 

Tristigmatic,  or  Tristigmatose,  having  three  stigmas. 

Trisulcate,  three-grooved. 

Tritemate,  three  times  ternate,  59. 

Trivial  Name,  the  specific  name. 

Trochlear,  pulley-shaped. 

Trumpet-shaped,  tubular;  enlarged  at  or  towards  the  summit. 

Truncate,  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top. 

Trunk,  the  main  stem  or  general  body  of  a  stem  or  tree. 

Tube  (of  corolla,  &c.),  89. 

Tuber,  a  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem  or  branch,  provided  with  eyef 
(buds)  on  the  sides,  44. 

Tubercle,  a  small  excrescence. 

Tubercled,  or  Tuberculate,  bearing  excrescences  or  pimples. 

Tubtefoi-m,  trumpet-shaped. 

Tuberous,  resembling  a  tuber.     Tuberiferous,  bearing  tubers. 

Tubular,  hollow  and  of  an  elongated  form;  hollowed  like  a  pipe,  91. 


GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX.  225 

Tubuliflorous,  bearing  only  tabular  flowers. 

Tunicate,  coated;  invested  with  layers,  as  an  onion,  46. 

Turbinate,  top-shaped. 

Turio  (plural  turiones),  strong  young  shoots  or  suckers  springing  out  of  the  ground 

as  Asparagus-shoots. 

Turnip-shaped,  broader  than  high,  abruptly  narrowed  below,  36. 
Twining,  ascending  by  coiling  round  a  support,  39. 
Type,  the  ideal  pattern,  10. 
Typical,  well  exemplifying  the  characteristics  of  a  species,  genus,  &c. 

Uliginose,  growing  in  swamps. 

Umbel,  the  umbrella-like  form  of  inflorescence,  74. 

Umbellate,  in  umbels.     Umbelliferous,  bearing  umbels. 

Umbellet  (umbellula),  a  secondary  or  partial  umbel,  76. 

Umbilicate,  depressed  in  the  centre,  like  the  ends  of  an  apple ;  with  a  navel. 

Umbonate,  bossed;  furnished  with  a  low,  rounded  projection  like  a  boss  (umbo) 

Umbraculiform,  umbrella-shaped. 

Unarmed,  destitute  of  spines,  prickles,  and  the  like. 

Uncial,  an  inch  (uncia)  in  length. 

Uncinate,  or  Uncate,  hook-shaped ;  hooked  over  at  the  end. 

Under-shrub,  partially  shrubby,  or  a  very  low  shrub. 

Undulate,  or  Undate,  wavy,  or  wavy-margined,  55. 

Unequally  pinnate,  pinnate  with  an  odd  number  of  leaflets,  66. 

Unguiculate,  furnished  with  a  claw  (unguis),  91. 

Uni-,  in  compound  words,  one;  as  Unicellular,  one-celled. 

Uniflorous,  one-flowered.     Unifoliate,  one-leaved. 

Unifoliolate,  of  one  leaflet,  59.     Unijugate,  of  one  pair. 

Unilabiate,  one-lipped.     Unilateral,  one-sided. 

Unilocular,  one-celled.     Uniovulate,  having  only  one  ovule. 

Uniserial,  in  one  horizontal  row. 

Unisexual,  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  85. 

Univalved,  a  pod  of  only  one  piece  after  dehiscence. 

Unsymmetrical  Flowers,  86. 

Urceolate,  urn-shaped. 

Utricle,  a  small  thin-walled,  one-seeded  fruit,  as  of  Goosefoot,  121. 

Utricular,  like  a  small  bladder. 

Vaginate,  sheathed,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  (vagina). 

Valve,  one  of  the  pieces  (or  doors)  into  which  a  dehiscent  pod,  or  any  similar  body 
splits,  122,  123. 

Valvate,  Valvular,  opening  by  valves.     Vahate,  in  aestivation,  97. 

Variety,  176. 

Vascular,  containing  vessels,  or  consisting  of  vessels  or  ducts,  134. 

Vascular  Cryptogams,  156. 

Vaulted,  arched ;  same  as  fornicate. 

Vegetable  Life,  &c.,  128.     Vegetable  anatomy,  129. 

Veins,  the  small  ribs  or  branches  of  the  framework  of  leaves,  &c.,  49,  50. 

Veined,  Veiny,  furnished  with  evident  veins.     Veinless,  destitute  of  veins. 

Veinhts,  the  smaller  ramifications  of  veins,  60. 

Velate.  furnished  with  a  veil. 

Velutinous,  velvety  to  the  touch. 

Venation,  the  veining  of  leaves,  &c.,  50, 

Venenate,  poisonous. 

Venose,  veiny ;  furnished  with  conspicuous  veins. 

Ventral,  belonging  to  that  side  of  a  simple  pistil,  or  other  organ,  which  looks  to- 
wards the  axis  or  centre  of  the  flower;  the  opposite  of  dorsal;  as  the 

Ventral  Suture,  106. 

Ventricose,  inflated  or  swelled  out  on  one  side. 
16 


226  GLOSSARY  AND  INDEX, 


f.  furnished  with  reinleto. 
Vermicular,  worm-like,  shaped  like  worms. 
Vernal,  belonging  to  spring. 

Vernation,  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the  bud,  71. 
Vemicose,  the  surface  appearing  as  if  varnished. 
Verrucose,  warty  ;  beset  with  little  projections  like  warts. 
Versatile,  attached  by  one  point,  so  that  it  may  swing  to  and  fro,  101 
Vertex,  same  as  apex. 

Vertical,  upright,  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  lengthwise. 
Verticil,  a  whorl,  68.      Verticillate,  whorled,  68. 
Verticillaster,  a  false  whorl,  formed  of  a  pair  of  opposite  cymes. 
Vesicular,  bladdery. 

Vespertine,  appearing  or  expanding  at  evening. 
Vessels,  ducts,  &c.,  134. 
Vexillary,  Vexillar,  relating  to  the 
Vexillwn,  the  standard  of  a  papilionaceous  flower,  92. 
Villose,  shaggy  with  long  and  soft  hairs  (  Villosity). 
Vimineous,  producing  slender  twigs,  such  as  those  used  for  wicker-work. 
Vine,  in  the  American  use,  any  trailing  or  climbing  stem  ;  as  a  Grape-vine 
Virescent,  Viridescent,  greenish  ;  turning  green. 
Virgate,  wand-shape  ;  as  a  long,  straight,  and  slender  twig. 
Viscous,  Viscid,  having  a  glutinous  surface. 
Vitta  (plural  vittce),  the  oil-tubes  of  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferge. 
Vitelline,  y3llow,  of  the  hue  of  yolk  of  egg. 

Viviparous,  sprouting  or  germinating  while  attached  to  the  parent  plant. 
Voluble,  twining;  as  the  stem  of  Hops  and  Beans,  39. 
Volute,  rolled  up  in  any  way. 

Wavy,  the  surface  or  margin  alternately  convex  and  concave,  55. 

Waxy,  resembling  beeswax  in  texture  or  appearance. 

Wedge-shaped,  broad  above,  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  a  narrow  base,  63 

Wheel-shaped,  89. 

Whorl,  an  arrangement  of  leaves,  &c.,  in  circles  around  the  stem. 

Whorled,  arranged  in  whorls,  68. 

Wing,  any  membranous  expansion.      Wings  of  papilionaceous  flowers,  92. 

Winged,  furnished  with  a  wing;  as  the  fruit  of  Ash  and  Elm,  fig.  300,  301. 

Wood,  133,  142.     Woody,  of  the  texture  or  consisting  of  wood. 

Woody  Fibre,  or  Wood-Cells,  134. 

Woolly,  clothed  with  long  and  entangled  soft  hairs. 

Work  in  plants,  149,  155. 

Xanthos,  Greek  for  yellow,  used  in  compounds  ;  as  Xanthocarpus,  yellow-fruited. 

Zygomorphous,  said  of  a  flower  which  can  be  bisected  only  in  one  plane  into  similat 
halves. 


FIELD,  FOREST,  AND  GARDEN  BOTANY 


FIELD,  FOREST,  AND  GARDEN 

BOTANY       I 


A    SIMPLE    INTRODUCTION    TO   THE    COMMON 

PLANTS   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES   EAST 

OF  THE   100TH   MERIDIAN,   BOTH 

WILD  AND  CULTIVATED 


BY 


ASA   GRAY 

LATE  FISHER  PROFESSOR  OF  NATURAL   HISTORY  IN 
HARVARD    UNIVERSITY 


REVISED  AND  EXTENDED  BY 

L.   H.  BAILEY 


NEW  YORK  •:•  CINCINNATI  •:•  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


GRAY'S  BOTANICAL  SERIES 


Gray's  How  Plants  Grow 
Gray's  How  Plants  Behave 
*Gray's  Lessons  in  Botany 
Gray's  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany 

(Flora  only) 

*Gray's  School  and  Field  Book  of  Botany 

(Lessons  and  Flora) 

Gray's  Manual  of  Botany.     (Flora  only) 
*Gray's  Lessons  and  Manual  of  Botany 
Gray's  Botanical  Text-Book 

I.     Gray's^Structural  Botany 
II.     Goodale's  Physiological  Botany 

Coulter's  Manual  of  Botany  of  the  Rocky 

Mountains 
Gray    and    Coulter's  Text-Book    of 

Western  Botany 


EDITIONS  OF  1901 
*Leavitt's  Outlines  of  Botany 

(Based  on  Gray's  Lessons) 

*Leavitt's  Outlines  of  Botany  with  Flora 

(Outlines  and  Gray's  Field,  Forest,  and  Garden  Botany) 

*Leavitt's  Outlines  and  Gray's  Manual 


•      COPTBIGHT,  1895, 

BY  THE  PRESIDENT  AND  FELLOWS  OP  HARVARD  COLLEGE. 


OKAY'S  F.  F.   &  0.  BOTANY. 

w.  p.  9 


PEEFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


THIS  book  is  intended  to  furnish  botanical  classes  and  beginners 
generally  with  an  easier  introduction  to  the  plants  of  this  country 
than  the  Manual,  and  one  which  includes  the  common  cultivated  as 
well  as  the  native  species.  It  is  made  more  concise  and  simple,  first, 
by  the  use  of  somewhat  less  technical  language  ;  second,  by  the  omis- 
sion, as  far  as  possible,  of  the  more  recondite  and,  for  the  present 
purpose,  less  essential  characters ;  and  also  of  most  of  the  obscure, 
insignificant,  or  rare  plants  which  students  will  not  be  apt  to  meet 
with  or  to  examine,  or  which  are  quite  too  difficult  for  beginners ; 
such  as  the  Sedges,  most  Grasses,  and  the  crowd  of  Golden  Rods, 
Asters,  Sunflowers,  and  the  like,  which  require  very  critical  study. 
On  the  other  hand,  this  small  volume  is  more  comprehensive  than 
the  Manual,  since  it  comprises  the  common  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees 
of  the  Southern  as  well  as  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  and  all 
which  are  commonly  cultivated  or  planted,  for  ornament  or  use,  in 
fields,  gardens,  pleasure  grounds,  or  in  house  culture,  including  even 
the  conservatory  plants  ordinarily  met  with. 

It  is  very  desirable  that  students  should  be  able  to  use  exotic  as 
well  as  indigenous  plants  in  analysis ;  and  a  scientific  acquaintance 
with  the  plants  and  flowers  most  common  around  us  in  garden,  field, 
and  greenhouse,  and  which  so  largely  contribute  to  our  well-being 
and  enjoyment,  would  seem  to  be  no  less  important  than  in  the  case 
of  our  native  plants.  If  it  is  worth  while  so  largely  to  assemble 
around  us  ornamental  and  useful  trees,  plants,  and  flowers,  it  is  cer- 
tainly well  to  know  what  they  are  and  what  they  are  like.  To  stu- 
dents in  agricultural  schools  and  colleges  this  kind  of  knowledge  will 
be  especially  important. 

One  of  the  main  objects  of  this  book  is  to  provide  cultivators, 
gardeners,  and  amateurs,  and  all  who  are  fond  of  plants  and  flowers, 
with  a  simple  guide  to  a  knowledge  of  their  botanical  names  and 
6 


6  PREFACE. 

structure.  There  is,  I  believe,  no  sufficient  work  of  this  kind  in  the 
English  language,  adapted  to  our  needs,  and  available  even  to  our 
botanists  and  botanical  teachers  —  for  whom  the  only  resource  is  to  a 
botanical  library  beyond  the  reach  and  means  of  most  of  these,  and 
certainly  quite  beyond  the  reach  of  those  whose  needs  I  have  here 
endeavored  to  supply,  so  far  as  I  could,  in  this  small  volume.  The 
great  difficulties  of  the  undertaking  have  been  to  keep  the  book  within 
the  proper  compass,  by  a  rigid  exclusion  of  all  extraneous  and  unneces- 
sary matter,  and  to  determine  what  plants,  both  native  and  exotic,  are 
common  enough  to  demand  a  place  in  it,  or  so  uncommon  that  they 
may  be  omitted.  It  is  very  unlikely  that  I  can  have  chosen  wisely  in 
all  cases  and  for  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  in  view  of  the  different 
requirements  of  botanical  students  on  the  one  hand  and  of  practical 
cultivators  on  the  other  —  the  latter  commonly  caring  more  for 
made  varieties,  races  and  crosses,  than  for  species,  which  are  the 
main  objects  of  botanical  study. 

But  I  have  here  brought  together,  within  less  than  350  pages,  brief 
and  plain  botanical  descriptions  or  notices  of  2650  species,  belonging 
to  947  genera ;  and  have  constructed  keys  to  the  natural  families,  and 
analyses  of  their  contents,  which  I  hope  may  enable  students,  who 
have  well  studied  the  First  Lessons,  to  find  out  the  name,  main  char- 
acters, and  place  of  any  of  them  which  they  will  patiently  examine  in 
blossom,  and,  when  practicable,  in  fruit  also.  If  the  book  answers 
its  purpose  reasonably  well,  its  shortcomings  as  regards  cultivated 
plants  may  be  made  up  hereafter.  As  to  the  native  plants  omitted, 
they  are  to  be  found,  and  may  best  be  studied,  in  the  Manual  of  the 
Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  and  in  Chapman's  Flora  of  the 
Southern  United  States. 

This  book  is  designed  to  be  the  companion  of  the  First  Lessons  in 
Botany,  which  serves  as  grammar  and  dictionary ;  and  the  two  may 
be  bound  together  into  one  compact  volume,  forming  a  comprehensive 
School  Botany. 

For  the  account  of  the  Ferns,  and  the  allied  families  of  Cryptoga- 
mous  Plants  I  have  to  record  my  indebtedness  to  Professor  D.  C. 
Eaton  of  Yale  College.  These  beautiful  plants  are  now  much  cul- 
tivated by  amateurs;  and  the  means  here  so  fully  provided  for 
studying  them  will  doubtless  be  appreciated. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  HERBARIUM,  Cambridge,  Mass., 
August  29,  1868. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISION. 


THREE  motives  have  dominated  the  course  of  this  revision ;  First, 
to  preserve,  so  far  as  possible,  the  method  of  the  original ;  it  is  still 
Asa  Gray's  botany,  and  the  reviser  has  attempted  nothing  more 
than  to  bring  it  down  to  date.  Second,  it  is  a  companion  to  the 
Manual,  and,  therefore,  the  nomenclature  is  made  to  conform  strictly 
with  that  volume  ;  and  the  authorities  have  been  added  for  the  purpose 
of  identifying  the  names,  and  to  distinguish  them  from  other  systems 
of  nomenclature  which  are  now  advocated.  Third,  it  is  primarily  a 
school  book,  and  there  has  been  no  attempt  to  include  either  all  the 
wild  or  all  the  cultivated  plants  of  its  territory,  but  rather  to  consider 
those  species  which  are  most  readily  accessible  for  demonstration, 
and  which  are  most  likely  to  attract  the  attention  of  a  beginner  in 
botany.  If  it  is  said  that  many  conspicuous  wild  plants  are  omitted, 
the  reviser  will  answer  that  all  such  plants  are  described  in  the 
Manual,  and  Chapman's  Flora  of  the  Southern  States,  while  there  is  no 
other  account  of  our  domesticated  flora.  Therefore,  in  cases  of  doubt 
as  to  the  relative  importance,  to  this  volume,  of  wild  and  cultivated 
species,  the  cultivated  rather  than  the  native  plants  have  been  inserted. 

A  preliminary  draft  of  this  revision,  through  the  family  Legumi- 
nosae,  was  made  by  Professor  Charles  R.  Barnes,  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin,  of  which  I  have  been  glad  to  avail  myself. 


L.  H.  BAILEY. 


CORNELL  UNIVERSITY,  Ithaca,  New  York, 
January,  1895. 

7 


Cuts  in  Leavitt's  Outlines  of  Botany  which  correspond  to  the 
cuts  in  Gray's  Lessons  referred  to  in  this  Flora. 


GRAY 

10 

182 

207 

'  247 

274 

186 

347 

235 

36 

10 

208 

248 

276 

188 

355 

231 

37 

10 

226 

129  a 

277 

236 

360 

156 

39 

12 

227 

129  a 

278 

238 

361 

157 

42 

11 

228 

159 

279 

239 

362 

158 

43 

11 

231 

175 

280 

240 

369 

256 

56 

5 

232 

175 

281 

237 

370 

256 

57 

5 

233 

176 

284 

207 

371 

258 

73 

17 

234 

177 

286 

147 

374 

259 

74 

19 

235 

178 

287 

146,  210 

375 

255 

86 

37 

236 

179 

288 

209 

376 

260 

89 

30 

237 

154,180 

290 

211 

377 

260 

90 

38 

238 

154,  181 

292 

212 

378 

261 

91 

44 

245 

133 

293 

213 

383 

262 

93 

40 

246 

189 

296 

215 

384 

263 

97 

45 

247 

155 

297 

216 

388 

264 

100 

47 

248 

190 

298 

217 

390 

265 

101 

48 

249 

191 

299 

218 

391 

266 

107 

51 

250 

192 

300 

219 

392 

267 

108 

51 

251 

193 

301 

220 

393 

268 

110 

43 

252 

194 

302 

221 

394 

269 

112 

55 

253 

196 

303 

222 

395 

270 

113 

62 

254 

196 

304 

223 

396 

271 

115 

83 

255 

197 

305 

224 

406 

273 

159 

127 

256 

198 

307 

144 

407 

274 

160 

128 

257 

199 

308 

145 

408 

257 

161 

129 

258 

200 

320 

226 

414 

275 

164 

46 

259 

201 

328 

136 

415 

276  a 

165 

46 

261 

203 

329 

137 

416 

2766 

170 

21 

262 

204 

331 

140 

417 

276  c 

171 

69 

266 

205 

341 

228 

418 

277 

172 

70 

269 

206 

342 

229 

419 

278 

174 

77 

270 

182 

343 

230 

499 

344 

176 

78 

271 

130,183 

344 

232 

511 

357 

199 

241 

272 

162,  184 

345 

233 

512 

357 

205 

246 

273 

185 

346 

234 

CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  NATURAL  FAMILIES         ...         .13 

SIGNS  AND  EXPLANATIONS          .         .        .         ....        .         .       27 

STATISTICS.        .         .         .         .        ';        .        ..,,.,        .      28 

NOMENCLATURE 29 


SERIES  I.     FLOWERING   OR  PH^ENOGAMOUS  PLANTS. 

CLASS  I.    ANGIOSPERMS. 
Subclass  I.     Dicotyledons  or  Exogens,  pp.  33  to  401. 

I.     POLYPETALOUS   DIVISION          .  .  ,   .        .      .    ....  ,, ..,    ;      .,  .33 

I.   Ranunculacese  (Crowfoot  Family)  .        .        .  .  34 

II.  *  Magnoliaceae  (Magnolia  Family)    .  ,  45 

III.  Anonaceae  (Custard  Apple  Family)  .        .,      .  .  48 

IV.  Menispermacese  (Moonseed  Family)  ...»  .  48 
V.  Berberidaceae  (Barberry  Family)  .  .;*,...  .  49 

VI.  Nymphaeaceae  (Water  Lily  Family)        .        .    ,-4,^.    .51 

VII.  Sarraceniacese  (Pitcher  Plant  Family)    .  53 

VIII.  Papaveracese  (Poppy  Family)         .         .        .        .   ,     .       54 

IX.  Fumariaceae  (Fumitory  Family) 67 

X.  Cruciferaj  (Mustard  Family) 58 

XI.  Capparidaceae  (Caper  Family) 6$. 

XII.  Resedacese  (Mignonette  Family)    .        .       7''    J.  '     .      68 

XIII.  Pittosporacese  (Pittosporum  Family)      .        .        .        .      69 

XIV.  Cistaceaa  (Rockrose  Family)  .        .        .        .        1  ,     .      69 
XV.  Violaceae  (Violet  Family)       .        :        .        .        .        .71 

XVI.  Caryophyllacese  (Pink  Family)      .        .        .'      .        .  73 

XVII.  Portulacaceae  (Purslane  Family)    .        .        .        .        .  79 

XVIII.  Tamariscine33  (Tamarisk  Family)          .        .        .        .81 

XIX.  Hypericacese  (St.  John's- Wort  Family)         ...  81 

XX.  Ternstrremiaceae  (Camellia  or  Tea  Family)    ...  84 

XXI.  Malvaceae  (Mallow  Family)    .        .      '.    ,    .        ....  85 

XXII.  Sterculiacese  (Sterculia  Family)     .     '    .        .    ,     .        .  90 

XXIII.  Tiliacese  (Linden  Family)       .        .        .     :   .'.,..  91 

XXIV.  Linacese  (Flax  Family) 92 

XXV.  Geraniaceae  (Geranium  Family) 93 

XXVI.    Rutacese  (Rue  Family)  .  -  .98 

9 


10  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

XXVII.  Simarubacese  (Quassia  Family) 101 

XXVIII.  Meliaceee  (Melia  Family)      .        .        .        .        .        .101 

XXIX.  Ilicineae  (Holly  Family) 102 

XXX.  Celastraceae  (Staff  Tree  Family) 103 

XXXI.  Rhamnacese  (Buckthorn  Family)          .        .        .        .104 

XXXII.  Vitacese  (Vine  Family) 106 

XXXIII.  Sapindaceae  (Soapberry  Family)  .        .        ,      -.        .     108 

XXXIV.  Anacardiaceae  (Cashew  Family)   .        .        ;        .        .112 
XXXV.  Polygalaceje  (Polygala  Family)     .......        .         .     114 

XXXVI.    Leguminosae  (Pulse  Family)         .        .        .        .        .116 

XXXVII.    Rosaceae  (Kose  Family)        .        ."'.''' '"''.        .        .     141 

XXXVIII.    Calycanthaceae  (Calycanthus  Family)  .        .        .        .163 

XXXIX.   Saxifragaceae  (Saxifrage  Family)          .        .     '.        .164 

XL.    Crassulaceae  (Orpine  Family) 170 

XLI.   Droseraceae  (Sundew  Family) 173 

XLII.    Hamamelideaj  (Witch-Hazel  Family)  .        .        .        .174 

XLIII.   Haloragese  (Water  Milfoil  Family)       .        P        .        .     175 

XLIV.   Myrtaceae  (Myrtle  Family)  .        .     *:  .•.•„>•„;••„,,',     .     175 

XLV.   Melastomaceae  (Melastoma  Family)     .        .        .        .176 

XL VI.   Lythracese  (Loosestrife  Family)  .        .        .'      V     .     177 

XL VII.    Onagracese  (Evening  Primrose  Family)       '; " "  ;\  !      .     179 

XLVIII.   Loasaceae  (Loasa  Family)     .        .        .      '. ' '-'•'  .         .187 

XLIX.   Passifloraceae  (Passion  Flower  Family)       •     f   •        •     189 

L.   Cucurbitacese  (Gourd  Family)      .        .     >''.''.        .     190 

LJ.   Begoniaceae  (Begonia  Family)      .        .     '  . '"'".•       .     193 

LH.   Cactacese  (Cactus  Family)  .        .  •     ;"r  .        .        .     195 

LIH.  Ficoidese  (Fig  Marigold  Family) .      'i        .        .        .     199 

LIV.   Umbelliferae  (Parsley  Family)      .        ;     '  i        .         .200 

LV.   Araliacese  (Ginseng  Family) 204 

LVI.   Cornaceae  (Dogwood  Family)       .        .        .        .        .    206 

n.    MONOPBTALOUS  DIVISION 208 

LVII.   Caprifoliaceae  (Honeysuckle  Family)   .        .        .        .     208 

LVIII.    Rubiaceae  (Madder  Family) 214 

LIX.    Valerianaceae  (Valerian  Family) 218 

LX.   Dipsaceae  (Teasel  Family) 219 

LXI.   Compositae  (Composite  Family) 220 

LXII.   Lobeliaceae  (Lobelia  Family) 260 

LXIII.    Campanulaceae  (Campanula  Family)   .        .        .        .261 

LXIV.    Ericaceae  (Heath  Family) 262 

LXV.   Diapensiaceae  (Diapensia  Family)        .        .        .        .271 
LXVI.   Plumbaginaceae  (Leadwort  Family)    .        .  .271 

LXVII.   Primulaceae  (Primrose  Family) 273 

LXVIII.    Sapotaceae  (Sapodilla  Family) 276 

LXIX.   Ebenacese  (Ebony  Family) 277 

LXX.    Styracaceae  (Storax  Family) 277 

LXXI.   Oleaceae  (Olive  Family) 279 


CONTENTS.  11 


PAGE 


LXXII.    Apocynaceae  (Dogbane  Family)  .        .     .  .  j     vK-  .     283 

LXXIII.   Asclepiadaceae  (Milkweed  Family)      .        ,;i    .„•>  .     286 

LXXIV.   Loganiaceae  (Logania  Family)      .        .       ,>,.     ^/  .     290 

LXXV.    Gentianaceae  (Gentian  Family)    .     .   _.    ..  .        .    /  .     291 

LXXVI.   Polemoniaceae  (Polemonium  or  Phlox  Family)    .  .     295 

LXXVII.    Hydrophyllaceaj  (Waterleaf  Family)   .         .        .  .298 

LXXVIII.    Borraginaceae  (Borage  Family)    .        .    .ni.,-,    .<  .     301 

LXXIX.    Convolvulaceae  (Convolvulus  Family) .     .,.» -j    .»/  .     306 

LXXX.    Solanacese  (Nightshade  Family)  .        .      ^f      fi/  .     311 

LXXXI.    Scrophulariaceae  (Figwort  Family)       .        .,-,      ..  .     318 

LXXXII.    Orobanchaceae  (Broom  Rape  Family)  .        ,;.      .  .     332 

LXXXIII.   Lentibulariaceae  (Bladderwort  Family)        .  .     333 

LXXXI  V.    Gesneraceae  (Gesneria  Family)    .        .     ,)a,j,    j,  •     334 

LXXXV.   Bignoniaceae  (Bignonia  Family)  .        .      {'.,.^,3.,,  .     335 

LXXXVI.   Pedaliacese  (Sesamum  Family)     .        .     ..,      ./  .     337 

LXXXVII.   Acanthaceae  (Acanthus  Family)  .        .....     337 

LXXXVIII.    Verbenaceaa  (Vervain  Family)     .        ...      .  .     339 

LXXXIX.   Labiatse  (Mint  Family)        .        .        .        .        .  .342 

XC.   Plantaginacese  (Plantain  Family)        .        .        •  /  •     356 

III.   APETALOUS  DIVISION          .        ...     *         .         •        .:  .     358 

XCI.   Nyctaginaceaa  (Four-o'clock  Family)   ....    358 

XCII.    Illecebraceas  (Knotwort  Family)  .        .        .  ;     .. ;,  .     359 

XCIII.   Amarantacese  (Amaranth  Family)       .,:    ,.. ;     ,i  .     360 

XCIV.    Chenopodiaceae  (Goosefoot  Family)     .        .        .  .363 

XCV.  Phytolaccacese  (Pokeweed  Family)      .        .        .  .367 

XCVI.    Polygonaceae  (Buckwheat  Family)        .        .        .  .367 

XCVII.    Aristolochiacese  (Birth wort  Family)     .        ..     .,  .     372 

XCVIII.    Piperaceae  (Pepper  Family) 374 

XCIX.   Lauraceae  (Laurel  Family)    .        .        .'    '  ~.        .  .     376 

C.   Thymelaeaceae  (Mezereum  Family)       .        .        .  .376 

CI.   Elaeagnaceae  (Oleaster  Family)     .         •    1  ..i<  ^  •     377 

Cn.    Loranthaceae  (Mistletoe  Family) .        .        .        .  .     378 

CIII.    Santalace33  (Sandalwood  Family)         .        .        .  .378 

CIV.    Euphorbiaceae  (Spurge  Family)   .        v       «        .  .     379 

CV.   UrticaceiB  (Nettle  Family)    .        .        .        .,  '   .  .384 

CVI.   Platanaceae  (Plane  Tree  Family) 389 

CVII.   Juglandaceae  (Walnut  Family)     .        .        ...  .390 

CVIII.   Myricaceas  (Sweet  Gale  Family)  .        .        .  .     .'  .     392 

CIX.    Cupuliferae  (Oak  Family)     .        .      '/-'^        m  m    392 

CX.   Salicace33  (Willow  Family) 399 

Subclass  II.     Monocotyledons  or  Endogens,  pp.  402  to  475. 

I.   PETALOIDEOUS  DIVISION 402 

CXI.    Hydrocharidaceae  (Frogbit  Family)      .        .        .        .402 

CXII.   Orchidaceae  (Orchis  Family)         .        ,        *        .        .    403 

CXIII.    Scitamineae  (Banana  Family) 410 


12  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

CXIV.  Bromeliacese  (Pineapple  Family)          .        .        .        .414 

CXV.  Hsemodoracese  (Bloodwort  Family)      .        .        .        .414 

CXVI.   Iridaceae  (Iris  Family) 415 

CXVII.  AmaryllidaceEe  (Amaryllis  Family)     .        .        .        .424 

CXVIII.   Dioscoreaceae  (Yam  Family) 430 

CXIX.   Liliacese  (Lily  Family) 431 

CXX.  Pontederiacese  (Pickerel  Weed  Family)       .        .        .452 

CXXI.  Commelinacese  (Spiderwort  Family)    ....     453 

CXXII.  Alismacese  (Water  Plantain  Family)   .        .        .        .454 

CXXIIL  Xyridacese  (Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family)      .        .        .456 

CXXIV.  Mayacese  (Mayaca  Family)          .        .     '.'     ;i;       .    456 

CXXV.  Eriocaulonacese  (Pipewort  Family)      .        .  !     I''     •     456 

CXXVI.  Juncacese  (Rush  Family)      .        .        .      '."    •/'     .    456 

II.  SPADICEOUS  DIVISION .        .     457 

CXXVII.   Naiadacese  (Pondweed  Family) 457 

CXXVIII.  Lemnacese  (Duckweed  Family) 457 

CXXIX.  Aracese  (Arum  Family)        .        .     '   .      !V      i!       .457 

CXXX.  Typhacese  (Cat-tail  Family)         .        .        '.  :     / !     .     461 

CXXXI.  Pandanacese  (Screw  Pine  Family)       .        .        .        .462 

CXXXII.  Palmacese  (Palm  Family)    .        .        .     ;;y";        .    463 

III.  GLUMACEOTJS  DIVISION 465 

CXXXIII.  Cyperacete  (Sedge  Family)  .        .        .       ;if''    -j"      .    465 

CXXXIV.  Graminese  (Grass  Family)    .        .        .    :':';'-      j!      .    467 

CLASS  II.     GTMNOSPBRMS. 

CXXXV.  Conif era  (Pine  Family)       .        .        .        .'/'    ','j      .    476 

CXXXVI.  Cycadaceae  (Cycad  FamUy)         .        .        ;'       '.',      .    485 


SERIES  H.     FLOWERLESS  OR  CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS. 
CLASS  III.    ACEOGENS. 

CXXXVII.   Equisetacese  (Horsetail  Family)  .        ...        .        .486 

CXXXVIII.   Filices  (Fern  Family) 486 

CXXXIX.  Ophioglossacese  (Adder's-tongue  Fern  Family)  .  .  501 
CXL.  Lycopodiacese  (Club  Moss  Family)  .  .  .  .501 
CXLI.  Selaginellaceaj  (SelagineUa  Family)  .  .  .  .503 


AN   ANALYTICAL   KEY  TO    THE   NATURAL 
FAMILIES. 


A.  FLOWERING  OK  PELENOGAMOUS.  Plants  producing  true  flowers  and 
seeds.  (B,  page  25.) 

I.  ANGIOSPERMS,  those  plants  bearing  the  ovules  in  a  closed  ovary ;  coty- 
ledons normally  2  or  I  (includes  all  but  the  Pine  and  Cycad  families). 
(II,  page  24.) 

+  DICOTYLEDONS  OK  EXOGENS,  with  wood  in  a  circle  or  in  concentric 
annual  circles  or  layers  around  a  central  pith ;  netted-veined  leaves ; 
and  parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fives  or  fours.  Cotyledons  typically  2. 
(++  page  23.) 

O.  Polypetalous  Division,  typically  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  of 
wholly  separate  petals.  (OO,  page  17.  OOO,  page  21.) 

*  More  than  10  stamens,  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the  sepals  or  divi- 
sions of  the  calyx.  (*  *  page  15.)  PAGE 

Stamens  monadelphous,  united  with  the  base  of  the  corolla:  anthers  kid- 
ney-shaped, one-celled         ....       MALLOW  FAMILY,      85 
Stamens   monadelphous   at   base:    anthers   two-celled:    leaves   twice 

pinnate MIMOSA  SUBF.    122 

Stamens  monadelphous  at  base :  anthers  two-celled :  leaves  not  pinnate  — 
Leaves  with  joint  between  petiole  and  blade,  which  is  translucent- 
dotted     (Citrus)  RUE  F.      98 

Leaves  without  a  joint  and  not  translucent-dotted       CAMELLIA  F.      84 
Stamens  not  monadelphous — 

Pistils  numerous,  but  imbricated  over  each  other  and  cohering  in  a 

mass  on  a  long  receptacle    ....        MAGNOLIA  F.      45 
Pistils  several,  immersed  in  hollows  in  a  top-shaped  receptacle, 

(Nelumbo)  WATER  LILY  F.      51 
Pistils  numerous  and  separate,  at  least  their  ovaries,  but  concealed 

in  a  hollow  fleshy  receptacle — 
Which  bears  sepals  or  bracts  over  its  surface:  leaves  simple 

opposite CALYCANTHUS  F.    163 

Which  is  naked  and  imitates  an  inferior  ovary :  leaves  alternate, 

compound (Rosa)  ROSE  F.    141 

Pistils  numerous  or  more  than  one,  separate,  on  the  receptacle  — 

Stamens  borne  on  the  calyx ROSE  F.    141 

Stamens  borne  on  the  receptacle  — 

Leaves  centrally  peltate :  aquatic  herb  (Brasenia), 

WATER  LILY  F.      51 
Leaves  peltate  near  the  margin :  woody  climber, 

MOONSEED  F.      48 
Leaves  not  peltate,  quite  entire  :  trees  or  shrubs — 

Spicy  anise-scented:    petals  numerous:    seed  solitary, 

(Ulicium)  MAGNOLIA  F.      45 
Unpleasantly  scented  when  bruised :  petals  6  in  2  ranks : 

seeds  several     .        .        .    CUSTARD  APPLE  F.      48 
Leaves  not  peltate :  herbs,  or  if  woody-stemmed  the  leaves 

are  compound CROWFOOT  F.      34 

18 


14  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

Pistils  (as  to  ovary)  one  below  but  3-several-lobed  or  horned  at  the  top —  PAS* 
Not  fleshy  plants:  petals  unequal,  cut  or  cleft:  pod  1-celled, 

many-seeded MIGNONETTE  F.      68 

Not  fleshy :  pod  several-celled,  several-seeded, 

(Nigella)  CROWFOOT  F.      34 

Fleshy  plants:  petals  equal,  narrow,  entire  FIG  MARIGOLD  F.    199 
Pistil  one,  completely  so  as  to  the  ovary,  which  is  — 

One-celled,  and  with  one  parietal  placenta,  or  otherwise  showing 

that  the  pistil  is  of  a  single  carpel  — 
Shrubs  or  trees :  leaves  twice  pinnate  or  else  phyllodia :  fruit 

apod         .        .        .  .        (Acacia)  PULSE  F.    116 

Shrubs  or  trees  :  leaves  simple  :  stone  fruit  (Primus)  ROSE  F.     141 
Herbs ;  with  1-flowered   1-2-leaved  stems  :    leaves  peltate, 

(Podophyllum)  BARBERRY  F.      49 
Herbs;  with  flowers  in  racemes,  &c.:    leaves  not  peltate, 

CROWFOOT  F.      34 
One-celled,  with  two  or  more  parietal  placentae  — 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary  :  stamens  on  the  receptacle  — 
Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  and  dark  dots,  opposite, 

entire         .        .        .        .ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  F.      81 
leaves  not  punctate  — 

Calyx  persistent,  of  5  unequal  sepals   ROCKROSE  F.      69 
Calyx  deciduous,  of  4  sepals :  petals  4, 

(Polanisia)  CAPER  F.      68 

Calyx  falling  when  the  corolla  opens  or  before : 
petals  more  numerous   than  the  (mostly  2) 

sepals POPPY  F.      64 

Calyx  coherent  with  the  ovary  — 

Fleshy  and  leafless,  often  prickly  plants  CACTUS  F.    195 
Leafy  herbs,  rough  or  bristly,  the  hairs  sometimes 

stinging LOASA  F.    187 

Two-several-celled,  or  when  1-celled  the  ovules  not  parietal — 
Leaves  punctate  with  both  dark  and  pellucid  dots,  opposite: 

ovary  superior         .        .        .ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  F.      81 
Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  not  jointed  with  their 

stalk:  ovary  inferior      ....     MYRTLE  F.    175 
Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  alternate,  jointed  with 

their  stalk  :  ovary  superior    ....     RUE  F.      98 
Leaves  not  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  and  — 

All  at  the  root,  in  the  form  of  pitchers  or  tubes, 

PITCHER  PLANT  F.      53 
All  at  the  root,  bearing  a  flytrap  at  the  end, 

SUNDEW  F.    173 

All  from  prostrate  rootstocks  or  tubers  under  water, 
mostly  peltate  or  rounded,  equal-sided, 

WATER  LILY  F.      51 

On  the  rootstock  or  tuber,  or  alternate  on  stems,  unequal- 
sided,  succulent :  flowers  monoecious  BEGONIA  F.    193 
On  herbaceous  stems,  succulent :  pod  1-celled, 

PURSLANE  F.      79 

On  woody  stems  (trees  or  shrubs),  of  ordinary  confor- 
mation — 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  mostly  in  5  clusters :  calyx 
valvatein  the  bud:  stipules  (often  deciduous), 

LINDEN  F.      91 
Stamens  in  5  clusters,  one  on  the  base  of  each  petal : 

calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud :  no  stipules  — 
Ovary  superior,  5-celled        .         CAMELLIA  F.      84 
Ovary  partly  inferior,  becoming  one-celled  and 

one-seeded   ....     STORAX  F.    277 
Stamens  separate :    leaves    alternate,  mostly  with 

stipules PEAR  SUBF.    143 

Stamens  separate :  leaves  opposite  or  some  of  them 

scattered:  no  stipules  — 
Calyx  tube  or  cup  wholly  adherent  to  the  3-5- 

celled  ovary        .        .       SAXIFRAGE  F.    164 
Calyx  cup  extended  beyond  the  free  or  adherent 

few-many-celled  ovary  LOOSESTRIFE  F.    177 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  15 

*  Not  more  than  10  stamens,  or  if  so  not  more  than  twice  the  number  of  PAG* 

the  sepals  or  divisions  of  the  calyx. 
-Calyx  free  from   the    two    or   more    separate   or    nearly  separate 

ovaries. 
Woody  twiners,  with  dioacious  flowers,  separate  stamens  opposite  as 

many  petals,  and  few  pistils         .        .        .       MOONSEED  F.      48 
Woody  twiners,  with  monoecious  flowers,  united  stamens,  and  many 

pistils  in  a  head,  in  fruit  scattered  in  a  spike   MAGNOLIA  F.      45 
Trees,  with  dioacious  or  polygamous  flowers,  pinnate  leaves,  and  few 

winged  fruits QUASSIA  F.     101 

Trees,  with  dioscious  flowers,  or  herbs  with  perfect  flowers :  leaves 

pinnate,  pellucid-dotted,  strong-scented  or  aromatic    EUE  F.      98 
Herbs    or    shrubs:    leaves    not   pellucid-dotted:    flowers    chiefly 

perfect  — 
Succulent  or  fleshy  plants  :  pistils,  petals,  and  sepals  all  equal  in 

number ORPINE  F.    170 

Not  succulent  nor  fleshy  thickened — 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx :  leaves  alternate, 

ROSE  F.  141,  &  SAXIFRAGE  F.    164 
Stamens  inserted  on  a  disk  adhering  to  bottom  of  the  calyx : 
leaves  opposite,  compound, 

(Staphylea)  SOAPBERRY  F.    108 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle  .        .       CROWFOOT  F.      34 
-•t-Calyx  free  from  the  single  (simple  or  compound)  ovary ;  i.e.  ovary 

superior. 

Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them — 
Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves :  ovary  simple,  1-celled, 

BARBERRY  F.      49 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise  — 

Ovary  1-celled,  l-o vuled:  styles  5     .        .      LEADWORT  F.    271 
Ovary  l-celled,  with  several  ovules  on  a  central  placenta  — 
Style  and  stigma  only  one :  calyx  persistent, 

PRIMROSE  F.    273 

Style  or  stigma  cleft  or  lobed    .        .        PURSLANE  F.      79 
Ovary  5-celled,  with  several  ovules  in  each  cell, 

STERCULIA  F.      90 
Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  erect  ovules  in  each  cell, 

VINE  F.    106 
Ovary  2-4-celled,  with  one  erect  ovule  in  each  cell, 

BUCKTHORN  F.    104 
Stamens  when  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  alternate  with  them, 

sometimes  more  numerous,  sometimes  fewer  — 
Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  and  dark  dots,  opposite,  entire : 

calyx  persistent      .        .       •.          ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  F.      81 
Leaves  punctate  with  large  pellucid  dots:  leaves  alternate  or 

compound       .        . RUE  F.      98 

Leaves  not  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  — 

Ovary  simple,  as  shown  by  the  style,  stigma,  and  single  pari- 
etal placenta    PULSE  F.    116 

Ovary  seemingly  simple,  1-celled,  1-seeded :  style  1, 

(Fumaria)  FUMITORY  F.      57 
Ovary  compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  cells,  placentae, 

styles,  or  stigmas — 

With  2  parietal  placentae,  but  2-celled  by  a  partition  be- 
tween :  stamens  tetradynamous       MUSTARD  F.      58 
With  2  parietal  placentas,  and  1-celled:  stamens  6,  sepa- 
rate, not  tetradynamous  .        .        .        CAPER  F.      68 
With  2  parietal  placentae,  and  1-celled :  stamens  6  in  2  sets, 

FUMITORY  F.      57 
With   3    (rarely   5)    parietal  placentas,   and   l-celled: 

stamens  not  6  — 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  or  with  5  clusters  of 
gland-tipped  stamen-like  bodies, 

SAXIFRAGE  F.    164 
Stamens  on  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary:   tendril 

climbers         .        .          PASSION-FLOWER  F.    189 
Stamens  on  the  receptacle  — 

Flower  irregular:  style  1      .        .      VIOLET  F.      71 


16  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 


Flower  regular :  styles  various  — 

Styles  or  their  divisions  twice  as  many  as  'ASH 
the  placentae :  leaves  glandular-bristly, 

SUNDEW  F.    173 

Styles  as  many  as  the  placentae :  leaves  awl- 
shaped  or  scale-shaped, 

TAMARISK  F.      81 
Style  and  stigma  one:    stamens  5:    leaves 

coriaceous      .        PITTOSPORUM  F.      69 
Style  and  stigma  one,  or  sessile  stigmas  3  : 

stamens  not  5       .       ROCKROSE  F.      69 
With  one  cell,  one  erect  ovule,  and  3  styles  or  stigmas, 

CASHEW  F.    112 
With  one  cell  and  many  ovules  on  a  central  placenta, 

With  two  cells  and  several  or  many  ovules  in  the  center, 
but  becoming  1-celled :  stamens  4-12,  on  the  calyx, 

LOOSESTRIFE  F.    177 

With  two  cells  and  a  single  hanging  ovule  in  each  cell  — 

Flowers  ii  regular :  stamens  6  or  8,  diadelphous  or 

monadelphous :  anthers  opening  at  the  apex, 

POLYGALA  F.    114 
Flowers  regular,  with  narrow  petals:    shrubs  or 

trees — 
With  alternate  simple   leaves   and  4  stamens 

with  anthers         .       WITCH-HAZEL  F.    174 
With  opposite  leaves  and  2  (rarely  3  or  4)  stamens, 

OLIVE  F.    279 
With  more  than  two  cells,  or  when  only  two  cells  with  2 

or  more  ovules  in  each  cell — 

Seeds  very  numerous  in  each  of  the  3-^5  cells  of  the 
pod :  style  1 :  stamens  on  the  receptacle, 

HEATH  F.    262 

Seeds  numerous,  or  few  on  a  stalk  bursting  out  of 
the  pod :  style  1 :  stamens  on  the  calyx, 

LOOSESTRIFE  F.    177 

Seeds  indefinitely  numerous:  styles  2  or  more,  or 
splitting  into  2  :  stamens  on  the  calyx, 

SAXIFRAGE  F.    164 
Seeds  several  or  few,  at  least  the  ovules  3-12  in  each 

cell- 
Shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves  of  3  or  5  leaflets,  and 

a  bladdery  pod      BLADDERNUT  SUBF.    109 
Herbs,  with  alternate  or  radical  leaves  of  3  or 
more  leaflets :  flower  regular, 

(Oxalis)  GERANIUM  F.      93 
Herbs,   with   simple    alternate   leaves:    flower 

irregular         (Impatiens)  GERANIUM  F.      93 
Shrubs,  wath  simple  leaves :  seeds  in  a  pulpy  aril, 

STAFF  TREE  F.    103 
Seeds  and  ovules  only  one  or  two  in  each  cell — 

Tree,  with  twice  pinnate  leaves,  and  anthers 
within  the  tube  of  united  filaments, 

MELIA  F.    101 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  stamens  monadelphous  only 
at  base,  and  aromatic-scented  leaves, 

GERANIUM  F.      93 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  mostly  of  pungent 
taste  and  odor,  no  tendrils  when  climbing : 
stamens  separate  .  v  GERANIUM  F.  93 
Herbs,  with  alternate  and  compound  insipid 
leaves,  climbing  by  a  hook  or  tendril  in  the 
flower  cluster, 

(Cardiospermum)  SOAPBERRY  F.    108 
Herbs  (or  one  species  shrubby) ,  with  simple  and 
entire  scentless  leaves,  and  stamens  often 
slightly  monadelphous  at  the  base, 

FLAX  F.      92 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  1? 

Shrubs  or  trees,  leaves  not  aromatic-scented.-  PAGK 

stamens  separate  — 
Leaves  simple,  not  lobed :  fruit  a  small  berry, 

HOLLY  F.    102 

Leaves  simple,  not  lobed:  fruit  a  colored 
pod :  seeds  in  a  red  pulpy  aril, 

STAFF  TREE  F.    103 
Leaves    simple,    palmately-lobed    or   cleft. 

opposite  .        .        .      MAPLE  SUBF.    109 
Leaves  compound,  pinnate  or  digitate, 

SOAPBERRY  F.    108 
4— *— )—  Calyx  with  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  i.e.  ovary  inferior. 

Tendril-bearing  herbs,  with  mostly  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers : 

stamens  commonly  only  3      .        .  .  GOURD  F.    190 

Not  tendril-bearing  — 

Pod  many-seeded,  4-celled :  anthers  1-celled,  opening  by  a  pore : 

leaves  3-5  ribbed MELASTOMA  F.    176 

Pod  or  berry  many-seeded :  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise  — 

Styles  2-5,  or  one  and  2-cleft     .        .        .     SAXIFRAGE  F.    164 
Style  1 :  stigma  2-4  lobed  or  entire,  EVENING  PRIMROSE  F.    179 
Pod  with  1-4  seeds,  and  ovary  with  more  than  one  ovule  in  each 

cell,  the  seed  inclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril    .    STAFF-TREE  F.    103 
Fruit  with  one  seed,  and  ovary  with  only  one  ovule  in  each  cell  — 
Stamens  just  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  them, 

BUCKTHORN  F.    104 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or 

sometimes  twice  as  many  — 

Style  only  one,  slender :  stigma  notched  or  4-lobed  :  calyx 
with  its  tube  mostly  prolonged  more  or  less  beyond 
the  ovary:  herbs        .    EVENING  PRIMROSE  F.    179 
Style  only  one,  thick :  stigmas  5 :  calyx  not  at  all  con- 
tinued beyond  the  ovary   .        .          GINSENG  F.    204 
Style  and  stigma  one:  trees  or  shrubs,  or  if  herbs  the 
head  of  flowers  with  corolla-like  involucre, 

DOGWOOD  F.    205 
Style  none :  sessile  stigmas  4 :  aquatic  herbs, 

WATER  MILFOIL  F.    175 
Styles  2-5  — 

Petals  4 :  styles  2 :  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  in 
late  autumn:  shrub:  pod  2-lobed, 

WITCH-HAZEL  F.    174 
Petals  5:  styles  2-^5:  flowers  corymbed:   shrub  or 

trees PEAR  SUBF.    143 

Petals  5:   styles  2-5,  mostly  5:  flowers  umbelled: 

fruit  berry-like    .        .        .          GINSENG  F.    204 
Petals  5:   styles  2:  flowers  in  (mostly  compound) 
umbels :    fruit    dry,    splitting   into   2   closed 

pieces PARSLEY  F.    200 

OO  Monopetalous  Division,  typically  with  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  lat- 
ter united  more  or  less  into  one  piece. 
*  Calyx  with  its  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  i.e.  superior,  or  ovary 

inferior. 

Flowers  collected  in  a  head  which  is  provided  with  a  calyx-like  involucre : 
anthers  syngenesious,  i.e.  united  into  a  tube  or  ring  around  the 

style,  only  4  or  5 COMPOSITE  F.    220 

Flowers  not  involucrate,  or  when  in  an  involucrate  head  having  the 

anthers  separate  — 
Tendril-bearing  herbs :  leaves  alternate :  flowers  usually  monoecious 

or  dioecious GOURD  F.    190 

Not  tendril-bearing:  flowers  commonly  perfect,  at  most  polygamous — 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla,  or  lightly  cohering  with  its  base  — 
Flowers  irregular:   stamens  with  the  5  anthers  and  some- 
times the  filaments  also  united        .        .  LOBELIA  F.    260 
Flowers  regular:  herbs,  with  some  milky  juice :  stamens  only 

as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla    CAMPANULA  F.    261 
Flowers  regular :  shrubs,  or  evergreen  and  trailing  :  stamens 
twice  as  many  as  lobes  of  corolla, 

WHORTLEBERRY  SUBF.    262 
OKAY'S  r.  F.  &  G.  BOX.  —  2 


18  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  fewer  than  its  lobes.  PAGB 

viz.— 
One  to  three :  ovary  sometimes  3-celled,  but  the  fruit  only 

1-celled  and  1-seeded        .        .        .        VALERIAN  F.    218 
Four,  two  of  them  shorter:  ovary  3-celled,  but  two  cells 

empty :  fruit  1-seeded    (Linnsea)  HONEYSUCKLE  F.    208 
Four,  one  longer  and  one  shorter  pair :  ovary  1-celled :  fruit 

very  many-seeded    ....         GESNERIA  F.    334 
Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  twice  or  more  than  twice  the  num- 
ber of  its  lobes,  more  or  less  monadelphous  or  5-adelphous : 

leaves  alternate STORAX  F.    277 

Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  just  as  many  as  its 
lobes :  leaves  opposite,  whorled,  crowded,  or  radical  — 

With  stipules  entire MADDER  F.    214 

Without  true  stipules  — 

Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded :  flowers  in  an  involucrate  head, 

TEASEL  F.    219 
Ova. ,y  2-o-celled  — 

2-celled,  the  fruit  twin :  leaves  entire,  in  whorls, 

MADDER  F.     214 

2-5-celled:    flowers  not  in  a  proper  head;    leaves 
chiefly  opposite,  often  toothed  or  compound, 

HONEYSUCKLE  F.    208 
3-celled:  leaves  mossy-crowded,  or  radical, 

DIAPENSIA  F.    271 

*  *  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  i.e.  inferior,  or  ovary  superior  — 
•«-  Corolla  more  or  less  irregular — 

Stamens  10  or  5,  distinct :  anthers  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex  of 

each  cell:  ovary  5-«elled HEATH  F.    262 

Stamens  10,  diadelphous  or  monadelphous :  anthers  opening  length- 
wise :  ovary  1-celled PULSE  F.    116 

Stamens  8  or  6,  diadelphous  or  monadelphous :  anthers  opening  by  a 

hole  at  the  apex:  ovary  2-celled.        .        .        POLYGALA  F.    114 
Stamens  6,  diadelphous:  the  middle  anther  of  each  set  2-celled,  the 

other  two  l-«elled:  ovary  1-celled       .        .        FUMITORY  F.      57 
Stamens  (with  anthers)  5  — 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  making  4  seed-like  fruits  or  pieces, 

(Echium,  etc.)  BORAGE  F.    301 
Ovary  not  divided  :  fruit  (mostly  a  pod)  many-seeded  — 

Calyx  urn-shaped,  inclosing  the  pod,  which  is  2-celled,  the 
top  separating  as  a  lid, 

(Hyoscyamus)  NIGHTSHADE  F.    311 
Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted :  pod  2-valved, 

(Verbascum)  FIGWORT  F.    318 
Stamens  (with  anthers)  4  or  2  — 

Ovary  1-celled  with  a  central  placenta,  bearing  several  or  many 

seeds:  stamens  2    ....       BLADDER  WORT  F.    333 
Ovary  l-celled  with  2  or  4  parietal  placentse :  stamens  4,  didyn- 

amous  — 
Leafless  plants,  brownish  or  yellowish,  never  green,  with 

scales  in  place  of  foliage       .        .  BROOM  RAPE  F.    332 
Leafy  plants,  with  ordinary  foliage — 

Not  climbing:  seeds  minute,  wingless       GESXERIA  F.    334 
Climbing:  seeds  winged    .        .        .          BIGNONIA  F.    335 
Ovary  2-celled,  many-ovuled :  pod  containing  very  many  flat  and 

winged  seeds :  woody  climbers  or  trees         BIGNONIA  F.    335 
Ovary  4-celled  (but  stigmas  only  2) :  many  flat  and  wingless  large 

seeds,  filled  by  the  embryo :  herbs       .        .  SESAMUM  F.    337 
Ovary  2-celled,  many-seeded  or  few-seeded,  the  placenta  in  the 

axis — 

Seeds  few  or  several  in  each  cell,  flat  and  borne  on  hook-like 
projections  of  the  placentae,  or  globular  on  a  cartilagi- 
nous ring:  no  albumen  .        .        .        ACANTHUS  F.    337 
Seeds  man?/  or  few  in  each  cell,  not  borne  on  hooks,  &c. : 

embryo  in  albumen  — 
Corolla  2-lipped  or  very  irregular , 

FIGWORT  F.    318  (Also  SCHIZANTHUS,  318) 
Corolla  regular  or  very  nearly  so      .   NIGHTSHADE  F.    311 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  19 

Ovary  2-4  celled,  rarely  1-celled,  with  only  a  single  ovule  or  seed  PAGE 

in  each  cell,  not  lobed VERVAIN  F.    339 

Ovary  4-parted,  making  4  seed-like  pieces  or  nutlets  around  the 

single  style MINT  F.    342 

-Corolla  regular. 

Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  divisions  of  the  corolla.     (Here, 
from  the  cohesion  of  the  bases  of  the  petals,  some  of  the  follow- 
ing, ranked  as  polypetalous,  may  be  sought)  — 
Leaves  twice  pinnate,  or  else  phyllodia:   ovary  one,  simple. 

1-celled MIMOSA  SUBF.    122 

Leaves  simply  compound,  of  3  leaflets :  ovary  5-celled :  stamens 

10,  monadelphous  at  the  base         (Oxalis)  GERANIUM  F.      93 
Leaves  simple,  in  one  compound,  fleshy,  very  thick:    anthers  2- 

celled :  pistils  as  many  as  lobes  of  the  corolla   ORPINE  F.    170 
Leaves  simple  or  lobed  or  divided :  stamens  indefinite,  monadel- 
phous :  anthers  kidney-shaped,  1-celled      .    MALLOW  F.      85 
Leaves  simple,  not  lobed  or  divided,  nor  fleshy :  anthers  2-celled: 

pistil  compound,  more  than  1-celled  — 

Anthers  commonly  opening  at  the  end :  stamens  on  the  re- 
ceptacle, free  or  nearly  free  from  the  corolla, 

HEATH  F.    262 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise :  stamens  on  the  corolla  or 

mainly  so :  trees  or  shrubs — 
Flowers  polygamous  or  dioacious:    stamens  separate: 

styles  4,  each  2-lobed     .        .        .       EBONY  F.    277 
Flowers  perfect :  stamens  more  or  less  monadelphous  or 
^-clustered  — 


STORAX  F.    277 
Calyx  wholly  free  from  the  ovary      CAMELLIA  F.      84 
Stamens  fewer  than  the  lobes  or  divisions  of  the  corolla — 
four,  mostly  didynamous— 

Ovary  2-celled,  with  usually  many  ovules  in  each  cell, 

FIGWORT  F.    318 
Ovary  2-celled,  with  few  or  several  ovules  in  each  cell : 

seeds  flat  on  hooks  .        .        .       ACANTHUS  F.    337 
Ovary  2-4-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell, 

VERVAIN  F.    339 
Two  only  with  anthers,  and  two  abortive  ones :  ovary  deeply 

4-lobed (Lycopus)  MINT  F.    342 

Two,  exserted :  herbs,  or  some  exotic  species  are  low  shrubby 

plants       ....      (Veronica)  FIGWORT  F.    318 
Two  or  three :  shrubs,  trees,  or  woody  twiners      OLIVE  F.    279 
Stamens  (with  anthers)  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  divisions  of  the 

corolla  and  opposite  them  — 
Styles  or  stigmas  5 :  ovary  1-celled :  ovule  and  seed  solitary, 

LEADWORT  F.    271 
Style  and  stigma  only  one  — 

Herbs :  ovary  1-celled  with  a  central  placenta :  seeds  few  or 

many PRIMROSE  F.    273 

Trees  or  shrubs :  ovary  5-celled :  fruit  1-f ew-seeded :  petal- 
like  scales  alternate  with  the  anthers  SAPODILLA  F.    276 
Stamens  (with  anthers)  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  parts  of  the  corolla 

and  alternate  with  them  — 
Pistil  one  and  simple,  with  one  parietal  placenta :  fruit  a  legume 

orloment:  leaves  twice  pinnate  .        .     MIMOSA  SUBF.    122 
Pistils  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  separate :  fleshy  plants, 

ORPINE  F.    170 

Pistils  several  or  many  as  to  the  ovary,  or  ovaries  deeply  lobed, 
the  lobes  or  pieces  making  so  many  separate  little  1-seeded 
fruits  or  akenes,  but  all  around  one  common  style  — 
Akenes  or  lobes  numerous  in  a  heap  or  several  in  a  circle, 

(Nolana)  CONVOLVULUS  F.    306 

Akenes  or  lobes  only  4  around  the  base  of  the  common  style  — 
Aromatic  plants,  with  opposite  leaves, 

(Mentha,  etc.)  MINT  F.    342 
Not  aromatic,  with  alternate  and  commonly  rough  leaves, 

BORAGE  F.    301 


20  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 


Pistils  2  as  to  their  ovaries,  these  making  many-seeded  pods,  but  J-AOB 

stigmas  and  often  styles  also  united  into  one — 
Pollen  powdery  and  loose,  as  in  ordinary  plants,  not  in 

masses DOGBANE  F.    283 

Pollen  all  in  waxy  or  granular  masses,  usually  10,  and  fixed 

in  pairs  to  5  glands  of  the  stigma  .      MILKWEED  F.    286 
Pistil  one,  with  a  single  compound  ovary  which  is  not  divided 

nor  deeply  lobed — 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  or  lightly  cohering  above  with 
what  seems  to  be  the  corolla :  ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded, 

(Mirabilis)  FOUR-O'CLOCK  F.    358 
Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  or  nearly  so :  ovary  5-celled :  pod 

many-seeded HEATH  F.    262 

Stamens  borne  on  very  base  of  the  4-8-parted  corolla :  the 
cells  of  the  ovary  just  as  many,  one  ovule  in  each:  no 
style :  berry-like  fruit  containing  as  many  little  stones, 

HOLLY  F.    102 
Stamens  plainly  borne  on  the^  corolla  — 

Leaves  all  radical,  1-7-ribbed:  flowers  in  a  spike:  co- 
rolla thin  and  becoming  dry :  stamens  4 :  style  and 
stigma  one :  pod  2-celled,  rarely  3-celled,  opening 
transversely      ....        PLANTAIN  F.    356 
Leaves  on  the  stem  — 

All  opposite  and  entire,  their  bases  or  petioles  con- 
nected by  small  stipules  or  a  transverse  stipu- 
lar  line :  ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  several-seeded, 

LOGANIA  F.    290 

All  opposite  or  whorled  and  entire,  without  stipules  : 
ovary  and  pod  1-celled,  several-many-seeded ; 
placentae  parietal  — 
Juice  milky :  leaves  short-petioled, 

(Allamanda)  DOGBANE  F.    283 
Juice  not  milky,  bitter :  stem  leaves  sessile, 

GENTIAN  F.    291 
Alternate  or  some  opposite,  loithout  stipules :  ovary 

and  pod  1-ceHed  icith  2  parietal  placentas  — 
Smooth  marsh  or  water  plants:  leaves  round- 
heart-shaped,  entire,  or  of  3  entire  leaflets, 

GENTIAN  F.    291 

More  or  less  hairy  plants :  leaves  mostly  toothed 
or  divided:    style  2-cleft, 

WATERLEAF  F.    298 

Opposite,  no  stipules:  ovary  4-celled,  4-ovuled: 
stamens  4  :  style  not  3-cleft, 

VERVAIN  F.    339 

Opposite  or  alternate,  simple  or  compound,  without 
stipules,  not  twining :  ovary  and  pod  3-celled: 
stamens  5 :  style  3-cleft  at  the  apex, 

POLEMONIUM  F.    296 

Alternate,  pinnate  and  tendril-bearing,  lowest  leaf- 
lets imitating  leafy  stipules, 

(Cobjea)  POLEMONIUM  F.    295 
Alternate,  at  least  not  opposite,  without  stipules : 

stamens  5,  rarely  4:  ovary  2-5-celled  — 
Four  cells  of  the  ovary  1-ovuled :  fruit  splitting 
into  little  nutlets :  flower-clusters  coiled, 

(Heliotrope)  BORAGE  F.    301 
Two  or  three  2-ovuled  or  four  1-ovuled  cells: 
seeds  large :  mostly  twiners, 

CONVOLVULUS  F.    306 
Two  or  rarely  more  many-ovuled  cells :  seeds 

numerous — 
Styles  2,  or  rarely  3,  or  2-cleft, 

WATERLEAF  F.    298 
Style  and  stigma  only  one, 

NIGHTSHADE  F.    311 
Leaves  none:    leafless  parasitic  twiners,  destitute  of 

green  herbage  ....    DODDER  SUBF.    730 


ANALYTICAL   KEY.  21 

OOO  Apetalous  Division,  with  only  one  series  of  true  floral  envelopes  PASB 

(corolla  absent) ,  or  no  envelopes. 
*  Flowers  not  in  catkins.     (*  *  bottom  page  22.) 

Ovary  2-6-celled,  its  cells  containing  numerous  ovules  — 

Six-celled,  the  tube  of  the  calyx  coherent  with  its  surface  or  the 

lower  part  of  it:  lobes  of  the  calyx  3  .     BIRTHWORT  F.    372 
Four-celled,  the  tube  of  calyx  coherent  with  its  surface :  lobes  of 

calyx  and  stamens  4  (Ludwigia)  EVENING  PRIMROSE  F.    179 
Five-celled,  five-horned,  free  from  the  calyx:  stamens  10, 

(Penthorum)  ORPINE  F.    170 
Three-celled,  free  from  the   calyx  of  5  sepals  white  inside: 

stamens  3        ...      (Mollugo)  FIG  MARIGOLD  F.    199 
Two-celled  or  four-celled,  free  from  but  inclosed  in  the  cup- 
shaped  calyx:  stamens  4, 

(Rotala  Ammannia)  LOOSESTRIFE  F.    177 
Two-celled}  many  pistils  in  a  head:   no  calyx:   flowers  monce- 

cious.    Tree    .        .       (Liquidambar)  WITCH-HAZEL  F.    174 
Ovary  1-2-celled,  several-ovuled  on  one  side  of  a  basal  placenta, 

(Cuphea)  LOOSESTRIFE  F.    177 
Ovary  or  ovaries  l-celled,  with  numerous  or  several  ovules,  on  parietcA 

placentss;  calyx  free —  .    v 

Calyx  of  2  sepals:  placentae  2        .        .     (Bocconia)  POPPY  F.      53 
Calyx  of  4  or  more  sepals :  placenta  1  .        .       CROWFOOT  F.      34 
Ovary  l-celled,  with  several  or  many  ovules  from  the  bottom  or  on  a 

central  placenta,  free  from  the  calyx  — 
Flowers  surrounded  by  dry  scarious  or  colored  bracts — 
Pod  opening  by  a  transverse  line  above  the  base, 

AMARANTH  F.    360 

Pod  splitting  from  the  top        ...       KNOTWORT  F.    359 
Flowers  not  surrounded  by  dry  or  colored  bracts — 
Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  ovary, 

CHICKWEED  SUBF.      73 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx         .        .      KNOTWORT  F.    359 
Ovary  or  separate  (or  separable)  ovaries  l-celled,  with  one  or  some- 
times two  or  three  ovules  — 

Woody  plants,  parasitic  on  trees,  dioecious  .       MISTLETOE  F.    378 
Woody  or  partly  woody  climbers  by  their  leafstalks, 

(Clematis)  CROWFOOT  F.      34 
Trees  or  shrubs,  not  climbing — 

Leaves  pinnate,  aromatic,  their  stalks  mostly  prickly :  pis- 
tils more  than  one  .        .        (Xanthoxylum)  RUE  F.      98 
Leaves  pinnate,  not  aromatic  nor  prickly :  pistil  one, 

(Fraxinus)  OLIVE  F.    279 
Leaves  simple,  beset  with  silvery  (rarely  coppery)  scurf  or 

scurfy  down OLEASTER  F.    377 

Leaves  simple,  not  silvery-scurfy  — 

Aromatic  or  spicy-tasted :    calyx  mostly  corolla-like : 

anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves    LAUREL  F.    375 
Aromatic-scented:  no  proper  calyx:  anthers  not  open- 
ing by  valves    ....  SWEET  GALE  F.    392 
Not  aromatic :  juice  milky:  stipules  deciduous :   flowers 
in  a  closed  receptacle,  which  becomes  pulpy, 

(Fig)  FIG  SUBF.    385 
Not  aromatic,  and  juice  not  milky:  the  leaves  — 

Palmatelv  lobed  and  veined,  with  sheathing  stipules : 

no  evident  calyx        .        .    PLANE  TREE  F.    389 
Mostly  toothed,  feather- veined,  sometimes  also  with 
ribs  from  the  base :  calyx  free  from  the  ovary, 

ELM  SUBF.    384 
Entire:  calyx  corolla-like  and  free  from  the  ovary: 

flowers  perfect  ...        .       MEZEREUM  F.    376 
Entire  (rarely  toothed)  :  tube  of  calyx  coherent  with 

ovary  :  flowers  diceciously  polygamous  — 
Ovary  and  fruit  pear-shaped :  stigma  terminal, 

SANDALWOOD  F.    378 

Ovary  globular  or  oval :   stigma  running  down 
one  side  of  the  awl-shaped  style, 

(Nyssa)  DOGWOOD  F.    205 


22  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 

Herbs,  with  sheathing  stipules  above  the  tumid  joints  of  the  PA« 
stem :  leaves  alternate  ....    BUCKWHEAT  F.    367 
Herbs,  with  the  stipules  (if  any)  not  in  the  form  of  sheaths — 
Pistils  numerous  or  several:  calyx  commonly  corolla-like  •: 

stipules  none CROWFOOT  F.      34 

Pistils  3  or  4 :  calyx  and  corolla  none :  flowers  perfect,  in  a 

spike PEPPER  F.    374 

Pistils  1-4,  inclosed  by  the  persistent  calyx:  leaves  alter- 
nate, pinnate  or  lobed,  with  stipules, 

(Poterium,  etc.)  ROSE  F.    141 
Pistil  1,  with  2  hairy  styles  or  stigmas:    leaves  palmately 

compound  or  cleft :  flowers  dioecious.     HEMP  SUBF.    386 
Pistil  only  one  :  leaves  simple  — 

Calyx  corolla-like  (white),  its  tube  coherent  with  the 
ovary :  flowers  perfect :  leaves  alternate, 

SANDALWOOD  F.    378 

Calyx  corolla-like,  free  from  the  ovary,  but  the  base  of 

its  tube  hardening  and  persistent  as  a  covering  to 

the  thin  akene,  making  a  sort  of  nut-like  fruit : 

style  and  stigma  simple     .     FOUR-O'CLOCK  F.    358 

Calyx  greenish,  sometimes  colored  or  corolla-like :  seed 

solitary  — 
Style  or  stigma  one  and  simple :  flowers  monoecious 

or  dioecious NETTLE  F.    384 

Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3,  or  2-3-cleft :  flowers  mostly 

perfect  — 
Flowers  crowded  with  dry  and  scarious  bracts, 

AMARANTH  F.    360 

Flowers  without  imbricated  and  scarious  bracts  — 
Leaves  chiefly  alternate,  often  toothed,  cleft, 

or  lobed  .        .        .   GOOSEFOOT  F.    363 
Leaves  opposite,  entire, 

CHICKWEED  SUBF.      73 
Calyx  none,  except  as  an  adherent  covering  to  the  ovary, 

without  lobes  :  aquatic      .  WATER  MILFOIL  F.    175 
Calyx  none,  the  flowers  in  catkin-like  spikes, 

(Piper,  etc.)  PEPPER  F.    374 
Ovary  2-lQ-celled,  with  one  or  two  ovules  in  each  cell  — 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  3-4-celled  nut-like  little  fruits  in  the  axils  of 

the  leaves  or  bracts     ....  WATER  MILFOIL  F.    175 
Herbs,  shrubs,  rarely  trees,  with  monoecious  flowers,  3-celled 
ovary  and  3-lobed  pod :  the  ovules  and  seeds  single  or  a 
pair  hanging  from  the  summit  of  the  cell:   juice  milky, 

except  in  the  Box,  etc SPURGE  F.    379 

Herbs,  with  stout  hollow  stems,  perfect  flowers,  and  10-celled 

ovary,  becoming  berry-like     .        .        .    POKEWEED  F.    367 
Shrubs  or  trees,  with  2-celled  ovary,  and  winged  fruit  (samara  or 

key)  — 
Of  two  keys,  joined  at  their  base  and  winged  from  the  apex, 

MAPLE  SUBF.    109 
Of  a  single  key/winged  from  the  apex  or  almost  all  round  : 

leaves  pinnate    ....   (Fraxinus)  OLIVE  F.    279 
Of  a  single  key,  thin-winged  all  round  :  leaves  simple, 

ELM  SUBF.    384 
Shrubs  or  trees  with  wingless  2-9-celled  fruit,  no  milky  juice, 

and  — 
Perfect  or  sometimes  dicecious  flowers  :  stamens  4-9 — 

Ovule  hanging HOLLY  F.    102 

Ovule  erect BUCKTHORN  F.    104 

Perfect  flowers  :  stamens  about  24,  white :  seeds  hanging, 

(Fothergilla)  WITCH-HAZEL  F.     174 
*  *  Flowers  (all  monoecious  or  dicecious)  one  or  both  sorts  in  catkins  or 

catkin-like  heads. 
Twining  herb,  with  sterile  flowers  panicled,  and  fertile  in  a  short 

scaly  catkin  (strobile)    .        .        .       (Humulus)  NETTLE  F.    384 
Climbing  and  woody,  or  low  herbs,  with  mostly  perfect  flowers  in 

slender  spikes PEPPER  F.    374 

Parasitic  shrub,  on  trees :  fruit  a  berry         .        .    MISTLETOE  F.    378 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  23 

Trees  or  shrubs  —  PAGK 

With  resinous  juice,  needle-shaped  or  scale-like  leaves,  and  a 

cone  (strobile)  for  fruit PINE  F.    476 

With  milky  or  colored  juice,  sterile  flowers  in  spikes  or  ra- 
cemes and  fertile  in  catkin-like  heads  or  short  spikes, 
forming  a  fleshy  mass  in  fruit,  inclosing  the  akenes, 

FIG  SUBF.    385 

With  colorless  juice,  often  strong-scented  resinous-aromatic  bark, 
pinnate  leaves,  and  only  sterile  flowers  in  catkins, 

WALNUT  F.    390 
With  colorless  juice  and  simple  leaves  — 

Both  kinds  of  flowers  in  short  catkins  or  heads :  fruit  waxy- 
coated,  berry-like  or  nut-like :  leaves  aromatic, 

SWEET  GALE  F.    392 

Both  kinds  of  flowers  in  scaly  catkins :  the  fertile  with  2  or  3 
flowers,  forming  winged  or  sometimes  wingless  akenes 
or  small  keys,  under  each  scale  or  bract, 

(Betula,  Alnus)  OAK  F.    392 

Both  kinds  of  flowers  in  catkins,  dioecious,  one  under  each 
scale  or  bract :  pod  filled  with  downy-tufted  seeds, 

WILLOW  F.    399 
Both  kinds  of  flowers  in  heads,  monoecious,  without  calyx; 

leaves  palmately-lobed — 
Fruit  of  many  two-beaked  hard  pods  in  a  head :  stipules 

deciduous    ....       WITCH-HAZEL  F.    174 
Fruit  a  head  of  club-shaped  hairy-based  nutlets :  stipules 

sheathing     ....          PLANE  TREE  F.    389 
Both  kinds  of  flowers  or  commonly  only  the  sterile  in  cat- 
kins :  fruit  a  nut  in  a  scaly  cup,  or  bur,  or  sac,  or  leafy- 

bracted  involucre OAK  F.    392 

H — h MONOCOTYLEDONS  OR  ENDOGENS,  with  wood  in  separate  threads  scat- 
tered through  the  diameter  of  the  stem,  not  in  a  circle,  no  annual 
circles  or  layers  ;  leaves  mostly  parallel-veined ;  and  parts  of  the 
flower  almost  always  in  threes,  never  in  fives ;  cotyledon  1. 
O  Petahideous  Division,  with  flowers  not  on  a  spadix,  and  perianth  or 

part  of  it  more  or  less  corolla-like. 

Pistils  more  than  one,  mostly  numerous,  separate  or  nearly  so :  peri- 
anth of  3  green  sepals  and  3  colored  petals:  leaves  mostly 
netted-veined  between  the  ribs      .       WATER  PLANTAIN  F.    454 
Pistil  only  one  as  to  the  ovary  — 

Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary,  or  superior,  i.e.  ovary  inferior — 
Flowers  dioecious :  stem  twining :  leaves  with  distinct  petiole 

and  blade,  the  veins  or  veinlets  netted   .        .  YAM  F.    430 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous:   aquatic  herbs:   flowers 

from  a  spathe FROGBIT  F.    402 

Flowers  perfect  — 

Anthers  only  one  or  two,  borne  on  or  united  with  the 

style  or  stigma :  flower  irregular      .     ORCHIS  F.    403 
Anther  only  one,  embracing  the  slender  style  but  not 
united  with  it,  2-celled :  flower  irregular, 

GINGER  SUBF.    410 
Anther  only  one,  free  from  the  style,  1-celled:  flower 

irregular      ....  ARROWROOT  SUBF.    410 
Anthers  5  (one  abortive  filament  without  any  anther) : 

flower  somewhat  irregular       .        .  BANANA  F.    410 
Anthers  3,  turned  outwards:   filaments  either  separate 

or  monadelphous        ....          .  IRIS  F.    415 
Anthers  3,  fixed  by  the  middle :  flower  woolly  outside, 

(Lachnanthes)  BLOODWORT  F.    414 
Anthers  6,  all  the  stamens  being  perfect  — 

Epiphytes  or  air  plants,  except  the  Pineapple, 

PINEAPPLE  F.    414 
Terrestrial  plants,  chiefly  from  bulbs  or  corms,  some 

from  tubers,  fibrous  roots,  or  rootstalks  — 
Perianth  woolly  or  much  roughened  outside, 

BLOODWORT  F.    414 
Perianth  not  woolly  or  roughened  without, 

AMARYLLIS  F.    424 


24  ANALYTICAL  KEY. 

\ 

Perianth  free  from  the  ovary  or  very  nearly  so  —  PASB 

Epiphytes  or  air  plants,  with  dry  and  often  scurfy  leaves, 

(Tillandsia)  PINEAPPLE  F.    414 

Stout  aquatic  herbs:   flowers  irregular  as  to  the  (corolla- 
like)  perianth  or  stamens,  or  both, 

PICKEREL  WEED  F.     452 

Moss-like  aquatic  herb,  with  regular  flowers   .  MAYACA  F.    466 
Terrestrial  herbs  or  sometimes  woody  plants,  not  rush-like 

or  grass-like  — 
Perianth  of  green  sepals  and  colored  petals  which  are 

distinctly  different  — 

Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3,  separate:  petals  3,  not 
ephemeral:  leaves  netted-veined, 

(Trillium)  LILY  F.    431 
Style  and  stigma  one:  petals  3  or  2,  ephemeral, 

SPIDERWORT  F.    453 
Perianth  with  all  6  (in  one  instance  only  4)  parts  colored 

alike  or  nearly  so  — 
Anthers  1-celled :  plants  mostly  climbing  by  tendrils 

on  the  petiole       .        .        .    SMILAX  SUBF.    431 

Anthers  2-celled LILY  F.    431 

Terrestrial  or  aquatic  rush-like  or  grass-like  plants,  with 

small  regular  flowers  — 
Not  in  a  simple  scaly-bracted  head:  perianth  glnma- 

ceous, RUSH  F.    456 

In  a  simple  spike  or  raceme:  flowers  bractless,  perfect: 

perianth  herbaceous  .       WATER  PLANTAIN  F.    454 
In  a  simple  scaly-bracted  head  on  a  scape:  leaves  all 

from  the  root  — 

Perianth  yellow,  the  inner  divisions  or  petals  with 
claws:  flowers  perfect:  pod  1-celled,  many 
seeded,  the  placentae  parietal, 

YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  F.    456 
Perianth  whitish:   flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious: 

pod  2-3-celled,  2-3-seeded    .      PIPEWORT  F.    456 
OO  Spadiceous  Division,  with  flowers  on  a  spadix  or  fleshy  spike,  peri- 
anth none  or  not  corolla-like,  and  no  glumes. 
Trees  or  woody  plants  with  simple  trunk,  caudex,  or  stock  — 

Leaves  persistent,  long-petioled,  fan-shaped  and  plaited  or  pinnate : 

spadix  branched :  floral  envelopes  of  3  or  6  parts    .  PALM  F.    463 
Leaves  undivided,  long-linear  and  stiff  .        .        .  SCREW  PINE  F.    462 
Immersed  aquatics,  branching  and  leafy       .        .        .     PONDWEED  F.    457 
Small  or  minute  free-floating  aquatics,  with  no  distinction  of  stem  and 

foliage DUCKWEED  F.    457 

Reed-like  or  Flag-like  marsh  herbs,  with  linear  and  sessile  nerved  leaves  — 
Flowers  naked  in  the  spike:  no  distinct  perianth          CAT-TAIL  F.    461 
Flowers  with  a  6-parted  perianth    .        .        .       (Acorus)  ARUM  F.    457 
Terrestrial  or  marsh  plants,  with  leaves  of  distinct  blade  and  petiole,  the 

veins  netted ARUM  F.    457 

OOO  Glumaceous  Division,  with  flowers  enveloped  by  glumes  (chaffy 

bracts),  and  no  manifest  perianth. 

Ovary  3-celled  or  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae,  becoming  a  pod, 
3-many-seeded :  flowers  with  a  regular  perianth  of  six  glumaceous 
divisions.  In  structure  of  the  flower  most  like  the  Lily  Family ; 
but  the  glumaceous  perianth  and  the  herbage  imitate  this  division, 

RUSH  F.    456 

Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  an  akene  or  grain.     True  gluma- 
ceous plants  ;  the  glumes  being  bracts  — 

Glumes  single,  bearing  a  flower  in  the  axil     .        .       SEDGE  F.    465 
Glumes  in  pairs,  an  outer  pair  for  the  spikelet,  an  inner  pair  for 

each  flower GRASS  F.    467 

II.  GYMNOSPERMS,  without  proper  pistil,  the  ovules  naked  on  a  scale  or 
on  the  end  of  a  short  axis :  cotyledons  often  more  than  two  in  a 
whorl. 
With  palm-like  columnar  trunks  or  corn-like  stock,  and  pinnate 

palm-like  foliage CYCAD  F.    485 

With  branching  trunks,  and  simple,  mostly  needle-shaped,  linear,  or 

scale-like  entire  leaves PINE  F.    476 


ANALYTICAL,  KEY.  25 

B.  FLOWERLESS  OR  CRYPTOGAMOUS.    Plants  not  producing  flow-  rjna 

ers,  propagated  by  spores. 

With  many-jointed  stems  and  no  leaves,  except  the  united  scales  or 
teeth  that  form  a  sheath  or  ring  at  each  joint :  spore  cases  in  a 

terminal  head  or  spike HORSETAIL  F.    486 

With  ample  leaves  often  compound,  all  from  a  rootstock  or  trunk, 

and  bearing  the  minute  spore  cases — 

Herbage  circinate,  or  rolled  up  in  the  bud       .       ".        FERN  F.    486 
Herbage  erect  (not  rolled  up)  as  it  unfolds, 

ADDER'S  TONGUE  FERN  F.  501 

With  scale-shaped,  linear,  or  awl-shaped  and  wholly  simple  leaves 
thickly  set  on  the  leafy  stems :  spore  cases  in  the  axil  of  some 
of  them — 

Spores  all  of  one  kind        .     :  «...:  -.-     .        .    CLUB  MOSS  F.    501 
Spores  of  two  unlike  kinds       .       .       .       SELAGINELLA  F.    503 


APPARENT  EXCEPTIONS  TO  THE  CLASSIFICATORY  SCHEME. 


1.  Key  to  those  exogens  which  from  their  foliage  might  perhaps  be  mis- 
taken for  endogens. 
Pistils  indefinitely  numerous:  herbs,  polypetalous, 

(Myosurus  and  some  species  of  Ranunculus)  CROWFOOT  F.      34 
Pistils  3-12,  separate  — 

Leaves  peltate  or  round  heart-shaped :  aquatic,  polypetalous, 

WATER  LILY  F.      51 
Leaves  heart-shaped  :  marsh  plants,  apetalous,  also  destitute  of 

calyx PEPPER  F.    374 

Leaves  thick  and  fleshy:  polypetalous  or  some  few  monopeta- 

lous  :  flowers  completely  symmetrical  .        .     ORPINE  F.    170 
Pistil  one,  but  the  ovary  deeply  3-20-lobed  or  horned  and  style  sepa- 
rate :  leaves  thick  and  fleshy :  polypetalous, 

FIG  MARIGOLD  F.    199 
Pistil  one,  the  ovary  4-lobed,  and  sessile  stigmas  separate:  leaves 

slender:  aquatics WATER  MILFOIL  F.    175 

Pistil  one :  ovary  not  lobed :  polypetalous  — 

Petals  usually  very  numerous :  ovary  many-celled,  many-seeded : 

aquatics WATER  LILY  F.      51 

Petals  with  the  sepals  usually  very  numerous :  style  1 :  ovary 
1-celled.  many-ovuled :    fleshy,  leafless  plants, 

CACTUS  F.    195 
Petals  and  styles,  also  the  stamens  5:  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled, 

LEADWORT  F.    271 
Petals  5 :  styles  2  or  3 :  ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled,  free  from 

the  calyx :  leaves  opposite      .     (Dianthus,  etc.)  PINK  F.      73 
Petals  5 :  styles  2 :  ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled :  teeth  of  the  calyx  on 
its  summit :  leaves  alternate, 

(Eryngium,  etc.)  PARSLEY  F.    200 
Petals  5  or  3 :  style  only  one,  not  lobed — 

Calyx   free    from   the    1-celled     simple     ovary  :    stamens 
numerous 

(Acacias  with  phyllodia)  MIMOSA   SUBF.    122 
Calyx  adherent  to  the  several-celled  ovary :  stamens  8  or  10, 

MELASTOMA  F.    176 

Pistil  only  one,  both  as  to  ovary  and  style :  monopetalous  — 
Stamens  5:  style  3-cleft  at  the  apex :  pod  3-celled, 

POLEMONIUM  F.    295 
Stamens  4 :  style  and  stigma  one :  corolla  4-cleft,  dry  and  scari- 

ous:  pod  2-celled:  leaves  ribbed    .        .       PLANTAIN  F.    356 
Stamens  8  or  10 :  style  and  stigma  one :  corolla  becoming  dry 

and  scarious :  leaves  narrow         .       (Heaths)  HEATH  F.    262 
Pistil,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  an  open  scale,  or  none, 

GYMNOSPERMS,    476 


26  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

2.  Key  to  those  endogens  which  from  their  foliage  might  be  mistaken  for  PAOH 

ezogens. 

Flowers  spiked  on  a  spadix,  and  with  a  prominent  spa  the  ARUM  F.    457 
Flowers  not  on  a  spadix :  nistils  several  or  many :  calyx  and  corolla 

distinctly  different        .        .        .         WATER  PLANTAIN  F.    454 
.^lowers  not  on  a  spadix  :  pistil  only  one  — 

Calyx  coherent  with  the  ovary :  flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous — 
Terrestrial  plants,  twiners :  small  flowers  in  racemes,  spikes, 

or  panicles YAM  F.    430 

Aquatic  plants :  flowers  from  a  spathe   .        .    FROGBIT  F.    402 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary  — 

Aquatic  herbs :  flowers  more  or  less  irregular,  from  a  sort 

of  spathe PICKEREL  WEED  F.    452 

Terrestrial  herbs,  not  climbing :  anthers  2-celled 

(Trillium,  etc.)  LILY  F.    431 
Terrestrial  and  mostly  twining  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  tendrils 

on  the  petiole:  anthers  1-celled     .      SMILAX  SUBF.    431 


SIGNS  AND   EXPLANATIONS. 


THE  SIGNS  AND  ABBBEVIATIONS  employed  in  this  work  are  few.  The 
signs  are :  — 

(J)  for  an  annual  plant. 
(2)  for  a  biennial  plant. 
2i  for  a  perennial  plant. 

The  signs  for  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds  are  used  for  feet,  inches, 
and  lines,  the  latter  twelve  to  the  inch.  Thus  1°  means  a  foot  in  length 
or  height,  &c. ;  2',  two  inches  ;  6",  five  lines,  or  five-twelfths  of  an  inch. 

The  dash  between  two  figures,  as  5- 10  means  from  five  to  ten,  &c. 

The  character  oo  means  many. 

Fl.  stands  for  flowers  or  flowering. 

Cult,  stands  for  cultivated. 

Nat.  stands  for  naturalized. 

N.,  E.,  S.,  W.  stand  for  North,  East,  South,  and  West. 

The  geographical  abbreviations,  such  as  Eu.  for  Europe,  and  the  com- 
mon abbreviations  for  the  names  of  the  States,  need  no  particular  expla- 
nation. 

Species  printed  in  heavy-faced  Roman  type  are  indigenous  to  some 
part  of  our  territory  (the  U.  S.,  East  of  the  100th  meridian). 

Those  in  heavy-faced  Italic  type  are  not  indigenous  to  this  territory,  and 
they  exist  in  our  region  only  in  cultivation  or  as  introduced  weeds. 

The  species  and  varieties  in  SMALL  CAPITAL  ROHAN  LETTERS  are  hor- 
ticultural forms  or  hybrids.  When  in  parenthesis,  they  are  simply 
synonyms. 

Pronunciation.  —  In  accordance  with  the  usage  in  Gray's  botanies,  it 
is  intended  that  the  Latin  names  in  this  volume  shall  be  pronounced  after 
the  English  method.  The  accent  marks  designate  both  the  accentuation 
(or  most  emphatic  syllable),  and  the  length  of  the  vowel.  The  grave  (*) 
designates  a  long  vowel,  and  the  acute  (')  a  short  one.  The  letters  <n", 
like  to,  representing  the  Greek  ending  -oe£5ijs,  should  properly  be  pro- 
nounced separately.  If  the  i,  in  this  case,  is  the  penultimate  syllable 
(next  to  the  last) ,  it  should  be  pronounced  long,  as  in  prino-ides,  usneo- 
ides ;  but  if  it  is  the  antepenultimate  (third  syllable  from  the  end),  it  is 
pronounced  short,  as  rhomb o-idea.  In  names  derived  from  dioicus  and 
monoicus  (dioecious  and  monoecious),  oi  is  a  true  diphthong,  as  in  choice. 
27  » 


28  STATISTICS. 

The  diphthong  au  is  given  its  customary  English  sound.  The  pupil  should 
bear  in  mind  that  the  final  e  in  the  names  of  plants  should  always  be 
pronounced  (taking  the  sound  of  short  i),  as  in  officina-le,  vulga-re, 
commu-ne. 


STATISTICS   OF  THE   REVISION. 

Number  of  families        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .141 

Number  of  genera  . 1029 

Number  of  indigenous  species .       1784 

Number  of  extra-limital  species  (or  reputed  species)     .        .        .      1419 
Total  species 3203 

Making  a  total  gain  over  the  first  edition  of  82  genera  and  553  species. 


NOMENCLATIVE. 


THE  first  part  of  the  name  of  a  plant  designates  the  genus  to 
which  it  belongs,  or  is  generic;  the  second  part  belongs  to  the 
particular  species,  or  is  specific;  but  both  words  are  necessary 
for  the  designation  of  the  plant  or  species.  The  literature  of 
systematic  botany  is  so  voluminous,  however,  that,  in  order  to 
identify  the  plant  names  and  to  aid  in  tracing  them  to  their 
origins,  it  is  necessary  to  cite  the  author  of  the  name  along  with 
the  name  itself.  In  accordance  with  the  method  in  Gray's 
botanies,  this  author  is  understood  to  be  the  one  who  first  used 
the  two  names  together ;  that  is,  he  is  the  author  of  the  com- 
plete name  or  combination  and  not  necessarily  of  either  part 
of  it.  The  full  names  of  the  authors  most  frequently  cited  in 
this  book  are  here  given : 

ADANS.  —  Michel  Adanson,  1727-1806.     France. 

A.  DC.  —  Alphonse  De  Candolle,  1806-1893.     Switzerland.     (See  DC.) 

AIT.  — William  Aiton,  1731-1793.     England. 

AIT.  f.  —William  Townsend  Aiton,  the  son,  1766-1849.     England. 

ALL.  —Carlo  Allioni,  1725-1804.     Italy. 

ANDK.  —  Henry  C.  Andrews,  author  of  The  Botanist's  Repository  at  the 
opening  of  the  century.     England. 

ARN.  —  George  Arnold  Walker  Arnott,  1799-1868.     Scotland. 

BAKER.— John  Gilbert  Baker,  1834-        ,  keeper  of  the  Herbarium  of 
the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  England. 

BART.  —  William  P.  C.  Barton,  1787-1856.     Pennsylvania. 

BARTR.,  BARTRAM.  —  William  Bartram,  1739-1823.     Pennsylvania. 

BEAUV.  —  Ambroise  Marie  Francois  Joseph  Palisot  de  Beauvois,  1756- 
1820.    France. 

BECK  — Lewis  C.  Beck,  1798-1853.     New  York. 

BENTH.  —  George  Bentham,  1800-1884.     England. 

BENTH.  &  HOOK.  —  Bentham  (George)  and  Hooker  (J.  D.),  authors  of 
Genera  Plantarum.     England. 

BERNH.  —  Johann  Jacob  Bernhardi,  1774-1850.     Prussia. 

BIEB.  —  Friedrich  August  Marschall  von  Bieberstein,  1768-1826.     Ger- 
many. 

BIGEL.  —  Jacob  Bigelow,  1787-1879.     Massachusetts. 

BLUME  —  Karl  Ludwig  Blume,  1796-1862.     Holland. 

Boiss.  —  Edinond  Boissier,  1810-1886.     Switzerland. 

BOJER  —  W.  Bojer,  1800-1856,  author  of  a  Flora  of  Mauritius.     Austria. 

BRITTON  — Nathaniel  Lord  Britton,  Professor  in  Columbia  College.     New 
York. 

BRONG.  —  Adolphe  Theodore  Brongniart,  1801-1876.     France. 
29 


30  NOMENCLATURE. 

BUCKLEY  —  Samuel  Botsford  Buckley,  1809-1884.    United  States. 
BUNGE  —  Alexander  von  Bunge,  1803-1890.    Russia. 
CARR.  —  Elie    Abel  Carriere,   a  contemporaneous  botanist  and   horti- 
culturist.    France. 

CASS.  — Alexandre  Henri  Gabriel  Cassini,  Comte  de,  1781-1832.    France. 
CAT.  — Antonio  Jose1  Cavanilles,  1745-1804.     Spain. 

C.  DC.  —  Casimir  De  Candolle,  1836-        .    Switzerland.     (See  DC.) 
CERV. — Vicente  Cervantes,  1759(?)-1829.     Mexico. 

CHAM.  —  Adalbert  von  Chamisso  (poet  and  naturalist),  1781-1838.  Ger- 
many. 

CHAPM.  —  Alvan  Wentworth  Chapman,  a  contemporaneous  botanist  of 
Florida,  1809-  .  Massachusetts. 

CHOIS.  —  Jacques  Denys  Choisy,  1799-1859.     Switzerland. 

CURT.  — William  Curtis,  1746-1799.    England. 

CURTIS.  —  Moses  Ashley  Curtis,  1808-1873.    North  Carolina. 

DC.  — Augustin  Pyramus  De  Candolle,  1778-1841.  Switzerland.  Pro- 
jector of  the  Prodromus,  and  head  of  a  renowned  family.  Al- 
phonse  De  Candolle,  the  son,  and  Casimir  De  Candolle,  the  grandson, 
are  quoted  in  this  book. 

DECNE.  —Joseph  Decaisne,  1809-1882.    France. 

DESF. —  Rene1  Louiche  Desfontaines,  1750-1833.    France. 

DESV.  —  Augustin  Nicaise  Desvaux,  1784-1856.     France. 

DON  —  George  Don,  1798-1856.     England. 

D.  DON  — David  Don,  brother  of  George,  1800-1841.    Scotland. 
DONN  —  James  Donn,  author  of  Hortus  Cantabrigiensis.     England. 
DOUGLAS  —  David  Douglas,    1799-1834;   collector  in   N.    W.    America. 

Scotland. 

DUCHESNE  —  Antoine  Nicolas  Duchesne,  1747-1827.     France. 

DUMORT.  —  Barthfilemy  Charles  Dumortier,  1797-1878.     Belgium. 

DUNAL  — Michel  Felix  Dunal,  1789-1856.    France. 

EHRH.  — Friedrich  Ehfhart,  1742-1795.     Germany. 

ELL.  — Stephen  Elliott,  1771-1830.     South  Carolina. 

ELLIS— John  Ellis,  1711-1776.    England. 

ENGELM.  — George  Engelmann,  1809-1884.     Missouri. 

FEE  —  Antoine  Laurent  Apollinaire  F6e,  1789-1874.     France. 

FISCH.  —  Friedrich  Ernst  Ludwig  von  Fischer,  1782-1854.    Russia. 

FORST.  —  Johann  Reinhold  Forster,  1729-1798.  Germany.  (Also  Georg 
Forster,  the  son) . 

FRCEL.  —  Joseph  Aloys  Froelich,  1766-1841.    Germany. 

GAERTN.  —Joseph  Gaertner,  1732-1791.    Germany. 

GAUD.  — Charles  Gaudichaud-Beauprfi,  1789-1864.    France. 

GMEL.  —  Samuel  Gottlieb  Gmelin,  1743-1774.    Russia. 

GRAY  — Asa  Gray,  1810-1888.     Harvard  University.    Massachusetts. 

GRISEB.,  GRIS.  —  Heinrich  Rudolph  August  Grisebach,  1814-1879.  Ger- 
many. 

HASSK.  —  Justus  Karl  Hasskarl,  1811-        .    Germany. 

HAW.  —Adrian  Hardy  Haworth,  1772-1833.     England. 

HBK.  —  Friedrich  Alexander  von  Humboldt,  1796-1859.  Germany. 
Aim6  Bonpland,  1773-1858.  France.  Karl  Sigismund  Kunth, 
1788-1850.  Germany. 

HERB.  — William  Herbert,  1778-1847.     England. 

HOFFM.  — Georg  Franz  Hoffmann,  1761-1826.    Germany. 

HOOK.  —  William  Jackson  Hooker,  1785-1865.     England. 

HOOK.  f.  —  Joseph  Dalton  Hooker,  the  son,  1817-        .     England. 

HORT.  —  Used  to  designate  names  of  horticultural  or  garden  origin. 

JACQ. — Nicolaus  Joseph  Jacquin,  1727-1817.    Austria. 

Juss.  —  Antoine  Laurent  Jussieu,  1748-1836,  the  first  to  introduce  the 
natural  families  of  plants.  France. 


NOMENCLATURE.  31 

KBB— John  Bellenden  Ker  (or  Gawler)      ?    -1871.     England. 
KLATT  —  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Klatt,  a  contemporaneous  botanist.    Ger- 
many. 

KOCH  —  Karl  Koch,  1809-1879.     Germany. 
KUNTH  —  See  HBK. 
LAM. —Jean   Baptiste    Antoine   Pierre    Monnet    Lamarck,    1744-1829, 

author  of  the  Lamarckian  philosophy  of  organic  evolution.     France. 
LE  CONTE  —John  Eaton  Le  Conte,  1784-1860.     Pennsylvania. 
LEDEB.  —  Karl  Friedrich  von  Ledebour,  1785-1851.     Russia. 
LEHM.  —  Johann  Georg  Christian  Lehmann,  1792-1860.     Germany. 
LEM.  —  Charles  Lemaire,  1800-1871.     Belgium. 
L'HER.  —  C.  L.  L'Heritier  de  Brutelle,  1746-1800.    France. 
LINDEN  — J.  Linden,  1817-        .     Belgium. 
LINDL.  —John  Lindley,  1799-1865.    England. 
LINK  —  Heinrich  Friedrich  Link,  1767-1851.     Germany. 
LINN.  —  Carolus  Linnaeus  (Carl  von  Linne),  1707-1778,  the  "Father  of 

Botany,"  and  author  of  binomial  nomenclature.    Sweden. 
LINN,  f .  —  Carl  von  Linn6,  the  son,  1741-1783.    Sweden. 
LODD.  —  Conrad  Loddiges,  nurseryman  near  London,  in  the  early  part  of 

this  century. 
LOISEL. — Jean    Louis     Auguste  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,    1774-1849. 

France. 

LOUR.  —  Juan  Loureiro,  1715-1796,  Missionary  in  China.     Portugal. 
MARSH.  —Humphrey  Marshall,  1722-1801.    Pennsylvania. 
MAXIM.  —  Karl  Johann  Maximowicz,  1827-1891.     Russia. 
MEISN.  —  Karl  Friedrich  Meisner  (or  Meissner) ,  1800-1874.    Switzerland. 
MEY.  —  Ernst  Heinrich  Friedrich  Meyer,  1791-1851.     Prussia. 
MICHX.  —  Andrfe  Michaux,  1746-1802.    France,  but  for  ten  years  a  resident 

in  North  America. 

MICHX.  f.  —  Francois  Andrfe  Michaux,  the  son,  1770-1855.     France. 
MILL.  —  Phillip  Miller,  1691-1771.     Garden-author  of  Chelsea,  England. 
MIQ.  —  Friedrich  Anton  Wilhelm  Miquel,  1811-1871.     Holland. 
MOENCH  —  Kourad  Moench,  1744-1805.     Germany. 
MOQ.  —Alfred  Moquin-Tandon,  1804-1863.     France. 
MUHL.  —  Henry  Ludwig  Muhlenberg,  1756-1817.    Pennsylvania. 
MURR.  —  Johann  Andreas  Murray,  1740-1791.     Germany. 
NEES.  — Christian  Gottfried  Nees  von  Esenbeck,  1776-1858.     Prussia. 
NOTT.  —  Thomas  Nuttall,  1786-1859.     Massachusetts. 
ORTEGA,  ORT.  —  Casimiro  Gomez  Ortega,  1740-1818.     Spain. 
OTTO  —  Friedrich  Otto,  1782-1856.     Germany. 
PALL.  —  Peter  Simon  Pallas,  1741-1811,  professor  and  explorer  in  Russia. 

Germany. 

PAXT.  —  Joseph  Paxton,  1802-1865.    England. 
PERS.  —  Christian  Hendrick  Persoon,  1755-1837.     Germany. 
PLANCH.  —  Jules  Emile  Planchon,  Professor  at  Montpellier.     France. 
POIR.  —  Jean  Louis  Marie  Poiret,  1755-1834.    France. 
PRESL—  Karel  Boriwog  Presl,  1794-1852.     Bohemia. 
PCRSH  — Fredrick  T.  Pursh,  1774-1820.     Siberia,  but  for  twelve  years 

a  resident  in  the  United  States. 
RADDI  —  Giuseppe  Raddi,  1770-1829.     Italy. 
RAF.  —  Constantino  Samuel  Rafinesque- Schmaltz,  1784-1842,  Professor 

of  Natural  History  at  Transylvania  University,  Lexington,  Kentucky. 
R.  BR.  —  Robert  Brown,  1773-1858.     England. 

REICH.  —  Heinrich  Gottlieb  Ludwig  Reichenbach,  1793-1879.     Germany. 
RICH.  — John  Richardson,  1787-1865.    Scotland. 
RICHARD  —  Louis  Claude  Marie  Richard,  1754-1821.    France. 
RIDDELL  — John  Leonard  Riddell,  1807-1865,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in 

Cincinnati  and  New  Orleans.    Massachusetts. 


32  NOMENCLATURE. 

ROKM.— Johann  Jacob  Roemer,  1763-1819.  Switzerland.  Also  M.  J. 
Roemer. 

ROSCOE  —  William  Roscoe,  1753-1831.    England. 

ROXBG.  —  William  Roxburgh,  1769-1815.     India. 

Ruiz  &  PAV.  —  Hipolito  Ruiz  Lopez,  1764-1815,  and  Jos6  Pavon,  authors 
of  a  Flora  of  Peru  and  Chile.  Spain. 

RUPR.  —  Franz  J.  Ruprecht,  1814-1870.     Russia. 

SABINE  — Joseph  Sabine,  1770-1837.     England. 

SALISB. — Richard  Anthony  Salisbury,  1761-1829.     England. 

SCHLECHT. — Diedrich  Franz  Leonhard  von  Schlechtendal,  1794-1866. 
Germany. 

SCHRAD.  —  Heinrich  Adolph  Schrader,  1767-1836.    Germany. 

SCHW.,  SCHWEIN. — Lewis  David  von  Schweinitz,  1780-1834.  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SCOP.  — Johann  Anton  Scopoli,  1723-1788.    Italy. 

SIBTH.  —  John  Sibthorp,  1758-1796,  author  of  a  Flora  of  Greece.    England. 

SIEB.  &  Zucc.  —  Philipp  Franz  von  Siebold,  1796-1866,  and  Joseph  Ger- 
hard Zuccarini,  1797-1848.  Germany. 

SIMS  — John  Sims,  1792-1838.     England. 

SMITH  —  James  Edward  Smith,  1759-1828.    England. 

SOL.,  SOLAND.  —  Daniel  Solander,  1736-1782.     England. 

SPACH  — Eduard  Spach,  1801-1879.     France. 

SPRENG. — Kurt  Sprengel,  1766-1833.     Germany. 

STECD.  — Ernst  Gottlieb  Steudel,  1783-1856.    Germany. 

ST.  HIL.  —  Auguste  de  Saint-Hilaire,  1779-1853.     France. 

SWARTZ  —  Olof  Swartz,  1760-1818.     Sweden. 

SWEET  —  Robert  Sweet,  garden-author  of  the  early  part  of  the  century. 
England. 

THUNB.  —  Carl  Peter  Thunberg,  1743-1822.     Sweden. 

TORR.  —John  Torrey,  1796-1873.    New  York. 

TUCKM.— Edward  Tuckennan,  1817-1886.    Massachusetts. 

VAHL  — Martin  Vahl,  1749-1804.    Denmark. 

VEITCH  —  John  Gould  Veitch,  1839-1867,  and  successors,  horticulturists 
at  Chelsea,  England. 

VENT.  —  Etienne  Pierre  Ventenat,  1757-1808.     France. 

VILL.  —Dominique  Villars,  1745-1814.     France. 

WAHL. — Georg  Wahlenberg,  1780-1851.     Sweden. 

WALP.  —  Wilhelm  Gerhard  Walpers,  1816-1853.     Germany. 

WALT.  — Thomas  Walter,  about  1740-1788,  author  of  Flora  Caroliniana. 
South  Carolina. 

WANG.  —  Friedrich  Adam  Julius  von  Wangenheim,  1747-1800.    Germany. 

WATS.  —  Sereno  Watson,  1826-1892.  Harvard  University.    Massachusetts. 

WENDL.  — Johann  Christoph  Wendland,  1755-1828,  and  Hermann  Wend- 
land.  Germany. 

WILLD.  —  Karl  Ludwig  Willdenow,  1765-1812.     Germany. 

WITH.,  WITHBK.  —  William  Withering,  1741-1799.     England. 


SERIES  L 


FLOWERING   OR  PHJENOGAMOUS   PLANTS. 

Plants  bearing  true  flowers ;  that  is,  having  stamens  and 
pistils,  and  producing  seeds  containing  an  embryo. 


CLASS  I.    ANGIOSPERMS. 

Plants  having  a  closed  ovary  which  contains  the  ovules : 
includes  all  but  the  Pine  and  Cycas  families. 

SUBCLASS  I.    DICOTYLEDONS  (or  EXOGBNS). 

Distinguished  by  having  the  woody  strands  of  the  stem 
in  a  circle  around  a  pith ;  the  wood  often  increasing  by 
yearly  layers  when  the  stem  is  more  than  one  year  old ; 
the  embryo  with  a  pair  of  cotyledons  or  seed  leaves ; 
leaves  generally  net-veined;  parts  of  the  flower  seldom 
in  threes,  most  commonly  in  fives  or  fours.  See  Lessons, 
pp.  23,  139.  This  class  includes  all  our  ordinary  trees  and 
shrubs,  and  the  greater  part  of  our  herbs. 

I.    POLYPETALOUS   DIVISION. 

Includes  the  families  which  have,  at  least  in  some 
species,  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  with  the  petals 
not  united  with  each  other.  Yet  some  plants  of  almost  all 
these  families  have  apetalous  flowers,  and  in  some  species 
the  petals  are  more  or  less  united. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  o.  HOT.  —  3  33 


34  CBOWFOOT   FAMILY. 


L  EANTTNCULACK41,   CROWFOOT  FAMILY. 

Not  perfectly  distinguished  by  any  one  or  two  particular 
marks,  but  may  be  known,  on  the  whole,  by  having  numerous 
stamens,  and  usually  more  than  one  pistil,  all  the  parts  of  the 
flower  distinct,  and  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  The  calyx  is 
often  colored  like  a  corolla,  when  the  latter  is  wanting.  The 
bulk  of  the  seed  is  hard  albumen,  the  embryo  being  very  small. 
The  plants  are  herbs  with  an  acrid  watery  juice  (not  milky  or 
colored),  or  a  few  barely  shrubby.  Many  are  cultivated  for 
ornament. 

§  1.   Sepals  valvate,  or  with  their  edges  turned  inward  in  the  bud.    Petals  none,  o\ 
minute.    Leaves  opposite,  the  plants  mostly  climbing  by  their  leaf -stalks. 

1.  CLEMATIS.    Sepals  commonly  4,  sometimes  several,  petal-like. 

§  2.   Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Not  climbing,  nor  woody  except  in  22  and  one  of  21. 
*  Pistils  several  or  many  in  a  head,  ripening  into  l-seeded  akenes. 

+-  Petals  none;  sepals  petal-like. 

++  AH  but  lower  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  often  simulating  an  involucre.    Peduncles 
\-flowered. 

2.  ANEMONE.    Involucre  of  2  or  more  leaves  much  below  the  flower.    Pistils  very  many 

In  a  close  head  (or  fewer  in  one  species),  forming  pointed  or  tailed  akenes. 
8.  HEPATICA.    Involucre  close   to   the   flower,  exactly  imitating  a   3-leaved   calyx. 
Pistils  12-20. 

4.  ANEMONELLA.    Involucre  at  the  base  of  an  umbel  of  flowers.    Pistils  4-15. 

•H-  -M-  Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  in  panicles  or  corymbs. 

5.  THALICTEUM.    Leaves  2-3-ternately  compound  (Lessons,  Fig.  161). 

6.  TBAUTVETTEBIA.    Leaves  simple.    Flowers  perfect. 

+-  •»-  Petals  and  sepals  both  conspicuous,  5  or  more. 

7.  ADONIS.    Petals  and  sepals  with  no  pit  or  appendage  at  the  base.    Akenes  in  a  head 

or  short  spike. 

8.  MTOSURU8.    Sepals  with  a  spur  at  the  base  underneath.    Petals  on  a  slender  claw, 

which  is  hollow  at  its  apex.    Akenes  in  a  long,  tail-shaped  spike. 

9.  RANUNCULUS.    Sepals  naked.    Petals  with  a  little  pit  or  a  scale  on  the  short  claw. 

Akenes  in  a  head. 

*  *  Pistils  few,  rarely  single,  ripening  into  few-  to  many-seeded  pods  or  berries. 

+-  Ovules,  and  commonly  seeds,  more  than  2.    Herbs. 

•H-  flowers  regular,  not  racemose  ;  sepals  petal-like. 

•=  Petals  0  in  our  species. 

10.  ISOPTRUM.    Sepals  5,  broad,  white.    Leaves  compound. 

11.  OALTHA.    Sepals  5-9,  broad,  yellow.    Leaves  simple. 

>=  —  Petals  5  or  more  inconspicuous  nectar-bearing  bodies,  usually  very  much  smaller 

than  the  sepals. 
I  Leaves  palmately  parted  or  divided. 

12.  TEOLLIUS.    Petals  with  a  little  depression  near  the  base. 
18.   HELLEBORUS.    Petals  hollow  and  2-lipped. 

I 1  Leaves  distinctly  confound. 


CROWFOOT   FAMILY.  35 

14.  COPTI8.    Leaves  of  3  leaflets. 

15.  NIGELLA.    Leaves  finely  dissected. 

_  _  ,=  Petals  large  hollow  spurs  projecting  between  the  sepals. 

16.  AQUILEGIA.    Pistils  usually  5.    Leaves  compound. 

++++  Flowers  irregular  and  unsymmetrical,  racemose  orpanicled. 

17.  DELPHINIUM.    Upper  sepal  spurred. 

18.  ACONITUM.     Upper  sepals  In  the  form  of  a  hood  or  helmet. 

+*.++  T+  Flowers  regular,  racemose;  sepals  falling  when  the  flower  opens,  petal-like. 

19.  ACT-iEA.    Pistil  only  one,  becoming  a  berry.    Flowers  in  a  short  and  thick  raceme 

or  cluster. 

20.  CIMICIFUGA.    Pistils  1-S,  becoming  pods  In  fruit.    Flowers  In  long  racemes. 
+><_,.+++>  Flowers  very  large,  regular,  not  racemose;  sepals  herbaceous  and  per- 
sistent. 

21.  P-iEONIA.    Pistils  2  or  more,  becoming  leathery  pods. 

-•-•I-  Ovules  a  single  pair.    Flower  8  regular,  solitary,  or  in  compound  racemes.    Herbs 
or  shrubs. 

22.  XANTHORRHIZA.    Petals  5,  small   Little  pods  1-seeded.    Undershrnb,  with  yellow 

wood  and  roots. 
28.  HYDRASTIS.    Petals  none.    Fruit  berry-nke.    Low  perennial. 

1.  CLEMATIS,  VIRGIN'S  BOWER.  (The  Greek  name  of  a  climb- 
ing plant.)  Akenes  numerous,  in  a  head,  the  persistent  style  forming 
naked,  hairy,  or  plumose  tails  to  the  fruit.  Many  garden  hybrids  and 
forms.  If.  Ornamental  climbers,  with  somewhat  woody  stems ;  a  few 
are  erect  herbs.  (Lessons,  Figs.  278,  279,  378.) 

§1.  Flowers  solitary ;  climbers. 

*  Sepals  thin,  spreading,  6  or  more. 

C.  f!6rida,  Thunb.  Flowers  3'^'  across,  sepals  broad-ovate,  white, 
purplish,  or  with  a  purple  center  of  transformed  stamens  (var.  SIE- 
B6LDii)  ;  leaves  usually  twice  compound.  Japan. 

C.  lanugindsa,  Lindl.  Cult,  from  China.  Flowers  6'-10'  across, 
lavender.  Leaves  thick,  usually  simple  (rarely  ternate),  cordate,  acute, 
smooth  above,  hairy  below ;  buds  woolly. 

C.  JACKMANNI  of  gardens  is  a  hybrid  between  this  species  and  C.  Viti- 
cella. 

C.  patens,  Morr.  &  Dene.,  also  called  C.  c<ERtTLEA,  and  various 
names  for  varieties.  Flower  5'-7'  across,  with  6-9  or  more  oblong  or 
lance-shaped  sepals  of  various  colors ;  leaflets  simply  in  threes.  Japan. 

*  *  Sepals  thin,  spreading,  4  only. 

C.  verticiUiris,  DC.  Flowers  about  3'  across,  sepals  bluish-purple, 
acute  ;  leaflets  mostly  entire ;  akenes  with  feathery  tails.  Rocky  woods 
or  ravines  N.  and  in  mountainous  parts. 

C.  Viticella,  Linn.  VINE  BOWER  C.  From  Eu. ;  a  hardy  climber, 
with  flower  2 '-3'  across ;  the  widely  spreading  sepals  obovate,  either  pur 
pie  or  blue  ;  akenes  with  short,  naked  points. 

C.  orientalis,  Linn.  HEAVY-SCENTED  C.  Cult,  from  Central  Asia; 
flowers  yellow,  H'  across,  sepals  ovate,  bluntish;  long  and  feathery  tails 
to  the  akenes.  In  cult,  as  C.  GRAVEOLENS. 

*  *  *  Sepals  thick,  leathery,  erect. 

C.  Viorna,  Linn.  LEATHER  FLOWER.  Wild  from  Penn.  and  Mo.,  S., 
in  rich  soil ;  sepals  purple  or  purplish,  1'  long  or  more,  erect,  and  with  the 
narrow  tips  only  spreading  or  recurved ;  akenes  with  very  feathery  tails. 


36  CROWFOOT  FAMILY. 

C.  Pftcheri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Wild  from  S.  Ind.  to  Kans.  and  Tex., 
has  a  flower  much  like  the  preceding,  but  the  tails  of  the  akenes  are  fili- 
form and  naked,  or  slightly  hairy,  but  not  feathery. 

C.  crispa,  Linn.  Calyx  cylindraceous  below,  upper  part  bluish  ;  sepals 
with  broad,  thin  wavy  margins ;  tails  of  akenes  silky  or  smooth.  Va. 
and  S. ;  also  cult. 

§  2.  Flowers  solitary;  low,  erect  herbs. 

C.  ochroleuca,  Ait.  PALE  C.  Wild  from  Long  Island  S.,  but 
scarce  ;  has  ovate  silky  leaves  and  dull  silky  flowers  on  long  stalks ;  tails 
of  akenes  very  feathery. 

C.  Fremonti,  Wats.  Leaves  thick  and  often  coarsely  toothed ;  sepals 
purple,  woolly  on  the  edge  ;  tails  short,  hairy,  or  smooth.  Mo.  and  Kans., 
the  western  representative  of  the  preceding. 

§  3.  Flowers  small,  white,  panicled. 
*  Herbaceous,  erect. 

C.  rScfa,  Linn.  UPRIGHT  VIRGIN'S  BOWER.  3°-4°  high,  with  large 
panicles  of  white  flowers  in  early  summer ;  leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  ovate 
or  slightly  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire.  Eu. 

*  *  Woody,  climbing. 

C.  Flammula,  Linn.  SWEET-SCENTED  V.  Flowers  perfect,  with 
copious  sweet-scented  flowers  at  midsummer  in  small  and  rather  simple 
panicles ;  sepals  woolly  on  outside  near  the  edge  only ;  leaflets  3-6  or 
more  of  various  shapes,  often  lobed  or  cut. 

C.  Vit&lba,  Linn.  Flowers  perfect,  greenish- white ;  sepals  woolly  on 
both  surfaces  ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  5  ovate  leaflets.  S.  Eu. 

C.  Virginiana,  Linn.  COMMON  WILD  V.  Flowers  dioecious,  late  in 
summer ;  leaflets  3,  cut-toothed  or  lobed. 

C.  paniculata,  Thunb.,  from  Japan,  and  now  becoming  popular,  hardy 
N.,  has  large  panicles  of  small,  white,  fragrant,  perfect  flowers  in  mid- 
summer, and  3-7  small  mostly  cordate-ovate,  acute  leaflets. 

2.  ANEMONE,  ANEMONE,  WINDFLOWEB.  (Greek,  shaken  by 
the  wind,  because  growing  in  windy  places,  or  blossoming  at  the  windy 
season.)  #  Erect  herbs.  Sepals  4-20.  (Lessons,  Figs.  233,  343.) 

§  1.  Long  hairy  styles  form  feathery  tails  to  the  akenes.    Flowers  large, 
purple,  in  early  spring. 

A.  PulsatHla,  Linn.  PASQUE  FLOWER  of  Europe.  Cult,  in  some 
flower-gardens,  has  the  root-leaves  finely  thrice-pinnately  divided  or  cut ; 
otherwise  much  like  the  next. 

A.  patens,  var.  Nuttalliana,  Gray.  WILD  P.  Prairies,  HI.,  Mo.,  and 
N.  W.  The  handsome  purplish  or  whitish  flower  (l'-H'  across  when 
open),  rising  from  the  ground  on  a  low,  silky-hairy  stein  (3' -6'  high), 
with  an  involucre  of  many  very  narrow  divisions  ;  the  leaves  from  the 
root  appearing  later,  and  twice  or  thrice  ternately  divided  and  cut. 

§  2.  Short  styles  not  making  long  tails,  but  only  naked  or  hairy  tips. 

*  Cult,  species,  exotic,  with  tuberous  or  woody  rootstocks  and  very  large 
flowers. 

A.  coronaria,  Linn.  Leaves  cut  into  many  fine  lobes ;  sepals  6  or 
more,  broad  and  oval ;  and 

A.  hortSnsis,  Thor.,  perhaps  a  var.  of  preceding,  with  leaves  less  cut 
into  broader  wedge-shaped  divisions  and  lobes,  and  many  longer  and 
narrow  sepals,  are  the  originals  of  the  spring-flowered,  mostly  double  or 
semi-double,  GARDEN  ANEMONES  of  many  colors. 


CKOWFOOT   FAMILY.  37 

A.  Japdnica,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  2°-3°  high,  flowering  in  autumn  ;  flowers 
2'-3'  across,  rose-color  or  white ;  leaves  ternate,  the  leaflets  variously 
cut  and  toothed.  Hardy.  China. 

*  *  Wild  species,  smaller-flowered. 
•*-  Akenes  densely  woolly  and  very  numerous. 

-M.  Stems  single,  3'-6'  high,  from  a  small  tuber;  sepals  10-20 ;  involucre 
sessile. 

A.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Involucre  3-parted,  its  wedge-shaped  divi- 
sions 3-cleft,  purple  or  whitish.  N.  C.  west  to  111.  and  Neb.  May. 

•M--W-  Stems  branched,  2°-3°  high;   leaves  of  the  involucre  long-petioled, 
compound  ;  sepals  5,  small,  greenish-white,  silky  beneath. 

A.  cylindrica,  Gray.  LONG-FRUITED  A.  Involucre  several-leaved 
surrounding  several  long,  naked  peduncles ;  flowers  late  in  spring  (in  dry 
soil  N.  and  W.),  followed  by  a  cylindrical  head  of  fruit. 

A.  Virginiana,  Linn.  VIRGINIAN  A.  Involucre  3-leaved  ;  peduncles 
formed  in  succession  all  summer,  the  middle  or  first  one  naked,  the  others 
bearing  2  leaves  (involucel)  at  the  middle,  from  which  proceed  two  more 
peduncles,  and  so  on  ;  head  of  fruit  oval  or  oblong.  Common  in  woods 
and  meadows. 

H-  1-  Akenes  not  woolly,  fewer;  flower  1'  broad  or  more. 

A.  Pennaylvanica,  Linn.  PENNSTLVANIAN  A.  Stem  1°  high,  bearing 
an  involucre  of  3  wedge-shaped  3-cleft  and  cut  sessile  leaves,  and  a  naked 
peduncle,  then  2  or  3  peduncles  with  a  pair  of  smaller  leaves  at  their 
middle,  and  so  on  ;  flowers  white  in  summer.  (Lessons,  Fig.  233.)  Allu- 
vial ground,  N.  and  W. 

A.  nemor6sa,  Linn.  WOOD  A.  Stem  4'-10'  high,  bearing  an  invo- 
lucre of  3  long-petioled  leaves  of  3  or  5  leaflets,  and  a  single  short-pedun- 
cled  flower ;  sepals  white,  or  purple  outside.  Woodlands,  early  spring. 

3.  HEPATICA,   LIVERLEAF,   HEPATICA.     (Shape   of  the  leaves 
likened  to  that  of  the  liver.)     Among  the  earliest  spring  flowers. 
Stemless  low   ^,  with  3-lobed  leaves  and  1 -flowered  scapes.      The 
involucre  is  so  close  to  the  flower  and  of  such  size  and  shape  that  it  is 
most  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  a  calyx,  and  the  six  or  more  oblong, 
colored  sepals  for  petals. 

H.  trfloba,  Chaix.  ROUND-LOBED  H.  Leaves  with  3  broad  and 
rounded  lobes,  appearing  later  than  the  flowers,  and  lasting  over  the 
winter ;  stalks  hairy ;  flowers  blue,  purple,  or  almost  white.  Woods, 
common.  Full  double-flowered  varieties,  blue  and  purple,  are  cult,  from 
Eu.  Atlantic  to  Mo.  and  N. 

H.  acutiloba,  DC.  SHARP-LOBED  H.  Has  pointed  lobes  to  the 
leaves,  sometimes  5  of  them,  and  paler  flowers.  Passes  into  the  last; 
same  range. 

4.  ANEMONELLA,   RUE  ANEMONE.      (Name  diminutive  of  Ane- 
mone.)   Petals  0.     Sepals  5-10,  white.     Leaves  compound,  radical,  ex- 
cept the  involucral.     Akenes  8-10-ribbed.     Low,  smooth,  3/ 

A.  thalictroldes,  Spach.  RUE  ANEMONE.  Smooth  and  delicate,  some- 
what resembling  Wood  Anemone ;  stem-leaves  none,  except  those  that 
form  an  involucre  around  the  umbel  of  white  (rarely  pinkish)  flowers, 
appearing  in  early  spring ;  leaflets  roundish,  3-lobed  at  the  end,  long- 
stalked  ;  stigma  flat-topped,  sessile  ;  roots  clustered,  very  fleshy. 


38  CROWFOOT   FAMILY. 

5.  THALICTRUM,  MEADOW  RUE.     (Old  name  of  obscure  deriva- 
tion.)    (Lessons,  Fig.  161.)     ^[ 

*  Floicers  mostly  dioecious,  small,  in  loose  compound  panicles  ;  the  4  or  6 
sepals  falling  early ;  filaments  slender ;  stigmas  slender ;  akenes  sev- 
eral-grooved and  angled. 

T.  di6icum,  Linn.  EARLY  MEADOW  RUE.  Herb  glaucous,  l°-2° 
high ;  flowers  greenish  in  early  spring ;  the  yellowish  linear  anthers  of 
the  sterile  plant  hanging  on  long  capillary  filaments  ;  leaves  all  on  gen- 
eral petioles.  Rocky  woods. 

T.  polygamum,  Muhl.  TALL  M.  Herb  4°-8°  high  ;  stem-leaves  not 
raised  on  a  general  petiole ;  flowers  white  in  summer ;  anthers  oblong, 
blunt,  not  drooping ;  the  white  filaments  thickened  upwards.  Low  or 
wet  ground. 

T.  purpur£scens,  Linn.  PURPLISH  M.  Later,  often  a  little  downy, 
2°-4°  high  ;  stem-leaves  not  raised  on  a  general  petiole ;  flowers  greenish 
and  purplish ;  anthers  short-linear,  drooping  on  capillary  and  upwardly 
rather  thickened  filaments.  Dry  uplands  and  rocky  hills. 

*  *  Flowers  all  perfect,  corymbed ;  filaments  strongly  club-shaped  or  in- 

flated under  the  short  anther  ;  stigmas  short ;  akenes  long-stalked. 

T.  clav^tum,  DC.,  has  the  size  and  appearance  of  T.  dioicum ; 
flowers  white,  fewer,  appearing  in  June  or  July ;  mountains  southward. 

6.  TRAUTVETTERIA,  FALSE    BUGBANE.      (For    Trautvetter,    a 
Russian  botanist.)     One  species,  with  numerous  4-angled,  capitate,  in- 
flated akenes.     ]/ 

T.  palmita,  Fisch.  &  Meyer,  along  streams  of  S.  Central  States.  Stems 
2°-3°  high ;  root-leaves  large,  palmately  5-11-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  and' 
cut. 

7.  ADONIS.     (Adonis,  killed  by  a  wild  boar,  was  fabled  to  have  been 
changed  at  death  into  a  flower.)     Stems  leafy ;  leaves  finely  much  cut 
into  very  narrow  divisions.    Cult,  from  Europe  for  ornament. 

A.  cestivalis,  Linn.  ®  Stems  about  1°  high ;  flower  deep  crimson ; 
petals  flat,  half  longer  than  calyx. 

A.  autumnalis,  Linn.  PHEASANT'S  EYE  A.  ®  Near  1°  high,  stem  or 
its  branches  terminated  by  a  small  globose  flower  of  6-8  scarlet  or  crim- 
son petals,  concave,  commonly  dark  at  base,  scarcely  larger  than  sepals. 
Sparingly  naturalized. 

A.  vernalis,  Linn.  SPRING  A.  %  Stems  about  6'  high,  bearing  a 
large,  showy  flower  of  10-20  lanceolate,  light-yellow  petals  in  early  spring. 

8.  MYOSURUS,  MOUSETAIL  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek).    © 

M.  minimus,  Linn.  An  insignificant  little  plant,  wild  or  run  wild 
along  streams  from  Illinois  S.,  with  a  tuft  of  narrow  entire  root-leaves, 
and  scapes  l'-3'  high,  bearing  an  obscure  yellow  flower,  followed  by  tail- 
like  spike  of  fruit,  l'-2'  long  in  spring  and  summer. 

9.  RANUNCULUS,   CROWFOOT,   BUTTERCUP.     (Latin  name  for 
a  little  frog,  and  for  the  Water  Crowfoots,  living  with  the  frogs.)     A 
large  genus  of  plants,  wild  with  the  exception  of  the  double -flowered 
varieties  of  three  species  cult,  in  gardens  for  ornament.     (Lessons, 
Figs.  245,  341,  376,  377.) 


CROWFOOT   FAMILY.  39 

§  1.   Aquatic;  the  leaves  all  or  mostly  under  water,  and  repeatedly  dis- 
sected into  many  capillary  divisions  ;  flowering  all  summer. 
*  Petals  white,  or  only  the  claw  yellow. 

R.  circinatus.  Sibth.  STIFF  WATER  CROWFOOT.  Leaves  sessile,  stiff, 
and  rigid  enough  to  keep  their  shape  (spreading  in  a  circular  outline) 
when  drawn  out  of  water.  Rarer  than  the  next. 

R.  aquatilis,  var.  trichophyllus,  Gray.  WHITE  W.  Capillary  leaves 
petioled,  collapsing  into  a  tuft  when  drawn  out  of  the  water ;  petals  small, 
white,  or  yellow  only  at  the  base,  where  they  bear  a  spot  or  little  pit,  but 
no  scale  ;  akenes  wrinkled  crosswise.  Common. 

*  *  Petals  bright  yellow. 

R.  multffidus,  Pursh.  YELLOW  W.  Leaves  under  water,  much  like 
those  of  the  White  Water  Crowfoots,  or  rather  larger;  but  the  bright 
yellow  petals  1'  long,  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base. 

§  2.  Terrestrial,  many  in  wet  places,  but  naturally  growing  with  the  foliage 
out  of  water  ;  petals  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base,  yellow  in  all  the  wild 
species.  ^  ^.enes  striatej  ^  n-&&ed  down  the  sides.  © 

R.  Cymbalaria,  Pursh.  SEA  SIDE  CROWFOOT.  A  little  plant  of  sandy 
shores  of  the  sea  and  Great  Lakes,  etc.,  smooth,  with  naked  flowering 
stems  2'-6'  high,  and  long  runners ;  leaves  rounded  and  kidney-shaped, 
coarsely  crenate  ;  flowers  small  in  summer. 

*  *  Akenes  not  prickly  nor  bristly  nor  striate  on  the  sides.    If. 

t-  SPEARWORTS,  growing  in  very  wet  places,  with  entire  or  merely  toothed 

leaves,  all,  or  all  but  the  lowest,  lanceolate  or  linear  ;  flowers  all  summer. 

•W  Pistils  flattened,  pointed,  or  beaked. 

R.  ambigens,  Wats.  WATER  PLANTAIN  SPEARWORT.  Stems  ascend- 
ing, l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  oblong ;  flower  fully  ^ 
in  diameter ;  akenes  beaked  with  a  straight  and  slender  style.  Common. 

R.  Flammula,  Linn.  SMALLER  SPEARWORT.  Smaller  than  the  last, 
and  akenes  short-pointed ;  rare  N.,  but  very  common  along  borders  of 
ponds  and  rivers  is  the 

Var.  reptans,  Meyer,  or  CREEPING  S.,  with  slender  stems  creeping  a  few 
inches  in  length  ;  leaves  linear  or  spatulate,  seldom  1'  long ;  flower  only  J' 
broad.  ^  ^  Pistils  globular,  pointless.  Stems  not  rooting. 

R.  oblongifdlius,  Ell.  Diffusely  branched  above  and  many-flowered  ; 
leaves  serrate  or  denticulate ;  lower  ovate  or  oblong,  upper  linear.  HI., 
Mo.,  and  So.  States. 

R.  pusillus,  Poir.  Differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the  broader 
entire  leaves  ;  the  lower  round,  ovate,  or  heart-shaped,  upper  oblong  or 
lanceolate.  N.  Y.  and  S.  along  the  coast. 

1-  -i-  CROWFOOTS  in  wet  or  moist  places,  with  all  or  at  least  the  upper  leaves 

S-parted  or  divided. 

•M.  Soot-leaves  roundish,  crenate,  or  toothed,  but  not  lobed  or  cleft. 
R.  rhomboideus,  Goldie.    Hairy,  3'-8'  high ;  petals  large,  deep  yellow. 
Prairies,  Mich,  to  N.  111.,  Minn,  and  W. 

R.  abordvuB,  Linn.  Very  smooth  and  slender  (rarely  pubescent  = 
var.  micranthus} ,  6'-2°  high ;  petals  shorter  than  sepals,  pale  yellow. 
Very  common  in  shady  moist  places  in  spring. 

•w-  -t-t-  Hoot-leaves  variously  lobed,  cleft,  or  parted. 

=  Pistils  in  oblong  or  cylindrical  clusters. 

R.  affinis,  R.  Br.  Low  or  slender,  1°  high  or  less ;  root-leaves  pedately 
many-cleft ;  styles  recurved.  Iowa,  N.,  and  W. 


40  CROWFOOT  FAMILY. 

R.  sceleratus,  Linn.  CURSED  C.  So  called  because  the  juice  is  very 
acrid  and  blistering ;  very  smooth  ;  stem  thick  and  hollow ;  root-leaves  3- 
lobed  ;  styles  very  short,  straight.  In  water  or  very  wet  places. 

R.  Fennsylvinicus,  Linn.  f.  BRISTLY  C.  Bristly,  hairy,  coarse,  and 
stout,  2°-3°  high;  leaves  all  3-divided;  the  divisions  stalked,  again  3- 
cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed;  akenes  tipped  with  a  short  straight 
style.  Along  streams. 

=  =  Pistils  in  globular  clusters. 
II  Petals  small,  not  exceeding  the  sepals. 

R.  recurvatus,  Poir.  HOOK-STYLED  C.  Hairy,  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  all 
3-cleft  and  long-petioled,  with  broad,  wedge-shaped,  2-3-lobed  divisions ; 
akenes  with  long  recurved  styles.  Woods. 

||  ||  Petals  large,  bright  yellow,  much  exceeding  the  sepals.    (BUTTERCUPS.) 
o  Styles  long  and  attenuate,  stigmatose  only  at  tip. 

R.  fascicularis.  Muhl.  EARLY  B.  Low,  about  6'  high,  without  run- 
ners ;  roots  thickened ;  root-leaves  much  divided,  somewhat  pinnate ; 
petals  rather  narrow  and  distant ;  akenes  scarcely  edged,  slender- 
beaked.  On  rocky  hills  in  early  spring. 

R.  septentrioiialis.  Poir.  CREEPING  B.  Everywhere  common  in  very 
wet  or  moist  places,  flowering  in  spring  and  summer ;  variable ;  stem 
soon  ascending,  sending  out  some  prostrate  stems  or  runners  in  summer ; 
leaves  more  coarsely  divided  and  cleft  than  those  of  the  last;  petals 
obovate  ;  akenes  sharp-edged  and  stout-beaked. 

R.  bulbbsus,  Linn.  BULBOUS  B.  Stem  about  1°  high  from  a  solid  bul- 
bous base  nearly  as  large  as  a  hickory  nut ;  peduncles  grooved ;  calyx 
reflexed  when  the  very  bright  yellow  and  showy  large  corolla  expands  in 
late  spring.  Abundant  only  in  E.  New  Eng.  ;  rare  W. 

R.  acris.  Linn.  TALL  B.  Stem  2°-3°  high,  no  bulbous  base  ;  pedun- 
cles round,  not  grooved ;  calyx  only  spreading  when  the  lighter  yellow 
corolla  expands  in  summer.  Commoner  than  the  last,  except  E.  A  full 
double-flowered  variety  is  cult,  in  gardens,  forming  golden-yellow  balls 
or  buttons. 

o  o  Styles  awl-shaped,  stigmatose  along  the  inner  edge. 

R.  repens.  Linn.  CREEPING  B.  In  habit  and  foliage  like  R.  septen- 
trionalis  ;  leaves  frequently  white-variegated  or  spotted  ;  calyx  spreading, 
peduncles  grooved.  In  low  grounds,  E.  where  it  is  probably  nat.  from 
Eu. ;  native  W.  A  full  double  form  in  gardens. 

-i-  •«-  1-  GARDEN  RANUNCULUSES.  Besides  the  double  variety  of  fi. 
repens,  the  choice  Double  Ranunculuses  of  the  florist  come  from  the 
two  following :  — 

R.  Asidticus,  Linn.,  of  the  Levant ;  with  3-parted  leaves  and  flowers 
nearly  2'  broad,  resembling  Anemones,  yellow,  or  of  various  colors.  Not 
hardy  N. 

R.  aconitifdlius,  Linn.,  of  Eu.,  taller,  smooth,  with  5-parted  leaves,  and 
smaller  white  flowers,  the  full  double  called  FAIR  MAIDS  OF  FRANCE. 

10.  ISOP YRUM.  (Greek :  ancient  name  of  a  Fumaria. )  Sepals  petal- 
like,  deciduous ;  stamens  10-40 ;  pistils  3-6 ;  pods  2-several-seeded. 
^  Slender  and  smooth,  with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  leaf- 
lets 2-3-lobed.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal.  (Lessons,  Fig.  292. ) 

I.  bitematum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  O.  to  Minn,  and  S.  Much  like  Anemo- 
nella  in  general  appearance,  but  the  roots  are  fibrous,  and  tuberous- 
thickened  here  and  there. 


CKOWFOOT  FAMILY.  41 

11.  CALTHA,   MARSH  MARIGOLD.     (A  Latin  name  for  the  com- 
mon  Marigold.  ^      (Lessons,  Figs.  325,  392.)     TJ.     One   common  spe- 
cies N. 

C.  paliistris,  Linn.  MARSH  MARIGOLD,  wrongly  called  COWSLIP  in  the 
country.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  bearing  one  or  more  rounded  or  somewhat 
kidney-shaped,  entire  or  crenate  leaves,  and  a  few  flowers  with  showy 
yellow  calyx,  about  H'  across ;  followed  by  a  cluster  of  many-seeded 
pods.  Marshes  in  spring ;  young  plant  boiled  for  "greens." 

12.  TROLLIUS,    GLOBEFLOWER.      (German:    troll,    a    globe,   or 
something  round?)     Flower  large,  like  that  of  Caltha,  but  the  6-many 
sepals  not  spreading  except  in  our  wild  species ;  a  row  of  small  nectary- 
like  petals  around  the  stamens,  and  the  leaves  deeply  palmately  cleft  or 
parted.     ^     Flowers  spring. 

T.  laxus,  Salisb.  WILD  G.  Sepals  only  5  or  6,  spreading  wide  open, 
yellowish  or  dull  greenish-white ;  petals  very  small,  seeming  like  abor- 
tive stamens.  Swamps,  N.  H.  to  Del.  and  Mich.  Also  W. 

T.  Europceus,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  G,  Sepals  bright  yellow  (10-20),  or 
white,  broad,  and  converging  into  a  kind  of  globe,  the  flower  appearing 
as  if  semi-double  ;  petals  equaling  the  stamens.  Eu. 

T.  Asi&ticus,  Linn.  ASIATIC  G.  Like  the  last,  but  flower  rather  more 
open,  and  deep  orange,  yellow,  or  white ;  the  petals  longer  than  stamens. 
Siberia. 

13.  HELLEBORUS,   HELLEBORE.     (Old  Greek  name  of  unknown 
meaning.)    TJ.    Sepals  5,  persistent,  enlarging,  and  becoming  green  after 
flowering.    European  plants,  with  pretty,  large  flowers,  in  early  spring. 

H.  viridis,  Linn.  GREEK  H.,  has  stems  near  1°  high,  bearing  1  or  2 
leaves  and  2  or  3  pale  yellowish-green  flowers  ;  run  wild  in  a  few  places  E. 

H.  nlger,  Linn.  BLACK  H.,  the  flower  called  CHRISTMAS  ROSE  (because 
flowering  in  warmer  parts  of  England  in  winter),  has  single  large  flowers 
(2'-3'  across,  white,  turning  pinkish,  then  green),  on  scapes  shorter  than 
the  shining  evergreen  leaves  in  earliest  spring.  Garden  varieties  are  more 
commonly  cult,  than  the  species. 

14.  COPTIS,   GOLDTHREAD.     (Greek :  to  cut,  from  divided  leaves.) 
1J.    Sepals  &-7,  deciduous.     The  only  common  species  is 

C.  trif61ia,  Salisb.  THREE-LEAVED  G.  A  delicate  little  plant  in  bogs 
and  damp  cold  woods  N.,  sending  up  early  in  spring  single  white  flowers 
(smaller  than  those  of  Wood  Anemone)  on  slender  scapes,  followed  by 
slender-stalked  leaves  of  three  wedge-shaped  leaflets ;  these  become 
bright-shining  in  summer,  and  last  over  winter.  The  long,  slender,  bright 
yellow,  underground  stems  are  used  as  a  popular  medicine. 

15.  NIGELLA,  FENNEL  FLOWER.     (Name  from  the  black  seeds.) 
(D    Garden  plants  from  Eu.  and  Orient;  stems  leafy;  the  5  ovaries 
united  below  into  one  5-styled  pod.     Seeds  large,  blackish,  spicy.   One 
species  has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  spice  or  pepper. 

N.  Damascene,  Linn.  COMMON  F.  or  RAGGED  LADY.  LOVE-IN-A- 
MIST.  Flower  bluish,  rather  large,  surrounded  and  overtopped  by  a 
finely  divided,  leafy  involucre,  like  the  other  leaves;  succeeded  by  a 
smooth,  inflated,  5- celled  pod  in  which  the  lining  of  the  cells  separates 
from  the  outer  part. 


42  CROWFOOT   FAMILY. 

16.  AQUTLEQIA,  COLUMBINE.  (From  Latin  aquilegus,  water- 
drawing,  of  obscure  application.)  ^  Well-known  ornamental  herbs, 
flowering  in  spring  and  early  summer,  with  erect  or  dropping  flowers  of 
various  colors.  Sepals  5,  colored  ;  petals  5,  each  produced  into  a  long, 
slender,  straight,  or  hooked  spur;  pistils  5,  forming  narrow  pods. 
Leaves  ternately  compound  or  decompound.  The  species  are  much 
modified  by  cultivation,  and  garden  forms  are  rarely  typical.  Often, 
but  erroneously,  called  HONEYSUCKLE. 

*  Corolla  with  long  straight  spurs  ;  North  American  species. 
•*-  Flowers  pendulous,  the  spurs  therefore  ascending,  often  red. 

A.  Canade'nsis,  Linn.  WILD  C.  Flowers  about  2'  long,  scarlet  and 
orange,  or  light  yellow  inside,  the  petals  with  a  very  short  lip  or  blade, 
and  stamens  projecting.  Common  on  rocks. 

A.  Skinneri,  Hook.  MEXICAN  C.,  is  taller,  later,  and  considerably  larger- 
flowered  than  the  last,  the  narrower  acute  sepals  usually  tinged  greenish ; 
otherwise  very  similar. 

A.  truncata,  Fisch.  &  Meyer  (also  known  as  A.  CALiF6RNicA  and  A. 
ExfMiA),  from  California  is  l°-2°  high,  with  red,  yellow-tinged  flowers 
l'-2£'  across,  spreading  or  reflexed  sepals,  and  petals  truncate  with  a  very 
short  limb  ;  spurs  A'-f '  long,  thick,  and  blunt. 

A.   formdsa,    Fischer.      Flower  carmine-red  or  scarlet,   spurs  about 
equaling  the  wide-spreading  sepals,  only  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
roundish  yellow  blade,  the  limb  of  the  petals  longer  than  in  the  last,  and 
extending  upwards  on  the  outer  side.     Rocky  Mountains, 
•i-  -i-  Flowers  erect  or  becoming  so,  never  red. 

A.  ccerulea,  James.  LONG-SPURRED  C.,  native  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
has  blue  and  white  flowers,  the  ovate  sepals  often  U',  the  very  slender 
spurs  2'  long,  the  blade  of  the  petals  (white)  half  the  length  of  the  (mostly 
blue)  sepals,  spreading. 

A.  chrysdntha,  Gray,  from  New  Mex.  and  Ariz.,  has  bright  yellow 
flowers,  the  sepals  lance-oblong  and  about  equaling  the  blade  of  the 
petals;  spurs  long  (2|'-3')' 

*  »  Corolla  with  hooked  or  incurved  spurs;  Old  World. 

A.  vulgaris,  Linn.  COMMON  GARDEN  C.  Common  in  gardens,  l°-3°  high, 
many-flowered ;  spurs  rather  longer  than  the  blade  or  rest  of  the  petal ; 
pods  pubescent.  Flowers  varying  from  blue  to  purple,  white,  etc.,  greatly 
changed  by  culture,  often  full  double,  with  spur  within  spur,  sometimes 
all  changed  into  a  rosette  of  plane  petals  or  sepals. 

A.  glandulbsa,  Fischer.  GLANDULAR  C.  A  choice  species,  6'-l°  high, 
with  fewer,  very  showy  deep  blue  flowers,  the  blade  of  the  petals  white  or 
white-tipped  and  twice  the  length  of  the  short  spurs  ;  pods  and  summit 
of  the  plant  glandular-pubescent. 

A.  Siblrica,  Lam.  SIBERIAN  C.  Equally  choice  with  the  last,  and  like 
it ;  but  the  spurs  longer  than  the  mostly  white-tipped  short  blade,  as  well 
as  the  pods,  etc.,  smooth. 

17.  DELPHINIUM,  LARKSPUR.  (Latin :  dolphin,  alluding  to  the 
shape  of  the  flower.)  The  familiar  and  well-marked  flower  of  this 
genus  is  illustrated  in  wessons,  Figs.  239-241 ;  the  seed  in  Figs.  421,  422. 

*  Annuals;  petals  2,  united;  pistil  1 ;  the  leaves  finely  and  much  divided; 

flowers  summer  and  fall. 

D.  Consdtida,  Linn.  FIELD  L.  Escaped  sparingly  into  roadsides  and 
fields,  flowers  scattered  on  the  spreading  branches,  blue,  varying  to  pink 
or  white;  pod  smooth.  Eu. 


CROWFOOT   FAMILY.  48 

D.  Ajacis,  Linn.  ROCKET  L.  More  showy  in  gardens,  and  with  simi- 
lar flowers  crowded  in  a  long  close  raceme,  and  downy  pods  ;  spur  shorter  ; 
some  marks  on  the  front  of  the  united  petals  were  fancied  to  read  AIAI 
=  Ajax.  Eu. 

*  *  Perennials,  with  4  separate  petals  and  2-5,  mostly  3,  pistils. 
-t-  Flowers  deep  blue  to  white  ;  cultivated. 

D.  grandiflbrum,  Linn.  GREAT-FL  L.  (Known  also  as  D.  CHINENSE  and 
D.  SINEXSE).  l°-2°high,  leaves  cut  into  narrow  linear  divisions  ;  flowers 
!£'  or  more  across  ;  sepals  ample,  oval  ;  the  2  lower  petals  rounded  and  en- 
tire. Various  in  color,  also  double-flowered  ;  summer.  Siberia  and  China. 

D.  cheil&nthum,  Fischer,  commonly  still  larger-flowered,  with  lower 
petals  also  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  the  mostly  downy  leaves  have  fewer  and 
lanceolate  or  wedge-lanceolate  divisions  ;  is  now  much  modified  by  culti- 
vation. D.  FORM6suM,  SHOWY  L.,  is  one  of  the  various  garden  forms. 
Summer.  Siberia. 

D.  elatum,  Linn.  BEE  LARKSPUR,  from  Eu.  ,  is  very  tall  and  somewhat 
pubescent,  with  leaves  5-7-cleft,  and  the  long  divisions  lobed  or  toothed  ; 
flowers  many  in  a  long  wand-like  raceme,  the  lower  petals  2-cleft  and 
yellowish  bearded  ;  spur  curved. 

•*-  i-  Flowers  deep  blue  to  white;  indigenous. 

D.  exaltatum,  Ait.  TALL  WILD  L.  2°-6°  high  ;  leaves  deeply  3-6- 
cleft,  the  divisions  narrow,  wedge-form,  or  wedge-oblong,  diverging 
3-cleft  at  apex  ;  flowers  and  panicled  racemes  hoary  or  downy  ;  spur 
straight  ;  pods  erect  ;  summer.  Perm.,  W.  and  S. 

D.  azureum,  Michx.  AZURE  L.  Often  downy,  l°-3  high0,  with  narrow 
linear  divisions  to  the  leaves,  and  a  spike-like  raceme  of  rather  small 
flowers  in  spring  ;  sepals  and  2-cleft  lower  petals  oblong  ;  spurs  curved 
up  ;  pods  erect.  Var.  with  full  double  flowers  in  gardens  ;  summer. 
Wis.  to  Dak.  and  S. 

D.  tric6rne,  Michx.  DWARF  WILD  L.  6'-3°  high,  from  a  branched 
tuberous  root  ;  leaves  with  broadly  linear  lobes  and  a  loose  raceme  of  few 
or  several  rather  large  showy  flowers  in  spring  ;  sepals  and  cleft  lower 
petals  oblong  ;  pods  strongly  diverging.  Open  woods  from  Penn.,  W.  and  S. 

+-  -t-  •«-  Flowers  scarlet  and  yellow  ;  cult,  from  California. 

D.  nudicatife,  Torr.  &  Gray.  l°-2°high,  few-leaved,  leaves  deeply  cleft 
into  obovate  or  wedge-shaped  divisions  ;  racemes  loose  ;  pedicels  2'-4'  long. 

18.  ACONITUM,  ACONITE,  WOLFSBANE,  MONKSHOOD.  (An- 
cient name.)  ^  Root  thick,  tuberous,  or  turnip-shaped,  a  virulent 
poison,  and  used  as  medicine.  Leaves  palmately  divided  or  cleft  and 
cut-lobed.  Flowers  showy.  The  large  upper  sepal  from  its  shape  is 
called  the  hood  or  helmet.  Under  it  are  two  long-stalked,  queer  little 
bodies  which  answer  for  petals.  (Lessons,  Figs.  242-244.)  Flowers 
in  summer. 


A.  uncinatum,  Linn.  WILD  A.  or  MONKSHOOD.  Stem  slender,  3°-6°, 
erect,  but  weak  and  inclined  to  climb  ;  leaves  cleft  or  parted  into  3-5 
ovate  or  wedge-lanceolate,  cut-toothed  lobes  ;  flowers  loosely  panicled, 
blue  ;  the  roundish  helmet  nearly  as  broad  as  high,  its  pointed  visor 
turned  down.  Low  grounds  from  Penn.,  S.  and  W. 

A.  reclinatum,  Gray.  TRAILING  WOLFSBANE.  Smooth,  stems  trailing  ; 
leaves  deeply  3-7-cleft  ;  flowers  wfiite  ;  helmet  soon  horizontal,  elongated 
conical.  Allegheny  Mountains,  S. 


44  CROWFOOT  FAMILY. 

*  *  Leaves  divided  to  very  base. 

A.  variegatum,  Linn.  VARIEGATED  A.  Erect,  l°-6°  high;  leaves 
divided  into  rather  broad-lobed  and  cut  divisions;  flowers  in  a  loose 
panicle  or  raceme,  blue  and  often  variegated  with  white,  or  whitish  ;  the 
helmet  considerably  higher  than  wide,  its  top  curved  forward,  its  pointed 
visor  ascending  or  horizontal.  Eu. 

A.  Napellus,  Linn.  TRUE  MONKSHOOD  or  OFFICINAL  ACONITE,  from 
Eu.  Erect,  3°-4°  high,  from  a  turnip-shaped  root ;  divisions  of  leaves 
2-3  times  cleft  into  linear  lobes ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  close  raceme,  blue 
(also  a  white  variety)  ;  helmet  broad  and  low. 

A.  Anthora,  Linn.  Erect,  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  very  finely  divided  into 
linear  lobes ;  crowded  flowers  yellow ;  helmet  broad,  rather  high.  Eu. 
Various  garden  forms. 

19.  ACTJBA,  BANEBERRY.     (Greek  name  of  the  Elder,  from  some 
likeness  in  the  leaves.)     ^     Flowers  in  spring,  ripening  the  berries 
late  in  summer ;  growing  in  rich  woods.     Leaflets  of  the  thrice-ternate 
leaves  ovate,  sharply  cleft,  and  cut-toothed. 

A.  apicata,  var.  rtibra,  Ait.  RED  BANEBERRY.  Flowers  in  a  very 
short,  ovate  raceme  or  cluster,  on  slender  pedicels  ;  berries  red. 

A.  cilba.  Bigel.  WHITE  BANEBERRY.  Taller  than  the  other,  smoother, 
and  flowering  a  week  or  two  later,  with  an  oblong  raceme  ;  pedicels  in 
fruit  very  thick,  turning  red,  the  berries  white. 

20.  dMICIPUOA,  BUGBANE.     (Latin:  to  drive  away  bugs.)     H 
Like  baneberry,  but  tall,  with  very  long  racemes  (l°-3°),  and  dry  pods 
instead  of  berries  ;  flowers  in  summer. 

C.  Americana,  Michx.  AMERICAN  B.  Slender,  2°-4°  high  ;  pistils  5, 
with  slender  style  and  minute  stigma ;  pods  raised  from  the  receptacle 
on  slender  stalks,  flattish,  containing  few  scaly-coated  seeds.  Alleghanies 
from  Perm.,  S.  ;  flowers,  late  summer. 

C.  racemdsa,  Nutt.  TALL  B.  or  BLACK  SNAKEROOT.  Stem  with  the 
long  raceme  4°-8°  high ;  pistil  mostly  single,  with  a  flat-topped  stigma ; 
short  pod  holding  2  rows  of  horizontally  flattened  seeds.  Rich  woods. 

21.  F-SJONIA,  PEONY.      (Ancient  name,  after  a  Greek  physician, 
Paeon.")  y.   Well-known  large-flowered  ornamental  plants,  cult,  from  the 
Old  World.  A  fleshy  disk  at  the  base  of  the  2  or  more  pistils  which  form 
leathery  pods  in  fruit.   Seeds  large,  rather  fleshy-coated.  Leaves  ternately 
decompound.   Roots  thickened  below.    Known  in  old  gardens  as  PINEY. 

*  Herbs  with  single-flowered  stems  in  spring,  and  downy  pods. 

P.  officinalis,  Retz.  COMMON  P.  Very  smooth,  with  large,  coarsely  divided, 
green  leaves  ;  the  great  flowers  red,  white,  etc.,  single  or  very  double. 

P.  peregrlna,  Mill.,  including  P.  PARADOXA.  Leaves  glaucous  and 
more  or  less  downy  beneath,  and  smaller  flowers  than  the  last,  rose-red, 
etc.,  generally  full  double,  with  the  petals  cut  and  fringed. 

P.  tenuifdlia,  Linn.  SLENDER- LEAVED  P.  Low,  with  early  crimson 
red  flowers,  and  narrow  linear  divisions  to  the  leaves.  Siberia. 

*  »  Herbs  with  several-flowered  stems  in  summer,  and  smooth  pods. 

P.  albiflbra,  Pall.  WHITE-FL.  or  FRAGRANT  P.,  or  CHINESE  P.  Very 
smooth,  about  3°  high,  with  bright  green  foliage,  and  white  or  rose-colored, 
often  sweet-scented,  rather  small  flowers,  single,  also  double,  and  with 
purple  varieties. 


MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.  46 

»  *  *  Shrubby  ;  flowers  in  spring  and  early  summer. 

P.  Moutan,  Sims.  TREE  PEONY  of  China.  Stems  2°-3°  high ;  leaves 
pale  and  glaucous,  ample  ;  flowers  very  large  (6'  or  more  across),  white 
with  purple  base,  or  rose-color,  single  or  double  ;  the  disk,  which  in  other 
species  is  a  mere  ring,  in  this  forms  a  thin  fleshy  sac  or  covering,  inclosing 
the  5  or  more  ovaries,  but  bursting  and  falling  away  as  the  pods  grow. 

22.  XANTHORRHIZA,  SHRUB  YELLOWROOT.    (Greek:  yellow, 
root.)     Only  one  species. 

X.  apiif61ia,  L'Her.  A  shrubby  plant,  l°-2°  high,  with  deep  yellow 
wood  and  roots  (used  by  the  Indians  for  dyeing),  pinnate  leaves  of  about 
5  cut-toothed  or  lobed  leaflets,  and  drooping  compound  racemes  of  small, 
dark  or  dull  purple  flowers  in  early  spring,  followed  by  little  1-seeded 
pods  ;  grows  in  damp,  shady  places.  Penn.,  to  N.  Y.,  and  Ky.  ;  S.  along 
the  mountains. 

23.  HYDRASTIS,  ORANGEROOT,  YELLOW  PUCCOON,  GOLDEN 

SEAL.     (Name  of  no  application.)     2/ 

H.  Canadensis,  Linn.  Low,  sending  up  in  early  spring  a  rounded  5- 
7-lobed  root-leaf,  and  a  stem  near  1°  high,  bearing  1  or  2  alternate, 
smaller  leaves  above,  just  below  the  single  small  flower.  The  3  greenish 
sepals  fall  from  the  bud,  leaving  the  many  white  stamens  and  little  head 
of  pistils ;  the  latter  grow  pulpy  and  produce  a  crimson  fruit  resembling  a 
raspberry.  Rich  woods  from  New  York,  W.  and  S. 

IL   MAGNOLIACRffi,  MAGNOLIA  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  aromatic  bitter  bark,  bud-scales  formed 
of  stipules  (Lessons,  p.  66,  Figs.  179,  180),  simple  mostly 
entire  alternate  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers ;  the  similar  sepals 
and  petals  (rarely  0)  on  the  receptacle  in  three  or  more  rows  of 
three,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  pistils  2-5,  or  numerous,  the  car- 
pels cohering  and  covering  the  elongated  receptacle,  forming  a 
sort  of  cone  in  fruit ;  stamens  numerous,  with  adnate  anthers 
(Lessons,  p.  101,  Fig.  293)  ;  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  carpel ; 
embryo  small. 

I.  Stipules  forming  the  bud-scales,  and  falling  early. 
Flowers  perfect  and  large,  or  smaller  and  dioecious  in  No.  3. 

1.  LIKIODENDRON.     Sepals  S,  reflexed.      Corolla  bell-shaped,  of  6  broad,  greenish- 

orange  petals.  Stamens  almost  equaling  the  petals,  •with  slender  filaments,  and 
long  anthers  opening  outwards.  Carpels  thin  and  scale-form,  closely  packed  over  each 
other,  dry  in  fruit,  and  after  ripening  separating  and  falling  away  from  the  slender 
axis ;  the  wing-like  portion  answering  to  style  ;  the  small  seed-bearing  cell,  at  the  base 
and  indehiscent.  Leaf-buds  flat ;  stipules  free  from  the  petiole. 

2.  MAGNOLIA.    Sepals  3.    Petals  6  or  9.    Stamens  short,  with  hardly  any  filaments ; 

anthers  opening  inwards.  Carpels  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit  and  forming  a  red  or  rose- 
colored  cone,  each  when  ripe  (in  autumn)  splitting  down  the  back  and  discharging  1  or 
2  coral-red,  berry-like  seeds,  which  hang  on  extensile  cobwebby  threads.  Stipules 
united  with  the  base  of  the  petiole,  falling  as  the  leaves  unfold. 

3.  CERCIDIPHYLLUM.    Calyx  and  corolla  0.   Stamens  many,  filaments  capillary.  Piatik 

stalked,  forming  2-6  narrowly  oblong  follicles.    Seeds  numerous. 


46  MAGNOLIA  FAMILY. 

II.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  not  very  large,  perfect  or  dioe- 
cious. Two  Southern  plants  which  have  been  made  the  repre- 
sentatives of  as  many  small  orders. 

4.  ILLICIUM.    Flowers  perfect.    Petals  9-80.    Stamens  many,  separate.    Pistils  several 

•in  one  row,  forming  a  ring  of  almost  woody  little  pods. 

5.  SCHIZANDRA.     Flowers  monoecious.    Petals  mostly  6.      Stamens  5,  united  into  a 

disk  or  button-shaped  body,  which  bears  10  anthers  on  the  edges  of  the  5  lobes. 
Pistils  many  in  a  head,  which  lengthens  into  a  spike  of  scattered  red  berries. 

1.  LIRIODENDRON,   TULIP  TREE  (which  is  the  meaning  of  the 
name  in  Greek). 

L.  Tulipifera,  Linn.  A  tall,  very  handsome  tree  in  rich  soil,  com- 
monest W.,  where  it,  and  the  light  and  soft  lumber  (much  used  in  cabi- 
net-work), is  called  WHITE-WOOD,  and  erroneously  POPLAR  and  WHITE 
POPLAR  ;  planted  for  ornament ;  flowers  late  in  spring,  yellow  with  green- 
ish and  orange.  Leaves  with  2  short  side-lobes,  and  the  end  as  if  cut  off. 

2.  MAGNOLIA.     (Named  for  Magnol,  professor  of  botany  at  Mont- 
pellier  in  17th  century.)    Some  species  are  called  UMBRELLA  TREES 
from  the  way  the  leaves  are  placed  on  the  end  of  the  shoots ;  others, 
CUCUMBER  TREES  from  the  appearance  of  the  young  fruit.     (Lessons, 
Figs.  179,  348-355.) 

*  Native  trees  of  this  country,  often  planted  for  ornament;  flowers  appear- 
ing after  the  leaves. 

•«-  Leaves  all  scattered  along  the  branches  ;  leaf-buds  silky. 
•M-  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen  (in  the  second  only  so  at  S.~). 

M.  grandifl6ra.  Linn.  GREAT-FLOWERED  MAGNOLIA  of  S.,  half-hardy 
in  the  Middle  States.  The  only  perfectly  evergreen  species ;  splendid 
large  tree  with  coriaceous  oblong  or  obovate  leaves,  shining  above,  mostly 
rusty  beneath  ;  the  flowers  very  fragrant,  white,  6'-9'  broad,  in  spring. 

M.  glauca.  Linn.  SMALL  or  LAUREL  M.,  SWEET  BAY.  Wild  in  swamps 
N.  to  New  Jersey,  Penn.,  and  E.  Mass. ;  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  oval, 
broadly  lanceolate,  obtuse  leaves,  glaucous  beneath,  and  globular,  white, 
and  very  fragrant  flowers  (2'-3'  wide)  in  summer. 

•«•  •«•  Leaves  thin,  deciduous. 
=  Green  beneath. 

M.  acuminata.  Linn.  CUCUMBER  TREE.  Wild  from  Western  N.  Y. 
to  111.  and  S.  ;  a  stately  tree,  with  the  leaves  thin,  green,  oblong,  acute 
at  both  ends,  and  somewhat  downy  beneath,  and  oblong-bell-shaped  pale 
yellowish-green  flowers  (2'  broad),  late  in  spring. 

=  =  Whitish,  downy,  or  glaucous  beneath. 

M.  cordata,  Michx.  YELLOW  CUCUMBER  M.  of  Georgia,  hardy  even 
in  New  England  ;  like  the  last,  but  a  small  tree  with  the  leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  seldom  cordate  ;  flowers  lemon-yellow. 

M.  macrophylla,  Michx.  GREAT-LEAVED  M.  of  the  S.,  nearly  hardy 
N.  to  Mass.  A  small  tree,  with  leaves  very  large  (2°-3°  long),  obovate- 
oblong  with  a  cordate  base,  downy  and  white  beneath,  and  an  immense 
open,  bell-shaped  flower  (8'-12'  wide  when  outspread),  somewhat  fra- 
grant in  early  summer ;  petals  ovate,  white,  with  a  purple  spot  at  the 


MAGNOLIA  FAMILY.  47 

•»-  •*-  Leaves  crowded  in  an  umbrella-like  cluster  ;  leaf-buds  smooth. 

M.  Umbrella,  Lam.  UMBRELLA  TREE  (also  called  M.  TRIPETALA). 
Wild  in  S.  Perm,  and  southward.  A  low  tree,  with  the  leaves  smooth 
and  green  both  sides,  obovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  l°-2° 
long,  surrounding  a  large  white  flower,  in  spring ;  the  petals  4'-5'  long, 
obovate-lanceolate  and  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base;  the  ovate-oblong 
cone  of  fruit  showy  in  autumn,  rose-red,  4'-5'  long. 

M.  Fraseri,  Walt.  EAR-LEAVED  UMBRELLA  TREE  (also  called  M. 
AURIC  L-LATA).  Wild  from  Virginia  S.,  hardy  as  the  last,  and  like  it; 
but  a  taller  tree,  with  the  leaves  seldom  1°  long  and  auricled  on  each 
side  at  the  base,  the  white  obovate-spatulate  petals  more  narrowed  below 
into  a  claw ;  cone  of  fruit  smaller. 

*  *  Chinese  and  Japanese  species ;  flowers  appearing  before  the  obovate 
leaves. 

M.  consplcua,  Salisb.  YULAN.  A  small  tree,  with  very  large  white 
flowers  ;  petals  6-9,  obovate ;  leaves  pointed,  downy  when  young.  Half- 
hardy  in  N.  States. 

M.  SOULANGEANA  is  probably  a  hybrid  of  this  with  M.  obovata,  more 
hardy,  and  the  petals  tinged  with  purple. 

M.  NORBEBTIA.NA,  a  like  hybrid,  has  darker  flowers  and  slenderer 
habit. 

M.  8PEci6sA,  probably  of  like  parentage,  blooms  a  week  later  than  M. 
Soulangeana,  and  has  more  durable,  somewhat  smaller  and  lighter  colored 
flowers: 

M.  LENNEI,  offshoot  of  M.  obovata  or  hybrid  with  it,  has  very  showy 
flowers,  purple  outside  and  pearl-colored  within. 

M.  obovata,  Thunb.  (or  M.  PURPUREA).  PURPLE  M.  A  shrub  (6°  high), 
the  showy  flowers  pink-purple  outside,  white  within  ;  leaves  dark  green, 
tapering  gradually  to  petiole ;  petals  9,  obovate.  Japan,  hardy  N. 

M.  ste/lata,  Maxim,  (or  M.  HALLL\NA).  A  small  tree ;  flowers  white ; 
petals  about  15,  linear-oblong  ;  leaves  varying  to  elliptic.  Japan. 

M.  Kobus,  DC.  (or  M.  THURBERI),  is  a  small  bushy  tree,  with  leaves 
broadest  at  the  top  and  green  below ;  and  very  early,  blush-white,  fra- 
grant flowers.  Japan. 

3.  CERCIDIPHYLLUM.      (Cercis-leaved,  from  the  resemblance  of 
the  foliage  to  that  of  the  Red  Bud.)    Two  large  trees  hi  Japan,  one  of 
which  is  now  becoming  popular  in  this  country  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

C.  Jap6nicum,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Leaves  round  heartrshaped,  or  some- 
what kidney-shaped,  with  3-6  main  veins,  crenate,  glaucous  beneath. 
Tree  fastigiate  ha  shape. 

4.  ILLICIUM,  STAR  ANISE.     (Latin :  to  entice.)    Shrubs,  aromatic, 
especially  the  bark  and  pods,  with  evergreen  oblong  leaves. 

I.  Floridanum,  Ellis.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;  petals  20-80,  narrow- 
widely  spreading,  dark  purple,  the  flowers  about  1'  hi  diameter.  Shrub 
6°-10°,  far  S. 

I.  parvifldrum,  Michx.,  S.,  sometimes  cult.,  has  lanceolate  leaves,  6- 
12,  ovate  or  roundish,  yellow  petals,  and  smaller  flowers. 

5.  SCHIZANDRA.     (Greek:  cut-stamens.} 

S.  coccinea,  Michx.,  a  twining  shrub  of  S.  States,  scarcely  aro- 
matic, with  thin  ovate  or  oblong,  alternate,  deciduous  leaves,  and  small 
crimson-purple  flowers  in  spring. 


48  MOONSEED   FAMILY. 


EL    ANONACKE,  CUSTARD  APPLE    FAMILY, 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  3  sepals  and  6  petals  in  2  sets,  each 
set  valvate  in  the  bud,  and  many  short  stamens  on  the  recep- 
tacle, surrounding  several  pistils,  which  ripen  into  pulpy  fruits 
containing  large  and  flat  bony  seeds.  Embryo  small;  the 
albumen  which  forms  the  bulk  of  the  kernel  appears  as  if  cut 
up  into  small  pieces.  No  stipules. 

1.  ASIMINA,  PAPAW  of  TJ.  S.  (From  the  Indian  name,  asstmtn.) 
Petals  greenish  or  yellowish,  becoming  dark  purple  as  they  enlarge ; 
the  3  inner  small.  Pistils  few  in  the  center  of  the  head  of  anthers, 
making  one  or  more  large,  oblong,  pulpy  fruits,  sweet  and  edible. 
Flowers  solitary,  in  early  spring. 

A.  triloba,  Dunal.  COMMON  PAPAW.  Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate ;  flower  1'-1J'  wide ;  fruit  yellowish,  3'-6'  long.  A  shrub  or  small 
tree  ;  wild  W.  and  S.,  and  sometimes  planted. 

A,  parvifldra,  Dunal.  SMALL-FLOWERED  P.  Leaves  oblong-obovate, 
abruptly  pointed ;  petals  greenish-purple,  twice  as  long  as  sepals  ;  flower 
J'  wide  j  fruit  few-seeded.  Shrub  2°-6°  high.  Fla.  to  N.  C.  and  W. 

IV.   MENISPERMACHE,   MOONSEED  FAMILY. 

Woody  twiners,  with  small  dioecious  flowers ;  their  sepals 
and  petals  much  alike,  and  one  before  the  other  (usually  6 
petals  before  as  many  sepals)  ;  as  many  or  2-3  times  as  many 
stamens;  and- 2-6  pistils,  ripening  into  1-seeded  little  stone- 
fruits  or  drupes ;  the  stone  curved,  commonly  into  a  wrinkled 
or  ridged  ring.  Leaves  palmate  or  peltate ;  no  stipules. 

1.  COCCULTJS.    Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  each  6.    Pistils  8-6. 

2.  MEXISPERMUM.    Sepals  and  petals  6-8.    Pistils  2-4  in  fertile  flowers.    Stamens,  in 

sterile  flowers,  12  or  more.    (Lessons,  Figs.  231,  232,  296.) 
8.  CALYCOCABPCTM.  Petals  0.  Sepals  6,  petal-like.  Pistils  3.  Stamens  in  sterile  flowers,12. 

1.  COCCULTTS.     (Latin :  a  little  berry.)     Flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 
C.  Carolinus,.DC.    CAROLINA  C.     Somewhat  downy;   leaves  ovate 

or  heart-shaped,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed ;  flowers  greenish  in  summer ; 
fruits  red,  as  large  as  peas.    From  Virginia,  S.  and  W. 

2.  MENISPERMUM,  MOONSEED.    (Greek :  moon,  seed.)   Stamens 
as  long  as  sepals ;  anthers  4-celled ;  drupe  globular,  with  a  crescent  or 
ring-like  wrinkled  stone ;  flowers  in  axillary  panicles. 

M.  Canadense,  Linn.  Almost  smooth ;  leaves  peltate  near  the  edge ; 
flowers  white  in  late  summer ;  fruits  black,  looking  like  small  grapes. 

3.  CALYCOCARPUM,  CUPSEED.     (Greek :   cup,  fruit.)     Anthers 
2-celled  ;  flowers  greenish-white  in  long  racemose  panicles. 

C.  Ly6ni,  Nutt.  Climbing  high  ;  leaves  large,  thin,  3-5-lobed,  cordate 
at  base  ;  fruit  globular,  1'  diameter,  black.  Ky.  and  S.  111.  to  Kans.  and  S. 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.  49 


V.  BERBERIDACRffi,   BARBEKKY  FAMILY. 

Flowers  perfect,  a  petal  before  each  sepal,  and  a  stamen 
before  each  petal,  anthers  opening  lengthwise  or  by  a  pair  of 
valves  like  trap-doors,  hinged  at  the  top  (Lessons,  p.  103,  Fig. 
308),  pistil  single,  simple.  (But  No.  1  has  monoecious  flowers ; 
No.  7  has  numerous  stamens ;  6  and  7  have  more  petals  than 
sepals.)  Commonly  bracts  or  outer  sepals  behind  the  true 
ones.  All  blossom  in  spring  or  early  summer. 

*  Woody  twiner  ;  flowers  imperfect ;  berry  many-seeded. 

1.  AKEBIA.    Flowers  purple  in  few-flowered  axillary  racemes  ;  petals  0 ;  leaves  digitate, 

of  about  5  leaflets. 

*  »  Woody,  erect ;  flowers  perfect ;  berry  few-seeded. 

2.  BEEBERIS.    Flowers  yellow  or  reddish  tinted,  in  racemes  ;  petals  with  two  deep  colored 

spots  at  the  base.  Leaves  simple,  or  simply  pinnate.  Wood  and  inner  bark  yellow. 
Leaves  with  sharp,  bristly  or  spiny  teeth. 

8.  NANDINA.    Flowers  white,  in  panicles ;  anthers  opening  lengthwise.    Leaves  twice  or 
thrice  pinnate. 

*  *  *  Perennial  herbs. 

+-  With  1  to  3  twice  or  thrice  ternately  compound  leaves. 

4.  EPIMEDIUM.    Stamens  4.    Petals  4  hollow  spurs  or  hoods.     Pod  several-seeded. 

Leaflets  with  bristly  teeth. 

5.  CAULOPHTLLUM.    Stamens  6.    Petals  6  broad  and  thickish  bodies  much  shorter 

than  the  sepals.  Ovary  bursting  or  disappearing  early,  leaving  the  two  ovules 
to  develop  into  naked,  berry-like,  or  rather  drupe-like,  spherical  seeds  on  thick 
stalks. 

•t-  -i-  With  simply  2-9-parted  leaves,  and  solitary  white  flowers  ;  sepals  falling  when  the 
blossom  opens.    Seeds  numerous,  parietal.    Pistils  rarely  more  than  one. 

6.  JEFFEESONIA.    Flower  on  a  scape,  rather  preceding  the  2-parted  root-leaves.    Petals 

(oblong)  and  stamens  mostly  8.  Fruit  an  ovate  pod,  opening  by  a  cross-line  half-way 
round,  the  top  forming  a  conical  lid.  Seeds  with  an  aril  on  one  side. 

7.  PODOPHTLLUM.    Flower  in  the  fork  between  the  two  peltate  5-9-parted  leaves ;  root- 

leaf  single  and  peltate  in  the  middle,  umbrella-like.  Petals  6-9,  large  and  broad.  Sta- 
mens usually  12-18.  Fruit  an  oval,  large,  and  sweet,  edible  berry  ;  the  seeds  imbedded 
in  the  pulp  of  the  large  parietal  placenta. 

1.  AKEBIA.     (Japanese :   Akebi.}    Flowers  monoecious ;  sepals  3,    $ 
flowers ;   stamens  6,   9  flowers ;  carpels  3-9,  ripening  (only  occasion- 
ally) into  oblong,  purplish,  mottled  berries  (4'-6')>  which  split  open,  dis- 
closing the  black  seeds. 

A.  quinata,  Decne.  Leaflets  6,  oval  or  obovate,  notched  at  end,  nearly 
or  quite  evergreen.  An  excellent  hardy  climber.  Flowers,  spring. 
Japan. 

2.  BERBERIS.    BARBERRY.     (Medieval  Latin  name.)     The  2  sec- 
tions have  sometimes  been  regarded  as  distinct  genera.     (Lessons,  Fig, 
308.) 

GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  BOX.  —  4 


50  BARBERRY   FAMILY. 

§  1.  TRUE  BARBERRY,  with  apparently  simple  (really  compound  with  1 
leaflet  as  shown  by  the  joint  in  the  short  petiole)  leaves  clustered  in  the 
axil  of  branched  spines. 

*  Flowers  in  axillary    racemes;   leaves  bristly   or   spiny-toothed,    not 
pinnate. 

B.  vulgaris,  Linn.  COMMON  B.  A  shrub  with  drooping,  many -flowered 
racemes,  and  entire  petals,  and  oblong,  red,  and  sour  berries  ;  leaves  obo- 
vate-oblong.  The  triple  or  multiple  spines  answer  to  leaves  of  the  shoot 
of  the  previous  season.  (Lessons,  p.  63,  Fig.  171.)  Naturalized  in  New 
Eng.,  planted  and  occasionally  spontaneous  elsewhere.  There  are  cult, 
forms  with  fruits  of  divers  colors  and  purple  foliage. 

B.  Canadensis,  Pursh.,  wild  in  mountains  from  Virginia,  S.,  is  a  low 
bush,  with  few-flowered  racemes  ;  repandly -toothed  and  less  bristly  leaves  ; 
petals  notched  at  the  top ;  and  oval  red  berries.  Probably  not  in  com- 
mercial cult.,  the  plant  sold  under  this  name  being  B.  vulgaris. 

*  *  Flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs;  leaves  entire. 

B.  TftunbSrgii,  DC.  A  low  Japanese  shrub ;  leaves  i'-l'  long  ;  flowers 
on  slender  stalks,  hardly  longer  than  the  small  obovate  leaves  ;  sepals  red, 
and  petals  often  tinged  with  red  :  berries  bright  red.  Foliage  becomes  red 
in  fall. 

§  2.  MAHONIA,  with  pinnate,  evergreen  leaves  and  clustered  racemes  of 
early  spring  flowers  ;  berries  blue  or  black  with  a  bloom.  Planted  for 

*  Leaflets  broad  or  rounded. 

B.  Aquifblium,  Pursh.  HOLLY  B.  or  MAHONIA  from  Oregon,  etc.,  rises 
to  3°-4°  high ;  leaflets  ovate  to  oblong-taper-pointed,  5-9,  shining,  finely 
reticulated. 

B.  repens,  Lindl.  CREEPING  or  Low  M.,  OREGON  GRAPE,  is  more 
hardy,  rises  only  1°  or  less,  and  has  ovate,  acute  (not  taper-pointed), 
usually  fewer,  pale  or  glaucous  leaflets.  Rocky  Mountains. 

B.  nervbsa,  Pursh.  (or  B.  GLUM\CEA).  Has  husk-like,  long,  and  pointed 
bud-scales  at  the  end  of  the  stems,  which  rise  only  a  few  inches  above 
the  ground  ;  leaflets  11-21,  along  the  strongly  jointed  stalk,  lance-ovate, 
several-ribbed  from  the  base.  Also  from  Oregon. 

*  *  Leaflets  distinctly  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

B.  Nepalensis,  Spreng.  (B.  JAP6NICA  of  gardens).  Tall,  rising  fully 
6°  high,  the  rigid  leaflets  (5-25)  obovate-oblong  and  repand-toothed,  with 
only  3  or  4  strong  spiny  teeth  on  each  side.  India  to  Japan. 

B.  Fortune!,  Lindl.  A  dwarf  species  from  China,  the  foliage  turning 
red  in  the  fall ;  leaflets  5-9,  narrowly  lanceolate  and  acuminate,  with  nu- 
merous shallow  spiny  teeth. 

3.  NANDINA.     (From  the  Japanese  name.)     A  single  species. 

N.  domestica,  Thunb.  Cult,  in  cool  greenhouses,  etc.,  from  Japan; 
very  compound  large  leaves ;  the  panicle  of  globular  red  berries  of  the 
size  of  peas,  more  ornamental  than  the  blossoms. 

4.  EFIMEDIUM,    BARRENWORT.      (Old  Greek  name  of  uncertain 
meaning.)     Hardy.     ^     Low  herbs,  with  neat  foliage  ;  cult,  for  orna- 
ment; petals  4  hollow  spurs  or  hoods;  pods  several-seeded. 

E.  a/plnum,  Linn.,  odd-looking  small  flowers  in  panicles,  the  yellow 
petals  not  larger  than  the  reddish  sepals.  Cent.  Ea. 


WATER   LILY  FAMILY.  51 

E.  macr&nthum,  Morr.  &  Decne.  LAKGE-FLOWEBED  B.,  with  similar 
foliage,  has  large  white  flowers  with  very  long-spurred  petals.  Japan. 
Several  garden  varieties  are  cult. 

5.  CAULOPHYLLUM,     BLUE     COHOSH,     PAPPOOSE     BOOT. 

(Greek :  stem,  leaf;  the  stem  seeming  to  form  a  stalk  for  the  great 

leaf.)     A  single  species.    2/ 

C.  thalictroldes,  Michx.,  with  usually  only  1  stem-leaf,  and  that 
close  to  the  top  of  the  naked  stem,  and  thrice  ternate,  but,  having  no 
common  petiole,  it  looks  like  3  leaves ;  and  there  is  a  larger  and  more 
compound  radical  leaf,  with  a  long  petiole.  Albumen  horny,  the  in- 
tegument forming  a  thin  blue  pulp.  Glabrous  (glaucous  while  young) 
from  thick,  knotty,  matted  rootstocks.  In  rich  woods,  commoner  W. 

6.  JEFFERSONIA,   TWINLEAF.     (For  Thomas  Jefferson.")     11 

J.  diphylla,  Pers.,  sometimes  called  RHEUMATISM  ROOT.  Rich  woods, 
W.  and  S.,  sometimes  cult.  ;  the  pretty  white  flower  and  the  leaves  both 
long-stalked  from  the  ground,  appearing  in  early  spring. 

7.  PODOPHYLLUM,    MAY    APPLE,    or    MANDRAKE.     (Greek: 

foot,  leaf,  the  5-7 -parted  leaf  likened  to  a  webbed-foot.)     (Lessons,  Fig. 

326.)     "21 

P.  peltitum,  Linn.  Flower  white,  !£'  broad ;  fruit  ovoid,  l'-2'  long, 
slightly  acid,  edible  ;  but  the  leaves  and  long  running  root-stocks  drastic 
and  poisonous.  Rich  woods,  common. 

VI.   NYMPREACE^l,  WATER   LILY  FAMILY. 

Aquatic,  perennial  herbs,  from  strong,  horizontal  rootstocks, 
with  the  leaves  which  float  on  the  surface  of  the  water  or  rise 
above  it  mostly  peltate  or  roundish  heart-shaped  (dissected 
and  immersed  in  No.  1),  their  margins  in-rolled  in  the  bud, 
long-petioled ;  axillary  1-flowered  peduncles ;  sepals  and  petals 
hardly  ever  5,  the  latter  usually  numerous  and  imbricated  in 
many  rows.  The  genera  differ  so  widely  in  their  botanical 
characters  that  they  must  be  described  separately.  One  of 
them  is  the  famous  Amazon  Water  Lily,  VICTORIA  REGIA,  with 
floating  leaves,  3  feet  or  more  in  diameter,  and  the  magnificent 
flowers  almost  in  proportion ;  while  the  dull  flowers  of  Water- 
Shield  are  only  half  an  inch  long. 

§  1.  Sepals  and  petals  eachSor4.    Stamens  andpieMe  18  or  leas,  the  latter  1^-seeded. 
Flowers  small. 

1.  CABOMBA.    Sepals  and  petals  8,  the  latter  oval  and  short-clawed.    Stamens  8-6,  with 

extrorse  anthers.  Pistils  2-^,  with  8  pendulous  ovules.  Immersed  slender  plants, 
with  mostly  opposite  or  verticillate,  finely  dissected  leaves,  or  a  few  floating,  linear, 
oblong,  and  peltate  ones.  Flowers  single,  on  long  axillary  peduncles. 

2.  BEASENIA.    Sepals  and  petals  each  8  or  4,  narrow,  and  much  alike,  dull  purple,  linear. 

Stamens  12-18,  with  innate  anthers.  Pistils  4-18,  forming  tndehiscent,  1-8-seeded 
pods.  All  the  parts  separate  and  persistent  Ovule*  commonly  on  the  dorsal  Butur*. 
Embryo,  etc.,  as  in  Water  Lily. 


52  WATER   LILY   FAMILY. 

§  2.  Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  in  several  rows  and  passing  into  each  other.  Sta- 
mens many.  Pistils  several,  each  sunken  in  the  obconical  and  nearly  flat-topped 
receptacle,  the  imbedded  nut-like  fruits  appearing  like  seeds  in  separate  open 
cells. 

8.  NELUMBO.  Upper  part  of  the  receptacle  enlarged  into  a  top-shaped  body,  bearing  a 
dozen  or  more  ovaries,  each  tipped  with  a  flat  stigma  and  separately  immersed  in  as 
many  hollows.  (Lessons,  p.  113,  Fig.  362.)  In  fruit  these  form  1-seeded  nuts,  resem- 
bling small  acorns.  The  whole  kernel  of  the  seed  is  embryo,  a  pah-  of  fleshy  and  fari- 
naceous cotyledons  inclosing  a  plumule  of  2  or  3  rudimentary  green  leaves. 
§3.  Sepals  4-6.  Petals  and  stamens  numerous  in  many  rows.  Pistil  1,  compound. 

4.  NYMPH^EA.    Sepals  4,  green  outside.    Petals  numerous,  many  times  4,  passing  some- 

what gradually  into  the  numerous  stamens  (Lessons,  p.  S4,  Fig.  228) ;  both  organs 
grow  attached  to  the  globular  many-celled  ovary,  the  former  to  its  sides  which  they 
cover,  the  latter  borne  on  its  depressed  summit.  Around  a  little  knob  at  the  top  of 
the  ovary  the  numerous  stigmas  radiate  as  in  a  poppy-head,  ending  in  long  and  narrow 
incurved  lobes.  Fruit  like  the  ovary  enlarged,  still  covered  by  the  decaying  persistent 
bases  of  the  petals ;  numerous  seeds  cover  the  partitions.  Ripe  seeds  each  in  an  aril- 
ras,  or  bag,  open  at  the  top.  (Lessons,  p.  126,  Fig.  418.)  Embryo,  like  that  of  Nelumbo 
on  a  very  small  scale,  but  inclosed  in  a  bag,  and  at  the  end  of  the  kernel,  the  rest  of 
which  is  mealy  albumen. 

5.  NTJPHAK.    Sepals  usually  6  or  5,  partly  green  outside.    Petals  many  small  and  thickish 

bodies  inserted  under  the  ovary  along  with  the  very  numerous  short  stamens.  Ovary 
naked,  truncate  at  the  top,  which  is  many-rayed  by  stigmas,  fleshy  in  fruit ;  the  inter- 
nal structure  as  in  Nymphsea,  only  there  is  no  arillus  to  the  seeds. 

1.  CABOMBA.     (Name  aboriginal  ?) 

C.  Caroliniana,  Gray.  Flowers  6"-8"  broad  on  long  axillary  stalks, 
with  yellow  spots  at  base  of  petals.  Ponds,  S.  111.  and  S. 

2.  BRASENIA,  WATER  SHIELD.  (Name  unexplained.)  One  species. 

B.  peltata,  Pursh.  In  still,  rather  deep  water;  stems  rising  to  the 
surface,  slender ;  leaves  2'-3'  long,  long-petioled ;  flowers  small,  produced 
all  summer. 

3.  NELUMBO.     (The  Ceylonese  name  for  N.  Indica.) 

N.  Ifctea,  Pers.  YELLOW  N.  or  WATER  CHINQUAPIN.  S.  Conn,  (in- 
troduced by  Indians  perhaps)  to  Lake  Ont.,  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  and  S. 
Flower  pale  dull  yellow,  5'-8'  across  ;  anthers  hook-tipped  ;  leaf  and 
flower-stalks  sparsely  warty  roughened.  The  leaves  are  very  large  (1°- 
2°  across)  and  centrally  peltate,  with  an  ascending  limb,  and  raised  high  out 
of  the,  water. 

N.  Indica,  Pers.  (or  NELCMBIOM  spECi6suM),  FALSE  LOTUS,  SACRED 
BEAN  of  the  Orient,  now  commonly  cult.,  has  pink  flowers  and  blunt 
anthers,  and  the  high  flower  and  leaf-stalks  studded  with  prickly  warts. 

4.  NYMFHJEA,  WATER  LILY,  POND  LILY.     (Dedicated  to  the 
water  nymphs.)     Long  prostrate  rootstocks,  often  as  thick  as  one's 
arm,  send  up  floating  leaves  (rounded  and  with  a  narrow  cleft  nearly 
or  quite  to  the  petiole)  and  large  handsome  flowers,  produced  all  sum- 
mer ;  these  close  in  the  afternoon  ;  the  fruit  ripens  under  water. 

*  White-flowered ;  native  in  N.  States. 

N.  odorata.  Ait.  WHITE  W.  Flower  very  sweet-scented,  white,  or 
sometimes  pinkish,  rarely  pink-red,  variable  in  size,  2'-6'  broad ;  petals 
obtuse  ;  leaves  2'-9'  broad  ;  seeds  oblong ;  rootstocks  with  few  and  per- 
sistent branches.  Common  hi  still  or  slow  water,  especially  E. 


PITCHER   PLANT  FAMILY.  53 

N.  renifdrmis,  DC.  (or  N.  xuBER6sA).  Flower  nearly  scentless 
(its  faint  odor  like  that  of  apples),  pure  white,  4'-9'  in  diameter ;  petals 
proportionately  broader  and  blunter ;  leaves  8'-15'  wide ;  seeds  almost 
globular;  rootstock  bearing  copious  tubers  like  "artichokes,"  attached 
by  a  narrow  neck  and  spontaneously  separating.  W.  N.  Y.  and  Penn., 
Mich,  and  W.,  probably  also  in  S.  States. 

*  *  Flowers  colored;  exotic  or  southern. 

N.  stel/ata,  Willd.  (or  N.  CCERULEA),  BLUE  W.,  cult,  in  aquaria ;  a  ten- 
der species,  with  crenate-toothed  leaves,  and  blue  or  bluish  sweetrscented 
flowers,  the  petals  few,  narrow,  and  acute.  Trop.  Africa,  India,  etc. 

N.  ZAXZIBARENSIS  of  gardens  is  a  form  of  this,  with  intense  blue 
flowers,  and  free  blooming  habit. 

N.  Lotus,  Linn.  EGYPTIAN  LOTUS,  an  Old  World  tropical  species,  has 
large  red  or  whitish  flowers,  with  red-margined  sepals,  and  peltate,  sharply 
serrate  leaves  which  are  pubescent  below.  N.  RUBRA  and  N.  DEVONIEN- 
8is  are  forms  of  it ;  and  from  the  latter  garden  form  the  variety  known 
as  N.  STURTEVANTII  originated. 

N.  flava,  Leitn.  YELLOW  W.  Leaves  broadly  oval  with  wavy  margins, 
the  lobes  at  base  of  notch  not  pointed ;  flowers  bright,  light  yellow ;  petals 
sub-acute.  Florida. 

5.  NtJPHAH,  YELLOW  POND  LILY,  SPATTER-DOCK.  (Ara- 
bic name  ?)  Rootstock,  etc.,  as  in  Nymphsea ;  leaves  often  rising  out 
of  water;  flowers  by  no  means  showy,  yellow,  sometimes  purplish- 
tinged,  produced  all  summer ;  fruit  ripening  above  water. 

N.  advena,  Ait.f.  Sepals  6  or  more,  unequal ;  petals  truncate, 
shorter  than  the  stamens  and  resembling  them ;  stigma  12-24-rayed ; 
ovary  and  fruit  not  contracted  above  into  a  neck;  the  thickish  leaves 
(6'-12'  long)  rounded  or  ovate-oblong. 

Var.  minus,  Morong,  has  smaller  leaves  (3'-8'  long),  spatulate  petals, 
stigmas  9-13-rayed  ;  fruit  contracted  above.  Probably  a  hybrid  between 
this  species  and  the  next.  N.  Vt.  to  Mich,  and  Pa. 

N.  Kalmianum,  Ait.,  has  the  floating  leaves  only  2'-4'  long,  submersed 
leaves  thin,  round,  kidney-shaped  ;  petals  spatulate  or  obovate  ;  stigmas 
7-10-rayed  ;  fruit  with  a  short  neck.  Me.  to  Penn.,  Minn.,  and  N. 

N.  sagittif61ium,  Pursh.  ARROW-LEAVED  N.  Leaves  sagittate,  nar- 
rowly oblong  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  (1°  by  2').  This  and  the  last  produce 
their  earlier  leaves  under  water  and  very  thin.  S.  Ind.  and  111.  and  S.  E. 

VH   SARRACENIACEJ1,  PITCHER  PLANT  FAMILY. 

Bog  plants  with  hollow  pitcher-form  or  trumpet-shaped 
leaves ;  flowers  with  numerous  hypogynous  stamens.  Only  1 
genus  in  the  E.  U.  S.  y.  There  are  many  hybrids  of  the  fol- 
lowing species  in  cult. :  — 

1.  SARRACENIA.  (For  Dr.  Sarrasin  of  Quebec.)  SIDESADDLE 
FLOWER.  Leaves  yellowish  green  or  purplish,  all  radical  from  a 
perennial  root,  winged  down  the  inner  side,  open  at  the  top,  where  there 
is  a  sort  of  arching  blade  or  hood  ;  scape  tall,  naked,  bearing  a  single, 
large,  nodding  flower  in  early  summer  ;  sepals  5,  with  3  bractlets  at  the 
base,  colored,  persistent ;  petals  5  ;  style  with  an  umbrella-shaped,  5- 
angled  top,  a  hooked  stigma  under  each  angle  ;  ovary  5-celled ;  pods 
many-seeded,  rough-warty.  (Lessons,  Fig.  174.) 


54  POPPY  FAMILY. 

*  Flower  purple. 
•+-  Leaves  ascending  or  reclined,  short,  wing  broad, 

3.  purptirea,  Linn.  PITCHER  PLANT.  Leaves  with  an  erect  round- 
heart-shaped  hood  and  a  broad  side-wing,  purple-veiny ;  flower  deep 
purple  or  greenish  tinged  ;  petals  fiddle-shaped,  arched  over  the  style. 
Common  in  bogs  N. 

S.  psittacina,  Michx.  PARROT  PITCHER  PLANT  of  S.  States,  and 
cult.  Leaves  short  and  spreading,  with  a  narrow  tube,  a  broad  wing, 
and  an  inflated  globular  hood,  which  is  incurved  over  the  mouth  of  the 
tube,  spotted  with  white. 

+-  -t-  Leaves  erect,  with  long  and  narrow  trumpet-shaped  tube,  the  wing 
narrow. 

S.  rfcbra,  Walt.  RED-FLOWERED  TRUMPET  LEAF  of  S.  States ;  cult, 
in  greenhouses.  Leaves  slender,  a  foot  long,  with  an  erect,  ovate,  pointed 
hood ;  flower  crimson-purple. 

S.  Drummdndii,  Groom.  GREAT  TRUMPET  LEAF  of  Florida ;  some- 
times cult.  Leaves  much  like  the  last,  but  2°  or  3°  long,  upper  part  of 
the  tube  and  the  roundish  erect  hood  variegated  and  purple-veiny  ;  and 
the  deep-purple  flower  very  large. 

*  *  Flower  yellow. 

S.  variolaris,  Michx.  SPOTTED  TRUMPET  LEAF,  S.  States.  Leaves 
erect,  6'-12'  long,  white-spotted  above,  longer  than  the  scape,  with  a 
broad  wing,  and  an  ovate  hood  arching  over  the  orifice ;  flower  2'  wide. 

S.  flava,  Linn.  YELLOW  TRUMPET  LEAF  of  S.  States  ;  cult,  more 
commonly  than  the  rest,  as  a  curiosity,  and  almost  hardy  N.  Leaves  2° 
long,  erect,  yellowish,  or  purple-veiny,  with  a  narrow  wing  and  an  erect 
roundish,  but  pointed  hood  ;  scape  tall  as  the  leaves ;  flower  4'-6'  wide. 

Darlingtbnia  Califdrnica,  Torr.,  occasionally  cult.,  may  be  known  by 
the  reddish  or  yellowish  two-cleft  appendage  hanging  at  the  mouth  of  the 
leaves  which  looks  downward. 


VHI.   PAPAVERACEJ!,  POPPY  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  regular  flowers,  a  calyx  mostly  of  2  sepals  which 
fall  when  the  blossom  opens,  petals  twice  or  3-5  times  as 
many,  numerous  free  stamens  and  a  1-celled  ovary,  with  2  or 
more  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a  pod,  many-seeded.  Juice 
usually  milky  or  colored,  and  narcotic,  as  in  Poppy  (opium), 
or  acrid.  (No.  4.  has  watery  juice,  with  the  odor  of  muriatic 
acid,  and  the  calyx  like  a  cap  or  lid ;  No.  1  has  no  petals  and  few 


*  Petals  none;  flowers  in  panicles;  flower-buds  drooping. 

1.  BOCCONIA.    Sepals  2,  colored.    Stigma  2-lobed.    Pod  few-seeded.    Juice  reddish. 

*  *  Petals  present.    Flowers  notpanicled,  the  buds  either  erect  or  nodding. 

+-  Pod  strictly  1-celled,  opening  more  or  less  completely  by  valves. 

•H-  Flower-bud  erect. 

2.  SANGTJINARIA.    Sepals  2 ;  but  the  petals  8-12.    Stigma  2-lobed,  on  a  short  style. 

Pod  oblong,  with  2  placentae.    Juice  orange-red. 

8.  AKGEMONE.  Stigma  8-6-lobed,  almost  sessile.  Sepals  and  oblong  pod  prickly ;  the 
latter  opening  by  valves  from  the  top,  leaving  the  thread-like  placenta  between.  Juice 
yellow. 


POPPY  FAMILY.  55 

4.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA.    Sepals  united  Into  a  pointed  cap  which  falls  off  entire.    Receptacle 

or  end  of  the  flower-stalk  dilated  Into  a  top-shaped  body,  often  with  a  spreading  rim. 
Stigmas  4-6,  spreading,  unequal ;  but  the  placenta  only  2.  Pod  long  and  slender, 
grooved.  Juice  colorless. 

«•  -H-  Flower-bud  generally  nodding. 

5.  8TTLOPHOEUM.    Stigma  3-4-lobed,  raised  on  a  style.    Pod  ovoid,  bristly,  opening 

from  the  top  into  8  or  4  valves,  leaving  the  thread-like  placentae  between  them.  Juice 
yellow. 

6.  CHELIDONIUM.    Stigma  2-lobed,  almost  sessile.    Pod  linear,  with  2  placentae,  split- 

ting from  below  into  2  valves.    Juice  orange. 

-H  +-  Pod  becoming  -2- f. -celled. 
«•  True  herbs. 

T.  GLAUCIUM.    Stigma  2-lobed ;  style  0.    Pod  rough,  linear,  2-celled  by  a  spongy  felse 
partition.    Sepals  2.    Petals  4.    Juice  yellow. 

8.  PAPAVER.    Stigmas  united  into  a  many-rayed  circular  body  which  is  closely  sessile  on 

the  ovary.  Pod  globular  or  oblong,  imperfectly  many-celled  by  the  projecting  placentae 
which  are  covered  with  numberless  seeds,  opening  only  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  top. 
Juice  milky.  „++ More  or  less  woody. 

9.  ROMNETA.    Stigmas  many,  free ;  the  ovary  setose,  and  more  or  less  completely  sev- 

eral-celled by  the  intrusion  of  the  oo  -ovuled  placenta,  but  becoming  completely  7-11- 
celled  and  dehiscing  to  the  middle.  Sepals  3,  with  a  broad,  thin,  dorsal  wing.  Petals  6, 
white.  Stamens  numerous,  with  slender  filaments.  Juice  colorless. 

1.  BOCCONIA.     (Named  for  Bocconi,  an  Italian  botanist.)     ^ 

B.  cordata,  Willd.,  from  China,  is  a  tall  herb  with  leafy  stems  and 
round-cordate,  lobed  leaves  which  are  thick,  veiny,  and  glaucous,  and 
long  panicles  of  whitish  or  rose  flowers  in  summer. 

2.  SANGUINARIA,    BLOODROOT.      (Name   from   the   blood-red 
juice.)     y. 

S.  Canade'nsis,  Linn.,  the  only  species  ;  common  in  rich  woods.  The 
thick  red  rootstock  in  early  spring  sends  up  a  rounded-reniform  and  pal- 
mate-lobed,  veiny  leaf,  wrapped  around  a  flower-bud ;  as  the  leaf  comes 
out  of  ground  and  opens,  the  scape  lengthens,  and  carries  up  the  hand- 
some flower,  from  which  the  sepals  soon  fall. 

3.  ARGEMONE,  PRICKLY  POPPY.     (Greek:  a  disease  of  the  eye, 
for  which  a  plant  called  by  this  name  was  a  supposed  remedy.) 

A.  grand 'ifldra,  Sweet.  Hardy  %  Petals  white,  lJ'-2'  long;  stems, 
sepals,  and  pod  smooth  and  unarmed  (the  latter  rarely  with  a  few  stiff 
bristles) .  Mexico. 

A.  Mexicana,  Linn.  MEXICAN  P.  Stems,  leaves,  sepals,  and  pod 
prickly  ;  petals  dull  yellow  or  yellowish,  1'  or  less  long  in  summer.  Var. 
ALBIFLORA  has  the  flower  larger,  sometimes  very  large ;  white ;  l°-2° 
high.  Waste  places  S.  and  gardens.  Cult,  for  ornament.  ® 

4.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA.     (Named  for  one  of  the  discoverers,  Esch- 
scholtz.~)     ®     2/ 

E.  Califdrnica,  Cham.  CALIFORNIAN  POPPY.  Common  in  gardens  ;  with 
pale,  dissected  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  large  flowers,  remarkable  for 
the  top-shaped  dilatation  at  the  base  of  the  flower,  on  which  the  extin- 
guisher-shaped calyx  rests  ;  this  is  forced  off  whole  by  the  opening  petals. 


56  POPPY   FAMILY. 

The  latter  are  bright  orange-yellow,  and  the  top  of  the  receptacle  is  broad- 
rimmed.  Var.  Dougl&sii  wants  this  rim,  and  its  petals  are  pure  yellow, 
or  sometimes  white  ;  but  the  sorts  are  much  mixed  in  the  gardens  ;  and 
there  are  smaller  varieties  under  different  names. 

5.  STYLOPHORUM,  CELANDINE  POPPY.    (Greek:  style-bearing; 
a  distinctive  character.)     ^J 

S.  diphyllum,  Nutt.  Low,  with  stems  naked  below,  with  usually  2  op- 
posite leaves  above ;  leaves  whitish  beneath,  pinnately  parted  into  5-7 
sinuate-lobed  segments  ;  flowers  few  in  umbels,  2'  broad.  Damp  woods, 
W.  Perm,  to  Wise,  and  Tenn.  May. 

6.  CHELIDONIUM,  CELANDINE.    (Greek :  the  swallow  ;  its  flowers 
appearing  with  the  swallows.)     @ 

C.  /no/us,  Linn.  l°-4°  high  ;  branching,  with  pinnate  or  twice  pinna- 
tifid  and  toothed  or  cut  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  in  a  sort  of  umbel, 
all  summer ;  old  gardens  and  moist  waste  places.  Eu. 

7.  GLAUCIUM,   HORN  POPPY.     (Greek:  referring  to  the  glaucous 
herbage.)    ®    ® 

G.  luteum,  Scop.  Stem  l°-6°  high,  stout,  glaucous,  and  hairy  ;  leaves 
thickish,  lower  bipinnatifid,  upper  sinuate-lobed,  clasping ;  flowers  soli- 
tary, terminal,  golden  yellow ;  pod  &-\°  long.  Cult,  and  sparing  nat. 
eastward.  Eu. 

8.  PAP  AVER,  POPPY.     (Name  obscure,  ancient.) 

*  Annuals,  flowering  in  summer ;  cult,  and  weeds  of  cultivation. 

P.  somniferum,  Linn.  OPIUM  POPPY.  Cult,  for  ornament  from  the 
Old  World  (especially  double-flowered  varieties),  and  for  medical  uses. 
Smooth,  glaucous,  with  clasping  and  wavy  leaves,  and  white  or  purple 
flowers,  which  are  often  much  doubled  and  fringed.  Pod  large,  short- 
oblong. 

/».  Rhoeas,  Linn.  CORN  POPPY  of  Eu.  Low,  bristly,  with  almost  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  deep  red  or  scarlet  flowers  with  a  dark  eye,  or,  when 
double,  of  various  colors  ;  pod  small,  obovate. 

*  *  Perennial ;  cult,  for  ornament ;  flowering  in  spring. 

P.  orientate,  Linn.  ORIENTAL  P.  Rough-hairy,  with  tall  flower-stalks, 
almost  pinnate  leaves,  and  a  very  large,  deep-red  flower,  under  which  are 
usually  some  leafy  persistent  bracts.  Var.  BRACTEATUM  has  these 
bracts  larger,  petals  still  larger  and  deeper  red,  with  a  dark  spot  at  the 
base. 

P.  nudicaule,  Linn.  DWARF  or  ICELAND  P.  Rough-hairy,  leaves  all 
radical,  oblong-spatulate  or  obovate  in  outline,  pinnatifid  ;  petals  yellow, 
orange,  or  white ;  flower  single  on  a  hairy  scape  6'-2°  high.  A  widely 
distributed  alpine  species. 

9.  ROMNEYA.     (Named  for  T.  Bomney  Bobinson,  an  Irish  astron- 
omer.)    A  single  species. 

R.  Cbulteri,  Harvey.  Smooth  shrub,  6°-8°  high  of  S.  California,  or 
nearly  herbaceous  in  cultivation  E. ;  leaves  petioled,  glaucous,  the  lower 
ones  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  pinnately  cut  or  toothed  ;  flowers  very  showy, 
4'-6'  across. 


FUMITORY   FAMILY.  57 


IX.   FITMARIACE.fi,  FUMITORY  FAMILY. 

Sepals  2,  scale-like ;  petals  4,  much  larger,  also  irregular 
and  closed,  the  2  outer  with  spreading  tips  and  1  or  both 
spurred  or  saccate  at  base,  the  2  inner  and  smaller  petals 
united  by  their  spoon-shaped  tips,  which  inclose  the  anthers 
of  the  6  stamens  in  2  sets  along  with  the  stigma ;  the  middle 
anther  of  each  set  is  2-celled,  the  lateral  ones  being  1-celled. 
Delicate  or  tender  and  very  smooth  herbs,  with  colorless  and 
inert  juice,  and  much  dissected  or  compound  leaves. 

»  Corolla  heart-shaped  or  -2-spurred  at  base  ;  pod  several-seeded. 

1.  DICENTRA.    Petals  slightly  cohering  with  each  other.    Seeds  crested. 

2.  ADLUMIA.    Petals  all  permanently  united  into  one  slightly  heart-shaped  body,  which 

incloses  the  small  pod.    Seeds  crestless.    Climbing  by  the  very  compound  leaves. 
*  *  Corolla  with  only  onepetal  spurred  at  base. 

3.  CORYDALIS.    Ovary  and  pod  slender,  several-seeded.    Seeds  created. 

4.  FUMAKIA.    Ovary  and  small  closed  fruit  globular,  1-seeded. 

1.  DICENTRA  (meaning  2-spurred  in  Greek).     Often  named  DICLY- 
TRA  or  DIELYTRA.     ^     Flowers  in  spring. 

*  American  species,  low,  with  delicate  decompound  leaves  and  few-flowered 

scapes  sent  up  from  the  ground  in  early  spring. 
*-  Eacemes  simple,  few-flowered;  divisions  of  leaves  linear. 

D.  Cucullaria,  DC.  DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.  Common  in  leaf 
mold  in  woods  N.  Foliage  and  flowers  from  a  sort  of  granular-scaly 
bulb  ;  corolla  white,  tipped  with  yellow,  with  the  2  diverging  spurs  at  the 
base  longer  than  the  pedicel,  the  inner  petals  minutely  crested. 

D.  Canadensis.  DC.  CANADIAN  D.  or  SQUIRREL  CORN.  With  the 
last  N.  Underground  shoots  bearing  separate  yellow  grains,  like  Indian 
corn,  in  place  of  a  scaly  bulb  ;  the  corolla  narrower  and  merely  heart- 
shaped  at  base,  white  or  delicately  flesh-colored,  sweet-scented ;  inner 
petals  prominently  crested  at  tip. 

•*-  f-  Sacemes  compound,  although  small,  clustered;  divisions  of  leaves 
broad-oblong. 

D.  eximia,  DC.  A  rare  species  in  W.  N.  Y.  and  S.  in  Alleghanies, 
also  cult.,  has  reddish-purple,  drooping,  narrow  flowers  with  short- 
hooked  spurs  ;  underground  shoots  scaly. 

D.  formosa,  DC.,  of  the  Pacific  coast,  also  cult.,  has  broader  flowers 
than  the  last  and  spurs  not  hooked. 

*  *  Cultivated  exotic,  taller  and  coarser,  leafy-stemmed,  many-flowered. 
D.  spectdbilis,  DC.     SHOWY  D.  or  BLEEDING  HEART,  very  ornamental 

through  spring  and  early  summer,  with  ample  Peony-like  leaves,  and  long 
drooping  racemes  of  bright  pink-red  (or  white),  heart-shaped  flowers 
(!'  long)  1 ;  the  2  small  sepals  fall  off  in  the  bud.  China. 

2.  ADLUMIA,    ADLUMIA  or  CLIMBING  FUMITORY.      (Named 
for  John  Adlum,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  one  of  the  earliest  cultivators 
of   native  grapes,  and  author  of  the  first  American  book  upon  the 
subject.)     (f)    A  single  species. 


58  MUSTARD   FAMILY. 

A.  cirrh6sa,  Raf.  Wild  in  low,  shady  grounds,  and  cult.,  climbing 
over  bushes  to  a  height  of  8°-12°  by  means  of  the  slender,  young  leaf- 
stalks ;  leaves  delicate  and  decompound ;  flowers  flesh-colored  in  summer. 

3.  CORYDALIS.    (Greek  name  for  the  crested  lark.)     Our  species  are 
leafy-stemmed,  (f)  wild  in  rocky  places ;  flowers  spring  and  summer. 

*  Stem  strict ;  flowers  purplish  or  rose-color,  with  yellow  tips. 

C.  glauca,  Pursh.  PALE  CORYDALIS.  Common,  6'-2°  high,  very 
glaucous  ;  spur  short,  rounded ;  pods  erect,  slender,  elongated. 

*  *  Stem  ascending ;  flowers  yellow. 
+-  Outer  petals  wing-crested  on  the  back;  corolla  pale  yellow,  3"-4"  long. 

C.  fl&vula,  DC.  YELLOWISH  C.  Pedicels  slender,  with  conspicuous 
bracts ;  pods  hanging  or  spreading ;  seeds  sharp-edged,  irregularly 
wrinkled  ;  petal-crest  toothed.  From  Penn.  S.  &  W. 

C.  micr£ntha,  Gray.  Pedicels  short ;  bracts  small ;  petal-crest  entire  ; 
pods  ascending;  seeds  blunt-edged,  smooth,  and  shining.  N.  C.,  Mo., 
Minn.,  and  S. 

•*-  ••-  Outer  petals  merely  keeled  on  the  back,  not  crested;  corolla  golden 
yellow,  $'  long. 

C.  aurea,  Willd.  GOLDEN  C.  Low  and  spreading  ;  petals  with  a 
spur  J"  long  ;  spreading  or  hanging  pods,  and  smooth,  blunt-edged  seeds. 
From  Vermont,  W.  and  S. 

A  western  var.  (occidentalis')  has  longer  flowers,  with  spur  as  long  as  body. 

4.  FUMARIA,    FUMITOEY.      (Latin:  fumus,  smoke.)     ®     Low, 
leafy-stemmed,  with  finely  cut  compound  leaves. 

F.  officinalis,  Linn.  COMMON  F.  A  delicate,  small  weed,  with  a  close 
spike  of  small,  pinkish,  crimson-tipped  flowers,  in  summer.  Occasional 
in  old  gardens,  waste  places,  and  dung-heaps. 

X.   CRUCrFERj;,  MUSTAKD  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  watery  juice,  of  a  pungent  taste  (e.g.  Horse- 
radish, Mustard,  Water  Cress,  etc.)  ;  cruciferous  flowers  (of  4 
sepals,  4  petals,  with  their  upper  part  generally  spreading  above 
the  calyx  in  the  form  of  a  cross)  ;  tetradynamous  stamens 
(i.e.  6,  2  of  them  shorter  than  the  other  4 ;  rarely  4  or  2)  ;  a 
single  2-celled  pistil  with  2  parietal  placentae,  forming  in 
fruit  a  silique,  or  when  short  a  silicle.  (See  Lessons,  Figs. 
235,  236,  for  the  flower,  Figs.  401^03  for  the  fruit,  and  Figs. 
425-428  for  the  seed.)  The  embryo  fills  the  whole  seed,  and 
has  the  radicle  bent  against  the  cotyledons.  Flowers  in  ra- 
cemes, which  are  at  first  short,  like  simple  corymbs,  but 
lengthen  in  fruiting ;  no  bracts  below  the  pedicels.  The  blos- 
soms are  all  nearly  alike  throughout  the  family ;  so  that  the 
genera  are  mainly  known  by  the  fruit  and  seed,  which  are, 
therefore,  indispensable  and  may  usually  be  had  before  all 
the  flowers  have  passed. 


MUSTARD   FAMILY.  59 

$  1.  fruit  a  true  pod,  opening  lengthwise  by  two  valves,  which  fall  away  and  leave  the 

thin,  persistent  partition  when  ripe. 
.  Pod  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition;  the  seeds  flat  or  flatfish  ;  seed-leavet  edgewise 

to  their  stem. 
+-  Pod  broadly  oblong  or  oval,  large  and  very  flat;  seeds  2-4  in  each  cell  in  2  rows. 

1.  LUNARIA.    Seeds  winged.    Large  pod  stalked  In  the  calyx.    Flowers  purple,  rather 

Iarge>  -i-  -«-  Pod  oblong  or  linear ;  seeds  in  1  row. 

++  Valves  nerveless. 

2.  LEAVENWORTHIA.     Stems   scape-like,    1-few-flowered.     Seeds   winged.      Small 

annuals. 

8.  DENT  AKIA .    Stems  naked  below,  2-8-leaved  above,  from  a  horizontal,  fleshy,  scaly  root- 
stock.    Seeds  wingless. 

4.  CARDAMINE.    Stems  leafy,  from  a  fibrous  root,  or  at  least  not  from  a  scaly  rootstock. 

Seeds  wingless.      ^  ^  Valveg  tpith  a  prominent  midrib. 

5.  MATTHIOLA.    Stigma  deeply  2-lobed.    Seeds  as  broad  as  the  partition,   winged. 

Flowers  large  and  showy,  white  to  purple. 

6.  ARABIS.    Stigma  only  shghtly,  or  not  at  all,  2-lobed.    Seeds  winged  or  margined. 

•H  +-  +-  Pod  linear,  oblong,  or  even  round-oval,  but  the  seeds  in  2  rotes.    [See,  also, 

Arabis.] 

1.  DBABA.    Seeds  wingless,  numerous.    Pods  flat,  various  in  shape.    Flowers  small  and 
(in  ours)  white. 

8.  ALTSSUM.    Seeds  winged,  2-4.    Pods  flat,  roundish.    Flowers  small,  yellow  or  whtye. 
*  «  Pod  globular,  or  cylindric,  or  4-angled  by  the  prominent  mid-nerves;  seeds  winy- 

less.    [Matthiola  may  be  sought  here.] 

-t-  Pod  globular  or  cylindric. 
•H-  Valves  nerveless  ;  cotyledons  accumbent.    (Lessons,  Figs.  425,  426.) 

9.  LE8QUERELLA.     Pod  about  4-seeded.     Low,  hoary  plants  with  mostly  yellow, 

small  flowers. 

10.  AUBRIETIA.    Pod  many-seeded.    Stronger,  hoary,  with  purple,  rather  large  flowers. 

11.  NASTURTIUM.    Pod  many-seeded.    Aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  hairy  or  smooth,  and 

small  yellow  or  white  flowers. 

•H-  -H-  Valves  nerved;  cotyledons  incumbent.    (Lessons,  Figs.  42T,  428.) 

12.  CAMELINA.    Pod  turgid,  obovate,  or  pear-shaped.    Weed,  usually  in  flax. 

+-  +-  Pod  linear. 

•H-  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

(11.  NASTURTIUM.)    Valves  nerveless.    Marsh  or  aquatic  plants. 

13.  CHEIRANTHUS.    Valves  with  a  strong  mid-nerve.    Lateral  sepals  sac-like  at  base. 

Leaves  entire  and  flowers  showy. 

14.  BARBAREA.    Valves  with  strong  mid-nerve.    Sepals  nearly  equal  and  alike.    Leaves 

lyrate  or  pinnatifld. 

-H-  ++  Cotyledons  incumbent.    (Lessons,  Figs.  42T,  428.) 
•=  Flowers  purple  or  rose-colored,  or,  if  white,  large. 

15.  HESPERIS.    Stigma  with  2  erect  blunt  lobes.    Flowers  pink-purple.    Hairs  glandular. 

16.  MALCOLMIA.    Stigma  with  2  pointed  lobes.    Hairs  glandless. 

17.  THELYPODIUM.    Stigma  entire. 

-=  =  Flowers  yellow,  or,  if  white,  very  small. 

18.  ERY8IMUM.    Stigma  rather  large  and  2-lobed.    Leaves  simple. 

19.  8I8YMBRIUM.    Stigma  small  and  entire.    Leaves  twice  pinnatifld. 

»  Cotyledons  conduplicate. 

20.  BEAS8ICA.    Pod  more  or  less  beaked.    Flowers  yellow. 


60  MUSTARD   FAMILY. 

»  *  *  Pod  short,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition;  the  valves,  there- 
fore, deeply  boat-shaped.    Flowers  white,  small. 
+-  Pod  several  or  many-seeded. 

21.  CAPSELLA.    Pod  triangular,  or  pyriform,  with  a  notch  at  the  top.    Weeds. 

••-  -i-  Pod  with  2,  or  rarely  more,  seed*. 
++  Corolla  regular  and  small. 

22.  LEPIDIUM.    Pod  thin,  smooth,  and  oval.    Erect  herbs. 

28.  8ENEBIEBA.    Pod  thickish  and  wrinkled,  or  warty-roughened.    Diffuse  or  prostrate 
herbs.  ^  ^  Corolla  irregular,  the  petals  very  unequal. 

24.  IBEEIS.    Pod  scale-shaped,  roundish,  or  ovate.    Flowers  white  or  purple  in  flat-topped, 

or  sometimes  elongated,  clusters. 
§  2.   Fruit  indehiscent,  wing-like,  l-seeded.    [Senebiera  may  be  sought  here.] 

25.  ISATI8.    Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  1-celled,  l-seeded,  resembling  a  small  samara  or  ash- 

fruit 
§  8.  Fruit  fleshy,  or  when  ripe  and  dry  corky,  not  opening  by  valves,  ^-many-seeded. 

26.  CAKILE.    Fruit  jointed  in  the  middle ;  the  2  short  joints  1-celled,  l-seeded.    Seed 

oblong. 

27.  RAPHANUS.    Fruit  several-seeded,  with  pithy  matter,  or  with  constrictions  between 

the  spherical  seeds. 

1.  LUNARIA,  HONESTY  or  SATIN  FLOWER.     (Latin  :  the  moon, 
from  the  silvery  persistent  partition  of  the  pods.)     ®    (2)    y. 

L.  6nnua.  Linn,  (or  L.  BIENNIS).  COMMON  HONESTY.  Cultivated  in 
old-fashioned  places,  for  the  singular  large  oval  pods,  of  which  the  broad 
white  partitions  of  satiny  luster,  remaining  after  the  valves  have  fallen, 
are  used  for  ornament ;  leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped ;  flowers  large, 
pink-purple,  in  early  summer.  Eu. 

L.  redivlva,  Linn.  PERENNIAL  HONESTY  is  a  much  rarer  European 
sort,  with  oblong  pods ;  seldom  met  with  here. 

2.  LEAVENWORTHIA.     (For  the  late  M.  C.  Leavenworth.)     Low 
winter  annuals,  with  lyrate  leaves. 

L.  Michauxii,  Torr.  Leaves  with  7-15  lobes  ;  petals  obtuse,  purple, 
or  nearly  white,  with  yellowish  claw;  pods  even.  S.  Ind.  to  Tenn. 
and  Mo. 

L.  torul6sa,  Gray,  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  with  notched  petals 
and  knotty  pods,  grows  in  the  barrens  of  Ky.  and  Tenn. 

L.  aurea.  Torr.,  has  leaves  with  4-7  lobes,  petals  as  in  the  last,  but 
pods  even  and  flowers  yellow.  N.  Ala.  and  W. 

3.  DENT  ARIA,   TOOTH  WORT.     (Latin:   dens,  a  tooth.)     #     Low 
plants  with  handsome  flowers  in  early  spring. 

D.  diphylla.  Linn.  TWO-LEAVED  T.,  PEPPER  ROOT,  or  CRINKLE  ROOT. 
Rootstocks  fleshy,  long  (5'-10'),  and  toothed,  edible  ;  stem-leaves  2,  close 
together,  each  of  3  rhombic-ovate  and  toothed  leaflets  ;  root-leaf  similar ; 
flowers  quite  large,  white,  in  spring.  Rich  woods,  N. 

D.  heterophylla,  Nutt.  Rootstocks  near  the  surface,  short,  promi- 
nent, tubercled  ;  stem-leaves  of  3-petioled  leaflets  which  are  oblong-lance- 
olate to  linear,  entire  or  deeply  crenate,  rarely  cut ;  flowers  in  late  spring. 
Penn.  to  Ky.  and  S. 

D.  laciniata,  Muhl.  Rootstock  deep  in  ground,  short,  necklace-form, 
or  constricted  in  2  or  3  places,  scarcely  toothed  j  stem-leaves  3,  often  in  a 


MUSTARD   FAMILY.  61 

whorl,  each  3-parted  into  linear  or  lanceolate  leaflets,  which  are  cut  or 
cleft  into  narrow  teeth,  or  the  lateral  ones  2-lobed ;  flowers  white  or  rosy 
in  spring.  Banks  of  streams,  N. 

4.   CARDAMINB,  BITTER    CRESS.      (Ancient  Greek    name.)     1}. 
Mostly  attractive  little  plants  of  spring  or  early  summer.     (Lessons, 

Fig'40L)  *  Leaves  simple,     y. 

C.  rhombofdea,  DC.  Stems  upright  from  a  small  tuber,  simple, 
bearing  rather  large,  white,  or  rose-purple  flowers  in  spring ;  and  leaves 
simple,  angled,  or  sparingly  toothed,  the  lowest  rounded  or  heart-shaped, 
the  upper  ovate  or  oblong  ;  seeds  round-oval.  In  wet  places  northward. 

C.  rotundifdlia,  Michx.  MOUNTAIN  WATER  CRESS.  Stems  weak  or 
decumbent,  branching ;  root  fibrous ;  leaves  (all  much  alike)  roundish, 
angled ;  flowers  white ;  seeds  oval-oblong.  N.  J.  to  Ky.  and  S.  in  the 
mountains.  **  Leaves  pinnate  ;  flowers  showy .  11 

C.  prate"nsis,  Linn.  CUCKOOFLOWER  or  LADIES'  SMOCK.  Stem  as- 
cending from  a  short  perennial  rootstock ;  leaves  with  rounded  and  stalked, 
entire,  small  leaflets ;  flowers  in  spring,  pink  or  white.  Wild,  but  rare, 
in  bogs  at  the  N.  A  double-flowered  variety  is  an  old-fashioned  plant  in 
gardens.  %  ^  #  Leaves  pinnate  ;  flowers  small,  white.  ®  or  ® 

C.  hirsuta,  Linn.  SMALL  B.  A  low  and  branching  insignificant  herb, 
usually  not  hairy  ;  root  slender,  fibrous  ;  leaflets  angled  or  toothed ;  pods 
narrow,  upright.  Wet  places.  Common  and  variable;  flowers  spring 
and  summer. 


5.  MATTHIOLA,  STOCK  or  GILLYFLOWER.     (Named  for  the  early 
naturalist,   Matthioli.)      Cult,    garden    or    house    plants,  from    Eu., 
hoary-leaved,  much  prized  for  their  handsome  and  fragrant,  pretty, 
large  flowers,  of  which  there  are  very  double  and  showy  varieties. 
Colors  various,  pure,  or  variegated,  through  crimson,  purple,  rose,  and 
white. 

M.  incana,  Br.  COMMON  STOCK.  1J.  (f)  in  cultivation.  Stout  stem 
becoming  almost  woody  ;  not  hardy  at  the  N.  The  source  of  the  Bromp- 
ton  and  Queen  stocks.  Flowers  many  colors. 

HI.  6nnua,  Sweet.  TEN  WEEKS  and  INTERMEDIATE  STOCKS.  An  her- 
baceous plant,  probably  only  a  form  of  the  last.  ® 

6.  ARABIS,  ROCK  CRESS.     (Name  from  Arabia.)    Flowers  spring 
and  summer.     Leaves  mostly  simple  and  undivided. 

§  1.   Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  orbicular,  somewhat  winged. 

*  Flowers  not  showy,  white  or  whitish  ;  native.     ©  @ 

-»-  Low,  spreading  ;  leaves  pinnately  parted. 

A.  Ludoviciana,  Meyer.  Nearly  smooth ;  pedicels  very  short.  Open 
grounds,  Va.  to  Mo.  and  S. 

•*-  •«-  Erect,  leafy- stemmed ;  leaves  simple ;  the  slender  pods  ascending  or 
erect ;  seeds  almost  wingless. 

A.  patens.  Sulliv.  Downy,  l°-2°  high,  stem-leaves,  oblong-ovate  with 
a  clasping  base  ;  pedicels  spreading ;  pods  spreading  or  ascending,  tipped 
with  a  distinct  style.  Perm,  to  Ohio  and  S. 


62  MUSTARD    FAMILY. 

A.  hirsuta,  Scop.  HAIRT  R.  Mostly  rough  hairy,  l°-2°  high  ;  stem- 
leaves  many  and  sagittate  ;  pedicels  of  the  small  greenish-white  flowers 
and  the  pods  strictly  erect ;  style  almost  0.  Rocks,  N. 

-i-  •*-  +- Erect,  leafy-stemmed  l°-3°  high;  leav«s  simple;  pods  3'-4'  long, 

recurved  or  hanging  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 
A.  laevigata,  Poir.    SMOOTH  R.     Smooth  and  glaucous  ;  upper  leaves 

sagittate  and  clasping ;  petals  scarcely  as  long  as  calyx ;  pods  very  narrow 

and  not  very  flat,  recurving. 

A.  Canad^nsis,  Linn.  SICKLE  POD.    Stem-leaves  pointed  at  both  ends, 
ibescent ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  calyx ;  pods  scythe-shaped,  very  flat, 


*  *  Flowers  showy,  white  in  spring  ;  garden  species  from  Eu.    y. 

A.  alplna,  Linn.  ALPINE  R.  Low  and  tufted,  hairy  or  soft^downy ; 
lower  leaves  oblong-obovate,  sharply  toothed ;  petals  gradually  narrowed 
to  a  claw. 

A.  dlbida,  Stev.  Leaves  sparingly  toothed;  petals  abruptly  narrowed 
into  a  claw. 

§  2.    Seeds  in  2  more  or  less  distinct  rows,  at  least  when  young ;  strict, 
and  very  leafy-stemmed. 

A.  perfoliata,  Lam.  TOWER  MUSTARD.  2°-4°  high,  glaucous  ;  petals 
yellowish-white,  little  longer  than  calyx  ;  pods  and  pedicels  strictly  erect. 
N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  N.  and  W.  @ 

A.  confinis,  Wats.  Scarcely  glaucous ;  petals  white  or  rosy,  twice 
length  of  calyx ;  pods  loosely  erect  to  spreading.  Canada,  S.  to  Conn., 
W.  to  Minn,  and  111.  ® 

§  3.    Seeds  in  1  row,  very  small,  wingless. 

A.  lyrata,  Linn.  Low  R.  Delicate,  low,  nearly  smooth,  root-leaves 
lyrate  ;  stem-leaves  few  and  narrow  with  a  tapering  base  ;  bright  white 
petals  rather  conspicuous ;  pods  slender,  spreading.  (2)  1J. 

A.  dentata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Roughish  pubescent ;  root-leaves  oblong, 
toothed  ;  stem-leaves  half-clasping  and  eared  at  base ;  pods  widely  spread- 
ing. N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Minn,  and  S.  @ 

7.  DRAB  A.  WHITLOW  GRASS.     (Greek:  the  name  of  some  cress  — 
meaning  unknown.)    Low  herbs,  mostly  with  white  flowers ;  pods  round- 
oval,  oblong  or  linear,  flat.     Flowers  early  spring.     Winter  annuals. 

*  Pods  longer  than  their  pedicels ;  leaves  obovate. 

D.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Leaves  entire,  hairy,  on  a  very  short  stem, 
bearing  a  short  raceme  or  corymb  on  as  cape-like  peduncle  l'-4'  high  ; 
petals  not  notched  ;  pods  broadly  linear,  smooth  ;  in  sandy  waste  places. 

D.  cuneif6lia,  Nutt.  Leaves  toothed  ;  raceme  elongated  (l'-3')  in 
fruit ;  petals  notched  ;  pods  oblong-linear,  hairy.  111.  to  E.  Kan.  and  S. 

D.  v6rna,  Linn.  Leaves  all  radical,  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  scape  l'-3' 
high  ;  petals  white,  2-cleft ;  pods  oval  or  oblong ;  in  sandy  waste  places. 
Introd.  from  Eu. 

*  »  Pods  equaling  or  shorter  than  their  pedicels  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late. 

D.  brachycarpa,  Nutt.  Stems  leafy,  2'-4'  high  ;  flowers  yellow ; 
petals  minute  or  0  ;  pods  smooth.  Va.,  W. 

8.  ALYSSUM.     (Greek  name  of  a  plant.)     Cult,  for  ornament. 

A.  marltimum,  Lam.  SWEET  ALYSSUM.  Spreading,  green  or  slightly 
hoary ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear  entire,  tapering  at  the  base  ;  flowers 


MUSTARD   FAMILY.  63 

small,  white,  honey-scented,  in  at  length  elongated  racemes,  the  round 
little  pods  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  A  variety  much  used  for 
borders  has  paler  and  white-edged  leaves  ;  flowers  all  summer  in  gardens, 
or  in  the  greenhouse  in  winter.  ® 

A.saxdti/e,  Linn.  ROCK  A.  Low,  hoary -leaved,  with  abundant  bright  yel- 
low flowers,  in  spring ;  a  variety  with  white-edged  leaves  is  also  grown.  11 

9.  LESQUERELLA.      (For  the  late  Leo  Lesquereux.)     (D  @  or  ^ 
with  stellate  hairs  or  scales,  and  globular,  inflated  pods. 

L.  globdsa,  Wats.  ®  or  @  Stems  spreading  ;  petals  bright  yellow ; 
style  longer  than  the  pod.  Ky.,  Tenn.,  Mo.  Two  other  species  occur  in 
our  territory  W.  and  S.  W. 

10.  ATJBRIETIA.     (For  Aubriet,  a  French  botanical  draughtsman.) 
y.     Pods  cylindric,  inflated  ;  seeds  globular.     Flowers  purple. 

A.  deltoidea,  DC.  Leaves  rhombic,  with  1  or  2  large  teeth.  Racemes 
few-flowered.  A  pretty  plant  from  S.  Eu.  for  rockeries.  Several  garden 
varieties. 

11.  NASTURTIUM,  WATER  CRESS,  HORSE-RADISH,  etc.  (Latin : 
nasus  tortus,  convulsed  nose,  from  the  pungent  qualities.)     Pods  short- 
ish or  short  (from  oblong-linear  to  almost  spherical).    Here  are  com- 
bined a  variety  of  plants,  widely  different  in  appearance.   The  following 
are  the  commonest : 

*  Petals  white,  twice  length  of  calyx  ;  leaves  pinnate.     11    Nat,  from  Eu. 

N.  officinale,  R.  Br.  WATER  CRESS.  Planted  or  run  wild  in  streamlets, 
spreading  and  rooting,  smooth  ;  leaflets  3-11,  roundish  or  oblong;  flowers 
all  summer ;  pods  broadly  linear,  slightly  curved  upwards  on  their  spread- 
ing pedicels.  Young  plants  eaten. 

*   *  Petals  yellow,  little  exceeding  the  calyx;  leaves  pinnatifid.    ®  @ 

N.  sessilifl6rum,  Nutt.  Leaves  obtusely  incised;  flowers  minute, 
nearly  sessile  ;  pods  oblong.  Common  from  Illinois  S. 

N.  obtfcsum,  Nutt.  Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided;  flowers 
minute  ;  pods  longer  than  the  short  pedicels.  111.,  S.  and  westward. 

N.  paMstre,  DC.  MARSH  CRESS.  Erect,  l°-3°  high,  with  pinnatifid 
or  lyrate  leaves  of  several  oblong,  cut-toothed  leaflets ;  small  yellowish 
flowers  ;  and  small  oblong  or  ovoid  pods,  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels. 
A  very  common  homely  weed  in  wet  places. 

»  *  *  Petals  white,  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  leaves  undivided  or  the 
lower  pinnatifid.     11 

N.  laciiatre,  Gray.  LAKE  CRESS.  Aquatic  ;  immersed  leaves  dissected, 
others  entire,  serrate,  or  pinnatifid.  Lakes  and  rivers,  N.  Y.  to  Minn., 
and  S.  W.  Detached  leaves  produce  new  plants,  like  leaf-cuttings. 

N.  Armoracia,  Fries.  HORSE-RADISH.  Leaves  very  large,  oblong,  or 
lanceolate,  chiefly  from  the  ground,  crenate,  rarely  cut,  or  pinnatifid ; 
pods  globular,  but  seldom  seen.  Planted  or  run  wild  in  moist  soil.  The 
long  deep  root  is  a  familiar  condiment. 

12.  CAMELINA,  FALSE  FLAX.     (Greek:  dwarf  flax;  the  common 
species  was  fancied  to  be  a  degenerate  flax.)     @ 

C.  sativa,  Crantz.  COMMON  F.  l°-2°  high ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the 
upper  ones  sagittate  and  clasping  the  stem ;  the  small  pale  yellow  flowers 
followed  by  obovate  turgid  pods  in  a  long  loose  raceme  ;  style  conspicu- 
ous. A  weed  in  grain  and  flax  fields. 


64  MTTSTABD   FAMILY. 

13.  CHEIRANTHUS,    WALLFLOWER.      (Greek:    hand,   flower.} 
Slightly,  if  at  all,  hoary  ;  the  showy  flowers  orange,  brown-reddish,  or 
yellow ;  seeds  flat.     ^ 

C.  Chelri,  Linn.  COMMON  WALLFLOWER.  Stem  woody,  crowded  with 
the  narrow  and  pointed,  entire  leaves.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu.,  not  hardy  N., 
a  much-prized  house-plant.  Double  varieties  are  especially  ornamental. 

14.  BARBAREA,  WINTER  CRESS.     (Anciently  called  the  Herb  of 
Santa  Barbara. )    Seeds  oval.    Leaves  used  by  some  as  winter  salad,  but 
bitterish.     (Lessons,  Figs.  425,  426.)     @  ^ 

B.  vulgiris,  R.  Br.  COMMON  W.  or  YELLOW  ROCKET.  Smooth,  with 
green,  (sometimes  variegated)  lyrate  leaves,  and  bright  yellow  flowers  in 
spring  and  summer ;  pods  erect,  crowded  in  a  dense  raceme  much  thicker 
than  their  pedicels.  Common  in  old  gardens  and  other  rich  soil.  Cult, 
as  a  salad  ;  leaves  closely  resembling  taste  of  Water  Cress. 

B.  praecox,  R.  Br.  EARLY  W.  or  SCURVY  GRASS.  Probably  a  variety 
of  the  last,  with  more  numerous  and  narrower  divisions  to  the  leaves  ;  the 
less  erect  pods  scarcely  thicker  than  their  pedicels.  Cult,  from  Penn.,  S., 
for  early  salad  ;  beginning  to  run  wild. 

15.  HESFERIS,  ROCKET.    (Greek :  evening,  the  flowers  being  fragrant 
then.)     Pods  long  and  slender,  with  a  single  row  of  marginless  seeds 
in  each  cell  (as  broad  as  the  partition)  ;  flowers  rather  large,     y. 

H.  matronalis,  Linn.  COMMON  or  DAME  R.  Tall  and  rather  coarse  ; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  toothed ;  flowers  in  summer,  followed  by  (2'- 
4')  long  and  slender  pods.  Gardens,  from  Eu.,  inclined  to  run  wild  in 
rich  shady  soil. 

16.  MALCOLMIA.     (Named  for  W.  Malcolm,  an  English  gardener.) 
Pods  somewhat  thickened  at  the  base.     Otherwise  much  like  Hesperis. 

HI.  marltima,  Br.  MAHON  STOCK,  called  VIRGINIA  STOCK  in  England, 
but  comes  from  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  ;  a  garden  annual  not 
much  cult.,  a  span  high,  with  pale  green,  oblong,  or  spatulate  nearly 
entire  leaves,  and  pretty,  pink- red  flowers  changing  to  violet-purple  ;  also 
a  white  variety  (much  smaller  than  those  of  true  Stock)  ;  pods  long  and 
slender. 

17.  THELYPODIUM.      (Greek:    female,  foot,  the   ovary  in  some 
species  stalked.)     Flowers  pink-purple,  rather  showy.     (2)  ^ 

T.  pinnatlfidum,  Wats,  (or  ARABIS  HESPERIDO!DES).  Smooth,  erect, 
l°-3°  high  ;  with  rounded  or  heart-shaped  long-petioled  root- leaves, 
ovate-lanceolate  stem-leaves  (2'-6'  long),  the  lower  on  a  winged  petiole 
or  with  a  pair  of  small  lateral  lobes  ;  petals  long-clawed  ;  pods  spreading, 
narrow ;  seeds  wingless.  Banks  of  the  Ohio  and  W. 

18.  ERYSIMUM.   (Greek :  to  draw  blisters,  from  the  acridity.)    Seeds 
oblong ;  sepals  nearly  equal  and  alike  at  the  base. 

*  Flowers  orange. 

E.  dsperum.  DC.  WESTERN  WALLFLOWER.  Wild  from  Ohio  W.  & 
S.  ;  like  the  wild  state  of  the  Wallflower,  with  bright  orange-yellow 
flowers,  but  the  seeds  are  different,  and  the  (3'-4')  long  pods  quite  square 
in  the  cross-section  ;  the  leaves  somewhat  toothed  and  hoary.  @  y. 


MUSTARD   FAMILY.  66 

£.  Perofskianum,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Stem  simple  ;  leaves  lance-spatulate, 
remotely  toothed  ;  flowers  showy  ;  pods  about  1'  long,  obtusely  4-angled. 
Cult,  from  Caucasus. 


E.  cheirantholdes,  Linn.  TREACLE  MUSTARD  or  WORMSEED  MUSTARD. 
Annual  ;  branches  slender  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  almost  entire  ;  flowers 
small,  yellow  ;  stigma  small.  Along  streams,  N. 

E.  pulchellum,  Boiss.  (or  CHEIRANTHUS  PULCHELLUS).  ^  Compact 
growing,  much  branched  at  base  ;  lower  leaves  oblong-  spatulate,  dentate, 
or  lyrate,  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sharply  pectinate-dentate  ;  stigma 
broad  as  the  pod  ;  flowers  showy,  sulphur-yellow  in  spring.  Cult,  from 
Caucasus. 

19.  SISYMBRIUM,    HEDGE     MUSTAKD.      (An    ancient    Greek 
name.)    Pod  either  flattened  or  4-sided,  or  the  cross-section  nearly 
circular;    in  the  common  species  shortish,   lance-awl-shaped,    close- 
pressed  to  the  stem  ;  seeds  oval,  marginless.     Flowers  small.     (Les- 
sons, Figs.  427,  428.) 

S.  cane'scens,  Nutt.  HOARY  H.  or  TANSY  MUSTARD.  (J)  Hoary;  leaves 
finely  cut,  twice-pinnatifid  ;  flowers  minute  yellowish  ;  pods  oblong-club- 
shaped,  4-sided  on  slender  horizontal  pedicels.  Pa.  and  N.  Y.  to  111.  and 
S.  W.  Common  W. 

S.  officinale,  Scop.  COMMON  H.  ®  Stems  branching;  leaves  run- 
cinate  ;  flowers  very  small,  pale  yellow,  followed  by  awl-shaped,  obscurely 
6-sided  pods  close-pressed  to  the  axis  of  the  narrow  spike.  Coarse  weed 
in  waste  places.  Eu. 

S.  Thai/ana,  Gaud.  MOUSE-EAR  CRESS,  (f)  Leaves  obovate  or  oblong, 
entirely  or  barely  toothed  ;  flowers  white  ;  pods  linear  on  spreading 
pedicels.  Mass,  to  Kans.  Eu. 

20.  BRASSICA,  CABBAGE,  MUSTARD,  &c.     (Ancient  Latin  name 
of  Cabbage.)     ®  @    Pod  oblong  or  linear,  beaked  or  pointed  beyond 
the  summit  of  the  valves,  by  the  enlarged  and  persistent  style  base  ; 
seeds  spherical.     Cult,  from  Eu.,  or  run  wild  as  weeds.     (Lessons, 
Fig.  235.) 

*  Whole  plant  glaucous-blue  when  in  flower;  leaves  of  the  flower-stems 
clasping  ;  flowers  various. 

•i-  Leaves  from  the  first  more  or  less  fleshy  throughout,  and  glaucous-blue 
even  when  young  ;  flowers  creamy  yellow. 

B.  oleracea,  Linn.  CABBAGE  TRIBE.  The  original  is  a  seacoast  plant 
of  Europe,  with  thick  and  hard  stem,  and  pretty,  large,  pale  yellow  flowers  ; 
upper  ones  entire,  clasping  the  stem,  not  auricled  at  the  base  ;  cult,  as  a 
biennial  —  the  rounded,  thick,  and  fleshy,  strongly  veined  leaves  collected 
into  a  head  the  first  year  upon  the  summit  of  a  short  and  stoiit  stem.  CAU- 
LIFLOWER and  BROCCOLI  have  the  nourishing  matter  mainly  concentrated 
in  short,  imperfect,  flower-branches  collected  into  a  flat  head.  KOHL-RABI 
has  the  nourishing  matter  accumulated  in  the  stem,  which  forms  a  turnip- 
like  enlargement  above  ground,  at  the  origin  of  leaves.  KALE  is  more 
nearly  the  natural  state  of  the  species,  the  fleshy  leaves  not  forming  a 
head.  BRUSSELS  SPROUTS  has  numerous  small  heads  along  the  stem 
below  the  top  leaves. 

B.  Napus,  Linn.  RAPE.  Leaves  smooth  from  the  first,  more  deeply 
scalloped  than  in  the  last,  not  forming  thickened  parts  above  ground. 

B.  campestris,  Linn.     RUTA-BAGA  or  SWEDISH  TURNIP.     First  leaves 
hairy  ;  the  root  usually  tuberous. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  EOT.  —  5 


66  MUSTARD  FAMILY, 

•»-  •*-  Leaves  (except  upon  the  flower-stem)  thin  and  green  ;  flowers  small 
and  bright  yellow, 

8.  Pe-Tsdi,  Bailey.  CHINESE  CABBAGE,  PE-TSAI.  Leaves  repand- 
sinuate  or  only  rarely  somewhat  lyrate,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  the 
petiole  thick  and  broadly  winged;  root  annual,  fibrous;  leaves  form  a 
loose  head,  resembling  Cos  Lettuce.  China. 

B.  Rapa,  Linn.  TURNIP.  Leaves  prominently  lyrate  or  interrupted 
below,  hairy  ;  the  root  tuberous. 

*  *  Plant  green  or  but  slightly  glaucous  when  in  flower;  leaves  of  the 
flower-stem  not  prominently  clasping  ;  flowers  small  and  yellow. 

B.  nlgra,  Koch.  BLACK  MUSTAED.  Leaves  somewhat  hairy  and  divided  ; 
pods  erect  in  the  raceme  or  spike,  smooth,  short,  4-sided  (the  valves  having 
a  strong  midrib),  and  tipped  with  the  short,  empty,  conical  base  of  a 
slender  style  ;  seeds  dark  brown,  small,  pungent.  Cultivated  and  in 
waste  places.  Eu.  ® 

B.  dfba,  Boiss.  WHITE  MUSTARD.  Leaves  all  pinnatifid  and  rough- 
hairy  ;  pods  spreading  in  the  raceme,  bristly  hairy,  the  lower  part 
thick  and  few-seeded;  seeds  large,  pale  brown.  Run  wild,  from 
Eu.  ® 

B.  Sinapfstrum,   Boiss.      CHARLOCK.      Pods    knotty,   nearly  smooth, 
fully    one  third   comprised  in  a  stout  2-edged  beak  which  is   either 
empty  or  1-seeded  ;  upper  leaves  barely  toothed.     Weed  in  grain  fields. 
Eu.     ® 

21.  CAPSELLA,  SHEPHERD'S  PURSE.     (Name  means  a  little  pod.) 
(Lessons,  Figs.  402,  403.)    © 

C.  Btirsa-Pastbris,  Moench.    COMMON  S.    The  commonest  of  weeds,  in 
waste  places  ;  root-leaves  pinnatifid  or  toothed,  those  of  the  stem  sagit- 
tate and  partly  clasping  ;  small  white  flowers  followed  by  the  triangular 
and  notched  pods,  in  a  long  raceme. 

22.  LEPEDIUM,  PEPPERGRASS,  CRESS.    (Greek  :  little  scale,  from 
the  pods.)    Our  common  species  have  incised  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
very  small  white  or  whitish  flowers.    ® 

»  Plant  green. 
t-  Leaves  large,  clasping  ;  hairy. 

L.  camptetre,  Br.,  has  run  wild  (from  Eu.)  eastward.  Known  by  its 
strict  habit,  entire  or  only  toothed  leaves,  and  ovate  winged  rough  pod. 

•«-  ••-  Leaves  small,  tapering  at  base,  the  lower  ones  at  length  falling; 
smooth. 

L.  Virginicum,  Linn.  WILD  P.  Cotyledons  accumbent  ;  petals  pres- 
ent, and  usually  only  2  stamens  ;  the  little  pods  scarcely  margined  at  the 
notched  tops  ;  seeds  flat.  A  common  weed  by  roadsides. 

L.  intermedium,  Gray.  Cotyledons  incumbent  as  in  the  following  ; 
pod  minutely  wing-margined  at  top  ;  petals  minute  or  0.  W.  N.  Y.  and 
N.  111.,  N.  and  W.  in  dry  places. 

L.  ruderale,  Linn.,  introduced  from  Europe,  is  much  less  common,  more 
branched,  with  no  petals,  the  smaller  scarcely  notched  pods  and  turgid 
seeds  marginless. 


L.  safivum,  Linn.  GARDEN  CRESS.  Cultivated  as  a  salad  plant,  has 
petals,  and  the  larger  ovate  pods  are  winged  and  slightly  notched  at 
the  top  ;  leaves  (except  the  very  uppermost)  compound  or  much  divided. 
Eu. 


MUSTARD    FAMILY.  67 

23.  SENEBIERA,  WART  CRESS,  SWINE  CRESS.    (For  J.  Senebier, 
a  distinguished  physiologist.)     Prostrate  <£)  and  @,  with  minute  whit- 
ish flowers.     Weeds  from  Eu. 

S.  didyma,  Pers.  Pods  rough-wrinkled,  notched  at  apex.  Waste  places. 
Mass,  and  S.  near  seacoast. 

5.  Corondpus,  DC.  Pods  warty,  not  notched  at  the  apex.  R.  I.  to 
Va.  at  seaports. 

24.  IBERIS,  CANDYTUFT.     (Iberia,  an  old  name  for  Spain.)     The 
2  petals  on  the  outer  side  of  the  flower  much  larger  than  the  others. 
Pods  scale-shaped,  roundish  or  ovate,  notched  at  the  wing-margined 
top.     Low  garden  plants,  from  Europe,  much  cultivated  for  orna- 

ment-  *  Perennial,  woody  at  the  base. 

I.  sempervirens,  Linn.  EVERGREEN  C.  Rather  woody-stemmed,  tufted, 
with  bright  green,  lanceolate  or  linear-spatulate,  thickish,  entire  leaves, 
and  flat  clusters  of  pure  white  flowers,  in  spring. 

/.  Gibraltarica,  Linn.,  with  large,  rose-purple  flowers  in  early  spring,  and 
wedge-shaped  leaves,  is  occasionally  seen  ;  not  hardy  N. 

*  *  Annual. 

I.  umbel lata,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  Lower  leaves  lanceolate,  the  upper 
linear  and  entire ;  flowers  purple-lilac  (or  pale),  in  flat  clusters  in  sum- 
mer. Eu. 

/.  coronaria,  Don.  ROCKET  C.  Leaves  lanceolate,  coriaceous,  sparingly 
toothed.  Flowers  pure  white  in  dense,  spike-like  racemes  in  summer. 
Nativity  uncertain. 

25.  ISATIS,  WO  AD.     (Name  of  obscure  derivation.)     ®    One  com- 
mon species  of  Eu. 

/.  tinctdria,  Linn.  DYKE'S  WOAD.  Rather  tall,  glabrous  and  glaucous, 
the  stem-leaves  lanceolate  and  entire,  sessile  and  somewhat  sagittate  ; 
racemes  of  small  yellow  flowers  panicled,  succeeded  by  the  hanging 
samara-like  closed  pods  ;  flowers  in  early  summer.  Old  gardens ;  formerly 
cult,  for  a  blue  dye. 

26.  CAKILE,  SEA  ROCKET.     (An  old  Arabic  name.)     © 

C.  Americana,  Nutt.  AMERICAN  S.  A  fleshy  herb,  wild  on  the  shore 
of  the  sea  and  Great  Lakes,  with  obovate  wavy-toothed  leaves,  and  pur- 
plish flowers. 

27.  RAFHANUS,    RADISH.     (Greek:   to  appear  quickly,  referring 
to  the  very  rapid  germination  of  the  seeds.)     (D  @    From  the  Old 
World. 

/?.  Raphani 'strum,  Linn.  WILD  R.  or  JOINTED  CHARLOCK.  Leaves 
rough  lyrate ;  petals  yellow,  changing  to  whitish  or  purplish,  and  pods 
narrow,  long-beaked,  divided  across  between  the  several  seeds,  so  as  to 
become  necklace-form.  Troublesome  weed  in  cult,  fields. 

R.  satlvus,  Linn.  RADISH.  Lower  leaves  lyrate ;  flowers  purple  and 
whitish,  and  closed  pods  thick  and  pointed  ;  the  seeds  separated  by  ir- 
regular fleshy  false  partitions ;  cult,  for  the  tender  .and  fleshy  pungent 
root ;  inclined  to  run  wild. 

R.  caudatus.  Linn.  RAT-TAIL  RADISH.  Probably  a  form  of  the  last, 
with  small  woody  root  and  pods  (used  for  pickles)  6'-12'  long. 


68  MIGNONETTE   FAMILY. 


XI.   CAPPAEIDACE^:,   CAPER   FAMILY. 

Herbs  (in  our  region)  resembling  Cruciferce,  but  with  sta- 
mens not  tetradynamous  and  often  more  than  6,  no  partition 
in  the  pod  (which  is  therefore  1 -celled  with  two  parietal  pla- 
centae), and  kidney-shaped  seeds,  the  embryo  rolled  up  instead 
of  folded  together ;  the  leaves  commonly  palmately  compound, 
and  the  herbage  bitter  and  nauseous  instead  of  pungent.  But 
in  warm  regions  the  cress-like  pungency  sometimes  appears, 
as  in  capers,  the  pickled  flower-buds  of  CAPPARIS  SPINOSA  of 
the  Levant.  This  and  its  near  relatives  are  trees  or  shrubs. 

1.  CLEOME.    Calyx  4-cleft.    Petals  4.    Stamens  6,  on  a  short,  thickened  receptacle.    Ovary 

and  many-seeded  pod  in  ours  raised  above  the  receptacle  on  a  long  stalk.    Style  very 
short  or  none.    Usually  an  appendage  on  1  side  of  the  receptacle. 

2.  POLANISIA.    Sepals  4.    Stamens  S-32.    Ovary  and  pod  sessile  or  short-stalked  on  the 

receptacle.    Style  present.    Otherwise  nearly  as  in  No.  1. 

3.  GYNANDROPSI8.    Sepals  4.    Stamens  borne  on  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary  far  above 

the  petals.    Otherwise  as  in  No.  1. 

1.  CLEOME.     (Name  of  uncertain  derivation.)     ® 

C.  pungens,  Willd.  Tall  (2°-40  high),  clammy-pubescent,  with  little 
spines  or  prickly  points  (whence  the  name)  in  place  of  stipules,  about  7 

and  a  raceme  of  large  and  handsome  flowers,  with  long-clawed,  pink  or 
purple  petals  and  declined  stamens.  Cult,  from  S.  A.,  and  run  wild  S. 

C.  integrif6lia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  much  smaller,  smooth,  with  8  leaflets 
and  the  pink  petals  without  claws,  is  wild  in  Minn,  to  Kans.,  and  cult,  in 
gardens,  also  for  bees  under  the  name  ROCKT  MOUNTAIN  BEE  PLANT. 

2.  POLANISIA.     (Greek :  many  unequal,  referring  to  the  stamens.) 
P.  grav&olens,  Raf .     A  heavy-scented  (as  the  name  denotes) ,  rather 

clammy,  low  herb,  with  3  oblong  leaflets,  and  small  flowers  with  short 
white  petals,  about  11  scarcely  longer  purplish  stamens,  and  a  short  style ; 
flowers  summer.  Wild  on  gravelly  shores  from  Vt.  to  Md.  and  W. 

3.  GYNANDROPSIS.     (Greek :  meaning  that  the  stamens  appear  to 
be  on  the  pistil.)     (Lessons,  Fig.  357.) 

G.  pentaphylla,  DC.  Clammy-pubescent  weed,  with  5  leaflets  to  the 
leaves  and  3  to  the  bracts ;  the  white  petals  on  claws.  West  Indies ; 
naturalized  from  Carolina,  S. 

XH.   RESEDACEJE,   MIGNONETTE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  inconspicuous  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.  RESEDA,  MIGNONETTE,  etc.  (Latin :  to  calm,  from  supposed 
sedative  properties.)  Calyx  4-7-parted,  never  closed  even  in  the  bud  ; 
petals  4-7,  unequal,  cleft  or  notched,  those  of  one  side  of  the  flower  ap- 
pendaged  within ;  stamens  10-40,  borne  on  a  sort  of  disk  dilated  on 
one  side  of  the  flower  ;  ovary  and  pod  composed  of  3-0  carpels,  united  not 
quite  to  the  top  into  a  3-6-lobed  or  3-6-horned,  1-celled  pistil  which 


BOCKROSE   FAMILY.  69 

opens  at  the  top  long  before  the  seeds  are  ripe ;  the  seeds  are  numerous, 
kidney-shaped,  on  3-6  parietal  placentae  ;  leaves  alternate. 
*  Leaves  not  compound;  flowers  yellowish. 

R.  odorata,  Linn.  COMMON  MIGNONETTE.  ®  Anthers  orange  ;  petals 
6,  the  posterior  ones  cut  into  several  fine  lobes  ;  stems  low ;  some  leaves 
entire  and  oblong,  others  3-lobed.  N.  Africa.  Cult,  for  the  delicious 
scent  of  the  yellowish- white  flowers. 

R.  Luteola,  Linn.  DYER'S  WEED  or  WELD.  Tall,  with  lanceolate,  entire 
leaves,  and  a  long  spike  of  yellowish  flowers  ;  petals  4.  Nat.  along  road- 
sides. Eu. 

*  *  Leaves  compound,  or  essentially  so  ;  flowers  white. 

R.  dlba,  Linn.  WHITE  or  UPRIGHT  M.  ©  or  ®,  2°-3°  high,  with 
long,  dense  spikes  of  white  flowers  with  brown  anthers,  and  leaves  all 
pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  divisions  lanceolate.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu. 

XHI.   PITTOSPORACE^E,  PITTOSPORUM  FAMILY. 

A  small  family  of  shrubs  and  trees,  belonging  mostly  to 
the  southern  hemisphere,  a  few  in  common  cultivation: 

1.  PITTOSPORUM.  (Greek:  pitch,  seed;  the  seeds  are  generally 
covered  with  a  sticky  exudation.)  Flowers  regular,  of  5  sepals,  6 
petals,  and  5  stamens ;  the  claws  of  the  petals  sometimes  slightly 
united ;  ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae ;  a  single  style  and 
stigma  ;  fruit  a  globular  woody  pod,  many-seeded.  Greenhouses. 

P.  Toblra,  Ait.  COMMON  P.  Leaves  obovate  and  retuse,  evergreen, 
crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  which  are  terminated  by  a  small, 
sessile  umbel  of  white,  fragrant  flowers,  produced  in  winter.  Japan.  A 
low  tree  cultivated  as  a  house-plant  N.,  hardy  S. 

P.  undulatum,  Andr.,  from  Australia,  has  oval-lanceolate  undulated 
leaves  tapering  at  both  ends,  and  white  flowers  in  close  panicles. 

P.  viridiflbrum,  Sims  (or  P.  SINENSE),  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
has  obovate  and  retuse  leaves  and  greenish-yellow  jasmine-scented  flowers 
in  somewhat  globose  panicles. 


XIV.   CISTACEJE,   BOCKKOSE  FAMILY. 

Shrubby  or  low  herbaceous  plants,  with  regular  flowers ;  a 
persistent  calyx  of  5  sepals,  two  of  them  exterior  and  resem- 
bling bracts ;  the  petals  and  stamens  on  the  receptacle ;  the 
style  single  or  none ;  ovary  1-celled  with  3  or  5  parietal  pla- 
centae (Lessons,  Fig.  334),  bearing  orthotropous  ovules. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM.    Petals  5,  crumpled  In  the  bud,  fugacious  (falling  at  the  close  of 

the  first  day),  or  none.  Stamens  and  ovules  many  in  the  complete  flower ;  placenta?  8. 
Style  none  or  short.  Low,  yellow-flowered  ;  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil. 

2.  HUDSONIA.    Petals  5,  fugacious,  much  larger  than  the  calyx.    Stamens  9-30.    Style 

slender.  Ovules  2-6.  Heath-like  shrubs,  6'-12'  high  ;  leaves  minute,  downy,  closely 
covering  the  branches  ;  flowers  small,  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer. Near  the  coast  and  Great  Lakes. 


70  ROCKROSE   FAMILY. 

3.  LECHEA.  Petals  8,  persistent,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  S-12.  Style  none. 
Pod  partly  3-celled,  6-seeded.  Small  homely  herbs,  with  Inconspicuous,  greenish,  or 
purplish  flowers,  and  pods  about  the  size  of  a  pin's  head,  whence  the  popular  name. 
Flowers  summer  and  autumn  in  sterile  soil. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM,    ROCKROSE.       (Greek:   sun,  flower;    the 
blossoms  opening  only  in  sunshine.)    (Lessons,  Figs.  334,  430.)    If. 

H.  Canade'nse,  Michx.  FROSTWEED.  Lance-oblong  leaves,  hoary 
beneath  ;  flowers  produced  all  summer,  some  with  showy  corolla  1'  broad 
and  many  stamens  ;  others  small  and  clustered  along  the  stem,  with  in- 
conspicuous corolla  and  3-10  stamens ;  the  latter  produce  small,  few-seeded 
pods.  The  only  one  common  N.  Popular  name  from  the  formation  of 
crystals  of  ice  in  late  autumn  about  the  cracked  bark  of  the  root. 

H.  corymbdsum,  Michx.  Downy  all  over,  with  smaller  flowers  clus- 
tered at  the  top  of  the  stem,  and  larger  ones  long-peduncled.  Along  the 
coast  from  N.  J.,  S. 

H.  vulgare,  Gsertn.  The  ROCKROSE,  of  the  Old  World  ;  with  yellow, 
whitish,  or  red  flowers  in  racemes  and  procumbent  stems ;  occasionally 
grown  in  gardens. 

H.  Carolinianum,  Michx.  Hairy,  with  green  leaves,  the  lower  obvate 
and  clustered ;  flowers  all  large-petaled  and  scattered,  in  spring.  S.  States. 

2.  HUDSONIA.     (For  an  English  botanist,  William  Hudson.")     11 

H.  ericoldes,  Linn.  Greenish  ;  leaves  awl-shaped  ;  flowers  peduncled. 
From  Va.,  N. 

H.  toment6sa.  Nutt.  Hoary  with  soft  down  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval 
and  close-pressed ;  peduncles  short  or  hardly  any.  From  Md.  to  Me. 
and  about  the  Great  Lakes. 

3.  LECHEA,   PINWEED.     (For  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist. )     1}. 

*  Hairs   long  and  soft,  spreading;    leaves  oblong;  flowers    in  small 
cymose  clusters. 

L.  major,  Michx.  LARGER  P.  Stem  upright,  hairy,  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves 
elliptical,  mucronate  ;  flowers  densely  clustered.  Borders  of  sterile  wood- 
lands. 

*  *  Hairs  oppressed  ;  leaves  mostly  narrower ;  flowers  paniculate. 
•*-  Leaves  thin,  cauline  ones,  oval  or  oblong  ;  panicles  leafy. 

L.  thymif6lia,  Michx.  Erect,  about  2°  high ;  pod  obovate-globose. 
Atlantic  coast. 

••-  t-  Leaves  firm,  cauline  ones  linear  to  slender  awl-shaped ;  panicles 
rather  naked  and  raceme-like. 

••-«•  Pod  nearly  globose. 

L.  minor,  Linn.  SMALLER  P.  Stems  low,  12'-18'  high,  rather  strict ; 
flowers  loosely  clustered.  Opeu  sterile  ground. 

Var.  marftima.  Gray,  is  stouter  and  stiffer,  with  linear,  hoary,  radical 
leaves.  In  sandy  soil,  Mass.  S.,  near  the  coast. 

L.  tenulf6lia,  Michx.  Low,  slender  and  diffuse  ;  leaves  very  narrow 
and  small.  E.  Mass,  to  Mo.  and  S. 

~  ++  Pod  ellipsoidal. 

L.  racemuldsa,  Lam.  Erect,  leaves  oblong-linear ;  inflorescence  loose. 
Dry  places,  Long  Island  to  Ky.  and  S. 


VIOLET   FAMILY.  71 


XV.    VIOLACKfi,   VIOLET  FAMILY. 

Herbs./  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  more  or  less  un- 
equal, the  lower  one  with  a  sac  or  spur  at  the  base.  (Lessons, 
Figs.  237,  238,  276,  347,  420,  429.)  Stamens  5,  short;  the 
very  broad  flat  filaments  conniving  or  cohering  around  the 
pistil.  Style  usually  club-shaped;  stigma  1-sided.  Ovary 
and  pod  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae,  containing  several 
rather  large  seeds.  Herbs,  with  stipules  to  the  alternate 
leaves,  and  1-flowered  peduncles. 

1.  VIOLA.    Sepals  eared  at  base ;  stamens  distinct,  the  two  lower  bearing  spurs  which 

extend  into  the  spur  of  the  corolla.    Cleistogamous  blossoms  are  common  and  highly 
fruitful,  especially  among  stemless  species.    (See  Lessons,  p.  115.) 

2.  SOLE  A.    Sepals  not  eared  at  base  ;  stamens  united  into  a  sheath  having  a  broad  gland 

below  instead  of  spurs. 

1.   VIOLA,   VIOLET,  HEARTS-EASE.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  STEMLESS  VIOLETS,  with  leaves  and  peduncles  all  from  creeping  or  sub- 
terranean rootstocks,  there  being  no  proper  ascending  stems  ;  all  flower- 
ing in  spring. 

-•-  Garden  species,  from  Europe  ;  fragrant. 

If.  odorata,  Linn.  SWEET  VIOLET.  Tufts  spreading  by  creeping  run- 
ners ;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped,  more  or  less  downy ;  flowers  violet- 
blue,  varying  to  white ;  single,  or  in  cultivation  commonly  full  double. 
Hardy. 

*_  4-  Wild  species;  only  slightly  sweet-scented  or  scentless. 

++  Flowers  blue  or  violet-color. 

=  Sootstock  short  and  thick;   stigma  not  beaked;    lateral  petals  not 
bearded. 

V.  pedata,  Linn.  BIRD-FOOT  V.  Leaves  all  cut  into  linear  divisions 
or  lobes  ;  the  flower  large,  beardless,  usually  light  violet-color,  sometimes 
whitish,  sometimes  the  two  upper  petals  deep  dark  violet,  like  a  pansy  ; 
sandy  or  light  soil. 

=  =  Bootstock  fleshy  and  thickened;  stigma  beaked;  spur  short  and  sac- 
like  ;  lateral  petals  bearded. 

V.  pedatffida,  G.  Don.  (or  V.  DEPHiNiF6LiA).  Leaves  all  palmately 
divided  or  parted  ;  segments  2-3-cleft ;  lobes  linear.  Prairies,  111.  W. 

V.  palmata.  Linn.  COMMON  BLUE  V.  Rootstocks  matted,  scaly- 
toothed  ;  leaves  erect  and  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  obscurely 
serrate,  the  later  ones,  3-7-cleft  or  parted,  with  the  sides  at  the  base 
rolled  in  when  young,  on  long  petioles ;  flowers  sometimes  pale  or  varie- 
gated with  white. 

The  var.  cucullata,  Gray,  has  the  later  leaves  merely  crenate,  not 
lobed.  Both  forms  very  variable  and  common. 

V.  sagittata,  Ait.  ARROW-LEAVED  V.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong- 
heart-shaped  to  ovate  and  often  rather  halberd-shaped,  toothed  near  base, 
the  earlier  ones  on  short  and  margined  petioles  ;  flower  large  in  propor- 
tion ;  common. 


72  VIOLET   FAMILY. 

=  =  =  Rootstock  long  and  slender,  extensively  creeping;  spur  almost  as 
long  as  the  beardless  petals. 

V.  Selkirk!!,  Pursh.  SELKIRK'S  V.  Small,  only  2'  high,  the  rounded, 
heart-shaped  leaves  spreading  flat  on  the  ground ;  the  flower  large  in  pro- 
portion ;  on  shady  banks,  only  N. 

-M-  •*-*  Flowers  (small)  white,  the  lower  petal  purplish-veined. 

V.  blanda,  Willd.  SWEET  WHITE  V.  Very  common,  with  faintly 
sweet-scented  flowers ;  petals  mostly  beardless ;  leaves  rounded  heart- 
shaped  or  kidney-shaped. 

V.  primulaef6lia.  Linn.  PRIMROSE-LEAVED  V.  Between  the  last  and 
next,  has  oblong  or  ovate  leaves,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base ;  petals  spar- 
ingly bearded.  Toward  the  coast. 

'     V.  lanceolata,  Linn.     LANCE-LEAVED  V.     Leaves  lanceolate,  tapering 
into  long  petioles  ;  petals  beardless.     Commonest  E.  and  S. 

.M.  .«.  +H.  Flowers  yellow  ;  lateral  petals  with  brown  veins. 

V.  rotundifdlia,  Michx.  ROUND-LEAVED  V.  Leaves  roundish,  heart- 
shaped,  flat  on  the  ground,  becoming  large  and  shining  in  summer ;  spreads 
by  runners  ;  flowers  small.  In  cold  woods  N.,  and  S.  in  Alleghanies. 

*  *  LEAFY-STEMMED  VIOLETS,  wild,  perennial ;  flowering  in  spring  and 

summer  ;  stipules  not  leaf-like. 

•*-  Stipules  entire  ;  spur  very  short. 
++  Stems  2-4r-leaved  above,  naked  below  ;  flowers  yellow,  short-spurred. 

V.  pub^scena,  Ait.  DOWNY  YELLOW  V.  Soft-downy,  also  a  rather 
smooth  variety;  leaves  broadly  heart-shaped;  stipules  large.  Woods, 
common. 

V.  hastata,  Michx.  HALBERD- LEAVED  V.  Smoother ;  leaves  halberd- 
shaped  or  oblong-heart-shaped  ;  stipules  small.  Scarce  W.  and  S. 

-w-  -M-  Stems  more  leafy  ;  flowers  white  and  violet. 

V.  Canaddnsis,  Linn.  CANADA  V.  Common  in  rich  woods  N.  and 
W.  ;  l°-2°  high,  large-leaved ;  flowers  all  summer ;  the  petals  white  or 
purplish  above,  the  upper  ones  violet-purple  underneath  ;  spur  very  short 
and  blunt. 

•»-  •»-  Stipules  fringe-toothed ;  spur  oblong  to  cylindrical ;  flowers  white 
or  violet. 

V.  striata,  Ait.  PALEV.  Low;  flowers  creamy- white,  with  lower  petal 
purple-lined  ;  spur  short ;  stipules  large  in  proportion.  Not  rare  N.  and  W. 

V.  rostrata,  Pursh.  LONG-SPURRED  V.  6'  high,  and  slender  spur 
longer  than  the  pale  violet,  beardless  petals.  Fields  N.  and  W. 

V.  canina,  Linn.  DOG  V.,  the  Amer.  variety  (var.  Muhlenbergii, 
Gray).  Low,  with  creeping  branches  or  short  runners  ;  spur  cylindric, 
half  the  length  of  the  violet  flower ;  lateral  petals  slightly  bearded  ;  com- 
mon in  low  grounds. 

*  *  *  PANSY  VIOLETS,  from  Europe,  with  leafy  and  branching  stems  and 

large,  leaf-like  stipules  ;  flowering  through  the  spring  and  summer. 

V.  tricolor,  Linn.  PANSY  or  HEART'S-EASE.  Cult,  or  running  wild  in 
gardens,  low,  with  roundish  leaves  or  the  upper  oval  and  lowest  heart- 
shaped  ;  stipules  lyrate-pinnatifid  ;  petals  of  various  colors,  and  often 
variegated,  and  under  cultivation  often  very  large  and  showy,  the  spur 
short  and  blunt.  Var.  arvensis,  is  a  field  variety,  slender  and  small- 
flowered,  thoroughly  naturalized  in  some  places,  (j)  ®  1J. 

If.  corn uta,  Linn.  HORNED  V.  Sometimes  cult,  in  borders ;  has  stipules 
merely  toothed,  and  light  violet-purple  flowers  with  a  very  long  and 
slender  spur.  2/  Pyrenees. 


PINK  FAMILY.  73 

2.  SOLEA,  GREEN  VIOLET.     (For  William  Sole,  author  of  an  essay 
on  British  Mints.)     2/ 

S.  cdncolor,  Ging.    l°-2°  high ;  stems  leafy,  with  1-3  small, 
axillary  flowers ;  leaves  oblong,  entire.    N.  Y.  to  Kan.  and  S. 


XVI.    CARYOPHYLLACKE,  PINK  FAMILY. 

Bland  herbs,  with  opposite,  entire  leaves,  regular  flowers  with 
not  over  10  stamens,  a  commonly  1-celled  ovary  with  the  ovules 
rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell  or  on  a  central  column,  and 
with  2-5  styles  or  sessile  stigmas,  mostly  separate  to  the 
base.  (Lessons,  p.  108,  Figs.  331,  332.)  Seeds  with  a  slender 
embryo  on  the  outside  of  a  mealy  albumen,  and  usually  curved 
into  a  ring  around  it.  Calyx  persistent.  Petals  sometimes 
minute  or  wanting.  Two  great  divisions  or  tribes,  viz.  the  true 
PINK  FAMILY  and  the  CHICKWEED  FAMILY. 

I.  PINK  SUBFAMILY.  Sepals  (5)  united  below  into  a 
tube  or  cup.  Petals  with  slender  claws,  which  are  inclosed  in 
the  calyx  tube,  and  commonly  raised  within  it  (with  the  10 
stamens),  on  a  sort  of  stalk,  often  with  a  cleft  scale  or  crown 
at  the  junction  of  the  blade  and  claw.  (Lessons,  p.  90,  Fig. 
248.)  Pod  mostly  opening  at  the  top,  many-seeded. 

*  Calyx  with  a  scaly  cup  or  set  of  bracts  at  its  base;  seeds  attached  by  their  face; 

embryo  nearly  straight. 

1.  DIANTHUS.  Calyx  cylindrical,  faintly  many-striate.   Petals  without  a  crown.  Styles  2. 
*  *  Calyx  naked  at  base;  seeds  attached  by  the  edge;  embryo  curved. 


2.  SAPOXAKIA.    Calyx  cylindrical,  pyramidal,  or  oblong,  often  angled,  5-toothed.    Pod 

4-valved  at  the  top. 

3.  GYPSOPHILA.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  or  thin  and  delicate  below  the  sinuses.    Pod 

4-valved.    Flowers  small  and  panicled,  resembling  those  of  Sandwort,  etc. 
•«-  -i-  Styles  3  or  more. 

4.  LYCHNIS.    Styles  5,  rarely  4.    Calyx  opening  by  5  or  more  teeth. 

5.  SILENE.    Styles  3.    Calyx  opening  by  3-6  teeth. 

II.  CHICKWEED  SUBFAMILY.  Petals  spreading, 
without  claws,  occasionally  wanting.  Sepals  (4  or  5)  separate, 
or  united  only  at  base,  or  rarely  higher  up.  Flowers  small, 
compared  with  the  Pink  Family,  and  the  plants  usually  low 
and  spreading  or  tufted. 

*  Without  stipules ;  generally  with  petals  ;  pod  several-seeded. 
+-  Styles  opposite  the  sepals,  or  when  fewer,  opposite  those  which  are  exterior  in  the  bud. 

6.  AEENARIA.     Petals  entire,  rarely  none.     Styles  commonly  3.     Pod  globular  or  oblong, 

splitting  into  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 


74  PINK   FAMILY. 

7.  STELLARIA.    P«tals  white,  2-olett,  or  sometimes  none.    Styles  usually  8,  sometime* 

4.    Pod  globular  or  ovoid,  splitting  into  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

8.  CEBASTIUM.    Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  notched  at  the  end  or  2-cleft,  rarely  none. 

Styles  6.    Pods  cylindrical,  opening  at  the  top  by  10  teeth. 

i-  -c  Styles  4  or  5,  alternate  icith  the  4  or  5  sepalt. 

9.  8AGINA.    Petals  entire  or  none.    Pod  splitting  into  4  or  5  valves.    Small  plants,  l'-6* 

high,  tufted. 

*  *  With  scarious  stipules  between  the  leaves,  rather  conspicuous  and  entire  petals, 

and  a  many-seeded  3-o-valved  pod. 

10.  BTJDA.    Leaves  opposite.    Styles  usually  3.     Flowers  reddish,  produced  all  summer. 

11.  8PERGULA.    Leaves  in  whorls.    Styles  5,  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with 

them.    Flowers  otherwise  as  in  Buda. 

1.  DIANTHUS,   PINK.     (Greek:    Jove's  flower.')     All  but  the  first 

species  cultivated  for  ornament ;  flowers  summer. 
*  Flowers  sessile  and  many  in  a  close  cluster  •  bracts  lance-awl-shaped. 

D.  Armenia,  Linn.  DEPTFORD  PINK,  (£)  A  rather  insignificant  plant ; 
leaves  hairy,  linear ;  flowers  very  small,  scentless  ;  petals  rose-color  with 
whitish  dots.  Eu.  Nat.  eastward. 

D.  barbatus,  Linn.  SWEET  WILLIAM  or  BCNCH  PINK.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  green  ;  various  colored  flowers  in  a  very  flat-topped  cluster ; 
the  petals  sharply  toothed.  Abounds  in  all  country  gardens;  many 
double-flowered  choice  varieties.  11  Eu. 

*  *  Flowers  single  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  leaves  narrow  and  often 
grass-like,  rather  rigid,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  usually  without  any  evi- 
dent veins. 

-t-  Bracts  linear,  acute,  as  long  as  the  calyx.    ®  (g) 

D.  ChinSnsis,  Linn,  (or  D.  HEDDEW!:GII).  CHINA  or  INDIAN  PINK. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  short,  and  broad,  less  rigid  than  any  of  the  following ; 
the  large  petals  toothed  or  cut,  of  various  colors,  red  predominating.  Nu- 
merous garden  varieties,  —  dwarf,  double  and  single-flowered,  some  with 
deeply  cut  petals. 

•»-+-  Bracts  short  and  mostly  broad.     1L 
••-»•  Petals  deeply  fringed. 

D.  plumarius,  Linn.  COMMON  PINK  of  old  gardens.  A  low,  hardy 
species,  making  broad  tufts,  with  small,  very  glaucous  leaves,  sending  up 
flower-stems  in  early  summer,  the  white,  or  pink,  or  variegated  petals 
cut  into  a  fringe  of  slender  lobes.  Eu. 

D.  superbus,  Linn.  Taller,  less  tufted,  and  later-flowered;  the  large 
petals  entirely  dissected  into  delicate,  almost  capillary  divisions.  Eu. 

•M-  -M-  Petals  dentate  or  entire. 

D.  Caryophyllus,  Linn.  CARNATION,  CLOVE  PINK,  PICOTEE,  GRENA- 
DINE, etc.  Stems  hard  or  almost  woody  below  ;  long-linear,  very  glaucous 
leaves  ;  the  bracts  very  short  and  broad.  Various  colors,  as  white,  pink, 
red,  yellow,  and  variegated.  In  this  country  grown  mostly  indoors,  but 
there  are  many  hardy  border  varieties.  Eu. 

D.  deltoldes,  Linn.  A  low  plant  (1°  or  so  high)  growing  in  mats  ; 
leaves  short,  narrowly  lanceolate,  roughish  ;  bracts  sharp  and  half  as  long 
as  calyx-tube  ;  petals  rose-color  or  white.  Cult,  from  Eu.  and  occasion- 
ally naturalized. 

2.  SAPONARIA,    SOAPWORT.      (Latin  and  common  names   from 
the  mucilaginous  juice  of  the  stem  and  root  forming  a  lather. )     From 
Eu.     (Lessons,  Fig.  248.) 


PINK  FAMILY.  75 

*  Petals  notched ;  plants  smooth. 

S.  officin&lis,  Linn.  COMMON  S.  or  BOUNCING  BET.  l°-2°  high ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oval ;  flowers  rather  large,  rose-color  or  white,  single  or  double, 
in  dense  clusters ;  the  petals  crowned ;  calyx  not  angled.  Cult,  and 
along  roadsides.  2/ 

S-  Vaccaria,  Linn.  Cow  HERB.  Leaves  lanceolate  and  pale,  partly 
clasping ;  flowers  pale  red  in  loose  open  cyme  ;  calyx  becoming  strongly 
winged.  Cult,  and  runs  wild.  @ 

*  *  Petals  entire  ;  plant  hairy. 

S.  ocymoldes,  Linn.  BASIL  S.  Profusely  branched ;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate acute  ;  calyx  purplish,  cylindric  ;  petal-limb  not  narrowed.  Cult.  If. 

3.  GYPSOPHILA.     (Greek:   loving  gypsum,  because  preferring  cal- 
careous soil.) 

G.  pan icu fata,  Linn.  BABY'S  BREATH.  Very  smooth,  pale,  l°-2°  high  ; 
with  lance-linear  leaves  and  branches  repeatedly  forking  into  very  loose 
and  light  cymes,  bearing  innumerable  very  small  and  delicate  white 
flowers.  Cult.  2Z  Eu. 

G.  elegans,  Eieb.  ELEGANT  G.  l°-2°  high,  loosely  spreading ;  with 
lanceolate  leaves  much  larger  (£'  broad)  and  fewer  flowers,  white  or 
slightly  rosy.  Cult.  ®  Caucasus. 

G.  murafis,  Linn.  Low,  leaves  very  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  purplish 
on  slender  pedicels  solitary  in  the  forks.  Sparingly  naturalized  from  Eu. 
and  cult.  ® 

4.  LYCHNIS.     (Greek :   lamp,  an  old  name  applied  to  some  flame- 
colored  species.)     All  from  the  Old  World  ;  flowers  summer. 

§  1.  Calyx  icith  long,  leaf-like  lobes;  petals  not  crowned.    ® 

L.  Githago,  Lam.  CORN  COCKLE.  Hairy,  with  long,  linear  leaves,  and 
long-peduncled,  showy,  red-purple  flowers ;  in  fruit  the  calyx-lobes  fall- 
ing off.  A  weed  in  grainfields,  the  black  seeds  injurious  to  the  grain. 

§  2.  Calyx  without  long,  leaf-like  lobes  ;  petals  crowned  with  a  2-cleft  little 
scale  or  pair  of  teeth  on  the  base  of  the  blade  or  at  the  top  of  the  claw.   1L  ® 
*  Flowers  in  dense  cymes,  1'  or  less  broad. 

L.  Chalceddnica,  Linn.  SCARLET  L.  Very  common  in  country  gardens  ; 
tall,  rather  hairy,  and  coarse,  with  lance-ovate,  partly  clasping  green  leaves, 
and  a  very  dense,  flat-topped  cluster  of  many  smallish  flowers ;  the  bright 
scarlet  or  brick-red  petals  deeply  2-lobed. 

L  Viscaria,  Linn.  Occasional  in  gardens;  smooth,  but  the  slender 
stem  glutinous  towards  the  top  ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  many,  in  a  narrow, 
raceme-like  cluster,  rather  small ;  calyx  tubular  or  club-shaped ;  petals 
pink-red,  slightly  notched  ;  also  a  double-flowered  variety. 

L.  alplna,  Linn.  Dwarf,  6'  high,  tufted  ;  quite  smooth  ;  leaves  crowded  ; 
flowers  in  a  round-topped  cluster,  petals  deeply  notched.  Perhaps  a  var. 
of  the  preceding.  Eu. 

*  *  Flowers  few  or  single,  very  large  (2'  or  more). 

L.  grand/flora,  Jacq.  Smooth  ;  leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends ; 
flowers  short  peduncled ;  the  red  or  scarlet  petals  fringe-toothed  at  the 
end.  Cult,  from  China. 

L.  fulgens,  Fischer.  Hairy,  l°-2°  high;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate; 
flowers  bright  vermilion  ;  petals  deeply  cleft,  with  2  linear,  awl-shaped, 
lateral  lobes.  Siberia. 


76  PINK   FAMILY. 

*  *  *  Flowers  smaller,  scattered  or  in  loose  clusters. 
+-  Petal  limb  slightly  notched. 

L.  coronaria,  Lam.  MULLEIN  LYCHNIS,  DUSTY  MILLER  or  MULLEIN 
PINK.  Cult,  in  gardens ;  the  flower  crimson  and  like  that  of  CORN 
COCKLE  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  short  and  slender ;  plant  white-cottony  ;  leaves 
oval  or  oblong.  @  2L 

+-  H-  Petal  limb  cleft  into  ^-linear  lobes. 

L  Flos-cucu/i,  Linn.  CUCKOO  L.  RAGGED  ROBIN  is  the  double-flowered 
variety,  in  gardens.  Slightly  downy  and  glutinous,  with  lanceolate  leaves, 
and  an  open  panicle  of  pink-red  flowers. 

-i-  i-  I-  Petal  limb  2-cleft. 

L.  diurna,  Sibth.  DAY-BLOOMING  L.  Double-flowered  form  also  called 
RAGGED  ROBIN  in  the  gardens  ;  smoothish  or  soft-hairy,  slightly  sticky  ; 
leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  the  upper  ones  pointed ;  flowers  scattered 
or  somewhat  clustered  on  the  branches,  rose-red  or  white,  opening  in 
morning. 

L.  vespertlna,  Sibth.  EVENING-BLOOMING  L.  Sticky  pubescent ;  calyx 
ovate,  enlarging ;  the  flowers  commonly  dioecious,  white,  and  open  after 
sunset ;  the  root  biennial.  But  a  full,  double,  day-flowering  perennial 
variety  in  gardens,  is  a  white  sort  of  RAGGED  ROBIN.  A  weed  in  some 
waste  grounds,  (g) 

5.  SILENE,  CATCHFLY.  (Greek,  saliva;  both  names  refer  to  the 
sticky  exudation  on  stems  and  calyx  of  several  species,  by  which  small 
insects  are  often  caught.)  Flowers  mostly  all  summer.  (Lessons, 
Figs.  259,  356.) 

*  Calyx  inflated  or  bladdery;  petals  rather  small,  white,  crownless  or 

nearly  so  ;  not  sticky.     2/ 

S.  stellata,  Ait.  STARRY  CAMPION.  Smooth;  stem  slender,  2°-3° 
high  ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  lance-ovate,  pointed  ;  flowers  in  a  long  and 
loose  panicle  ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe.  Wild  on  wooded  banks. 

S.  Cucubafus,  Wibel.  (or  S.  INFLATA).  BLADDER  CAMPION.  Glaucous 
or  pale  and  very  smooth,  1°  high  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  oppo- 
site ;  flowers  loosely  cymose ;  the  bladdery  calyx  veiny ;  petals  2-cleft. 
Nat.  from  Eu. ,  N.  Eng.  to  HI. 

*  *  Calyx  inflated;  sticky  pubescent;  petals  red  or  white,  crowned.    ® 

S.  pSndu/a,  Linn.  Whole  plant  reddish.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  op- 
posite ;  calyx  obovate,  purplish,  the  nerves  darker ;  petals  deeply  notched. 
Cult,  from  S.  Eu. 

*  *  *  Calyx  not  inflated,  oblong,  tubular,  or  club-shaped;  somewhat  sticky 

pubescent;  icild  species  with  crowned  pink  or  red  petals.     2i 

S.  Fennsylvanica,  Michx.  PENNSYLVANIAN  C.  or  WILD  PINK.  Stems 
4'-8'  high,  bearing  2  or  3  pairs  of  lanceolate  leaves  and  a  cluster  of  short- 
stalked  middle-sized  flowers  in  spring ;  petals  pink-red,  wedge-shaped, 
slightly  notched.  Gravelly  soil.  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  and  S. 

S.  Virginica,  Linn.  VIRGINIAN  C.  or  FIRE  PINK.  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves 
spatulate  or  lanceolate ;  flowers  few,  peduncled  ;  the  pretty,  large,  bright, 
crimson-red  petals  2-cleft.  Open  woods  W.  and  S. 

S.  rfegia,  Sims.  ROYAL  C.  Like  the  last,  but  3°  high,  with  lance- 
ovate  leaves,  numerous  short-peduncled  flowers  in  a  narrow  panicle,  and 
narrower,  scarlet-red  petals,  scarcely  cleft.  Prairies,  etc.,  Ohio  to  Mo. 
andS. 


PINK   FAMILY.  77 

****  Calyx  not  inflated  ;  petals  crowned.     Weeds  or  cult.     ®    ® 

1-  Smooth,  apart  of  each  of  the  tipper  joint  of  stems  glutinous;  flowers 
small. 

S.  Armenia,  Linn.  SWEET  WILLIAM  C.  Stem  about  1°  high  ;  flowers 
showy  in  flat-topped  cymes  ;  calyx  slender,  club-shaped  ;  petals  notched, 
bright  pink,  or  a  white  variety,  opening  only  in  sunshine  ;  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  glaucous.  Eu.  Cult,  and  escaped. 

S.  compacta,  Fischer.  12'-18'  high ;  flowers  in  dense  cymes  (almost 
fascicled)  ;  petals  with  an  obovate,  entire,  or  erose  limb,  (g)  Cult,  from 
Caucasus. 

S.  antirrhina,  Linn.  SLEEPY  C.  Stem  slender,  8'-30'  high,  rather 
simple  ;  flowers  very  small,  panicled  ;  calyx  ovoid  ;  petals  rose-color,  ob- 
cordate,  opening  only  at  midday  in  sunshine  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear. 
Dry  soil ;  common. 

H-  -i-  All  over  sticky-hairy  ;  naturalized  from  Eu. 

S.  noctifldra,  Linn.  NIGHT-FLOWERING  C.  Tall  coarse  weed  in  cult,  or 
waste  grounds ;  lower  leaves  spatulate,  upper  lanceolate  and  pointed ; 
flowers  single  or  in  loose  clusters  terminating  the  branches,  with  awl- 
shaped  calyx-teeth  and  white  or  pale  rosy  2-parted  petals,  opening  at  night- 
fall or  in  cloudy  weather. 

6.  ARENARIA,  SANDWOKT.  (Latin :  sand,  in  which  several  species 
grow. )  Plants  of  various  habit,  usually  low  and  tufted.  All  the  f ollow- 
ing  are  wild,  also  some  others  less  common.  Flowers  spring  and  sum- 
mer. (Lessons,  Figs.  215,  331,  332.) 

*  Petals  inconspicuous,  ichite. 

A .  serpylliiblia,  Linn.  2'-6'  high  ;  stems  erect,  roughish,  much  branched ; 
leaves  ovate,  pointed  ;  flowers  in  leafy  cymes  ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than 
the  3-5-nerved  pointed  sepals.  (I)  Sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places.  Eu. 

A.  diffdsa,  Ell.  SPREADING  S.  Plant  soft-downy ;  stems  diffusely 
branched,  prostrate,  1°  or  more  long ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  peduncles  lat- 
eral, 1 -flowered;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  none.  %.  Shady 
grounds  S. 

*  *  Petals  conspicuous,  longer  than  the  calyx,  white.     ~H 
•«-  Leaves  small,  rigid,  aid-shaped  or  bristle-shaped;  3'-6'  high. 

A.  Caroliniana,  Walt,  (or  A.  §QUARR6sA).  PINE-BARREN  S.  Densely 
tufted  from  a  deep  root ;  leaves  imbricated  but  spreading,  obscuring  the 
internodes  ;  sepals  obtuse.  In  sand,  coast  of  N.  J.  and  S. 

A.  Michatixii,  Hook.f.  Usually  diffuse  from  a  small  root;  inter- 
nodes  evident ;  leaves  with  many  others,  clustered  in  the  axils ;  sepals 
acute.  Rocks  and  wooded  banks  N.  and  W. 

•*-  •«-  Leaves  soft  and  herbaceous,  filiform-linear ;  petals  refuse  or  notched. 

A.  patula,  Michx.  Minutely  pubescent,  diffusely  branched  filiform 
stems,  6'-10'  long ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-5-nerved.  Va.,  W. 
to  Kansas.  ^  ^  +.  Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  ovate. 

A.  laterifldra.  Linn.  SIDE-FLOWERING  S.  Plant  minutely  downy ; 
stem  erect,  3'-10'  high,  sparingly  branching ;  peduncles  few-flowered, 
soon  becoming  lateral  by  the  farther  growth  of  the  leafy  stem ;  leaves 
oval  or  oblong.  Gravelly  shores  and  banks,  N.  and  W. 

A.  peploldes,  Linn.  SEA  S.  6'-10'  high  ;  leaves  very  fleshy,  ovate ; 
flowers  axillary.  Sands  of  seashore  N. 


78  PINK  FAMILY. 

7.    STELLARIA,    CHICKWEED    STAR  WORT.      (Latin:    stella,    a 
star.)   Flowers  spring  and  summer.    (Lessons,  Figs.  345,  *31,  432.) 

*  Stems  weak  and  spreading,  marked  with  pubescent  lines ;  leaves  broad. 

S.  media,  Smith.  COMMON  CHICKWEED.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  the 
lower  on  hairy  petioles  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx,  2-parted  ;  stamens 
3-10.  ®  In  all  damp  cult,  grounds. 

S.  pfcbera,  Michx.  GREAT  C.  Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  sessile  ;  petals 
longer  than  the  calyx,  2-cleft.  2/  Shaded  rocks,  Penn.,  S. ,  and  W. 

*  *  Wholly  glabrous  ;  stems  erect  or  spreading  ;  leaves  narrow,  sessile.    2/ 

-H-  Petals  2-parted,  equaling  or  surpassing  calyx  ;  bracts  scale-like. 

3.  longifdlia,  Muhl.  LONG-LEAVED  S.  or  STITCHWORT.  Stem  weak 
with  rough  angles,  8'-18'  high ;  leaves  linear,  widely  spreading,  acutish  at 
both  ends  ;  flowers  numerous  on  slender,  spreading  pedicels,  in  a  very  loose 
cyme  ;  petals  2-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  seeds  smooth.  Common 
in  damp  grassy  places  N. 

8.  Idngipes,  Goldie.  Very  smooth ;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate,  or 
linear-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base  ;  flowers  on  long,  strictly  erect  pedicels ; 
seeds  smooth.  Rare  in  N.  U.  S.  ;  commoner  in  Canada. 

S.  graminea,  Linn.  Like  the  last ;  leaves  broadest  above  the  base  ; 
pedicels  widely  spreading ;  seeds  wrinkled.  Nat.  from  Eu.  A  yellow- 
leaved  variety  is  sometimes  used  in  carpet  bedding. 

-i-  -i-  Petals  shorter  than  calyx  or  0;  bracts  leaf-like. 

8.  borealis,  Bigel.  NORTHERN  S.  Stem  3'-10'  high,  forking  repeatedly 
and  with  flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  leafy  branches  ;  leaves  broadly  lan- 
ceolate or  narrow-oblong.  Wet  grassy  places  N. 


8.  CBRASTITTM,  MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED.  (Greek:  horn; 
referring  to  the  pod  of  some  species.  Popular  name  from  the  shape 
and  soft  hairiness  of  the  leaves  of  the  common  species.) 

*  Flowers  inconspicuous,  the  deeply  2-cleft  petals  being  shorter  or  little 

longer  than  the  calyx;  flowering  all  summer,  white. 

C.  viscdsum,  Linn.  An  insignificant  soft-hairy  weed ;  stems  erect, 
4'-9'  high,  slightly  clammy ;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  small ;  pedicels  in 
fruit  and  petals  shorter  than  the  acute  sepals.  ®  E.  and  S.;  not  common. 

C.  vulgatum,  Linn.  LARGER  M.  Stems  spreading,  6'-15'  long,  clammy- 
hairy  ;  leaves  oblong ;  pedicels  becoming  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  petals  as 
long  as  the  obtuse  sepals.  (2)  2/  Common  in  grassy  places. 

C.  nutans,  Raf.  Clammy-pubescent,  erect,  6'-18'  high,  becoming 
very  loosely  many -flowered  and  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ; 
petals  longer  than  calyx ;  pods  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  nodding  on 
the  slender  flower-stalk  and  curved  upwards.  In  moist  grounds.  ® 

*  *  Flowers  conspicuous,  the  snowy  white  petals  2  or  3  times  the  length  of 

the  calyx  ;  plants  forming  matted  tufts.     11 

C.  arv^nse,  Linn.  FIELD  M.  Downy  but  green  ;  leaves  linear  to 
narrowly  lanceolate ;  flowering  stems  4'-6'  high,  few-flowered  ;  petals 
notched  at  the  end ;  pod  scarcely  longer  than  calyx.  Dry  fields,  etc. 

The  var.  oblongif61ium  is  larger,  with  oblong  leaves  and  pod  twice  as 
long  as  calyx.  —  Var.  villdsum  is  densely  villous.  European  forms  are 
sometimes  grown  for  ornament. 

C.  tomentdsum,  Linn.  COTTONY  M.  Shoots  spreading,  crowded  with 
oblong  or  linear  white-woolly  leaves  making  dense  silvery  mats  ;  flower- 
buds  and  pedicels  densely  woolly  ;  petals  deeply  2-cleft.  Cult,  from  Eu. 


PURSLANE  FAMILY.  79 

9.   SAGINA,  PEARL  WORT.     (Latin  :  sagina,  fattening ;  of  no  appli- 
cation to  these  plants.)      Small   and  insignificant  plants,   only  two 


S.  proctimbens,  Linn.  Smooth;  parts  of  the  flower  in  fours  as  a 
rule ;  the  petals  (sometimes  0)  shorter  than  the  ovate  obtuse  sepals. 
Moist  places.  N.  ®  or  11 

S.  decrimbeng,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Pedicels,  calyx,  and  margins  of  upper 
leaves  at  first  glandular  pubescent ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  fives ;  pod 
nearly  twice  length  of  acutish  sepals.  Mass,  to  Mo.,  and  common  S.  ® 

10.  BUDA,   SAND  SPURREY.     (After  the  city  of  this  name  prob- 
ably.)    Small  herbs  with  scaly- membranaceous  stipules,  with  red  or 
white  flowers,  mostly  near  the  seacoast.     Known  also  as  Spergularia 
and  Tissa.    0  2/  ? 

B.  rubra,  Dumort.  Smoothish,  prostrate  in  tufts ;  leaves  thread-shaped ; 
pod  and  pink-red  corolla  hardly  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  seeds 
rough,  wingless,  half-obovate.  Common  in  sand  or  gravel,  along  roads 
and  paths,  E.,  quite  away  from  salt  water. 

B.  marina,  Dumort.  Larger  and  more  fleshy,  only  in  brackish  sands  ; 
with  short  pedicels,  pale  corolla  ;  pod  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  rough, 
obovate-rounded  (narrow- winged  or  wingless)  seeds.  Variable. 

11.  SFERGULA,    SPURREY.      (Latin:     spargo,    scatter,    i.e.     its 


S.  arvensis,  Linn.  CORN  S.  Stems  1°  or  so  high,  bearing  several 
thread-shaped  leaves  in  the  whorls,  and  terminating  in  a  panicle  of  white 
flowers.  A  weed  in  grainfields ;  cult,  in  Eu.  as  a  forage  plant  for 
sheep. 


XVH.    PORTULACACKffi,  PURSLANE  FAMILY. 

Succulent-leaved  herbs,  with  2  sepals  and  5  petals,  the 
stamens  sometimes  many,  sometimes  few  and  then  one  before 
each  petal;  ovary  1-celled,  becoming  a  pod,  with  many  or  few 
kidney-shaped  seeds  on  a  central  placenta,  or  on  slender  seed- 
stalks  from  the  base.  Seeds  as  in  the  Pink  Family. 

»  Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals  ;  flowers  opening  only  once,  in  sunshine. 

1.  PORTULACA.    Style  cleft  into  several  slender  divisions.    Lower  part  of  the  ovary  and 

many-seeded  pod  united  with  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  ;  the  upper  part  when  mature 
falling  off  as  a  lid.    Leafy  and  branching,  low  and  spreading,  with  fleshy,  sessile  leaves. 

2.  TALINUM.    Style  3-lobed  at  the  summit.    Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  deciduous.    Pod 

3-valved,  many-seeded. 

8.  CALANDEINIA.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  summit.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent, 
inclosing  the  3-valved  many-seeded  pod. 

*  *  Stamens  5,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal ;  flowers  opening  for  more  than 
one  day. 

4.  CLAYTONIA.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  summit.  Calyx  persistent,  free  from  the  few-seeded 
pod.  Low  smooth  herbs,  ours  producing  only  a  pair  of  stem  leaves  and  a  short 
raceme  of  flowers.  Stem  simple,  often  from  a  round  tuber. 


80  PURSLANE  FAMILY. 

1.  FORTULACA,  PURSLANE.     (Old  Latin  name  of  unknown  mean- 
ing.)    Flowering  all  summer.     (Lessons,  Figs.  272,  404.)     ® 

P.  oleracea,  Linn.  COMMOM  P.  Very  smooth,  with  prostrate  stems, 
obovate  or  wedge-shaped  leaves,  and  small,  sessile  flowers  opening  only  in 
bright  sunshine  and  for  a  short  time  ;  the  petals  pale  yellow.  The  com- 
monest garden  weed,  sometimes  used  as  a  pot-herb.  There  is  a  cultivated 
form  with  much  stronger  and  erect  stems,  and  larger  and  lighter-colored 
leaves,  excellent  as  a  pot-herb.  Eu. 

P.  grandifldra,  Lindl.  ROSE  Moss.  Cult,  from  S.  Amer.  and  thriving 
in  the  hottest  sand,  bearing  large  and  handsome  red,  yellow,  or  white 
flowers,  single  or  double,  and  short  terete  leaves. 

2.  TALINUM.      (Name    unexplained.)      One   wild    species  in  some 
places. 

T.  teretif6lium,  Pursh.  TERETE-LEAVED  T.  Low  and  smooth,  with 
thick  and  fleshy  root ;  stems  short ;  leaves  crowded,  linear,  terete  ;  peduncle 
slender,  naked,  many-flowered ;  petals  pink ;  style  equaling  stamens. 
Rocks  or  sands  Penn.,  W.  and  S.  Flowering  all  summer.  # 

3.  CALANDRINIA.      (Named   for   a   Swiss  botanist,    Calandrini.) 
Cultivated  for  ornament  in  gardens  ;  flowering  all  summer. 

*  Erect  (1°-H°  high). 

C.  disco/or,  Schrad.  Very  glabrous,  making  a  rosette  of  fleshy  spatu- 
late  leaves  at  the  root  (these  glaucous  above  and  tinged  with  purple 
beneath),  and  sending  up  a  naked  flower-stem,  bearing  a  raceme  of  large, 
rose-purple  flowers,  2'  in  diameter.  Cult,  as  an  annual,  from  Chile. 

C.  grandifldra,  Lindl.  Somewhat  woody ;  leaves  mostly  radical,  fleshy, 
rhomboid ;  rosy  flowers,  2'  diameter,  in  a  loose,  naked,  raceme.  A  half- 
hardy  annual  from  Chile. 

*  *  Low  (6;  or  less')  and  spreading. 

C.  Menziesii,  Hook.  MENZIES'  C.  Leafy-stemmed;  leaves  bright 
green  and  tender,  lance-spatulate  ;  crimson  flowers  nearly  1'  broad,  in  a 
short,  leafy  raceme.  Oregon  and  California.  ® 

C.  umbellata,  DC.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  linear,  acute,  hairy ;  flowers 
purple-crimson,  in  a  close  corymb,  1'  diameter,  (g)  Chile ;  half-hardy. 

4.  CLAYTONIA,    SPRING  BEAUTY.      (Named  for  John   Clayton, 
an  early  botanist  in  Virginia.)     Low  herbs,  in  rich  land. 

*  Stem  simple  from  a  round  tuber ;  leaves  separate.     1J. 

C.  Virgfnica,  Linn.  SPRING  BEAUTY.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate ; 
flowers  rose-color  with  pink  veins.  One  of  the  prettiest  of  early  spring 
flowers. 

C.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  BROADER-LEAVED  S.  Smaller  than  the  pre- 
ceding, with  oblong-spatulate  or  lance-oblong  leaves  only  1'  or  2'  long. 
In  rich  woods ;  commonest  N.  and  along  the  Alleghanies. 

*  *  Hoot  fibrous;    leaves  connate  under  the  cluster   of  small,   whitish 
flowers.    ® 

C.  perfoliata,  Donn.  From  the  Pacific  Coast  and  Mexico  and  Cuba, 
With  long-spatulate  root-leaves,  is  grown  somewhat  as  a  salad  plant. 


ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.  81 

XVIH.   TAMARISCINE.fi,   TAMARISK  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  of  the  Old  World,  represented  in  orna- 
mental grounds  by 

1.  TAMARIX,  TAMARISK.  (From  the  Tamaris,  now  Tambre, 
a  small  river  of  Spain.)  Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  persistent,  or  the 
latter  withering,  and  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many,  all  on  the 
receptacle.  Ovary  pointed,  1-celled,  bearing  many  ovules  on  three 
parietal  placentae  next  the  base  ;  styles  3.  Seeds  with  a  plume  of  hairs 
at  the  apex.  Shrubs  or  small  trees  of  peculiar  aspect,  with  minute  and 
scale-shaped  or  awl-shaped,  alternate  leaves,  appressed  on  the  slender 
branches,  and  small  white  or  purplish  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes. 
The  one  chiefly  seen  in  this  country  is 

T.  G&llica,  Linn.  FRENCH  T.  Barely  hardy  N.,  often  killed  to  the 
ground,  a  picturesque,  delicate  shrub,  rather  Cypress-like  in  aspect, 
glaucous- whitish,  the  minute  leaves  clasping  the  branches,  nearly  ever- 
green where  the  climate  permits ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  5's  ;  in  spring. 

XIX.   HYPERICACRffi,   ST.   JOHN'S-WOKT   FAMILY. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire,  simple,  chiefly  sessile,  punctate  with 
translucent  and  commonly  with  some  blackish  dots ;  perfect 
flowers  with  many  or  few  stamens  (usually  in  3  or  5  clusters) 
inserted  on  the  receptacle,  and  a  pod  either  1-celled  with  pari- 
etal placentae  or  3-7-celled  (Lessons,  p.  108,  Figs.  335,  336), 
filled  with  many  small  seeds.  Juice  resinous  and  acrid. 

*  No  glands  between  the  stamens.    Petals  convolute  in  the  bud. 

1.  ASCTEUM.    Sepals  4 ;  the  outer  pair  very  broad,  the  inner  small  and  narrow.    Petals 

4,  yellow.  Stamens  many.  Ovary  1-celled.  Leafy-stemmed,  woody  at  base,  with 
2-«dged  branches. 

2.  HYPEEICUM.    Sepals  and  petals  5.    Stamens  many,  rarely  few,  often  united  in  3-5 

clusters.    Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  cymose  yellow  flowers. 
*  *  Large  gland  between  each  of  the  3  sets  of  stamens.    Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  ELODES.    Sepals  erect  and  flesh-colored.    Petals  5.    Stamens  9  to  12,  united  in  3  sets. 

Ovary  8-celled.  Flowers  in  close,  axillary  clusters.  Leaves  pale,  often  purple-veined 
oblong  or  ovate,  and  produced  all  summer.  Petals  pale  purple  or  flesh-color,  equal- 
sided,  erect.  In  water  or  wet  bogs. 

1.    ASCYRUM,  ST.  PETER'S- WORT.     (Greek:  without  roughness.} 
Wild  in  pine  barrens,  etc.,  chiefly  S.    Flowers  summer.     2/ 
*  A  pair  ofbractlets  on  the  pedicel ;  styles  short. 

A.  steins.  Michx.  COMMON  ST.  PETER'S-WORT.  Stems  2°-3°  high  ; 
leaves  thickish,  somewhat  clasping,  oval  or  oblong ;  flowers  large,  with 
obovate  petals  and  3  or  4  styles.  From  Long  Island,  S. 

A.  Crux-Andreae,  Linn.  ST.  ANDREW'S  CROSS.  Low ;  stems  spread- 
ing ;  leaves  thinnish,  narrow-oblong  and  tapering  to  the  base  ;  flowers 
rather  small,  with  linear-oblong,  pale  yellow  petals;  only  2  styles.  From 
New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  W. 

GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  EOT.  — 6 


82  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY. 

»  *  Pedicels  bractless;  styles  longer  than  the  ovary;  in  Ga.  and  Fla. 

A.   amplexicaule,   Michx.      Shrub  2°-3°  high,   with    cordate-ovate 
clasping  leaves. 
A.  pfrmilum,  Michx.    6'  or  less  high,  with  oblong-ovate  leaves. 

2.  HYPERICUM,  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT.  (Greek :  of  unknown  mean- 
ing.) Flowers  in  summer,  mostly  yellow.  (Lessons,  Figs.  328,  329, 
335,  336,  396,  423.) 

*  Stamens  very  numerous,  in  5  clusters  ;  styles  5.     2/ 

H.  Ascyron,  Linn.  GREAT  ST.  JOHN'S- WORT.  Strong  woody  herb 
(2°-5°  high)  with  angled  branches ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  and  somewhat 
clasping ;  petals  narrowly  obovate,  withering  before  they  fall,  1'  long, 
showy.  River  banks.  N.  and  W. 

H.  MOSERI\NUM,  a  recent  introduction  to  gardens,  said  to  be  a  hybrid 
of  the  European  species  H.  calycinum  and  H.  patulum,  is  a  very  hand- 
some woody  herb,  with  large  golden-yellow  flowers  2'  across,  the  petals 
broad  and  more  or  less  notched  at  the  end,  and  the  yellow  stamens  red- 
tipped. 

*  *  Stamens  very  numerous,  scarcely  clustered;  styles  3  (except  in  the 
first),  more  or  less  united.     2Z 

H-  Bushy  shrubs,  l°-6°  high,  leafy  to  the  top. 
•M-  Leaves  deciduous  ;  Northern  and  Southern. 

H.  Kalmianum.  Linn.  KALM'S  S.  Low  shrub,  with  glaucous,  linear 
to  oblanceolate  leaves,  and  flowers  1  •  wide ;  stamens  almost  distinct  ; 
stigmas  not  capitate  ;  pod  J'  long.  Wild  at  Niagara  Falls  and  northern 
lakes.  Also  cult. 

H.  prolificum.  Linn.  SHRUBBY  S.  Like  the  last,  but  leaves  scarcely 
glaucous,  lance-oblong  or  linear ;  pod  £'-£'  long.  From  N.  J.,  west  to 
Minn.,  and  south. 

H.  densifldrum.  Pursh.  Tall,  5°-6°  high,  very  much  branched  above ; 
flowers  £'-§'  wide  ;  pods  £'-£'  long.  N.  J.  to  Tex. 

•M-  ++  Evergreen  or  nearly  so  ;  Carolina  and  S. 

H.  fasciculatum,  Lam.  FASCICLED  S.  Leaves  narrow-linear  and 
small,  and  with  shorter  ones  clustered  in  the  axils ;  pod  narrow.  Wet 
pine  barrens. 

H.  myrtif61ium,  Lam.  MYRTLE-LEAVED  S.  Leaves  heart-shaped  and 
partly  clasping,  thick,  glaucous  ;  pod  conical.  Wet  pine  barrens. 

H.  atureum,  Bartram.  GOLDEN  S.  Leaves  oblong  with  a  narrow  base, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  thick ;  flowers  mostly  single,  very  large  (2'  broad), 
orange-yellow ;  pod  ovate.  River  banks  towards  the  mountains.  Also 
cult. 

H.  midifl6rum,  Michx.  NAKED-CLUSTERED  S.  Shrubby  and  ever- 
green S.,  less  so  in  Virginia,  etc.,  has  4-angled  branches,  oblong  pale 
leaves,  and  a  peduncled,  naked  cyme  of  rather  small  flowers ;  pods  conical. 

••-  -*-  Herbs,  sometimes  a  little  woody  at  the  base. 
++  Pod  incompletely  3-4-celled. 

H.  galioldes,  Lam.  Leaves- linear-oblanceolate,  narrowed  downward 
and  almost  petioled ;  flowers  small,  in  terminal  and  axillary  cymes.  Del. 
to  Ga.  and  E.  Tenn. 

H.  adpre"ssum.  Barton.  1°  high  ;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate,  often 
acute  ;  flowers  few  ;  stem  angled.  Low  grounds,  R.  I.,  Penn.,  and  Ga. 


ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.  83 

*+  *+  Pod  plainly  l-celled,  with  3  parietal  placenta. 
=  Leaves  very  narrow. 

H.  dolabrif6rme,  Vent.  Branched  from  decumbent  base  6'-20'  high  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  acute  ;  cyme  few  flowered,  leafy  ;  sepals 
oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  i'  long;  pod  ovate-conic,  pointed.  Ky.  and 
Tenn. 

H.  cistif61ium,  Lam.  CISTUS-LEAVED  S.  Nearly  simple,  l°-2°  high  ; 
leaves  diverging,  oblong-linear  (2'  long),  mostly  obtuse  ;  flowers  numerous, 
small,  in  a  naked  flat  cyme  ;  sepals  ovate  ;  pod  globular.  Rocky  banks, 
0.  to  Iowa  and  S. 


H.  elllpticum,  Hook.  ELLIPTICAL-LEAVED  S.  10'-20'  high  ;  leaves 
spreading,  oblong,  thin ;  flowers  rather  few,  pale  ;  sepals  oblong ;  the  pod 
purple,  ovoid,  very  obtuse.  Wet  soil,  N. 

H.  virgatum,  Lam.  BRANCHY  S.  Wet  pine  barrens  from  New  Jersey 
S.  Stem  sharply  4-angled  (l°-2°  high),  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate  or  lance- 
oblong  ;  flowers  scattered  along  the  ascending  branches  of  the  cyme, 
small,  copper-yellow ;  styles  slender. 

H.  pildsum,  Walt.  HAIRY  S.  Wet  pine  barrens  S.  Stem  terete, 
and  with  the  lance-ovate  leaves  roughish-downy ;  styles  short. 

*  *  *  Stamens  many  in  3  or  5  clusters;  styles  3,  not  united;  petals  with 
black  dots.     2Z 

H.  perforatum,  Linn.  COMJION  S.  Upright  stems  branching ;  leaves 
oblong  or  linear- oblong,  with  pellucid  dots  ;  flowers  rather  large,  in  open 
leafy  cymes ;  the  deep  yellow  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate, 
acute  sepals ;  juice  very  acrid.  Nat.  from  Eu.,  a  troublesome  weed  in 
fields,  etc. ;  spreads  by  runners  from  the  base. 

H.  maculatum,  Walt.  SPOTTED  S.  Stem  2°  high,  sparingly  branched  ; 
leaves  oblong,  slightly  clasping,  having  black  as  well  as  pellucid  dots ; 
flowers  rather  small,  crowded  ;  petals  light  yellow  and  black-lined  as  well 
as  dotted  ;  sepals  oblong  ;  styles  not  longer  than  the  pod.  Common. 

»  »  *  *  Stamens  definite  (5-12),  distinct  or  in  3  clusters ;  styles  3,  not 
united  ;  stems  4-angled.     ® 

•*-  Leaves  conspicuous  and  spreading  ;  flowers  in  cymes. 

H.  mtltilum,  Linn.  SMALL  S.  Slender,  much-branched  and  leafy  up 
to  the  flowers,  6'-20'  high  ;  leaves  partly  clasping,  thin,  5-nerved,  ovate 
or  oblong  ;  petals  pale  yellow.  Common  in  low  grounds. 

H.  gymnanthum,  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Stem  almost  simple,  strict,  l°-3° 
high  ;  leaves  clasping,  the  floral  ones  reduced  to  awl-shaped  bracts. 

H.  Canade"nse,  Linn.  Stem  and  branches  strictly  erect ;  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  3-nerved  at  the  base  ;  petals  copper-yellow.  Wet  sandy  soil. 

•*-  H-  Leaves  erect,  awl-shaped  or  scale-like  and   minute;  flowers  very 
small  and  scattered  along  the  numerous  bushy  and  wiry  slender  branches. 

H.  Drummdndii.  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  linear-awl- shaped ;  flowers 
short-pediceled  ;  pods  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  111.,  W.  and  S. 

H.  nudicaiile^Walt.  ORANGE  GRASS  or  PINEWEED.  Leaves  reduced  to 
minute,  awl-shapetl,  appressed  scales  ;  flowers  sessile  on  the  wiry  branches  ; 
slender  pods  much  exceeding  the  calyx.  Common  in  dry,  sterile  soil. 

3.  ELODES,   MARSH    ST.   JOHN'S-WORT.     (Greek:  marsh.')      2/ 

E.  campanulata,  Pursh.  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  closely  sessile  or  clasp- 
ing by  a  broad  base  ;  filaments  united  below  the  middle.  Swamps. 

E.  petiolata,  Pursh.  Taller ;  leaves  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  ; 
filaments  united  beyond  the'  middle.  Va.,  S.  and  W. 


84  CAMELLIA   OR  TEA  FAMILY. 


XX.  TERNSTR(EMIACRffi,  CAMELLIA  or  TEA  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  simple,  feather-veined  leaves, 
and  no  stipules ;  the  flowers  large  and  showy,  mostly  axillary, 
regular,  with  both  sepals  and  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud; 
the  very  numerous  stamens  with  filaments  more  or  less  united 
at  the  base  with  each  other  and  with  the  base  of  the  corolla ; 
ovary  5— oo-celled,  with  one  or  more  seeds  in  each  cell.  Petals 
5  or  6  or  even  more,  commonly  more  or  less  united  at  their  base. 

*  Woody  climber  ;  styles  many  ;  fruit  a  berry. 

1.  ACTINIDIA.    Ovary  many -celled ;  the  styles  as  many  and  divergent  from  their  base. 

Seeds  small.    Leaves  bristly  hairy,  thin. 

*  »  Erect  shrubs  or  trees;  styles  1-5 ;  fruit  a  woody  dehiscent  pod. 
+-  Some  of  the  inner  stamens  distinct. 

2.  CAMELLIA.    Style  3-5-cleft.    Seeds  large,  usually  single  in  each  cell  of  the  thick  and 

woody  pod.    Leaves  smooth,  evergreen,  serrate. 

-i-  -K  Stamens  all  united  at  the  base. 

3.  STUAKTIA.    Stamens  uniformly  united  by  a  short  ring  at  the  base  of  the  filaments. 

Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  wingless.    Leaves  thin  and  deciduous.    Flowers  white,  2'-4'  wide. 

4.  GOKDONIA.    Stamens  in  5  clusters,  on  a  cup  on  the  white  petals.    Style  columnar ; 

stigma  5-rayed.    Seeds  several,  more  or  less  winged.    Leaves  coriaceous  or  thickish. 

1.  ACTINIDIA.     (Greek :  a  ray,  from  the  radiate  styles.) 

A.  polygama,  Planch.  Leaves  elliptic,  acuminate ;  flowers  solitary  or 
as  many  as  3  together,  white,  fragrant,  1'  wide ;  berry  edible.  Japan. 

2.  CAMELLIA.     (For  G.  Cornelius,  or  Kamel,  a  missionary  to  China 
in  the  17th  cent.) 

*  Numerous  separate  inner  stamens  icithin  the  ring  formed  by  the  united 
bases  of  the  outer. 

C.  Japdnica,  Linn.  JAPAN  CAMELLIA.  With  oval  or  oblong,  pointed, 
shining,  sharply  serrate  leaves,  and  terminal  or  nearly  terminal  flowers, 
simple  or  double,  red,  white,  or  variegated,  of  very  many  varieties.  The 
only  common  species  ;  flowers  through  the  winter,  hardy  only  S. 

C.  Sasdn^ua,  Thunb.     Leaves  obtusely  serrate,  and  flowers  smaller. 

C.  reticulata,  Lindley.  Differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  acuminate, 
veiny  leaves,  not  shining,  and  flowers  rose-red,  to  9'  wide. 

*  *  Separate  inner  stamens,  as  many  as  the  petals  (5  or  6). 

C.  Thea,  Link.  TEA  PLANT.  Leaves  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate, 
much  longer  than  wide ;  the  white  flowers  (!'  or  more  broad)  nodding 
on  short  stalks  in  their  axils.  Includes  T.  V^RIDIS  and  Tj.  BOHEA. 

3.  STUARTIA.     (Named  for  John  Stuart,  the  Lord  Bute  at  the  tune 
of  the  American  Revolution.)     Ornamental  shrubs. 

*  Style  1 ;  pod  not  sharply  angled. 

S.  Virginica,  Cav.  Shrub  8°-12°  high,  with  finely  serrate  leaves  soft- 
downy  underneath,  pure  white  petals,  purple  stamens  ;  pod  globular. 
Low  country,  from  Va.,  S. 


MALLOW   FAMILY.  85 

S.  Pseudo-Camellia,  Maxim,  (or  S.  GRANDIFI^RA).  Leaves  smooth,  2'-3' 
long ;  flowers  2'  wide ;  the  serrate  sepals  and  erose  petals  densely  silky-hairy 
outside  ;  anthers  orange ;  pod  ovoid.  Japan.  Hardier  N.  than  the  native 
species.  ^  #  Styleg  g .  pod  sharply  5.angied  and  pointed. 

S.  pentagyna,  L'Her.  Leaves  smooth,  5'-6'  long,  and  very  handsome 
flowers,  their  petals  (often  6)  jagged-edged  and  tinged  with  cream-color, 
the  sepals  often  reddish  outside;  orange  anthers.  Mts.  of  Ky.,  Car.,  and 
S.  Cult.  Hardy  N. 

4.   GORDONIA,     (Named  for  Dr.  Gordon  and  a  London  nurseryman 
of  the  same  name.) 

G.  Lasianthus,  Linn.  LOBLOLLY  BAT.  Usually  a  small  tree,  but 
reaching  6<P-75° ;  leaves  evergreen  and  smooth  lance-oblong,  tapering  to 
the  base  and  minutely  serrate  ;  flowers  2'-3'  across,  white,  in  summer  on 
slender  peduncles ;  stamens  short,  on  a  5-lobed  cup ;  pod  pointed.  Swamps 
near  the  coast  from  Va.,  S.,  rarer  W.  Also  cult. 

G.  pubescens,  L'Her.,  also  called  FRAXKLfxiA,  after  Dr.  Franklin. 
A  tall,  ornamental  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  thinner  and  deciduous  lance- 
obovate  leaves,  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  flowers  on  short,  stout  peduncles 
in  autumn ;  stamens  directly  on  the  petals ;  pod  globular.  Native  of  Ga. , 
but  no  longer  known  wild. 


XXI    MALVACEJS,   MALLOW  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  monadelphous  numerous  stamens,  their  tube 
connected  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  kidney-shaped,  1-celled 
anthers  (Lessons,  Figs.  286,  298),  the  calyx  valvate,  and  the 
corolla  convolute  in  the  bud.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate, 
palmately  veined  and  often  lobed  leaves,  evident  stipules,  and 
regular  flowers,  the  true  sepals  and  the  petals  5.  There  is 
commonly  an  involucre  of  several  bracts  resembling  an  outer 
calyx.  Seeds  kidney  -shaped ;  the  leafy  cotyledons  crumpled 
or  doubled  up  in  some  mucilaginous  albumen.  Innocent 
plants,  mucilaginous,  with  a  very  tough  fibrous  bark. 

§  1.  Anthers  all  borne  in  a  cluster  at  the  top  of  the  short  tube  of  filaments. 

*  Ovaries  numerous  and  separate,  crowded  in  a  head,  in  fruit  becoming  little  l-seeded 

pods  or  akenes.    Involucel  conspicuous  as  a  sort  of  outer  calyx.    Herbs. 

1.  MALOPE.    Involucel  of  3  ovate  or  heart-shaped  leaves.    Annuals. 

*  *  Ovaries  several  or  many  united  in  a  ring  around  an  axis,  in  fruit  commonly  fall- 

ing away  separately,  each  \-seeded.     Ours  are  all  herbs. 
+-  Stigmas  running  down  the  side  of  the  slender  styles. 

2.  ALTHAEA.    Involucel  of  6-9  bracts  united  at  the  base.    Axis  of  the  fruit  not  project- 

ing or  enlarged. 

3.  MALVA.    Involucel  of  only  3  separate  bracts.    Petals  obcordate,  otherwise  entire. 

Carpels  beakless. 
4  CALL1RRHOE.    Involucel  of  1-3  bracts  or  none.    Petals  wedged-shaped  and  truncate, 

denticulate,  or  cut-fringed  at  the  end.    Carpels  with  a  sort  of  beak  at  the  summit. 

Flowers  crimson,  mauve,  or  red-purple,  very  showy. 
5.   NAP^EA.    Involucel  none.    Flowers  dioecious.    Carpels  beakless. 


86  MALLOW  FAMILY. 

•«-  -i-  Stigmas  capitate  or  truncate  at  the  apex  of  the  styles. 

6.  MALVASTEUM.    Involucel  of  2-3  bractlets  or  0.    Seed  ascending.    Otherwise  as  Sida. 

7.  SIDA.    Involucel  none.     Fruit  separating  into  5  or  more  closed  carpels,  or  each  2- 

valved  at  the  apex ;  seed  hanging.    Mostly  rather  small-flowered  or  weedy  herbs, 
with  5-12  styles  and  carpels. 

*  *  *  Ovaries  and  cells  of  the  fruit  2-severul-seeded. 

8.  ABUTILON.    Involncel  none.    Carpels  each  3-several-seeded.    Flowers  mostly  large. 

9.  MODIOLA.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets.    Carpels  each  2-seeded,  with  a  cross-partition 

between  the  upper  and  lower  seed. 

§  2.  Anthers  borne  along  the  outside  of  the  tube  of  filaments.    Ovary  and  fruit  3-sev- 

eral-celled  ;  stigmas  capitate,    Involucel  present.    Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees. 

*  Involucel  of  several  or  many  bracts. 

10.  KOSTELETZKYA.    Branches  of  the  style  and  stigmas  5.    Pod  5-celled ;  the  cells 

single-seeded. 

11.  HIBISCUS.    Branches  of  the  style  or  stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  5.     Pod  5-celled, 

loculicidal;  the  cells  many-seeded. 

»  »  Involucel  of  3  large  and  heart-shaped  leaf-like  bracts. 

12.  GOSSYPIUM.    Styles  united  into  one ;  stigmas  3-5,  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  pod. 

Seeds  numerous,  bearing  cotton. 

1.  MALOPE.    (Ancient  Greek  name  for  some  kind  of  Mallow.)    Herbs, 
resembling  Mallows,   cult,    from  the  Mediterranean  region ;    flowers 
summer. 

Af.  trifida,  Cav.  THREE-LOBED  M.  Smooth,  with  rounded  leaves,  the 
upper  ones  3-lobed  ;  the  handsome  flowers  2'  or  more  broad,  rose-color, 
veined  with  purple  or  rose-red,  also  a  white  variety.  (J)  Cult,  as  M. 

GRANDIFLORA. 

2.  ALTH2EA.     (Greek :   to  cure ;  used  as  an  emollient.)     Tall  herbs 
(the  Shrubby  Althcea  belongs  not  to  this  genus,  but  to  Hibiscus),  na- 
tives only  of  the  Old  World ;  flowers  summer  and  autumn. 

A.  officinalis,  Linn.  MARSH  MALLOW.  Rather  coarse,  downy  ;  leaves 
ovate,  sometimes  a  little  heart-shaped  or  3-lobed,  with  clusters  of  short- 
peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils;  corolla  1'  broad,  rose-color.  The  thick 
root  is  used  for  its  mucilage,  and  for  making  Marsh  Malloics.  ~U  Rarely 
cult. ,  but  has  run  wild. 

A.  rdsea,  Cav.  HOLLYHOCK.  Stem  tall  and  simple,  hairy ;  leaves 
rugose,  rounded,  and  heart-shaped,  angled,  or  5-7-lobed  ;  large  flowers  on 
very  short  peduncles,  forming  a  long  spike  ;  corolla  of  all  shades  of  rose, 
purple,  white,  or  yellow,  single  or  double,  3'-4'  broad.  (2)  2/  Cult,  from 
the  Levant. 

3.  MALVA,  MALLOW.     (Latin  alteration  of  Greek :  soft  or  emollient. ) 
All  from  Europe  or  the  Orient,  but  several  have  run  wild  in  fields  and 
along  roadsides ;  flowers  all  summer  and  autumn.     (Lessons,  Fig.  346.) 

*  Flowers  small,  white  or  whitish,  not  conspicuous  or  handsome. 

M.  rotundifblia,  Linn.  COMMON  M.,  CHEESES.  Weed  in  cult,  grounds  ; 
stems  procumbent  from  a  strong  deep  root ;  leaves  rounded  kidney-shaped, 
crenate  on  very  long  petioles ;  peduncles  rather  slender.  @  2L 

M.  crispa,  Linn.  CURLED  M.  Cult,  for  foliage  and  sparingly  in  waste 
places ;  stem  erect  (4°-6°  high),  leafy  to  the  top  ;  leaves  rounded  5-7-lobed 
or  angled,  very  much  crisped  round  the  margin ;  flowers  clustered  and 
almost  sessile  in  the  axils.  ® 


MALLOW    FAMILY.  87 

*  »  Flowers  larger,  more  or  less  showy,  !J'-2'  in  diameter;  the  purple, 
rose-color,  or  sometimes  white  petals  much  exceeding  the  calyx;  stem 
erect. 

M.  sylvSstris,  Linn.  HIGH  M.  Stem  2°-3°  high,  rough-hairy,  branch- 
ing, with  rather  sharply  5-7-lobed  leaves  and  purple-rose-colored  flowers ; 
fruit  wrinkled-veiny.  ®  2Z  Gardens  and  roadsides.  Var.  Mauritiana, 
sometimes  called  TREE  MALLOW.  Cult. ;  taller,  smoother,  with  obtusely- 
lobed  jeaves. 

M.  A/cea,  Linn.  2°-4°  high,  hairy ;  stem  leaves  parted  almost  to  the 
base  into  3-5  divisions,  which  are  again  3-5-cleft  or  cut-toothed  ;  corolla 
deep  rose-color,  l£'-2'  broad ;  calyx  densely  stellate-pubescent ;  fruit 
glabrous,  minutely  wrinkled-veiny.  2Z  Gardens,  and  escaped. 

M.  moschata,  Linn.  MUSK  M.  l°-2°  high,  rather  hairy  ;  leaves  about 
thrice  parted  or  cut  into  slender  linear  lobes  ;  corolla  li'  broad,  rose-color 
or  white  ;  calyx  with  simple  hairs  ;  fruit  downy,  not  wrinkled.  Gardens, 
and  escaped  to  roadsides. 

4.  CALLIRRHOR    (A  Greek  mythological  name.)  Flowers  all  summer. 

*  Hoot  thick,  fusiform  or  napiform,  farinaceous.     11  (some  (D?) 

•«-  Calyx  b-lobed  to  middle;  involucel  S-leaved;  short  peduncles  umbel- 
lately  few-several-flowered  ;  stipules  small ;  carpels  plain. 

C.  triangulata,  Gray.  Stems  erect,  2°  high  ;  leaves  triangular,  hal- 
berd-shaped, or  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  the  upper  cut-lobed  or  3-5-cleft ; 
corolla  !£'  or  less  in  diameter.  Dry  prairies,  Minn,  to  Ind.  and  S. 

•»--i-  Calyx  5-parted  ;  involucel  3-leaved;   peduncles    long,   1-flowered; 
stipules  conspicuous,  ovate;  carpels  wrinkled. 

C.  involucrata,  Gray.  Stems  spreading  on  the  ground,  l°-3°  long ; 
leaves  rounded,  5-parted  or  cleft  and  cut-lobed  ;  corolla  2'  or  more  broad. 
Wild,  Minn,  to  Tex. ;  cult,  for  ornament. 

•i-  •*-•)-  Calyx  5-parted;  involucel  0  (or  1-3-leaved  in  the  second),  and 
stipules  small ;  carpels  rugose  or  wrinkled. 

C.  alcaeoldes,  Gray.  Stems  1°  high ;  lower  leaves  triangular-heart- 
shaped,  upper  5-7-parted  or  divided  into  linear  segments ;  flowers  co- 
rymbose. Ky.  and  Tenn.,  W. 

C.  Papaver,  Gray.  Stems  short,  ascending,  few-leaved ;  leaves  3-5- 
parted  with  lance-linear  divisions,  or  the  lowest  rather  heart-shaped  and 
cleft  into  oblong  lobes  ;  flowers  solitary  ;  peduncles  very  long  (often  1°). 
Ga.  to  Tex.,  and  sparingly  cult. 

C.  digiteta,  Nutt.  1°  high  ;  leaves  mostly  from  the  root,  6-7-parted 
into  long,  linear,  sometimes  2-3-cleft  divisions ;  flowers  solitary  on  long 
and  slender  peduncles  ;  petals  fringe-toothed  at  the  end.  Wild  Kans.  to 

rPpY 

*  *  Boot  slender  or  tapering ;  involucel  0  ;  carpels  even.  ® 

C.  pedata,  Gray.  Stem  erect,  l°-5°  high,  leafy ;  leaves  rounded, 
3-7-lobed  or  parted,  and  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  cleft  or  cut ;  pedun- 
cles slender,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  petals  minutely  eroded  at  the  end. 
Texas  ;  not  rare  cult. 

5.  NAP^EA,    GLADE  MALLOW.      (Greek:   glade  or  nymph  of  the 

groves.) 

N.  didica,  Linn.  A  rather  coarse,  roughish  herb  ;  stem  4°-7°  high  ; 
leaves  9-11-parted  and  their  lobes  cut  and  toothed,  the  lowest  often  1°  in 
diameter ;  flowers  small,  in  panicled  corymbs,  in  summer.  Penn.,  Va., 
and  W.  to  Iowa. 


88  MALLOW   FAMILY. 

6.  MALVASTRUM,     FALSE     MALLOW.      (Name    altered    from 
Malva.) 

M.  angtistum,  Gray.  Erect ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  linear ;  flowers 
yellow,  on  axillary  peduncles.  (I)  Tenn.  and  111.,  W. 

M.  coccineum,  Gray.  Low,  hoary  ;  leaves  5-parted  or  pedate ;  flowers 
red  in  short  spikes  or  racemes.  2/  Minn,  to  Tex.  and  W. 

7.  SID  A.  (A  name  used  by  Theophrastus. )  Flower  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Peduncles  bearing  a  corymb  of  several  white  flowers  from  the  upper 
axils. 

S.  Napaea,  Cav.  Smooth ;  stem  simple,  4°-7°  high  ;  leaves  rounded, 
5-cleft,  the  lobes  toothed  and  taper-pointed ;  corolla  about  1'  broad ; 
styles  and  cells  of  the  pod  10.  Kocky  banks,  Penn.  and  Va.  Eare,  but 
cult,  in  old  gardens.  2£ 

*  *  Peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered ;  corolla  yellow. 

S.  spindsa,  Linn.  Stems  much  branched,  10'-20  high  ;  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  serrate,  minutely  soft-downy ;  peduncles  very  short ;  flower  very 
small ;  pod  ovate,  of  5  carpels,  each  splitting  at  top  into  2  points.  A 
common  weed  S.  and  W.  (I)  @  Tropics. 

S.  Elli6ttii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  smooth,  l°-4°  high  ;  leaves  linear 
or  lanceolate,  serrate,  short-petioled ;  flower  1'  broad,  on  a  short  pedun- 
cle ;  fruit  of  10-12  nearly  blunt  carpels.  Woodlands  S.  2/ 

S.  rhombif61ia,  Linn.  Leaves  usually  lance-oblong,  short-petioled, 
serrate,  pale  and  whitish  downy  beneath ;  stems  l°-3°  high,  much 
branched ;  peduncles  rather  long ;  flower  small ;  fruit  of  10  or  12  one- 
pointed  carpels.  A  weed,  only  S.  ® 

S.  stipulata,  Nutt.  Weed  far  S.,  has  leaves  and  branches  2-ranked ; 
leaves  lance-oblong  and  acute,  linear-subulate,  stipules  longer  than  the 
petioles,  and  yellow  flowers  at  midday,  single  or  clustered  on  peduncles 
3-4  times  as  long  as  the  petioles.  ©  or  11 

8.  ABUTILON,   INDIAN  MALLOW.     (Origin  of  name  obscure.) 

*  A  naturalised  weed  ;  petals  small,  widely  spreading. 
A.   Avicennce,  Ga3rtn.     VELVET  LEAF.     3°-5°  high;  leaves  roundish, 
heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  soft-velvety  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  petiole, 
1-3-flowered  ;  corolla  orange-yellow  ;  fruit  of  12-15  united  hairy  carpels 
with  spreading  beaks  ;  flowers  autumn.     ®    India. 

*  *  Tender  cultivated  shrubs  ;  flowers  large. 

-i-  Corolla  not  spreading  open  widely  ;  plant  smooth. 

•M-  Leaves  lobed  or  parted. 

A.  striatum,  Dicks.  STRIPED  ABUTILON.  Leaves  rounded,  heart- 
shaped,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  very  taper-pointed  ;  flowers  solitary,  hanging 
on  a  very  long  and  slender  peduncle  ;  corolla  orange-colored,  with  deeper 
or  brownish  veining  or  stripes.  Leaves  often  spotted.  Brazil. 

A.  venbsum,  Lem.  Tall  shrub;  leaves  palmately  7-9-parted,  the  lobes 
distantly  toothed  ;  flowers  solitary,  3'  long,  hanging  on  stalks  a  foot  long, 
orange  with  red  veins.  Mexico. 

•M-  -w-  Leaves  not  lobed. 

A.  vexillarium,  Morren.  Leaves  long-ovate  and  cordate,  coarsely 
toothed  ;  flowers  rather  small,  cylindrical,  pendulous,  the  calyx  dark  red, 
projecting  petals  pale  yellow,  and  column  of  stamens  dark  brown,  very 
handsome.  Probably  from  tropical  America. 


MALLOW   FAMILY.  89 

•*-  •«-  Corolla  spreading,  bell-shaped;  plant  pubescent. 
+•*•  Leaves  lobed. 

A.  Darwfni,  Hook.  Densely  velvety-pubescent ;  leaves  5-9-ribbed, 
lower  palmately  5-7-lobed  to  the  middle ;  flowers  1-3  in  the  axils,  dark 
orange-red  with  blood-red  veins.  Brazil. 

++  -M-  Leaves  not  lobed. 

A.  insigne,  Planch.  Young  branches  and  calyx  reddish-brown  with 
stellate  hairs;  leaves  broad,  cordate,  coarsely  serrate,  with  prominent 
veins ;  flowers  in  axillary,  few-flowered  racemes,  purplish-crimson  with 
darker  veins.  New  Granada. 

9.  MODIOL A.    (The  shape  of  the  depressed  fruit  likened  to  the  Roman 
measure  modiolus.}    Procumbent  or  spreading,  small-flowered,  weedy 
plants. 

M.  multlfida,  Moench.  Va.  and  S. ,  in  low  grounds  ;  leaves  3-7-cleft 
and  cut,  or  the  earlier  ones  rounded  and  undivided  ;  flowers  red,  £'  broad  ; 
fruit  hairy  at  the  top.  ®  11 

10.  KOSTELETZKYA.    (For  Kosteletzky,  a  Bohemian  botanist.) 

K.  Virglnica,  Gray.  VIRGINIAN  K.  Roughish-hairy,  2°-5°  high; 
leaves  heart-shaped  or  mostly  3-lobed,  often  halberd-shaped  ;  flowers  (in 
summer)  somewhat  racemed  or  panicled,  rose-purple,  2'  broad.  Salt 
marshes,  N.  Y.,  S.  11 

11.  HIBISCUS,    ROSE    MALLOW.      (Ancient    name,    of    obscure 
origin.)     Flowers  showy,  usually  large,  in  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Tall  shrubs  or  even  trees ;  exotics. 

H.  Syrtacus,  Linn.  SHRUBBY  ALTHAEA.  Leaves  nearly  smooth,  wedge- 
ovate,  and  3-lobed  ;  flowers  short-peduncled  in  the  axils,  in  autumn,  about 
3'  broad,  purple,  rose-color,  white,  etc.,  often  double.  Levant;  common 
in  gardens  and  grounds. 

H.  Rosa-Sinensis,  Linn.  CHINESE  H.  or  ROSE  OF  CHINA.  Very  smooth  ; 
leaves  bright  green,  ovate  and  pointed,  somewhat  toothed ;  flowers  on 
slender  peduncles,  very  showy,  4'  or  5'  broad,  scarlet-red  (rarely  rose- 
purple  or  even  white),  often  double.  Cult,  in  conservatories  from  China. 

*  *  Herbs,  with  persistent  and  regular,  b-lobed  calyx,  and  a  short  pod. 

•*-  Wild  species,  but  sometimes  cultivated ;  tall  and  large.    11 

•M-  Entirely  glabrous. 

H.  coccineus,  Walt.  GREAT  RED  H.  or  R.  4°-7°  high ;  leaves  5- 
parted  or  deeply  cleft  into  long,  lanceolate  and  taper- pointed  divisions ; 
bright-red  corolla  6'-ll'  broad;  petals  narrow  below.  Wild  in  swamps 
near  coast,  Ga.  and  Fla.  ;  cult. 

H.  militaris,  Cav.  HALBERD-LEAVED  R.  3°-4°  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
heart- shaped,  toothed  or  3-lobed,  some  of  them  halberd-shaped  ;  peduncles 
slender  ;  calyx  inflated  ;  corolla  flesh- colored,  4'-5'  broad.  Penn.  to  Minn. 

•«-<•  -w-  Leaves  downy  beneath,  often  also  on  top. 

H.  aculeatus,  Walt.  PRICKLY  R.  In  swamps,  S.  C.,  S.  and  W.,  has 
the  involucel  leaves  lobed,  round-cordate  3-5-lobed  leaves,  hoary  beneath, 
yellow  purple-centered  flowers,  and  hispid  stems. 

H.  Moscheutos,  Linn.  SWAMP  R.  3°-7°  high  ;  the  ovate,  pointed, 
and  often  3-lobed  leaves  hoary  beneath,  generally  smooth  above  ;  pedun- 


90  STERCULIA    FAMILY. 

cles  slender ;  corolla  4'-6'  broad,  pale  rose  or  white,  with  or  without  a 
darker  center;  pod  smooth.  Swamps,  mostly  brackish,  near  the  Great 
Lakes  E.  and  coastwise  to  Tex. 

H.  lasiocdrpus.  Cav.  HAIRY-FRUITED  R.  Like  the  last,  but  leaves 
soft-downy  both  sides,  and  pod  velvety-hairy.  Swamps,  111.  to  Tex. ,  E. 
to  Ga. 

H.  Califdrnicus,  Kellogg.  CALIFORNIAN  R.  Has  large  white  flowers 
with  a  purple  center  on  jointed  peduncles,  young  leaves  and  growth 
velvety,  and  cordate-acuminate  rarely  obscurely  3-lobed,  crenate  or  dentate 
leaves,  longer  than  the  petiole.  Cult. 

•>-  -i-  Exotic  low  species,  in  gardens  or  escaped.     (D 

H.  Tridnum,  Linn.  BLADDER  KETMIA  or  FLOWER-OF-AN-HODR.  Rather 
hairy,  l°-2°  high ;  leaves  toothed,  or  the  upper  3-parted  into  lanceolate 
lobes,  the  middle  lobe  longest ;  calyx  inflated  and  bladdery  ;  corolla  about 
2'  broad,  sulphur-yellow  with  a  blackish  eye,  open  only  in  midday  sunshine. 

*  *  *  Herbs,  with  calyx  splitting  down  one  side,  and  generally  falling  off 
at  once,  and  with  long  or  narrow  pyramidal  or  angled  pod;  native  of 
East  Indies. 

H.  esculentus,  Linn.  OKRA  or  GOMBO.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  rounded 
heart-shaped,  5-lobed,  toothed ;  greenish-yellow  flowers  on  slender  peduncle 
(involucel  falling  early);  pods  narrow,  3'  or  4'  long,  very  mucilaginous, 
and  when  green  cooked  and  eaten,  or  used  to  thicken  soups.  Cult.  ® 

12.  QOSSYPIUM,  COTTON.  (Name  given  by  Pliny,  from  the 
Arabic.)  Plants  now  diffused  over  warm  countries,  most  valuable  for 
the  wool  on  the  seeds  ;  the  species  much  confused. 

G.  herbaceum,  Linn.  COMMON  COTTON.  Leaves  with  5  short  and 
roundish  lobes  ;  petals  pale  yellow  or  turning  rose-color,  purple  at  base. 
®  Cult.  S. 

G.  Barbadense,  Linn.  BARBADOES  or  SEA-!SLAND  C.  Inclining  to  be 
shrubby  at  base ;  branches  black-dotted ;  leaves  with  5  longer  lance- 
ovate  and  taper-pointed  lobes ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  with  very  long  and 
slender  teeth  ;  petals  yellowish  or  whitish,  with  purple  base.  Cult,  on  the 
coast  and  upland  S. 

G.  arbdreum,  Linn.  TREE  C.  Leaves  with  5-7  nearly  lanceolate  and 
taper-pointed  lobes  of  involucre,  slightly  toothed ;  corolla  purple  with  a 
darker  center.  Cult.  S.  as  a  curiosity. 


XXTT.    STERCULIACKE,  STERCULIA  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  a  tropical  family,  to  which  belongs  the  THEOBROMA 
or  CHOCOLATE  TREE  ;  in  common  cultivation  known  here  only 
by  a  single  species  of 

1.  MAHERNIA.  (Name  an  anagram  of  Hermannia,  a  genus  very 
like  it.)  Calyx,  corolla,  etc.,  as  in  the  Mallow  Family  ;  but  the  stamens 
only  6,  one  before  each  petal ;  the  filaments  monadelphous  only  at  the 
base  and  enlarged  about  the  middle,  and  the  anthers  with  2  parallel 
cells.  The  edges  of  the  base  of  the  petals  rolled  inwards,  making  a 
hollow  claw.  Ovary  5-celled,  with  several  ovules  in  each  cell ;  styles  5, 
united  at  the  base. 


LINDEN  FAMILY.  91 

HI.  verticiffdta,  Linn.  (Sometimes  called  M.  ODORATA.)  Cult,  from 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  conservatories,  producing  a  succession  of  honey- 
yellow,  sweet-scented  small  blossoms,  on  slender  peduncles,  all  winter  and 
spring ;  a  sort  of  woody  perennial,  with  slender  and  spreading  or  hang- 
ing roughish  branches  and  small  irregularly  pinnatifid  leaves ;  the  specific 
name  given  because  the  leaves  seem  to  be  whorled  ;  but  this  is  because 
the  stipules,  which  are  cut  into  several  linear  divisions,  imitate  leaves. 

XXTTT.    TLLIACKffi,  LINDEN  FAMILY. 

Trees  (rarely  herbs)  with  the  mucilaginous  properties, 
fibrous  bark,  valvate  calyx,  etc.,  as  in  the  Mallow  Family ;  but 
sepals  deciduous ;  petals  imbricated ;  stamens  in  several  clus- 
ters, and  anthers  2-celled.  Chiefly  a  tropical  family,  repre- 
sented here  only  by  an  herbaceous  CORCHORUS  on  our 
southernmost  borders,  and  by  the  genus  of  fine  trees  which 
gives  the  name : 

1.  TLLIA,  LINDEN,  BEE  TREE,  BASSWOOD.  (The  old  Latin 
name. )  Sepals  5 ;  petals  5,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  numerous ; 
their  filaments  cohering  in  5  clusters  or  with  a  petal-like  body  before 
the  true  petal.  Ovary  5-celled  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell ;  fruit  rather 
woody,  globular,  1-2-seeded.  Style  1.  Stigma  5-toothed.  Trees  with 
tough  inner  bark  (bast),  soft  white  wood,  alternate  roundish  and  serrate 
leaves  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  and  commonly  oblique  at  the  base, 
deciduous  stipules,  and  a  cyme  of  small,  dull  cream-colored,  honey- 
bearing  flowers,  borne  in  early  summer  on  a  nodding  axillary  peduncle 
which  is  united  to  a  long  and  narrow  leaf-like  bract.  (Lessons,  Figs. 
181,  277,  289,  414.) 

*  Stamens  united  with  a  petaloid  body. 
•i-  Fruit  even,  not  ribbed  or  lobed;  native  species. 
T.  Americana,  Linn.    Large  leaves  of  rather  firm  texture  and  smooth 

or  smoothish  both  sides  ;  bract  tapering  at.base  ;  fruit  oval.    N.  B.  to  N. 

Dak.,  S.  to  Ga.     The  common  species. 
T.  pubescens,  Ait.    Under  side  of  the  leaves  and  the  young  shoots 

covered  with  reddish  pubescence  ;  bract  rounded  at  base ;  fruit  globular. 

N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Tex. 
T.   heterophylla.    Vent.     Leaves  smooth  and  bright  green  above, 

silvery  white  with  a  fine  down  underneath  ;  bract  tapering  at  base  ;  fruit 

globose.    Penn.,  S.  and  W. 

-*-  -i-  Fruit  ribbed  or  lobed;  planted,  from  Eu. 

T.  argentea,  DC.  SILVER  LINDEN.  Leaves  smooth  above,  white- 
downy  beneath,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  petiole ;  fruit  ovoid,  acute,  5- 
ribbed,  or  angled.  Many  forms.  Commonly  known  as  T.  ALBA. 

*  *  Stamens  not  attached  to  petaloid  scales.     Natives  of  Eu. 

T.  Europcea,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  L.  Glabrous  except  for  tufts  of  pale 
hairs  in  the  axils  of  veins  on  the  under  side  of  leaves  ;  fruit  oval  or  necrly 
round,  densely  tomentose. 

T.  dasysty/a,  Stev.,  with  dark  green  shining  leaves,  fruit  obovoid, 
prominently  5-ribbed,  is  beginning  to  be  planted. 


92  FLAX   FAMILY. 


XXIV.    LINACKfi,   FLAX  FAMILY. 

Herbs  (rarely  shrubs)  with  regular  and  symmetrical  flowers ; 
sepals  5,  imbricated ;  petals  5,  convolute ;  stamens  5,  their  fila- 
ments united  at  the  base ;  ovary  with  as  many  cells  as  there 
are  styles ;  pod  with  twice  as  many,  through  the  growth  of  a 
false  partition. 

1.  LINUM.    Seeds  with  a  mucilaginous  coat  and  a  large,  straight,  oily  embryo ;  styles  and 

cells  of  the  ovary  5 ;  leaves  simple,  nearly  sessile,  narrow,  and  entire  ;  stipules  0,  or 
gland-like ;  flowers  (Lessons,  p.  11,  Figs.  1-t,  p.  14,  Figs.  9  and  10,  p.  95,  Fig.  270, 
and  p.  98,  Fig.  281)  usually  opening  for  only  one  day  and  in  sunshine,  all  summer. 
Hardy.  ®  or  TJ 

2.  KELNWARDTIA..    Styles  and  cells  of  the  ovary  3-4 ;  leaves  broad  ;  stipules  minute, 

awl-shaped,  falling  early.    Greenhouse  shrubs,  with  showy  yellow  flowers. 

1.  LINUM,   FLAX.     (The  classical  name.)     Ours  are  slender  herbs, 
with  flowers  (often  minute)  of  short  duration. 

*  Wild  species,  annuals  or  scarcely  perennials,  with  yellow  flowers. 
•*-  Sepals  and  bracts  entire. 

L.  Virginiinum,  Linn.  The  commonest  WILD  FLAX  in  dry  woods,  2° 
high,  spreading  or  recurving  branches,  terete  and  even  ;  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  only  the  lower  spatulate  and  opposite ;  flowers  scattered ; 
styles  distinct ;  pod  little  larger  than  a  phi's  head. 

L.  Floridinum,  Trelease.  Found  in  111.,  Va.,  and  S.,  is  more  strict, 
with  broadly  ovate  and  obtuse  pods. 

L.  strtetum,  Walt.  Like  the  first ;  but  has  the  branches  short  and 
sharply  4-angled,  with  intermediate  grooves  (whence  the  name)  ;  most  of 
the  stem-leaves  opposite  and  oblong;  flowers  more  crowded.  Wet 
grounds,  Mass,  and  Can.,  S. 

+-  ••-  Sepals  and  bracts  conspicuously  serrulate  with  glandular-bristly 
edges. 

L.  sulcatum.  Riddell.  Branches  upright,  grooved  ;  leaves  linear  and 
scattered  ;  a  pair  of  dark  glands  in  place  of  stipules  ;  sepals  sharp-pointed, 
3-nerved  ;  styles  united  half-way  up.  Dry  soil,  Mass,  to  Minn,  and  S.  W. 

L.  rigidum,  Pursh.  Usually  low,  glaucous  ;  branches  rigid ;  calyx 
finally  falling  off ;  the  flowers  rather  large.  Miss.  River,  W. 

*  *  Cultivated,  hardy,  herbaceous,  with  largish  handsome  flowers. 

L.  usitatissimum,  Linn.  COMMON  FLAX.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate ; 
flowers  corymbose,  rich  blue ;  sepals  pointed,  ciliate ;  stigmas  slender, 
club-shaped.  ©  Old  World,  and  inclined  to  run  wild.  Extensively 
cult,  for  the  seeds  and  fiber. 

L.  per^nne,  Linn.  PERENNIAL  FLAX.  Narrower  leaved  ;  sepals  blunt, 
sometimes  erose,  but  not  ciliate  ;  petals  sky-blue,  but  there  are  pink  and 
white  forms  ;  stigmas  oblong-capitate.  2Z  Cult,  from  Eu.  in  some  vari- 
eties for  ornament ;  a  variety  also  native  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

L.  grandifldrum,  Desf.  RED  FLAX.  1°  high,  with  linear  or  lanceo- 
late leaves  and  showy,  crimson-red  flowers  ;  sepals  and  bracts  ciliate-ser- 
rulate.  ®  2Z  Cult,  as  a  hardy  annual ;  from  North  Africa. 

2.  REINWARDTIA.    (For  K.  G.  K.  Beinwardt,  a  botanist  of  Leyden 
in  the  early  part  of  this  century.)     # 


GERANIUM   FAMILY.  9d 

R.  trigyna,  Planch.  Leaves  mostly  obtuse,  elliptic-obovate,  entire  or 
serrulate  ;  styles  3.  R.  TETRAG¥NA,  with  acuminate  leaves  and  4  styles, 
is  probably  a  variety  of  the  preceding.  India. 


XXV.    GERANIACE^l,    GERANIUM  FAMILY. 

As  now  received,  a  large  and  multifarious  order,  not  to  be 
characterized  as  a  whole  in  any  short  and  easy  way,  including 
as  it  does  Geraniums,  Nasturtiums,  Wood  Sorrels,  Balsams, 
etc.,which  have  to  be  separately  described. 

§  1.  Flowers  regular ;  leaves  simple,  variously  lobed  or  even  dissected  ;  glands  of  the 
disk  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.    Herbs. 


*  Sepals  imbricate;  ovary  5-celled,  W-ovuled  ;  fruit  dehiscent,  the  1-seeded 

splitting  elastically  from  a  prolonged  axis.    (Lessons,  Figs.  358,  859.) 

1.  GERANIUM.      Flowers   5-merous ;    sepals    usually    slender-pointed;    stamens   with 

anthers  10  (rarely  5) ;  the  recurving  bases  of  the  styles  or  tails  of  the  carpels  in  fruit 
naked  inside.  Leaves  with  stipules.  Herbage  scented. 

2.  EEODIUM.    Stamens  with  anthers  only  5.    Styles  when  they  split  off  from  the  beak, 

bearded  inside,  often  twisting  spirally ;  otherwise  as  Geranium. 

*  *  Sepals  valvate ;  ovary  o-celled,  5-ovuled  ;  the  carpels  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  break' 

ing  away  from  a  very  short  axis  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided. 

3.  LIMNANTHE9.    Sepals  and  petals  5,  the  latter  convolute  in  the  bud.    Stamens  10, 

separate  at  the  base.  Style  1,  5-lobed  at  the  apex,  rising  from  the  center  of  thl 
5  ovaries,  which  in  fruit  become  thickish  and  warty  nutlets. 

4.  FLO2RKEA.    Sepals,  small  petals,  stigmas,  and  lobes  of  the  ovary  3  ;  and  stamens  6; 

otherwise  like  Lknnantb.es. 

§  2.  Flowers  regular,-  leaves  compound,  of  3  obcordate  leaflets  ;  disk  glands  0.  Herbs. 

5.  OXALIS.    Sepals  and  petals  5,  the  former  imbricated,  the  latter  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Stamens  10,  inonadelphous  at  base,  the  alternate  ones  shorter.  Styles  5,  separate  on 
a  5-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  membranaceous  several-seeded  pod.  Juice  sour 
and  watery.  Flowers  usually  open  only  in  sunshine. 

§  3.  Flowers  somewhat  irregular,  Geranium-like,  the  base  of  one  sepal  extending  down- 
ward on  one  side  of  the  pedicel,  forming  a  narrow  tube  or  adherent  spur. 
Shrubby  or  fleshy-stemmed. 

6.  PELARGONIUM.    Sepals  and  petals  5 ;  the  two  petals  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower 

differing  from  the  rest  more  or  less  in  size  or  shape.  Stamens  with  anthers  fewer  than 
10,  commonly  7.  Pistil,  etc.,  as  in  Geranium.  Herbage  scented.  Leaves  with  stipules. 

§  4.  Flowers  very  irregular,  and  unsymmetrical ;  spur  free.     Tender  herbs. 

7.  TROP^OLUM.    Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  and  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower  ex- 

tended into  a  long,  descending  spur.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  fewer,  usually  with  claws ; 
the  two  upper  more  or  less  different  from  the  others  and  inserted  at  the  mouth  of  the 
spur.  Stamens  8,  unequal  or  dissimilar ;  filaments  usually  turned  downwards  and 
curving.  Ovary  of  3  lobes  surrounding  the  base  of  a  single  style,  in  fruit  becoming 
8  thick  and  fleshy  closed,  separate  carpels,  each  containing  a  single  large  seed.  Herbs, 
often  climbing  by  their  long  leafstalks  ;  the  watery  juice  with  the  pungent  odor  and 
taste  of  Cress.  Leaves  alternate ;  stipules  none  or  minute.  Peduncles  axillary,  1- 
flowered. 

8.  IMPATIENS.    Sepals  and  petals  similarly  colored,  the  parts  belonging  to  each  not 

readily  distinguished.  There  are  2  small  outer  pieces,  plainly  sepals,  on  the  sides  of 
the  flower  ;  then  below  (as  it  hangs,  but  really  on  the  upper  side)  a  third  sepal  form- 


94  GERANIUM   FAMILY. 

Ing  a  large  sac  contracted  at  the  bottom  into  a  spur  or  little  tail ;  opposite  the  gac 
is  a  notched  petal,  and  within  are  2  small,  unequally  2-lobed  petals,  one  each  side  of 
the  sac  ;  these  each  represent  2  united  petals.  Stamens  5,  short,  conniving  or  lightly 
cohering  around  and  covering  the  5-celled  ovary,  which  in  fruit  becomes  a  several- 
seeded  pod  ;  this  bursts  elastically,  flying  in  pieces  at  the  touch,  scattering  the  seeds, 
separating  into  5  twisting  valves  and  a  thickish  axis.  Style  none.  Seeds  rather  large. 
Erect,  branching,  succulent-stemmed  herbs,  with  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

1.  GERANIUM,   CRANESBILL.     (Greek :   crane,  alluding  probably 
to  the  long  beak  in  fruit)     The   so-called  Geraniums  of  cultivation 
belong  to  Pelargonium.    Flowers  spring  and  summer. 

*  Floicers  large  (!'  or  more  across)  and  showy  ;  perennial. 
-H-  Peduncles  ^-flowered  and  more  or  less  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem. 

G.  maculatum,  Linn.  WILD  CRANESBILL.  Stem  erect  from  a  stout 
rootstock,  hairy,  branching,  and  terminating  in  long  peduncles  bearing 
a  pair  of  flowers ;  leaves  palmately  parted  into  5-7  wedge-shaped  divisions 
cut  and  cleft  at  the  end,  sometimes  whitish-blotched ;  petals  wedge- 
obovate,  light  purple,  \'  long,  bearded  on  the  short  claw  ;  calyx  sparsely 
hairy.  Common  in  woodlands  and  open  grounds. 

G.  Ibericum,  Cav.  IBEKIAN  or  SPANISH  C.  Leaves  firm  and  lighter 
below,  roundish  and  cut  into  5-7-toothed  or  lobed  divisions ;  flowers  blue 
or  violet,  with  notched  or  trifid  petals,  and  villous  calyx.  Cult,  from 
Spain.  ^  ^  Peduncles  leered,  axillary. 

G.  sangulneum,  Linn.  BLOOD  C.  Stems  diffuse  (l°-2°  high)  with 
many  opposite  rounded  leaves  which  are  divided  into  5-7  parts,  these 
again  3-lobed  into  linear  divisions ;  flowers  red,  on  long  solitary  bracted 
peduncles,  pretty.  Cult,  from  Eu. 

*  *  Flowers  small,  pink ;  annual  or  biennial.  {Besides  the  two  below, 
which  are  native,  several  European  species  are  sparingly  introduced  as 
weeds.) 

G.  Hobertianum,  Linn.  HERB  ROBERT.  Diffusely  spreading,  very 
strong-scented,  loosely  hairy;  leaves  finely  cut,  being  divided  into  3 
twice-pinnatifid  divisions;  flowers  small;  petals  pink  or  red  purple. 
Common  N.  in  shady  rocky  places. 

G.  Carolinianum,  Linn.  Stems  erect  or  soon  diffusely  branched  from 
the  base,  6'-18'  high  ;  leaves  palmately  parted  into  5  much  cleft  and  cut 
divisions ;  peduncles  and  pedicels  short ;  flowers  barely  half  as  large  as 
in  the  foregoing,  the  pale,  rose-colored  petals  notched  at  the  end. 
Common  in  open  and  mostly  barren  soil. 

2.  ERODIUM,   STORKSBILL.     (Greek:  a  heron.) 

E.  cicutarium,  L'Her.  COMMON  S.  Low,  hairy,  and  rather  viscid ; 
the  leaves  mostly  from  the  root,  pinnate  ;  the  leaflets  finely  once  or  twice 
pinnatifid  ;  peduncle  bearing  an  umbel  of  several  small  pinkish  flowers  in 
summer.  0  Nat.  from  Eu.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  etc.,  but  not  common. 

3.  LIMNANTHES.     (Greek:    marsh  flower;  but  in  fact  the  plant 
flourishes  in  merely  moist  soil.)     <J> 

L.  Dougldsii,  R.  Br.  Low  and  spreading,  mostly  smooth,  and  slightly 
succulent ;  leaves  divided  into  5-7  oblong  or  lanceolate  and  often  3-5- 
cleft  leaflets  ;  flowers  (in  summer)  solitary  on  slender  axillary  peduncles ; 
petals  white  with  a  yellow  base,  wedge-oblong,  notched  at  the  end,  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  about  £'  long.  Cult,  from  California. 


GERANIUM   FAMILY.  95 

4.  FLOBRKEA,   FALSE    MERMAID.     (For  Flcerke,  a  German  bot- 
anist.)    d) 

F.  proserpinacoldes,  Willd.  A  small  and  insignificant  plant;  leaf 
segments  3-5,  lanceolate  and  entire,  or  rarely  2-3-cleft ;  the  axillary  and 
peduncled  flower  inconspicuous  (in  spring  and  summer) ,  the  oblong  petals 
shorter  than  the  calyx  and  entire.  Marshes  and  river  banks,  N.  and  VV. 

5.  OXALIS,  WOOD  SORREL.     (Greek:  sour,  from  the  acid  juice.) 
An  attractive  genus  of  small  herbs,  with  many  cultivated  species. 

*  Peduncles  \-flowered;  petals  white,  red,  or  variegated. 

O.  Acetose'lla,  Linn.  TRUE  W.  The  leafstalks  and  1-flowered 
scapes  2 '-4'  Ligh  from  a  creeping,  scaly -toothed  rootstock ;  flower  rather 
large,  white,  with  delicate  reddish  veins.  Common  in  mossy  woods  N.  2/ 

0.  vari&bilis,  Jacq.  Is  more  hairy ;  leaflets  obovate  and  scarcely 
notched,  commonly  crimson  beneath,  only  1'  long ;  scapes  short,  3' ;  petals 
!£'  long,  white,  or  pink-red  with  a  yellowish  base.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

0.  versicolor,  Linn.  From  small  bulbs,  sends  up  slender  stems,  2'-3' 
high  ;  leaflets  almost  linear,  notched  at  the  end ;  petals  1'  long,  white  or 
tinged  with  rose,  with  bright,  pink-red  margins  outside,  so  that  the  blos- 
som is  red  when  rolled  up  in  the  bud  or  closed  in  shade,  but  white  above 
when  it  opens  in  sunshine.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

0.  flava,  Linn.  From  a  strong  bulb,  sends  up  to  the  surface  a  short 
scaly  stem,  bearing  thick  flattish  leafstalks  and  short  scapes ;  the  leaflets 
6-10  and  linear ;  petals  nearly  1'  long,  yellow,  often  edged  with  reddish. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  ^  #  Peduncles  2^^^. 

•*-  Leaflets  4  or  7-10 ;  flowers  crimson  to  purplish ;  stemless,  hairy.     2Z 

0.  tetraphyila,  Cav.  Leaflets  4,  obcordate,  with  a  brownish  blotch  or 
band  when  young.  Mexico.  O.  DEPPEI  of  gardens. 

0.  lasidndra,  Graham.  Leaflets  7-10,  oblanceolate,  3'  long  by  1'  broad, 
obtuse  and  entire  at  apex ;  scapes  9'-18'  high,  with  a  many-flowered 
umbel.  Mexico.  ^  ^  Leaflets  S. 

+•*•  Flowers  yellow. 

O.  corniculata,  Linn.  YELLOW  W.,  LADIES'  SORREL.  1°  high,  pu- 
bescent, with  sharp,  oppressed  hairs ;  stipules  round  or  truncate,  ciliate ; 
peduncles  2-6-flowered;  pods  long,  erect.  Rare  eastward,  indigenous 
Mo.  and  S.W. ;  but 

Var.  stricta,  Sav.,  is  extremely  common ;  stems  erect,  nearly  smooth  to 
very  villous  ;  leafy  ;  stipules  0. 

Var.  RtBRA  is  a  purple-leaved  form  in  cultivation. 

O.  recurva,  Ell.  Like  the  first  variety  of  the  preceding ;  leaflets  larger 
(£'-li'  broad),  usually  with  a  brownish  margin  ;  flowers  larger  (6"-8" 
long)"  Penn.  to  S.  111.  and  S. 

0.  Ortgiesi,  Regel.  Stems  purplish-red,  erect,  1°  high,  rather  fleshy, 
becoming  tough  or  woody  below  ;  leaflets  obovate,  with  2-pointed  lobes, 
the  notch  broad,  olive-green  above,  purple  beneath ;  flowers  small,  in 
cymes  on  long  axillary  peduncles.  Peru. 

0.  Valdiviensis,  Barn.  Stem  smooth,  1°  high,  branching  at  base ; 
leaflets  obcordate,  the  lobes  very  round  ;  petals  deep  yellow,  with  reddish 
veins,  especially  outside.  Chile. 

+-+  -w-  Flowers  violet,  purple,  or  rose-red. 

O.  violacea,  Linn.  VIOLET  W.  Leafstalks  and  slender  scape  from 
a  scaly  bulb,  the  flowers  several  in  an  umbel,  middle-sized,  violet.  2/ 
Common  S.,  rarer  N.,  in  rocky  or  sandy  soil.  In  common  cultivation. 


96  GERANIUM    FAMILY. 

0.  Bowieana,  Lodd.  Whole  plant  finely  pubescent ;  leafstalks  and  few- 
flowered  scapes  6'-10'  high  from  a  small  bulb  on  a  spindle-shaped  root ; 
broad  obcordate  leaflets  almost  2'  long;  petals  deep  rose-color,  1'  long. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

6.  PELARGONIUM,  the  GERANIUM,  so-called,  of  house  and  sum- 
mer-garden culture.  (Greek :  stork,  from  the  beak  of  the  fruit,  which 
is  like  that  of  Geranium.)  2/  Natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  in 
cultivation  so  much  modified  that  it  is  often  difficult  to  distinguish  the 
original  species.  A  synopsis  of  the  chief  groups  is  given. 

I.  IVY  GERANIUMS.     Stems  trailing  ;  leaves  peltate  and  fleshy,  the  5  lobes 
entire,  generally  smooth,  with  or  without  a  darker  zone.     Now  crossed 
with  the  next  for  the  sake  of  the  larger  flowers. 

P.  peltatum,  Ait.  IVY-LEAVED  P.  Generally  smooth,  the  leaf  fixed 
towards  the  middle,  with  or  without  a  darkish  zone ;  flowers  pink  or 
varying  to  white. 

II.  SCARLET,  HORSESHOE,  FISH,  BEDDING  or  ZONAL  GERANIUMS.     Stems 
erect,  obscurely  lobed  with  large  scallops  or  irregularly  cut;  leaves  round 
andcrenate,  and  with  a  deep  narrow  sinus,  often  with  a  horseshoe-shaped 
dark  zone,  many  forms  (TRICOLORS)  with  bronzy-golden  or  silver-edged 
or  variegated  leaves  ;  petals  all  of  one  color  or  variegated  (scarlet,  pink, 
or  varying  to  white}  ;  stems  erect,  shrubby,  and  succulent. 

P.  zonale,  Willd.     HORSESHOE  P.     So  called  from  the  dark  horseshoe 

mark  or  zone  on   the  leaves,  which,  however,  is  not  always  present ; 

petals  smoothish,  narrowish. 
P.  Inquinans,  Ait.     STAINING  or  SCARLET  P.     In  the  unmixed  state  is 

soft-downy  and   clammy,  the  leaves  without  the  zone  ;  petals  broadly 

obovate,  originally  intense  scarlet. 

tfl.  LADY  WASHINGTON  GERANIUMS  ;  PELARGONIUMS  ;  DECORATIVE, 
SHOW  or  FANCY  P.  of  gardeners.  Leaves  usually  moderately  lobed, 
but  sometimes  rather  deeply  cut,  mostly  sharply  toothed;  flowers  very 
large  (2'  or  more),  usually  decidedly  irregular,  the  2  upper  petals  larger 
and  streaked  or  spotted  ;  stem  decidedly  shrubby. 

*  Leaves  more  or  less  hairy  or  pubescent. 

P.  cucullatum,  Ait.  COWLED  P.  Soft-hairy,  the  rounded  kidney- 
shaped  leaves  cupped,  soft-downy. 

P.  cordatum,  Ait.  HEART-LEAVED  P.  Like  the  last  or  less  hairy,  with 
flat,  ovate-heart-shaped  leaves. 

P.  anguldsum,  Ait.  MAPLE-LEAVED  P.  Harsher-hairy ;  the  leaves 
rigid,  inclined  to  be  lobed,  truncate  or  even  wedge-shaped  at  the  base 
(scarcely  ever  heart-shaped),  sharply  toothed. 

»  *  Leaves  smooth  and  pale  or  glaucous,  rounded,  palmately  b-1-cleft. 
P.  grandiflbrum,  Willd.     GREAT-FLOWERED   P.     Shrubby ;    peduncles 
bearing  about  3  large  flowers,  with  white  petals  !£'  long,  the  two  upper 
larger  and  elegantly  veined  or  variegated  with  pink  or  rose-color. 

IV.  ROSE  GERANIUMS.  Leaves  hairy,  roundish,  often  rough,  lobed  or 
deeply  pinnatifld  (rarely  only  crenate),  or  in  the  last  one  palmately  3- 
parted,  balsamic  or  strong-scented;  plants  cult,  chiefly  for  the  fragrant 
foliage  ;  the  small  rather  sparse  flowers  rose-colored  or  purple,  petals 
often  darker-veined. 

»  Velvety  or  soft-hairy  ;  leaves  moderately  or  not  at  all  lobed. 

P.  capitatum,  Ait.  ROSE-SCENTED  P.  Softly  hairy,  with  the  rose- 
scented  leaves  moderately  lobed,  the  lobes  short  and  broad;  peduncle 


GERANIUM   FAMILY.  97 

bearing  many  sessile  flowers  in  a  head;  petals  rose-purple,  barely  £' 
long. 

P.  tomentosum,  Jacq.  PEPPERMINT  P.  Densely  soft-hairy ;  branches 
long  and  thickish  ;  leaves  rather  large,  round-heart-shaped  and  with  5-7 
open  lobes,  velvety-hairy  both  sides  ;  flowers  on  long  pedicels  in  panicled 
umbels,  insignificant ;  petals  white,  the  3  lower  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

P.  odoratissimum,  Ait.  NUTMEG-SCENTED  P.  Branches  slender  and 
straggling,  from  a  very  short,  scaly  stem  or  base ;  leaves  rounded  and 
crenate,  soft- velvety,  small ;  flowers  on  short  pedicels,  very  small ;  petals 
white,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. 

#  #  Hairy,  roughish,  or  occasionally  downy  j  leaves  more  or  less  pinnat- 
ifid  or  pinnately  compound  or  the  main  lobes  or  divisions  pinnatifid. 

P.  quercifdlium,  Ait.  OAK-LEAVED  P.  Shrubby,  hairy,  and  glandular  ; 
leaves  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  with  wavy-toothed  blunt  lobes  (the  low- 
est ones  largest,  making  a  triangular-heart-shaped  outline),  often  dark- 
colored  along  the  middle,  unpleasantly  scented ;  petals  purple  or  pink, 
the  two  upper  (!'  long)  much  longest. 

P.  graveolens,  Ait.  HEAVY-SCENTED  P.  Shrubby  and  hairy  like  the 
last ;  leaves  palmately  5-7-lobed  or  parted,  and  the  oblong  lobes  sinuate- 
pinnatifid  ;  petals  shorter. 

P.  r&dula,  Ait.  ROUGH  P.  Shrubby,  rough  and  hairy  above  with 
short  bristles  ;  the  balsamic  or  mint-scented  leaves  palmately  parted  and 
the  divisions  pinnately  parted  or  again  cut  into  narrow  linear  lobes,  with 
revolute  margins  ;  peduncles  short,  bearing  few  small  flowers ;  petals 
rose-color,  striped  or  veined  with  pink  or  purple. 

P.  fulgidum,  Ait.  BRILLIANT  P.  Shrubby  and  succulent-stemmed, 
downy  ;  leaves  mostly  3-parted,  with  the  lateral  divisions  wedge-shaped 
and  3-lobed,  the  middle  one  oblong  and  cut-pinnatifid ;  calyx  broad  in 
the  throat ;  petals  obovate,  scarlet,  often  with  dark  lines,  £'  long. 

P.  trlste,  Ait.  SAD  or  NIGHT-SCENTED  P.  Stem  succulent  and  very 
short  from  a  tuberous  rootstock,  or  none  ;  leaves  pinnately  decompound, 
hairy  ;  petals  dull  brownish-yellow  with  darker  spots,  sweet-scented  at 
night. 

P.  exstipulatum,  Ait.  PENNYROYAL  P.  Low,  rather  shrubby ;  leaves 
(with  no  stipules)  with  the  sweet  scent  of  Pennyroyal  or  Bergamot,  £' 
wide,  the  3  palmate  lobes  wedge-shaped  and  cut-toothed  ;  flowers  small 
and  insignificant,  white. 

7.  TROP^IOLUM,  NASTURTIUM  or  INDIAN  CRESS.  (Greek: 
a  trophy,  the  foliage  of  the  common  sort  likened  to  a  group  of  shields.) 
Cult,  from  South  America,  chiefly  Peru,  for  ornament,  and  the  pickled 
fruits  used  as  a  substitute  for  capers,  having  a  similar  flavor  and  pun- 
gency ;  flowers  all  summer,  showy.  ® 

*  Leaves  obscurely,  if  at  all,  lobed. 

T.  ma/us,  Linn.  COMMON  N.  Climbing  high,  also  low  and  scarcely 
climbing  variety ;  leaves  roundish  and  about  6-angled,  peltate  towards  the 
middle  ;  spur  straight,  attenuate,  petals  much  longer  than  calyx,  all  shades 
of  yellow  and  red,  from  cream-white  to  nearly  black,  pointless,  entire  or  a 
little  jagged  at  the  end,  and  the  3  lower  and  longer-clawed  ones  fringed  at 
the  base  ;  also  a  full  double  variety. 

7".  minus,  Linn.  SMALLER  N.  Smaller ;  petals  with  a  bristle-like 
point.  Much  less  common  than  the  preceding,  but  mixed  with  it. 

T.  Lobbianum,  Veitch.     Pilose  all  over  except  the  petals  and  upper  side 
of    the  leaves ;    leaves  obscurely  lobed,  the  lobes  mucronulate ;   spur 
straight,  thickish,  three  lower  petals  long-clawed,  deeply  toothed,  fringed 
at  base  ;  shades  of  red  chiefly,  to  nearly  black.     Colombia. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  EOT. — 7 


98  RUE   FAMILY. 

»  *  Leaves  b-1-lobed  or  parted. 

T.  peregrtnum,  Willd.  CANARY  BIRD  FLOWER.  Climbing  high ;  lobes 
of  the  leaves  mucronate  and  cut ;  spur  hooked  or  curved ;  petals  light 
yellow,  the  2  upper  cut  into  slender  lobes,  the  3  lower  small  and 
fringed. 

8.  IMFATIENS,      TOUCH-ME-NOT,     JEWELWEED,     BALSAM. 
(Name  from  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  pod  when  touched.) 

»  Native,  in  low  places.    ® 

I.  pallida,  Nutt.  PALE  T.  l°-4°  high,  branched ;  leaves  alternate, 
oval ;  flowers  panicled,  pale  yellow  dotted  with  brownish-red  (rarely 
spotless) ,  the  sac  broader  than  long  and  tipped  with  a  short,  incurved 
spur.  Wet  ground  and  moist  shady  places,  commonest  N. 

I.  fiilva,  Nutt.  SPOTTED  T.  Has  smaller  orange-colored  flowers 
spotted  with  reddish-brown,  sac  longer  than  broad  and  tapering  into  a 
strongly  inflexed  spur  (spots  and  spur  rarely  wanting).  Common,  espe- 

cially  S"  *  *  Garden  species. 

I.  Balsdmina,  Linn.  GARDEN  BALSAM,  from  India.  Low,  with  crowded 
lanceolate  leaves,  the  lower  opposite,  a  cluster  of  large  and  showy  short- 
spurred  flowers  in  their  axils,  on  short  stalks,  of  very  various  shades 
(from  white  to  red  and  purple)  ;  the  finer  sorts  full  double.  0 

/.  Sultdni,  Hook.  Erect,  leaves  acuminate  at  both  ends,  serrate  with 
a  bristle  at  each  tooth  ;  flowers  solitary  or  2-3  together,  on  slender  axil- 
lary peduncles  ;  petals  scarlet,  quite  flat,  the  lateral  ones  cleft  to  the  base, 
the  lobes  somewhat  larger  than  the  third ;  blade  of  spurred  sepal  not 
half  the  length  of  petals,  spur  long,  slender,  up-curved.  Zanzibar.  Cult, 
in  greenhouses.  % 

XXVI.    RUTACEffi,   RUE  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  transparent  dots  or  glands  resembling  punc- 
tures (wanting  in  No.  4)  in  the  simple  or  compound  leaves, 
containing  a  pungent  or  acrid  bitter-aromatic  volatile  oil ;  and 
stamens  only  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  (or  in 
Orange  and  Lemon  more  numerous),  inserted  on  the  base  of 
a  receptacle  (or  a  glandular  disk  surrounding  it)  which  some- 
times elevates  more  or  less  the  single  compound  pistil  or  the 
2-5  more  or  less  separate  carpels.  Leaves  either  opposite  or 
alternate,  in  ours  mostly  alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
only  in  No.  2  irregular.  Many  species  are  medicinal. 

§  1.  Perennial,  strong-scented,  hardy  (exotic)  herbs ;  flowers  perfect;  stamens  8  or 

10 ;  ovary  4-5-lobed,  4-5-celled  ;  seeds  several. 

1.  KTTTA.    Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  short,  the  latter  roundish  and  arching.    Stamens  twice 
as  many  as  the  petals.   Style  1.   Pod  globular  and  many-seeded.   Leaves  decompound. 

9.  DICTAMNUS.    Sepals  and  petals  5 ;  the  latter  long  and  lanceolate,  on  short  claws,  the 

lower  one  declining,  the  others  ascending.  Stamens  10  ;  the  long  filaments  declining 
and  curved,  partly  glandular.  Styles  5,  nearly  separate.  Ovary  a  little  elevated, 
deeply  5-lobed,  in  fruit  becoming  5  flattened,  rough-glandular,  2-3-seeded  pods,  each 
«plitting  when  ripe  into  2  valves,  which  divide  into  an  outer  and  an  inner  layer. 
Leaves  pinnate. 


RUE   FAMILY.  99 

§  2.  Shrubs  or  trees,  hardy,  with  polygamous,  dioecious,  or  sometimes  perfect,  small 

(greenish  or  whitish)  flowers;  stamens  4-6,  as  many  as  the  petals;  seeds  single 

or  in  pairs.  .  Leaves  compound,  deciduous. 

8.   XANTHOXYLUM.    Flowers  dioecious.    Pistils  2-5 ;  their  styles  slightly  cohering ;  the 

ovaries  separate,  ripening  into  rather  fleshy  at  length  dry  and  2-valved  little  pods. 

Seed  black,  smooth,  and  shining.    Prickly  trees  or  shrubs  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  these  and 

the  bark  and  pods  very  pungent  and  aromatic. 

4.  PHELLODENDRON.    Flowers  dioecious,  greenish,  inconspicuous ;  stamens  5-6;  ovary 

5-lobed,  rudimentary.  Drupes  berry-like,  black,  the  size  of  a  pea,  with  5  stones,  in 
flat  corymbs,  hanging  all  winter.  Leaves  opposite,  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate,  serrulate,  not  pellucid-punctate. 

5.  PTELEA.    Flowers  polygamous.   Pistil  a  2-celled  ovary  tipped  with  a  short  style,  form- 

ing a  2-celled,  2-seeded,  and  rounded  wing-fruit  or  samara,  in  shape  like  that  of  the  Elm. 
Not  prickly  ;  leaflets  3. 

*  *  Leaves  simple  and  entire,  evergreen. 

6.  SKIMMIA.    Flowers  polygamous  or  perfect.    Ovary  2-5-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  from 

the  top  of  each  cell,  in  fruit  becoming  a  red  berry  or  drupe. 

§  8.  Shrubs  or  trees,  exotic  (only  one  hardy),  with  sweet-scented  foliage  and  conspicuous, 
white,  fragrant  and  perfect  flowers. 

7.  CITRUS.    Petals  4-8,  usually  5,  thickish.    Filaments  irregularly  united  more  or  less. 

Ovary  many-celled,  encircled  at  the  base  by  a  conspicuous  disk  (Lessons,  p.  113, 
Fig.  363),  in  fruit  becoming  a  many-seeded,  large  berry  with  a  thick  rind.  Branches 
usually  spiny.  Leaves  evergreen,  compound  or  apparently  simple,  but  with  a 
joint  between  the  blade  and  the  (commonly  winged  or  margined)  petiole,  showing 
that  the  leaf  is  a  compound  one  reduced  to  the  end-leaflet.  Flowers  white,  very 
fragrant,  rather  showy. 

8.  jEGLE.    Stamens  fewer,  and  all  distinct  and  free.    Parts  of  the  flower  in  8's  or  5's. 

Leaves  trifoliate. 

1.  RUT  A,    RUE.     (The  ancient  name.)    Natives  of  the  Old  World. 

R.  graveolens,  Linn.  COMMON  RUE.  A  bushy  herb,  woody  or  almost 
shrubby  at  the  base;  leaflets  small,  bluish-green  and  strongly  dotted, 
oblong  or  obovate,  the  terminal  one  broader  arid  notched  at  the  end, 
corymbs  of  greenish-yellow  flowers  produced  all  summer;  the  earliest 
blossom  has  the  parts  in  5's,  the  rest  in  4's.  Plant  very  acrid,  sometimes 
even  blistering  the  skin.  Cult,  in  country  gardens. 

2.  DICTAMNUS,   FRAXINELLA,  GAS  PLANT.     (Ancient  Greek 

name.) 

D.  6lbus,  Linn,  (or  D.  FRAXINELLA.)  Herb  with  an  almost  woody  base, 
viscid-glandular,  and  with  a  strong  aromatic  scent ;  the  leaves  likened  to 
those  of  Ash  on  a  smaller  scale  (whence  one  of  the  common  names)  of 
9-13  ovate  and  serrate  leaflets ;  the  large  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  in 
summer,  in  one  variety  pale  purple  with  redder  veins,  another  white. 
S.  Eu. 

3.  XANTHOXYLUM,   PRICKLY  ASH.     (Greek:  yellow  wood.-) 

X.  Americ^num,  Mill.  NORTHERN  P.,  or  TOOTHACHE  TREE.  Leaves 
downy  when  young,  of  9-11  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets ;  the  greenish  flowers 
in  axillary  clusters,  in  spring,  preceding  the  leaves,  the  sepals  wanting ; 
pistils  3-5  with  slender  styles ;  pods  about  the  size  and  shape  of  pepper- 
corns, lemon-scented,  raised  from  the  receptacle  on  thickish  stalks. 
Rocky  woods  and  banks,  N. 

X.  Cl£va-H<Srculis,  Linn.  SOUTHERN  P.  A  small  tree,  the  bark  with 
warty  and  the  leafstalks  with  very  slender  prickles,  smooth,  with  7-9 
ovate  or  lance-ovate  leaflets,  and  whitish  flowers  in  a  terminal  oyme,  in 


100  RUE   FAMILY. 

early  summer,  later  than  the  leaves,  petals  and  sepals  both  present,  3  or  2 
short-styled  pistils ;  pods  not  stalked.     Sandy  coast  S. 

4.  PHELLODENDRON,   COEK  TREE.     (Greek:  corktree) 

P.  Amurense,  Rupr.  A  spreading,  hardy  tree  with  ash-gray,  deeply 
furrowed  corky  bark,  the  inner  bark  lemon-yellow ;  leaflets  2-6  pairs ; 
general  aspect  of  Ailanthus.  Amur  region. 

5.  PTELEA,  HOP  TREE.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Elm, 
from  the  resemblance  in  the  winged  fruit.) 

P.  triiolteta,  Linn.  THREE-LEAVED  H.  A  tall  shrub,  with  ovate 
pointed  leaflets,  and  a  terminal  cyme  of  small,  greenish-white,  unpleasantly 
scented  flowers,  in  early  summer ;  the  orbicular  winged  fruit  bitter.  Rocky 
woods  from  L.  L  to  Minn,  and  S.  Alao  planted,  as  vars.,  with  variegated 
or  yellow  leaves. 

6.  SKIMMIA.     (Japanese  :  skimmi,  the  local  name  of  the  first-known 
species.)     Not  fully  hardy  in  the  Northern  States. 

S.  Fortune/,  Masters.  (S.  JAPONICA  of  gardens.)  A  low,  quite  hardy  shrub, 
smooth,  with  oblong  and  entire,  dark  green,  evergreen  leaves,  crowded  on 
the  end  of  the  branches,  which  in  spring  are  terminated  with  a  close  panicle 
or  cluster  of  small  and  white  sweet-scented,  perfect  flowers,  of  no  beauty, 
but  followed  by  dull  crimson,  obovoid  berries  which  last  over  winter.  China. 

S.  Japdnica,  Thunb.  (S.  OBL\TA  and  S.  FR\GRANS  of  gardens) .  Taller ; 
flowers  polygamous;  leaves  pale  yellowish-green;  berries  bright  red, 
truncate  or  depressed,  but  rarely  produced.  Japan. 

7.  CITRUS,   CITRON,  ORANGE,   LEMON,  etc.     (Ancient  name  for 
citron.')     Small  trees,  native  to  eastern  Asia,  grown  in  conservatories 
in  the  north  for  ornament,  and  in  Florida  and  California  extensively 
planted  for  fruit.     (Lessons,  Fig.  363.) 

*  LEMONS,  ETC.     Glabrous.    Flowers  (and  young  shoots)  usually  tinged 
with  red;  fruit  mostly  elongated  and  rough,  with  a  nipple  or  projection 
at  the  tip,  the  rind  closely  adherent  to  the  flesh,  which  is  usitally  acid. 

C.  Medico,  Linn.  CITRON.  Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  acute,  the  petiole  short, 
winged  or  not ;  fruit  large,  the  rind  very  aromatic  and  covered  with  humps ; 
the  juice  not  abundant  nor  very  acid.  Named  for  the  country  Media. 

Var.  Llmon,  Linn.  LEMON.  Petiole  narrowly  winged  ;  fruit  distinctly 
elongated,  the  rind  not  lumpy,  with  an  abundant  and  acid  juice. 

Var.  acris,  Martyn.  SOUR  LIME.  Flowers  smaller ;  fruit  small,  vari- 
able in  shape,  the  juice  very  acid. 

*  #  ORANGES.    Glabrous.   Flowers  white  ;  fruit  mostly  roundish,  without  a 
nipple,  the  skin  much  thinner  and  smoother,  and  separating  from  the 
flesh,  which  is  usually  sireetish. 

C.  Aurdntium,  Linn.  ORANGE.  Tree,  with  ovate,  large  leaves,  and 
petiole  either  winged  or  naked ;  fruit  globose,  usually  3'-4'  in  diameter, 
golden-yellow,  with  a  sweet  edible  flesh.  China. 

Var.  vulgaris,  Wight  &  Arn.  BITTER  or  SEVILLE  ORANGE.  Petiole 
usually  broadly  winged ;  fruit  small,  with  a  thin  roughish  rind  and  bitter 
pulp.  Run  wild  in  Florida  and  other  parts  of  the  world  ;  a  deteriorated 
form  of  the  Orange. 

C.  nbbilis,  Lour.  MANDARIN,  TANGERINE,  KID-GLOVE  ORANGE,  OON- 
SHIU.  Tree  small  or  bushy  and  much  spreading ;  leaves  smaller  and 
narrower,  the  petioles  not  winged ;  fruit  small,  flattened,  the  very  thin 
golden-russet  rind  parting  readily  from  the  loosely  cohering,  dryish,  and 
sweet  carpels.  Hardier  than  the  Orange.  Japan  and  China. 


MELIA  FAMILY.  101 

*  *  *  SHADDOCK.  Young  growth  pubescent.  Flowers  white  ;  fruit  very 
large,  often  borne  in  clusters,  roundish,  with  a  smooth  rind  and  no 
nipple;  the  flesh  acid  and  very  juicy. 

C.  Decumana,  Lour.  SHADDOCK,  POMELO,  GRAPE  FRUIT.  Leaves  very 
large  and  broad,  often  emarginate,  pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  much 
winged  ;  fruit  pale  with  distinct  bitterish  acid  vesicles.  Polynesia. 

8.   -ZEJGLE.     (Name  of  one  of  the  Hesperides.) 

JE.  sepiaria,  DC.  (or  CITRUS  TRIFOLIATA).  A  shrub  with  strong 
thorns,  3  elliptic-crenulate  leaflets,  solitary  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the 
thorns,  and  a  light  yellow,  many-seeded,  austere  fruit,  1'  in  diameter. 
Hardy  in  protected  places  as  far  N.  as  Washington.  Grown  for  orna- 
ment, hedges,  and  as  a  stock  upon  which  to  dwarf  oranges.  Japan. 


XXVII.    SIMARUBACE^l,   QUASSIA  FAMILY. 

May  be  regarded  as  Butacese  without  transparent  dots  in 
the  leaves.  (Phellodendron  may  be  sought  here.  See  the  last 
family.)  Here  represented  by  a  single  tree,  the 

1.    AH.ANTHUS,    CHINESE   SUMACH    or    TREE   OF   HEAVEN. 

(Ailanto,  a  native  name.)  Flowers  polygamous,  small,  greenish,  in 
terminal  branched  panicles,  with  5  short  sepals  and  5  petals,  10  stamens 
in  the  sterile  flowers,  and  few  or  none  in  the  fertile  flowers ;  the  latter 
with  2-5  ovaries  (their  styles  lateral,  united,  or  soon  separate),  which 
in  fruit  become  linear-oblong,  thin,  and  membranaceous,  veiny  samaras 
or  keys,  1-seeded  in  the  middle. 

A.  glandulosus,  Desf.,  the  only  species  known  here,  from  China,  is  a 
common  shade  tree,  tall,  of  rapid  growth,  with  hard  wood,  very  long  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  many  obliquely  lanceolate,  entire,  or  sparingly  sinuate 
leaflets  ;  flowers  in  early  summer,  the  staminate  ill-scented. 

XXVIIL    MELIACRE,  MELIA  FAMILY. 

Trees,  chiefly  with  pinnately  compound  dotless  leaves,  sta- 
mens twice  as  many  as  the  petals  and  united  up  to  or  beyond 
the  anthers  into  a  tube,  and  a  several-celled  ovary  with  a  single 
style ;  almost  all  tropical. 

1.  MELIA.  (Old  Greek  name  of  the  Ash,  transferred  to  a  widely  dif- 
ferent tree.)  Calyx  5-6-parted  ;  petals  5  or  6,  linear-spatulate ;  fila- 
ments united  into  a  cylindrical  tube  with  a  10-12-cleft  mouth,  inclosing 
as  many  anthers  ;  fruit  a  globose  berry-like  drupe,  with  a  bony  5-celled 
stone,  and  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  Flowers  in  large  compound 
panicles. 

M.  Azedarach,  Linn.  PRIDE  OF  INDIA  or  CHINA  TREE.  A  favorite 
shade  tree  at  the  S.,  30°-40°  high  ;  leaves  twice  pinnate,  smooth  ;  leaflets 
ovate  and  pointed-toothed,  of  a  deep  green  color  ;  flowers  numerous,  fra- 
grant, lilac-colored  in  spring,  succeeded  by  the  yellowish  fruit. 


102  HOLLY  FAMILY. 

TTXTX     HICINE2E,   HOLLY  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  leaves  alternate,  simple;  stipules 
small,  usually  falling  early;  small,  mostly  polygamous,  or 
dioecious,  axillary  flowers,  having  divisions  of  the  free  calyx, 
petals  (these  almost  or  quite  distinct),  stamens  (alternate 
with  petals),  and  cells  of  the  ovary  of  the  same  number  (4-8 
or  even  9),  and  fruit  berry-like,  containing  4-8  single-seeded 
little  stones.  Ovule  solitary,  hanging  from  the  top  of  each 
cell.  Sessile  stigmas  4-8,  or  united  into  one.  Flowers  white. 

1.  ILEX.    Parts  of  the  flower  4-6.    Petals  or  corolla-lobes  oval  or  obovate.    Sterile  flowers 

clustered  in  the  axils  ;  fertile,  often  solitary.    Flowers  early  summer;  fruit  autumn. 

2.  NEMOPANTHES.    Parts  of  the  flower  4  or  5.    Petals  linear.    Calyx-teeth  minute  or 

obsolete.    Flowers  solitary  on  long,  slender,  axillary  peduncles. 

1.    ILEX.  HOLLY.     (Ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Holly  Oak.) 
§  1.  TRUE  HOLLY,  icith  thick  and  rigid  evergreen  leaves,  red  berries,  and 
parts  of  the  flowers  in  fours,  rarely  some  in  fives  or  sixes. 

*  Leaves  spiny-toothed. 

I.  Aquifblium,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  HOLLY,  is  occasionally  planted,  but 
not  hardy  N. ;  tree  with  very  glossy  and  wavy,  spiny  leaves  ;  umbellate 
clusters  of  many  flowers  followed  by  many  varieties  in  form  and  variega- 
tion of  leaves  and  color  of  berries,  in  cultivation.  Bright  red  berries. 

I.  opaca,  Ait.  AMERICAN  H.  Tree  20°-400  high,  smooth,  with  gray 
bark,  oval  leaves,  wavy-margined  and  spiny-toothed  ;  flowers  one  to  few 
in  a  cluster,  berries  dull  red.  Low  grounds  from  Maine  and  Ind.  S. 

Also  cult-  *  *  Leaves  not  spiny. 

I.  Cassine,  Linn.  CASSENA,  YAUPON.  Shrub  on  the  sandy  coast  S., 
with  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  crenate  leaves  only  1'  long,  and  flowers  in  ses- 
sile clusters.  Leaves  used  for  Yaupon  tea. 

I.  D ah 6 on.  Walt.    DAHOON   H.    Shrub  or  small  tree,  of  low  pine 
barrens  from  E.  Va.  S.,  a  little  downy,  with  obovate  or  oblong-linear, 
short-petioled  leaves  sparingly  toothed  above  the  middle  ;  or,  var.  myrti- 
fdlia,  with  narrower  leaves  barely  1'  long  and  mostly  entire. 
§  2.    PRINOIDES.     Parts  of  the  flower  4,  5,  rarely  6  ;  nutlets  striate  on  the 

back  •  shrubs  with  deciduous,  mostly  thin  leaves  ;  drupes  red  or  purple. 

I.  decfdua,  Walt.  Leaves  wedge-oblong  or  lance-obovate,  obtusely 
serrate,  downy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  when  old,  glossy  above  ;  calyx-lobes 
acute.  Wet  grounds  S.  and  W. 

I.  mpntfcola,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  3'-5'  long,  acumi- 
nate, thin,  smooth,  sharply  serrate ;  fertile  peduncles  very  short.  N.  Y., 
S.  in  the  mountains. 

I.  mdllis,  Gray.  Like  the  last,  but  leaves,  softy-downy  beneath  ;  pedicels 
and  calyx  downy.  Shady  grounds  along  the  Alleghanies  from  Penn.  S. 

§  3.   PRINOS.     Parts  of  the  blossom  6  (or  sometimes  5-9)  in  the  fertile, 
4-6  in  the  sterile  flowers  ;  nutlets  of  the  berry  smooth  and  even  ;  shrubs. 

»  Leaves  deciduous ;  flower- clusters  sessile  (or  fertile  flowers  solitary)  ; 
fruit  bright  red. 

I.  verticillata,  Gray.  COMMON  WINTER  BERRY,  BLACK  ALDER.  Leaves 
(lJ'-2'  long)  obovate  or  wedge-lanceolate  serrate,  acute  or  pointed  at 


STAFF  TREE   FAMILY.  103 

both  ends,  downy  on  the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  very  short-peduncled, 
mostly  clustered,  very  bright  scarlet-red  berries  ripening  late  in  autumn. 
There  is  nothing  whorled  in  the  leaves  or  flowers,  so  that  the  name  is 
rather  misleading.  Common  in  low  grounds. 

I.  laevigata,  Gray.  SMOOTH  W.  Leaves  mostly  smooth,  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  minutely  serrate,  glossy  above,  long-peduncled  sterile 
flowers,  and  larger,  less  bright  berries  ripening  earlier.  Wet  grounds 
Me.  to  Va. 

*  *  Leaves  thickish,  evergreen,  glossy  above,  often  blackish-dotted  beneath: 
fruit  black. 

L  glabra,  Gray.  IKK  BERET.  2°-4°  high  ;  leaves  wedge-oblong,  few- 
toothed  near  the  apex;  flowers  several  on  the  sterile,  solitary  on  the 
fertile  peduncles.  Along  sandy  coasts  from  Mass.  S. 

2.  NEMOPANTHES.     (Greek :  flower  stalk,  a  thread.) 

N.  fascicularis,  Raf.  MOUNTAIN  HOLLY.  A  much-branched  shrub  ; 
leaves  alternate,  oblong,  deciduous,  nearly  or  quite  entire,  smooth.  Cold 
damp  woods  Me.  to  Va.  and  Ind.  N.  W. 


CELASTRACRE,  STAFF  TKEE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  sometimes  twining,  with  simple  leaves,  minute  and 
deciduous  stipules  or  none,  and  small  flowers  with  sepals  and 
petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  stamens  of  the  number 
of  the  latter,  alternate  with  them,  and  inserted  on  a  disk 
which  fills  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  and  often  covers  the  2-5- 
celled,  few-ovuled  ovary ;  the  seeds  usually  furnished  with  or 
inclosed  in  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  aril 

1.  CELASTETJS.    Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious.    Petals  and  stamens  5,  on  the  edge  of 

a  concave  disk  which  lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Filaments  and  style  rather 
slender.  Pod  globular,  berry -like,  but  dry,  orange  ;  aril  scarlet.  Leaves  alternate ;  a 
woody  twiner. 

2.  EUONTMUS.    Flowers  perfect,  flat ;  the  calyx-lobes  and  petals  (4  or  5)  widely  spread- 

ing. Stamens  mostly  with  short  filaments  or  almost  sessile  anthers,  borne  on  the 
surface  of  a  flat  disk  which  more  or  less  conceals  or  covers  the  ovary.  Pod  8-5-lobed, 
generally  bright-colored.  Leaves  opposite  ;  branchlets  4-sided.  Shrubs  not  twining, 
with  dull-colored  inconspicuous  flowers,  in  small  cymes  on  axillary  peduncles,  pro- 
duced in  early  summer  ;  the  pods  in  autumn  ornamental,  especially  when  they  open 
and  display  the  seeds  enveloped  in  their  scarlet,  pulpy  aril. 

1.   CELASTRTJS,  STAFF  TREE.     (Old  Greek  name  for  some  ever- 
green, which  this  plant  is  not.) 

C.  scandens,  Linn.  CLIMBING  BITTERSWEET;  WAXWORK.  Smooth, 
with  thin  ovate-oblong  and  pointed,  finely  serrate  leaves,  racemes  of 
greenish  white  flowers  (in  early  summer)  terminating  the  branches,  the 
petals  serrate  or  crenate-toothed,  wild  in  low  grounds,  and  planted  for  the 
showy,  autumnal  fruit. 

C.  articulatus,  Thunb.,  a  Japanese  species,  with  conspicuously  warty 
branches,  obovate  or  oval  crenate  leaves,  and  short  peduncled  axillary 
flowers,  is  hardy,  and  occasionally  planted,  but  inferior  to  the  native 
species.  The  fruit  hangs  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen. 


104  BUCKTHORN   FAMILY. 

2.    EUONYMUS,  SPINDLE   TREE,   BURNING    BUSH,    STRAW- 
BERRY TREE.     (Greek :  of  good  repute.) 

*  Leaves  deciduous,  ovate. 
-•-  Branches  not  winged. 

•w-  Native  species  ;  anthers  nearly  or  quite  sessile. 

E.  atropurptireuB,  Jacq.  BURNING  BUSH  or  SPINDLE  TREE.  Tall  shrub, 
wild  from  New  York  W.  and  S.,  and  commonly  planted  ;  with  short, 
small  buds  and  oval  or  oblong,  petioled,  sharply  serrate  leaves  ;  flowers 
with  rounded,  dark,  dull-purple  petals  (generally  4),  and  smooth,  deeply 
4-lobed,  red  fruit,  hanging  on  slender  peduncles. 

E.  Americanus.  Linn.  AMERICAN  STRAWBERRY  BUSH.  Low  shrub, 
wild  from  New  York  W.  and  S.,  and  sometimes  cult. ;  with  thickish 
ovate  or  lance-ovate,  almost  sessile  leaves,  usually  5  greenish-purple 
rounded  petals,  and  rough-warty,  somewhat  3-lobed  fruit,  crimson  when 
ripe.  Var.  obovitus,  with  thinner  and  dull  obovate  or  oblong  leaves, 
has  long  and  spreading  or  trailing  and  rooting  branches. 

•M-  -M-  Exotic;  anthers  raised  on  evident  filaments. 

E.  Europasus,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  SPINDLE  TREE.  Occasionally  planted, 
but  inferior  to  the  foregoing;  a  rather  low  shrub,  with  lance-ovate  or 
oblong,  short-petioled  leaves,  about  3-flowered  peduncles,  4  greenish 
oblong  petals,  and  a  smooth,  4-lobed  red  fruit,  the  aril  orange-color.  Eu. 

£.  fatifdlius,  Bauh.  Has  long,  pointed,  large  buds,  many-flowered 
peduncles,  whitish  flowers  and  red-ariled  fruit.  Eu. 

-i-  -i-  Branches  strongly  winged. 

E.  Thunbergianus,  Blume.     (In  cult.  asE.  AL\TUS.)     Smooth  branches 
with  4  corky  wings  (these  rarely  wanting)  ;  leaves  elliptic,  acuminate ; 
peduncles  1-3-flowered,  capillary  ;  capsule  4-parted,  smooth.    Japan. 
*  *  Leaves  deciduous  or  nearly  so  ;  linear. 

E.   nanus,  Bieb.     2°-3°  high;  leaves   coriaceous,  linear  (l'-2' long), 
on  the  young  shoots  alternate  or  apparently  whorled,  margin  revolute ; 
pod  pink  ;  aril  orange,  covering  only  half  the  seed.    Caucasus.     Hardy  N. 
*  *  *  Leaves  evergreen,  ovate  or  oblong. 

E.  Japdnicus,  Thunb.  JAPAN  S.  Planted  S.  under  the  name  of  CHI 
NESE  Box,  there  hardy,  but  tender  N.;  leaves  obovate,  shining  and  bright 
green,  also  forms  with  white  or  yellowish  variegation  ;  peduncles  several- 
flowered  ;  petals  4,  obovate,  whitish  ;  pods  smooth,  globular. 

Var.  radlcans,  climbing  by  rootlets,  leaves  varying  from  oval  and  very 
short-petiolate  to  ovate  or  elliptic  and  distinctly  petiolate.  Hardy  N.  to 
Mass. 

XXXI.   RHAMNACKE,  BUCKTHORN  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  of  bitterish  and  astringent  properties,  with 
simple,  chiefly  alternate  leaves,  and  small  flowers ;  well  marked 
by  the  stamens  of  the  number  of  the  valvate  sepals  (4  or  5)  and 
alternate  with  them,  i.e.  opposite  the  petals,  inserted  on  a  disk 
which  lines  the  calyx-tube  and  often  unites  it  with  the  base  of  the 
ovary,  this  having  a  single,  erect  ovule  in  each  of  the  (2-5)  cells. 
Branches  often  thorny ;  stipules  minute  or  none  ;  flowers  often 
apetalous  or  polygamous.  Petal  commonly  hooded  or  invo- 
lute around  the  stamen  before  it.  (Lessons,  Figs.  364,  365.) 


BUCKTHORN   FAMILY.  105 

»  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  BERCHEMIA.    Twining  climbers,  with  alternate,   straight-veined  leaves.    Petals  5, 

without  claws,  rather  longer  than  the  stamens.  Disk  thick,  nearly  filling  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx.  Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  a  2-celled,  small  stone-fruit. 

2.  8AGERETIA.    Trailing  shrubs,  with  opposite,  persistent  leaves.    Petals  5,  minute. 

Ovary  3-celled,  becoming  a  3-seeded  stone-fruit. 

3.  KHAMNUS.    Erect  shrubs  or  trees.    Petals  4  or  5  or  0,  notched,  with  short  claws. 

Stamens  short.  Ovary  2-4-celled,  becoming  a  black,  berry-like  fruit,  containing  2-4 
cartilaginous  seed-like  nutlets.  Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  mostly  in  small  clusters, 
in  early  summer.  Berry -like  fruit  mawkish. 

*  *  Calyx  loith  the  disk  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  fruit. 

4.  CEANOTHUS.    Erect  or  depressed  shrubs  or  undershrubs.    Petals  5,  hood-shaped, 

spreading,  their  claws  and  the  filaments  slender.  Ovary  3-celled,  when  ripe  becom- 
ing a  cartilaginous  or  crustaceous  3-seeded  pod.  Flowers  in  little  umbels  or  fascicles, 
usually  clustered  in  dense  bunches  or  panicles,  handsome,  the  calyx  and  even  the 
pedicels  colored  like  the  petals  and  stamens.  Ours  are  low  undershrubs,  with  white 
flowers. 

1.  BERCHEMIA,     SUPPLEJACK.      (Probably    named    for    some 

person.) 

B.  volubilis,  DC.  Climbing  on  high  trees,  smooth,  with  very  tough  and 
lithe  stems  (whence  the  popular  name)  ;  leaves  small,  oblong-ovate  and 
simply  parallel-veined  ;  flowers  greenish  white,  in  small  panicles  termin- 
ating the  branchlets,  in  early  summer ;  drupe  purple.  Common  in  low 

grounds  S. 

2.  SAGERETIA.     (Named  for  Sageret,  an  able  French  agriculturist.) 

S.  Michauxii,  Brongn.  Stems  vine-like  and  many  feet  long,  trailing 
in  the  sands  along  the  coast  from  N.  C.,  South  ;  leaves  an  inch  long  and 
nearly  sessile,  finely  serrate,  shining  ;  spikes  of  flowers  slender  and  inter- 
rupted, clustered ;  drupe  dark  purple. 

3.  RHAMNUS.     BUCKTHORN.     (The  ancient  name.) 

*  Plotters  usually  dioecious  ;  nutlets  and  seeds  deeply  grooved  on  the  back; 

winter  buds  scaly. 

t-  Flowers  with  petals,  the  parts  in  fours;  leaves  minutely  serrate. 

R.  cathdrtica,  Linn.  COMMON  BUCKTHORN.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  for 
hedges,  run  wild  in  a  few  places ;  forms  a  small  tree,  with  thorny  branch- 
lets,  ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  and  3-4-seeded  fruit. 

R.  lanceolate,  Pursh.  NARROW-LEAVED  B.  Wild  from  Penn.  S.  and 
W. ;  shrub  not  thorny,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  and  2-seeded  fruit. 

-H-  H-  Flowers  without  petals  ;  stamens  and  lobes  of  the  calyx  5. 

R.  alnif61ia,  L'Her.  ALDER-LEAVED  B.  Wild  in  cold  swamps  N. ;  a 
low  shrub,  with  oval,  acute,  serrate  leaves,  and  3-seeded,  berry -like  fruit. 

*  *  Floicers  perfect;  nutlets  and  seeds  not  furrowed;  winter  buds  naked. 

R.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  INDIAN  CHERRY.  A  thornless  shrub  or  low 
tree,  with  oblong  and  almost  entire,  rather  large  leaves  ;  flowers  solitary 
or  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils,  in  early  summer  on  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  petioles  ;  the  3-seeded  fruit  at  first  crimson,  finally  black.  Wild 
in  wet  grounds,  from  N.  .1.  and  Ky.  S. 

R.  Purshiana,  DC.  From  the  N.  W.  coast,  with  peduncles  much 
longer  than  the  petioles  of  the  serrulate  leaves,  and  R.  Frdngula,  Linn., 
from  Eu.,  with  the  flower  clusters  sessile  and  leaves  entire,  are  occasion- 
ally planted. 


106  VINE   FAMILY. 

4.  CEANOTHTTS.     (An  ancient  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

C.  Americanus,  Linn.  NEW  JERSEY  TEA  or  REDROOT.  l°-2°  high, 
from  a  dark  red  root ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  finely  serrate,  downy 
beneath,  3-ribbed  and  veiny,  deciduous  (once  used  as  a  substitute  for 
tea)  ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  dense,  slender-peduncled  cluster,  in  summer. 
Wild  in  dry  grounds. 

C.  ovatus,  Desf.  Lower  than  the  preceding  and  nearly  smooth ; 
leaves  smaller,  narrow-oval,  or  lance-oblong  ;  flowers  on  a  short  peduncle 
in  spring.  Wild  on  rocks  N.,  from  Vermont  to  Minn.,  rare  E. 

C.  microphyllus,  Michx.  SMALL-LEAVED  C.  Low  and  spreading, 
much  branched  ;  leaves  evergreen,  very  small,  obovate,  3  ribbed  ;  flower- 
clusters  small  and  simple  in  spring.  Dry  barrens  S. 


XXXTT.    VITACEJJ,  VINE  FAMILY. 

Woody  plants,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  watery  and  often 
acid  juice,  alternate  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  small 
greenish  flowers  in  a  cyme  or  thyrsus ;  with  a  minutely  4-5- 
toothed  or  almost  obsolete  calyx;  petals  valvate  in  the  bud 
and  very  deciduous ;  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and 
opposite  them ;  a  2-celled  ovary  with  a  pair  of  ovules  rising 
from  the  base  of  each  cell,  becoming  a  berry  containing  1-4 
bony  seeds.  Tendrils  and  flower-clusters  opposite  the  leaves. 

*  Climbing  by  naked-tipped  tendrils  ;  ovary  surrounded  by  a  nectar-secreting  disk. 

1.  VITIS.  Petals  and  stamens  5,  the  former  lightly  cohering  at  the  top  and  thrown  off 
without  expanding  ;  the  base  of  the  very  short  and  truncate  calyx  filled  with  the  disk, 
which  rises  into  5  thick  lobes  or  glands  between  the  stamens  ;  leaves  simple,  rounded, 
and  heart-shaped,  usually  3-5-lobed.  Fruit  a  pulpy  berry. 

8.  CI88US.    Flowers  in  an  ovate  panicle.    Petals  and  stamens  4  or  5,  the  former  opening 

regularly ;  disk  thick  and  broad,  4-5-lobed  ;  flowers  mostly  perfect ;  berries  not  larger 
than  peas,  not  edible.    Tendrils  in  ours  among  the  flowers,  which  are  panicled  or  cymose. 
»  •  Climbing  by  the  adhesion  of  the  dilated  tips  of  tendrils  (Lessons,  p.  41,  Figs.  93, 
94) ;  disk  0. 

9.  AMPELOP8I8.    Corolla  expanding.    Petals  thick.    Flowers  cymose. 

1.   VITIS,  GRAPEVINE.     (Classical  Latin  name.)    Flowers  in  late 
spring,    g  l    Bark  lQose^  shreddy.  tendrils  forked  ;  nodes  solid. 
*  A  tendril  (or  inflorescence)  opposite  every  leaf. 

V.  Labnisca.  Linn.  NORTHERN  Fox  GRAPE,  etc.,  furnishing  most  of  the 
American  table  and  wine  grapes  ;  leaves  and  young  shoots  very  cottony, 
even  the  adult  leaves  retaining  the  cottony  wool  underneath,  the  lobes 
separated  by  roundish  sinuses ;  fruit  large,  with  a  tough  musky  pulp  when 
wild,  dark  purple,  or  amber-color  in  compact  clusters.  Common  in  moist 
grounds  N.  and  E.  The  original  of  the  CONCORD,  HARTFORD,  and  many 
others. 

*  *    Tendrils  intermittent  (none  opposite  each  third  leaf). 

-H-  Leaves  pubescent  andfloccose,  especially  beneath  when  young. 

V.  aestivalis.  Michx.  SUMMER  GRAPE.  Branches  terete ;  leaves 
green  above,  and  with  loose,  cobwebby,  rusty  down  underneath,  the  lobes 


VINE  FAMILY.  107 

with  roundish  open  sinuses  ;  clusters  slender ;  fruit  smaller  and  earlier 
than  in  the  foregoing,  black  with  a  bloom,  pleasant.  Common  from  Va., 
S.  Original  of  the  HERBEMONT,  NORTON'S  VIRGINIA,  and  others. 

V.  bicolor,  Le  Conte,  represents  the  last  in  the  N.,  has  very  glaucous 
wood,  thin  leaves,  glaucous-blue  and  only  thinly  pubescent  below,  and 
late,  austere,  very  small  fruits. 

V.  cin&rea,  Engelm.  DOWNY  GRAPE.  Branches  angular,  pubescence 
grayish  or  whitish  and  persistent ;  leaves  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed  on 
very  long  stalks ;  berries  small,  black,  without  bloom  in  long-stalked 
clusters.  111.  W.  and  S. 

••-  •*-  Leaves  glabrous  and  mostly  shining,  or  short-hairy  beneath,  cut-lobed 
or  undivided. 

++  Flowers  more  or  less  polygamous  (some  plants  inclined  to  produce  only 
staminatc  flowers),  exhaling  a  fragrance  like  that  of  Mignonette; 
native  species. 

V.  cordif61ia,  Michx.  FROST  or  CHICKEN  G.  Leaves  thin,  heart-shaped, 
with  a  deep  acute  sinus,  little  lobed,  but  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed ; 
stipules  small ;  clusters  loose  ;  fruit  small,  bluish,  or  black  with  a  bloom, 
very  sour,  ripe  after  frosts.  Common  on  banks  of  streams. 

V.  riparia,  Michx.  (or  V.  VULP*NA).  RIVER  G.  Leaves  usually  3- 
lobed,  sinus  broad,  rounded,  or  truncate ;  stipules  large  (2"-3")  ;  fruit 
4"-5"  diameter,  acid,  often  juicy,  ripening  July  to  Sept.  Stream  banks 
N.  and  W.  Original,  in  part,  of  CLINTON  and  others. 

V.  rupe"stris,  Scheele.  SAND  G.,  SUGAR  G.  Low  and  bushy,  often 
without  tendrils ;  leaves  broadly  cordate  or  kidney-shaped,  not  acumi- 
nate, usually  not  lobed,  but  coarsely  toothed ;  berries  small  in  small 
bunches,  sweet ;  ripe  Aug.  Wis.  to  Tenn.  and  Tex. 

++  .«.  Flowers  all  perfect,  somewhat  fragrant ;  exotic. 

If.  vinifera,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  GRAPE.  Leaves  circular  and  usually 
green  and  shining,  thin,  the  teeth  deep  and  sharp  or  rounded,  when 
young  5-7-lobed.  Cult,  from  immemorial  time  ;  from  the  East,  furnish- 
ing the  principal  grapes  of  our  greenhouses. 

§  2.  Bark  of  stem  close  and  smooth,  pale ;  pith  continuous  through  the 
nodes  ;  tendrils  simple,  intermittent. 

V.  rotundifdlia,  Michx.  MUSCADINE,  BULLACE,  or  SOUTHERN  Fox 
GRAPE.  Leaves  rather  small,  round,  seldom  slightly  lobed,  glossy,  and 
mostly  smooth  both  sides,  margin  coarsely  toothed ;  clusters  small ;  fruit 
i'-f  diameter,  purple,  thick-skinned,  ripe  in  early  autumn  ;  original  of 
the  SCUPPERNONG  GRAPE.  River  banks  from  Md.  and  Ky.  and  Kans.,  S. 

2.  CISSUS.     (Greek :  Ivy.)    Species  often  referred  to  Vitis. 
*  Wild  species  S.  and  W. ,  smooth,  usually  with  5  stamens  and  petals. 

C.  Ampeldpsis,  Pers.  A  species  with  simple  leaves  like  those  of  a  true 
Grape,  heart-shaped  or  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  but  not  lobed ; 
flower-clusters,  small  and  loose  ;  style  slender. 

C.  stans,  Pers.  A  bushy  or  low-climbing  plant,  with  few  tendrils,  and 
decompound  leaves,  the  small  leaflets  cut-toothed. 

*  *  Exotic  species,  usually  with  4  stamens  and  petals. 

C.  discolor,  Blume.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  with  a  heart-shaped  base, 
crimson  underneath,  velvety  lustrous  and  dark-green,  shaded  with  purple 
or  violet,  or  often  mottled  with  white  ;  on  the  upper  surface  the  shoots 
reddish.  Java  ;  cult,  in  hothouses  for  its  splendid  foliage. 


108  SOAPBERRY   FAMILY. 

3.  AMPELOPSIS.     (Greek:   like  the  vine.)     (Lessons,  Figs.  93,  94.) 
Flowers  much  like  Vitis. 

A.  quinquefdlia,  Michx.  VIRGINIA  CREEPER,  WOODBINE.  In  all  low 
grounds,  climbing  extensively,  sometimes  by  rootlets  as  well  as  by  the 
tendrils ;  leaflets  5,  digitate,  lance-oblong,  cut-toothed,  changing  to  crim- 
son in  autumn  ;  flowers  cymose  in  summer ;  berries  small,  black  or  bluish. 
One  form  does  not  cling  well. 

A.  tricuspidata,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (or  A.  VEITCHII).  JAPAN  IVY,  BOSTON 
IVY.  Branching  profusely  and  adhering  tenaciously  by  much-branched 
tendrils ;  leaves  very  variable,  roundish-ovate  and  crenate-serrate,  or 
cordate,  3-lobed  or  even  3-foliolate,  shining,  thickish,  finely  colored  in 
autumn  ;  cymes  much  shorter  than  petioles,  inconspicuous.  Japan.  A 
handsome  hardy  climber  for  covering  walls. 

A.  heterophylla,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (or  VITIS  HETEROPHYLLA).  Has  the 
small  thin  leaves  variously  3-5-lobed,  often  blotched  or  variegated,  slender 
soft  canes,  and  small,  porcelain-blue  berries.  Hardy  N.  China  and  Japan. 
Does  not  cling. 


XXXIII.    SAPINDACEJE,   SOAPBERRY  FAMILY. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  one  or  two  herbaceous  climbers,  mostly 
with  compound  or  lobed  leaves,  and  unsymmetrical  flowers, 
the  stamens  sometimes  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  lobes 
of  the  calyx,  but  commonly  rather  fewer,  when  of  equal  num- 
ber alternate  with  the  petals;  these  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
inserted  on  a  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  and  often  coherent 
with  it ;  ovary  2-3-celled,  sometimes  2-3-lobed,  with  1-3  (or 
in  Staphylea  several)  ovules  in  each  cell.  A  large  and  diverse 
order. 

I.  SOAPBERRY  SUBFAMILY.  Flowers  often  polyg- 
amous or  dioecious,  mostly  irregular  or  unsymmetrical,  the 
embryo  coiled  or  curved,  without  albumen.  No  stipules. 

*  Leaves  alternate,  twice  tcrnate  and  cut-toothed.    Pod  bladdery-inflated. 

1.  CAEDIOSPERMUM.     Herbs,  climbing  by  hook-like  tendrils  in  the  flower  clusters. 

Sepals  4,  the  Inner  pah-  larger.  Petals  4,  each  with  an  appendage  on  the  inner  face, 
that  of  the  two*  upper  large  and  petal-like,  of  the  two  lower  crest-like  and  with  a  de- 
flexed  spur  or  process,  raised  on  a  claw.  Disk  irregular,  enlarged  into  two  glands, 
one  before  each  lower  petal.  Stamens  8,  turned  towards  the  upper  side  of  the  flower 
away  from  the  glands,  the  filaments  next  to  them  shorter.  Styles  or  stigmas  3,  short : 
ovary  triangular,  8-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  rising  from  the  middle  of  each  cell.  Pod 
8-lobed  ;  seeds  bony,  globose,  with  a  scale-like  heart-shaped  aril  adherent  to  the  base. 
*  *  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate. 

2.  KO3LREUTERIA.    Small  tree.   Sepals  5.    Petals  3  or  4  (the  place  of  the  others  vacant), 

each  with  a  small,  2-parted,  scale-like  appendage  attached  to  its  claw.  Disk  enlarging 
Into  a  lobe  before  each  petal.  Stamens  5-8,  declined ;  filaments  hairy.  Style  single, 
slender ;  ovary  triangular,  3-ceUed,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell.  Pod  bladdery, 
8-lobed,  3-celled. 

8.  XANTHOCERAS.    Shrub.    Flowers  regular.    Sepals  5 ;  petals  5,  without  a  scale.    Disk 
oup-like.  with  5  curved,  spreading  horns  alternate  with  the  petals.    Stamens  8.    Style 


SOAPBERRY   FAMILY.  109 

grooved,  stigmas  3 ;  ovary  3-lobed,  8-celled,  with  8  ovnles  In  each  cell.  Fruit  a  thiok- 
walled  capsule  tardily  splitting  into  3  valves.  Seeds  globular,  J'  diam.,  purple 
brown. 

*  *  *  Leaves  opposite,  O/5-9  digitate  leaflets.  Pod  leathery,  not  inflated. 
4.  ^ESCULUS.  Trees  or  shrubs.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  5-toothed.  Petals  4  or  5,  more  or  less 
unequal,  on  claws  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  not  appendaged.  Stamens  7,  rarely  6  or  8 ; 
filaments  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  single,  as  also  the  minute  stigma ;  ovary  3- 
celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  crowded  panicle,  in 
late  spring,  or  summer.  Fruit  a  leathery  pod,  splitting  at  maturity  into  3  valves, 
ripening  1-3  very  large,  chestnut-like,  hard-coated  seeds.  (Lessons,  p.  19,  and  Figs. 


II.  MAPLE   SUBFAMILY.      Flowers  generally  polyga- 
mous or  dioecious,  and  sometimes  apetalous,  a  mostly  2-lobed 
and  2-celled  ovary,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell,  ripening 
a  single  seed  in  each  cell  of  the  winged  fruit.     Embryo  with 
long  and  thin  cotyledons,  coiled  or  crumpled.     (Lessons,  p.  15, 
Figs.  11-13,  etc.)     Leaves  opposite  ;  no  stipules. 

6.  ACER.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  palmately-lobed  or  even  parted  leaves.  Calyx  mostly 
5-cleft.  Petals  as  many  or  none,  and  stamens  3-8  or  rarely  more,  borne  on  the  edge 
of  the  disk.  Styles  or  stigmas  2,  slender.  Fruit  a  pair  of  samaras  or  key-fruits, 
united  at  the  base  or  inner  lace  and  winged  from  the  back.  Occasionally  the  ovary  is 
3-celled  and  the  fruit  3-winged. 

6.  NEGUNDO.    Trees,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3-5  leaflets,  and  dioecious,  very  small  flowers, 

without  petals  or  disk  ;  the  calyx  minute ;  stamens  4  or  5.    Fruit,  etc.,  of  Acer. 

III.  BLADDEE  NUT   SUBFAMILY.     Flowers  perfect 
and  regular;    stamens   as   many  as  the  petals;   several  bony 
seeds  with  a  straight  embryo  in  scanty  albumen,  and  opposite, 
compound  leaves  both  stipulate  and  stipellate. 

7.  STAPH YLEA.    Erect  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  5 ;  the  latter  borne  on  the  margin  of 

a  fleshy  disk  which  lines  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Styles  2-3,  slender,  separate  or 
lightly  cohering ;  ovary  strongly  2-3-lobed,  in  fruit  becoming  a  bladdery  2-3-lobed, 
2-8-celled,  and  several-seeded,  large,  bladdery  pod.  Shrubs,  with  pinnately  compound 
leaves  of  3-7  leaflets. 

1.  CARDIOSPERMUM,   BALLOON  VINE,   HEARTSEED.     (The 
latter  is  a  translation  of  the  Greek  name.) 

C.  Halicacabum,  Linn.  A  delicate,  climbing  herb,  or  spreading; 
flowers  small,  white,  in  summer.  Wild  in  S.  W.  States,  and  cult,  for  the 
inflated  pods. 

2.  KCELREUTERIA.     (Named  for  Kcelreuter,  a  German  botanist. ) 

K.  paniculata,  Laxm.  Leaves  of  numerous  thin  and  coarsely  toothed  ov 
cut  leaflets,  and  a  panicle  of  small  yellow  flowers  (in  summer)  terminal, 
amply  branched.  China. 

3.  XANTHOCERAS.     (Greek  :  yellow  horn  ;  the  disk-horned.) 

X.  sorbifdl/a,  Bunge.  Leaves  large,  leaflets  11-21  ovate-lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate  ;  flowers  (!'  broad)  in  dense, raceme-like  clusters;  petals 
crumpled,  white,  marked  with  yellow,  changing  to  purple.  China. 


110  SOAPBERRY  FAMILY. 

4.  JBSCULUS,  HORSE-CHESTNUT,  BUCKEYE.  (Ancient  name 
of  an  Oak  or  other  mast-bearing  tree,  applied  to  these  trees  on  account 
of  their  large,  chestnut-  like,  but  unedible  or  even  poisonous,  seeds.) 
(Lessons,  Figs.  38,  39,  159,  170.) 

*  Petals  5,  shorter  than  stamens  ;  fruit  prickly. 

/E".  Hfppocdstanum,  Linn.  COMMON  H.  Tall  fine  tree,  with  mostly 
7  leaflets,  and  large  flowers  of  5  petals,  white,  with  yellow  spots  becoming 
crimson  ;  stamens  7,  at  first  declined.  There  are  double,  variegated,  and 
cut-leaved  forms. 


•i-  Petals  broad,  spreading  on  slender  claws. 

£.  rubicQnda,  Lois.  RED  H.  Compact,  round-headed  tree,  flower- 
ing even  as  a  shrub  ;  leaves  rather  bright  green,  of  5-7  leaflets  ;  petals 
rose-red  ;  stamens  mostly  8.  Origin  unknown  ;  thought  to  be  a  hybrid. 

/E  .  turbinata,  Blume.  CHINESE  H.  A  tree,  30°  high  ;  leaflets  5-7 
obovate-cuneate  ;  panicle  a  span  long,  pubescent  ;  flowers  whitish,  calyx 
5-lobed  ;  petals  repand-toothed,  ciliate  ;  stamens  6  or  7  ;  ovary  densely 
reddish,  pubescent. 

X.  Califdrnica,  Nutt.  CALIFORNIAN  H.  Low  tree  ;  leaflets  usually  5, 
small,  oblong-lanceolate,  slender-stalked  ;  small,  white  or  rosy-tinged 
flowers  densely  crowded  in  a  long  pubescent  thyrse  ;  calyx  2-lobed  ; 
stamens  5-7,  slender  ;  ovary  hoary,  pubescent.  Cal. 

•»-  M-  Petals  erect,  and  rather  narrow,  on  slender  claws. 

JE.  parvifldra,  Walt.  SMALL  BUCKEYE.  Shrub  3°-9°  high  ;  leaflets 
6-7,  soft  downy  underneath  ;  panicle  slender,  raceme-like,  1°  long  ;  stamens 
twice  as  long  as  the  narrow  white  petals  ;  flowering  N.  as  late  as  midsum- 
mer; fruit  smooth;  seeds  small,  almost  edible.  Wild  in  the  upper 
country  S.,  and  planted  N. 

Si.  glabra,  Willd.  FETID  or  OHIO  BUCKEYE.  Tall  tree  ;  leaflets  5, 
nearly  smooth  ;  panicle  short  ;  stamens  moderately  longer  than  the  some- 
what uniform,  pale  yellow  petals  ;  fruit  prickly  roughened  like  that  of 
Horse-chestnut.  W.  of  the  Alleghanies. 

*  *  *  Petals  4,  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Si.  flava,  Ait.  YELLOW  or  SWEET  BUCKEYE.  Tree  or  shrub  ;  leaflets 
5-7,  smooth  or  smoothish  ;  panicle,  short,  dense  ;  calyx  oblong  ;  petals 
connivent,  light  yellow,  these  of  two  dissimilar  pairs,  the  longer  pair  with 
very  small  blade  ;  fruit  smooth.  W.  and  S. 

Var.  purpurascens,  Gray.  PURPLISH  B.  Has  both  calyx  and  corolla 
tinged  with  purple  or  reddish,  and  leaflets  generally  downy  underneath. 
W.  Va.,S.  and  W. 

Si.  Pavia,  Linn.  RED  BUCKEYE.  Shrub  or  low  tree,  like  the  last, 
but  leaves  generally  smooth  ;  the  longer  and  tubular  calyx  and  the  petals 
bright  red  ;  the  several  forms  showy  in  cultivation.  S.  and  W. 

5.  ACER,  MAPLE.     (The  classical  Latin  name  from  Celtic,  hard.) 
(Lessons,  Figs.  11-25,  79,  81,  82,  182,  391.) 

*  Flower  clusters  terminating  a  shoot  of  the  season,  appearing  after  the 
leaves. 

•>-  Leaves  undivided  or  3-5-lobed,  with  as  many  palmate  ribs. 
-M-  Flower  clusters  erect,  rarely  drooping. 

A.  Tartdricum,  Linn.  TARTARIAN  M.  A  small  tree  or  shrub  ;  young 
branches  tomentose  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  undivided,  incised  ser- 


SOAPBERRY   FAMILY.  Ill 

rate  ;  clusters  of  white  flowers  short,  thyrsoid  ;  wings  of  fruit  diverging 
at  an  acute  angle.  Leaves  very  bright  colored  in  autumn.  Var.  Ginnala. 
Leaves  much  longer  than  broad,  mostly  deeply  3-lobed.  Mediterranean 
to  E.  Asia, 

A.  spicEttum,  Lam.  MOUNTAIN  M.  Tall  shrub  or  tree  ;  leaves  slightly 
3-lobed  and  coarsely  toothed,  downy  beneath  ;  spike-like  clusters  of  small 
greenish-yellow  flowers ;  fruits  with  narrow  wings  diverging  at  an  obtuse 
angle.  Flowers  June.  N. 

-M-  *+  Flower  clusters  pendulous. 

A.  Pseudo-Pldtanus,  Linn.  SYCAMORE  M.  A  fine  tree,  with  spread- 
ing branches,  ample  5-lobed  leaves,  whitish  and  rather  downy  beneath,  on 
long  reddish  petioles,  the  lobes  toothed,  elongated ;  clusters  of  greenish 
flowers  ;  wings  of  the  pubescent  fruit  moderately  spreading.  Eu.  A  great 
many  forms,  with  golden,  purple,  or  variegated  leaves  are  cult. 

A!  Pennsylv£nicum,  Linn.  STRIPED  M.,  MOOSEWOOD.  Small  tree ; 
bark  light  green,  striped  with  darker  lines ;  leaves  large,  thin,  finely 
sharply  serrate  all  round,  and  at  the  end  with  3  short  and  very  taper- 
pointed  lobes ;  racemes  of  rather  large  green  flowers,  slender  and  loose  ; 
fruit  glabrous  with  very  divergent  wings.  Common  N. 

•t-  •*-  Leaves  1 -\\-lobed  or  parted  (sometimes  dissected),  with  as  many 
ribs  ;  flowers  in  corymbiform  clusters. 

A.  circinatum,  Pursh.  VINE  M.  Spreading  shrub  or  tree  ;  leaves  thin 
and  rounded,  moderately  7-9-1  obed,  the  lobes  serrate  ;  drooping  clusters 
of  10-20  purplish  flowers ;  wings  of  fruit  strongly  diverging.  Oregon. 

A.  palmatum,  Thunb.  JAPAN  M.  A  large  tree ;  leaves  7-11-parted  ; 
the  segments  narrow,  often  much  laciniate ;  small  purple  flowers  in 
erect  clusters.  A  great  number  of  forms  with  variously  cut  and  colored 
leaves  in  cult,  under  many  names  :  A.  POLYM6RPHUM,  A.  JAPONICUM  (of 
horticulturists,  not  Thunberg),  A.  DISSE'CTUM,  etc. 

*  »  Flowei  clusters  corymbiform,  terminating  shoots  of  the  season,  or 
some  from  lateral  buds,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

t-  Sepals  distinct ;  petals  present. 
++  Leaves  thin,  with  taper-pointed  lobes. 

A.  platanoldes,  Linn.  NORWAY  M.  A  handsome,  round-headed  tree ; 
leaves  broad,  smooth,  bright  green  both  sides,  their  5  short  lobes  set  with 
2-5  coarse  and  taper-pointed  teeth  ;  flowers  numerous  ;  fruit  flat,  smooth, 
with  wings  2'  long  diverging  in  a  straight  line.  Juice  milky  ;  leaves  hold- 
ing green  later  than  others.  There  are  cut  and  variegated-leaved  forms ; 
also  with  colored  foliage. 

A.  Lobelii,  Tenore.  A  tree  much  resembling  the  preceding,  except 
that  the  leaves  are  5-7-lobed,  with  the  lobes  almost  or  quite  entire.  S. 
Eu.  Forms  with  reddish  or  variegated  leaves  are  most  planted. 

A.  pictum,  Thunb.,  from  Asia,  with  fruit  wings,  H-2  tunes  the  carpel 
(2-3  times  in  A.  Lobelii),  and  diverging  at  a  right  angle,  may  be  different. 

-*.  ++  Leaves  thickish  and  firm,  lobes  blunt. 

A.  campSstre,  Linn.  A  low  shrub  or  tree  ;  long-petioled,  5-lobed  leases  ; 
lobes  with  a  few,  large  blunt  teeth  ;  fruit  wings  in  a  line  or  even  recurved. 

1-  H-  Sepals  united  ;  petals  0  ;  leaf-lobes  taper-pointed. 

A.  saccharlnum,  Wang.  ROCK  or  SUGAR  M.  Leaves  rather  deeply 
3-5-lobed,  pale  or  whitish  beneath,  the  sinuses  open  and  rounded,  and 
the  lobes  with  one  or  two  sinuate,  coarse  teeth ;  calyx  bell-shaped  and 
tiairy -f ringed ;  wings  of  fruit  ascending,  barely  1'  long.  Large  trees 
2ommon,  especially  N. ,  valuable  for  timber  and  for  the  sugar  of  their  sap. 


112  CASHEW    FAMILY. 

Var.  nigrum,  Torr.  and  Gray.  BLACK  SUGAR  M.  Has  leaves  green, 
often  downy  beneath,  thicker  and  more  coriaceous  when  old,  the  sinus  at 
the  base  often  closed.  Stipules  large,  early  deciduous.  Also  much  planted. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  earliest  spring  much  preceding  the  leaves,  in  umbel-like 
clusters  from  separate  lateral  buds. 

A.  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.  WHITE  or  SILVER  M.  A  handsome  tree  ; 
branches  long  and  spreading  or  drooping ;  leaves  very  deeply  5-lobed, 
silvery-white,  and  when  young  downy  beneath,  the  narrow  lobes  coarsely 
cut  and  toothed  ;  flowers  greenish ;  petals  0  ;  fruit  woolly  when  young, 
but  soon  smooth,  2'-3'  long,  including  the  great  diverging  wings.  River 
banks  S.  and  W.  Cut-leaved  forms  are  grown. 

A.  rilbrum,  Linn.  RED,  SOFT,  or  SWAMP  M.  Rather  small  tree  ;  twigs 
reddish ;  leaves  moderately  3-5-lobed,  whitish  beneath,  the  middle  lobe 
longest,  all  irregularly  serrate;  petals  linear- oblong ;  flowers  scarlet, 
crimson,  or  sometimes  yellowish  ;  fruit  smooth,  with  the  slightly  spreading 
wings  1'  or  less  in  length,  often  reddish. 

6.  NEGUNDO,  BOX  ELDER,  ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE.     (Meaning- 
less name.) 

N.  aceroldes,  Moench.  Small  tree,  twigs  light  green ;  leaflets  ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  very  veiny.  Sterile  flowers  fascicled  on  long 
hairy  pedicels ;  fertile  in  drooping  racemes,  all  appearing  with  the  leaves. 
New  Eng.  S.  and  W.  One  form  has  variegated  leaves. 

7.  STAPHYLEA,  BLADDER  NUT.     (Greek :  a  cluster.) 

*  Leaflets  3,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate. 

3.  trifdlia,  Linn.  AMERICAN  B.  Shrub  8°-10°  high,  branches  green- 
ish striped ;  stipules  deciduous ;  raceme-like  clusters  of  white  flowers 
hanging  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets  of  the  season,  in  spring ;  petals 
longer  than  sepals  ;  fruit  3-celled.  Low  ground,  common  N.  and  W. 

S.  Bumdlda,  DC.  JAPAN  B.  Leaf  edges  bristly-serrate  ;  panicled  clus- 
ters of  white  flowers,  erect  or  nodding ;  petals  equaling  the  serrulate  sepals ; 
ovary  and  flattish  fruit  2-celled.  Japan. 

»  #  Leaflets  mostly  5,  rarely  3  or  1  ;  fruit  ^-celled. 

S.  pinnata,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  B.  Leaflets  broadly  ovate ;  flowers  in 
small  pendulous  clusters,  3"-4"  long;  sepals  little  spreading;  fruit  as 
broad  as  long.  Eu. 


XXXIV.    ANACARDIACE^l,   CASHEW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  or  acrid,  sometimes  poisonous, 
often  colored  or  milky  juice ;  alternate  leaves  without  stipules ; 
small  flowers  (often  polygamous)  with  sepals,  petals,  and 
stamens  5 ;  and  a  1-celled,  1-ovuled  ovary,  bearing  3  styles  or 
stigmas;  —  represented  by  the  genus 

1.  RHUS,  SUMACH.  (Ancient  name.)  Flowers  whitish  or  greenish  ; 
stamens  inserted  under  the  edge  or  between  the  lobes  of  a  flattened 
disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  ;  fruit  a  small  dry  or  berry -like  drupe, 
the  solitary  seed  on  a  curved  stalk  rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell. 


CASHEW   FAMILY.  113 

§  1.    Leaves  compound;  fruit  symmetrical ',  with  style  terminal. 

*  Flowers  whitish,  in  large  and  very  compact  terminal  panicles,  in  early 
summer,  succeeded  by  a  compact  mass  of  crimson  fruit,  beset  with  red- 
dish acid  hairs ;  not  poisonous.     Leaves  pinnate. 

f-  Petioles  not  winged ;  leaflets  glabrous  or  hairy  only  on  veins  beneath. 

R.  typbina,  Linn.  STAGHORN  SUMACH.  Shrub  or  tree,  10°-30°  high  ; 
juice  resinous-milky  ;  branches  and  stalks  velvety -hairy  ;  large  leaves  of 
11-31  lance-oblong,  pointed,  and  serrate  leaflets.  Hillsides  ;  also  planted. 
There  is  a  cut-leaved  form  in  cultivation. 

R.  glabra,  Linn.  SMOOTH  S.  Shrub  2°-12°  high,  like  the  last,  but 
smooth,  the  leaflets  whitened  beneath. — Var.  laciniata.  in  Penn., 
has  the  leaflets  cut  into  narrow,  irregular  lobes ;  planted.  Rocky 
places. 

•«-  +-  Petioles  winged  or  margined;   leaflets  densely  pubescent  beneath. 

R.  copalllna,  Linn.  DWARF  S.  Shrub  1°-5C  high,  spreading  by  sub- 
terranean shoots ;  stalks  and  branches  downy  ;  leaflets  9-21,  oblong  or 
lance-ovate  oblique,  entire  or  serrate,  thickish  and  shining  above  ;  panicle 
\  as  long  as  leaves  ;  drupes  sparsely  pilose ;  juice  resinous.  Rocky  or 
sandy  ground. 

R.  semiafata,  Murr.,  var.  Osbeckii,  DC.  WINGED  S.  A  small  tree  or 
shrub ;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  sessile,  crenate-serrate ;  panicle  very  large, 
equaling  the  leaves  ;  drupes  densely  tomentose.  Japan. 

*  *  Flowers  in  slender  axillary  panicles,  in  summer;  fruit  smooth,  white 
or  dun-color;  leaves  pinnate  or  trifoliate, poisonous  to  the  touch  for 
most  people,  the  juice  resinous. 

R.  venenata,   DC.     POISON  SUMACH,  P.  ELDER,   or  P.  DOGWOOD. 

Shrub  6°-18°  high,  smooth,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  7-13  obovate,  entire 
leaflets,  and  very  slender  panicles.  More  virulent  than  the  next.  Swampy 
ground. 

R.  Toxicod^ndron,  Linn.  POISON  IVY  or  POISON  OAK.  Climbing  by 
rootlets  over  rocks,  etc.,  or  ascending  trees ;  leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate, 
often  sinuate  or  cut-lobed,  rather  downy  beneath.  A  vile  pest.  Common 
in  low  grounds.  Var.  radlcans  is  more  erect,  less  poisonous,  with  more 
entire  leaves. 

*  *  *  Flowers  light  yellow,  dioecious,  in  small,  scaly-bracted  and  catkin- 
like  spikes,  in  spring  before  the  leaves  appear;  leaves  of  3  cut-lobed 
leaflets. 

R.  Canad^nsis,  Marsh.  FRAGRANT  S.  A  straggling  bush,  with  the 
small,  rhombic-ovate  leaflets  pubescent  when  young,  aromatic-scented. 
Rocky  places  from  Vermont  W.  and  S. 

Var.  trilobata.  Gray,  far  westward,  has  smaller  crenate  leaflets. 

§  2.  Leaves  simple,  entire ;  fruit  gibbous,  the  remains  of  the  style  lateral ; 
flowers  in  loose,  ample  panicles;  pedicels  elongating  and  becoming 
feathery. 

R.  Cotinus,  Linn.  SMOKE  TREE  or  VENETIAN  SUMACH.  Shrub  5°-9° 
high,  smooth,  with  obovate  leaves  on  slender  petioles ;  fruits  very  few, 
half-heart-shaped ;  usually  most  of  the  flowers  are  abortive,  while  their 
pedicels  lengthen,  branch,  and  bear  long  plumy  hairs,  making  large  and 
light,  feathery,  or  cloud-like  bunches,  either  greenish  or  tinged  with  red. 
In  common  cultivation. 

R.  cotinoldes,  Xutt.     Leaves  thin,  oval,  3'-6'  long.     Otherwise  as  in 
the  preceding.     Mo.,  Tenn.,  and  S. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  HOT.  — 8 


114  POLYGALA  FAMILY. 


XXXV.    POLYGALACEJ1,   POLYGALA  FAMILY. 

Bitter,  some  of  them  medicinal  plants,  represented  mainly, 
and  here  wholly,  by  the  genus 

1.  POLYGALA,  MILKWORT.  (Greek:  much  milk;  from  a  notion 
that  in  pasturage  they  increased  the  milk  of  cows. )  Flowers  remark- 
ably irregular,  in  outward  appearance  as  if  papilionaceous  like  those  of 
the  next  family,  but  really  of  a  quite  different  structure  ;  calyx  per- 
sistent, of  5  sepals ;  3  of  them  small,  viz.  2  on  the  lower,  and  1  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  blossom  ;  and  1  on  each  side  called  wings,  which 
are  larger,  colored,  and  would  be  taken  for  petals.  Within  these,  on 
the  lower  side,  are  3  petals  united  into  1  body,  the  middle  one  keel- 
shaped  and  often  bearing  a  crest  or  appendage.  Stamens  6  or  8  ;  fila- 
ments united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  separating  above  usually  in  2 
equal  sets,  concealed  in  the  hooded  middle  petal;  style  curved  and 
commonly  enlarged  above  or  variously  irregular ;  ovary  2-celled,  with  a 
single  ovule  hanging  from  the  top  of  each  cell,  becoming  a  small,  flattish, 
2-seeded  pod ;  seed  with  an  appendage  at  the  attachment  (caruncle)  ; 
leaves  simple,  entire,  without  stipules.  Our  native  species  are  numer- 
ous, mostly  with  small  or  even  minute  flowers,  and  are  rather  difficult  to 
study. 

§  1.  Low  herbs,  mostly  smooth  ;  native  species. 

*  Perennial  or  biennial  ;  flowers  purple  or  white;  leaves  alternate. 

•*-  Flowers  rose-purple,  showy,  also  with  cleistogamous  flowers  on  sub- 
terranean branches. 

P.  paucif61ia,  Willd.  FRINGED  POLYGALA,  FLOWERING  WINTER- 
GREEN.  Stems  3'-4'  high,  from  long,  slender,  subterranean  shoots  ;  leaves 
few  and  crowded  at  the  summit,  ovate,  petioled,  some  of  them  with  a 
slender-peduncled  flower  in  the  axil,  almost  an  inch  long,  with  a  conspicuous 
fringed  crest ;  stamens  6  ;  in  spring.  U  Light  soil  in  woods,  chiefly  N. 

P.  polygama,  Walt.  Stems  5'-8'  high,  tufted  and  very  leafy  ;  leaves 
linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate  ;  flowers  many  in  racemes,  their  crest  con- 
spicuous. Flowers  all  summer.  (f)  Sandy  soil. 

•«-  -i-  Flowers  white,  small  (in  late  spring)  in  a  close  spike  terminating 
simple  tufted  stems  which  rise  from  a  perennial  root,  none  subterranean; 
leaves  numerous,  all  alternate. 

P.  Senega,  Linn.  SENECA  SNAKEROOT.  6'-12'  high  ;  leaves  short,  lance- 
olate, or  oblong,  or  even  lance-ovate ;  spike  cylindrical ;  wings  round- 
obovate  ;  crest  small.  A  medicinal  plant ;  N.  Eng.  to  Minn,  and  S. 

P.  £lba,  Nutt.  1°  high,  slender  ;  leaves  narrow-linear  ;  spike  tapering, 
long-peduncled,  and  wings  oblong-obovate.  Common  only  far  W.  and  S.  W. 

*  *  Annuals  ;  leaves  all  alternate  ;  flowers  purple  or  rose-color,  in  a  ter- 
minal spike,  head,  or  raceme  all  summer;  none  subterranean. 

«-  Keel  conspicuously  crested;  claws  of  the  true  petals  united  into  a  long 
and  slender  cleft  tube,  much  surpassing  the  wings. 

P.  incarnata,  Linn.  From  Penn.  W.  and  S. ;  stem  slender,  6'-12f 
high  ;  leaves  minute  and  awl-shaped  ;  the  3  united  petals  extended  below 
into  a  long  and  slender  tube,  the  crest  of  the  middle  one  conspicuous. 


POLYGALA   FAMILY.  115 

•i-  -*-  feel  minutely  or  inconspicuously  crested;   true  petals  not  longer 
(mostly  shorter)  than  the  wings. 

P.  sangulnea,  Linn.  Stem  4'-8'  high,  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  oblong- 
linear  ;  flowers  bright  rose-purple  (sometimes  pale  or  even  white),  in  a 
thick,  globular  at  length  oblong  head  or  spike,  without  pedicels.  Sandy, 
damp  ground. 

P.  fastigiata,  Nutt.  Slender,  4'-10'  high,  with  smaller  narrow-linear 
leaves,  and  oblong  dense  spike  of  smaller  rose-purple  flowers  on  pedicels 
as  long  as  the  pod ;  bracts  falling  off  with  flowers  or  fruits.  Pine  bar- 
rens from  N.  J.,  S. 

P.  Nutt£llii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Lower  than  the  f oregoing ;  flowers  rather 
looser  in  more  cylindrical  spikes,  greenish-purple ;  awl-shaped  bracts 
remaining  on  the  axis  after  the  flowers  or  fruits  have  fallen.  Sandy 
soil,  coast  of  Mass.,  S.  and  W. 

#  *  *  Annuals  with  at  least  the  lower  leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  sometimes  in 

5's;  spikes  terminal;  flowers  summer  and  autumn. 

*-  Spikes  short  and  thick  (4"-9"  diameter)  ;   bracts  persisting ;  flowers 
rose  or  greenish-purple  ;  crest  small. 

P.  cruciata,  Linn.  Stems  3'-10'  high,  4-angled,  and  with  spreading 
branches  ;  leaves  linear  or  spatulate  ;  spike  nearly  sessile ;  wings  of  the 
flower  broad-ovate  or  heart-shaped,  bristle-pointed.  Low  grounds. 

P.  brevif61ia,  Nutt.  Stems  slender;  leaves  narrower,  those  on  the 
branches  alternate  ;  spike  stalked  ;  wings  of  the  flower  lance-ovate  and 
nearly  pointless.  Sandy  bogs  R.  I.,  S. 

•*-  -i-  Spikes  slender  (2"  diameter)  ;  bracts  falling  ;  flowers  (all  summer) 
greenish-white  or  scarcely  tinged  with  purple,  very  small. 

P.  verticillata,  Linn.  Stem  6'-10'  high,  much  branched;  all  the 
leaves  of  the  main  stem  whorled.  Dry  soil,  common. 

Var.  ambigua,  Wats.  More  slender ;  only  the  lowest  leaves  whorled ; 
flowers  more  scattered  and  often  purplish-tinged,  in  long-peduncled  spikes. 
N.  Y.  to  Mo.  and  S. 

*  *  *  *  Biennials  or  annuals  ;  flowers  yellow,  some  turning  green  in  dry- 
ing, in  dense  spikes  or  heads  ;  leaves  alternate.     Growing  in  low  or  wet 
places  in  pine  barrens,  S.  E.     Flowers  summer. 

•»-  Short  and  thick  spike  or  head  single  ;  root  leaves  clustered. 

P.  Ifctea,  Linn.  YELLOW  BACHELOR'S  BUTTON  of  S.  Stem  5'-12' 
high  ;  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  upper  lanceolate  ;  flowers  bright 
orange.  N.  J.  and  S. 

H-  •(-  Numerous  short  spikes  or  heads  in  a  cyme. 

P.  ram6sa,  Ell.  Stem  6'-12'  high,  more  branched;  lowest  leaves 
obovate  or  spatulate,  upper  ones  lanceolate ;  a  caruncle  at  base  of  seed. 
Del.  and  S. 

P.  cym6sa,  Walt.  Stem  l°-3°  high,  branching  at  top  into  a  compound 
cyme  of  spikes ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  the  uppermost  small  ;  no  caruncle 
to  the  seed.  From  Del.  S. 

§  2.    Shrubby  species  of  the  conservatory,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

P.  oppositifdl/a,  Linn.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  heart-shaped  and 
mucronate,  of  a  pale  hue ;  flowers  large  and  showy  purple  with  a  tufted 


P.  myrtifdl/a,  Linn.     Leaves  crowded,  alternate,  oblong  or  obovate,  on 
short  petioles  ;  showy  purple  flowers  1'  long,  with  a  tufted  crest. 


116  PULSE  FAMILY. 


XXXVI.    LEGUMINOS^l,  PULSE  FAMILY. 

Distinguished  by  the  papilionaceous  corolla  (Lessons,  Figs. 
261,  262),  usually  accompanied  by  10  monadelphous  or  diadel- 
phous  or  rarely  distinct  stamens  (Lessons,  Figs.  287,  288)  and 
the  legume  (Lessons,  Figs.  393,  394).  These  characters  are 
combined  in  the  proper  Pulse  Subfamily.  In  the  two  other 
great  divisions  the  corolla  becomes  less  papilionaceous  or 
wholly  regular.  Alternate  leaves,  chiefly  compound,  entire 
leaflets,  and  stipules,  are  almost  universal  in  this  great  family. 

I.  PULSE  SUBFAMILY.  Flower  (always  on  the  plan 
of  5,  and  stamens  not  exceeding  10)  truly  papilionaceous,  i.e. 
the  standard  outside  of  and  in  the  bud  enwrapping  the  other 
petals,  or  only  the  standard  present  in  Amorpha.  (For  the 
terms  used  to  denote  the  parts  of  this  sort  of  corolla,  see 
Lessons,  p.  91.)  Sepals  united  more  or  less  into  a  tube  or 
cup.  Leaves  never  twice  compound,  alternate  in  mature  plants. 

A.   Stamens  separate  to  the  base.    (Plants  not  twining  or  climbing.) 
*  Leaves  simple  or  of  3  digitate  leaflets. 

1.  CHORIZEMA.    Somewhat  shrubby,  with  simple  and  spiny-toothed  leaves,  scarcely  any 

stipules,  and  orange  or  copper-red  flowers.  Standard  rounded,  kidney -shaped  ;  keel 
straight,  much  shorter  than  the  wings.  Pod  ovoid,  turgid,  several-seeded. 

2.  BAPTISIA.    Herbs,  with  simple  entire  sessile  leaves  and  no  stipules,  or  mostly  of  8 

leaflets  with  deciduous  or  persistent  stipules.      Flowers  yellow,   blue,   or  white. 
Standard  erect,  with  the  sides  turned  back,  about  equaled  by  the  oblong  and  straight- 
Ish  wings  and  keel.    Pod  inflated,  coriaceous,  stalked  in  the  calyx,  many-seeded. 
8.  THERMOPSIS.    Pod  linear,  flat.    Flowers  yellow.   Leaflets  obovate  or  oblong.    Other- 
wise as  Baptisia.  »  »  Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

4.  CLADEASTIS.    Trees,  with  large  leaflets,  no  obvious  stipules,  and  hanging  terminal 

panicles  of  white  flowers.  Standard  turned  back ;  the  nearly  separate  straightish 
keel-petals  and  wings  oblong,  obtuse.  Pod  short-stalked  in  the  calyx,  linear,  very- 
flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6-seeded.  Base  of  the  petioles  hollow  and  covering  the 
axillary  leaf-buds  of  the  next  year. 

5.  SOPHORA.    Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  numerous  leaflets,  and  mostly  white  or  yel- 

low flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Keel-petals  and  wings  oblong,  obtuse, 
usually  longer  than  the  broad  standard.  Pod  commonly  stalked  in  the  calyx,  terete, 
several-seeded,  fleshy  or  almost  woody,  hardly  ever  opening,  but  constricted  across 
into  mostly  1-seeded  portions. 

B.   Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 

§  1.  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  one  a  small  tree,  never  twining,  trailing,  or  tendril  bearing, 
with  leaves  simple  or  of  8  or  more  digitate  leaflets,  monadelphous  stamens,  and 
the  alternate  3  anthers  differing  in  size  ami  shape  from  the  other  5;  pod 
usually  several-seeded. 

*  Leaves  (in  our  species}  all  simple. 

6.  CROTALARIA.    Leaves  with  foliaceous  stipules  free  from    the  petiole  but  running 

down  on  the  stem.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Keel  scythe-shaped,  pointed.  Stamens  with  the 
tube  of  filaments  split  down  on  the  upper  side.  Pod  inflated.  Ours  herbs. 


PULSE  FAMILY.  117 

T.  GENISTA.  Leaves  entire  ;  stipules  very  minute  or  none.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Keel  oblong, 
nearly  straight,  blunt,  turned  down  when  the  flower  opens.  Pod  mostly  flat.  Low 
shrubby  plants. 

8.  T7LEX.  Leaves  reduced  to  a  thorn-like  petiole  or  sharp  scale ;  stipules  0.  Calyx  2- 
parted,  upper  segment  2-  lower  3-toothed.  Keel  oblong,  erect.  Ovary  sessile ;  pod 
ovate-oblong  to  short  linear.  Seeds  with  strophiole.  Densely  spiny  shrubs,  with 
yellow  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 

*  *  Leaves  (except  the  uppermost  in  No.  9  and  one  of  No.  11)  compound. 
9.  CYTISUS.  Leaves  of  1  or  3  leaflets,  or  the  green  branches  sometimes  leafless ;  stipules 
minute  or  wanting.  Calyx  2-lipped  or  5-toothed.  Keel  straight  or  somewhat  curved, 
blunt,  soon  turned  down.  Style  incurved  or  even  coiled  up  after  the  flower  opens. 
Pod  flat.  Seeds  with  a  fleshy  or  scale-like  appendage  (strophiole)  at  the  scar.  Low 
shrubby  plants. 

10.  LABURNUM.    Leaves  of  3  leaflets ;  stipules  inconspicuous  or  wanting.    Calyx  with 

2  short  lips,  the  upper  lip  notched.  Keel  incurved,  not  pointed.  Ovary  and  flat 
pod  somewhat  stalked  into  the  calyx.  Seeds  naked  at  the  scar.  Trees  or  shrubs, 
with  golden  yellow  flowers  in  long,  hanging  racemes. 

11.  LUPINUS.    Leaves  of  several  leaflets,  in  one  species  simple ;  stipules  adherent  to  the 

base  of  the  petiole.  Flowers  in  a  long,  thick  raceme.  Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.  Corolla 
of  peculiar  shape,  the  sides  of  the  rounded  standard  being  rolled  backwards,  and  the 
wings  lightly  cohering  over  and  inclosing  the  narrow  and  incurved  scythe-shaped  or 
sickle-shaped  keel.  Pod  flat.  Mostly  herbs. 

§  2.  Herbs,  never  twining  or  tendril-bearing,  with  leaves  of  3  leaflets  (rarely  more, 
but  then  digitate),  their  margins  commonly  more  or  less  toothed  (which  is  re- 
markable in  this  family) ;  stipules  conspicuous  and  united  with  the  base  of  the 
petiole  (Lessons,  p.  66,  Fig.  177)  ;  stamens  diadelphous  ;  pod  \-few-seeded,  never 
divided  across  into  joints. 

«  Leaves  pinnalely  3-foliolate,  as  is  seen  by  the  end  leaflet  being  jointed  with  the  com- 
mon petiole  above  the  side  leaflets. 

12.  MELILOTUS.    Herbage  sweet-scented.    Flowers  small,  in  slender  racemes.    Corolla 

as  in  Medicago.  Pod  small,  but  exceeding  the  calyx,  globular,  wrinkled,  closed,  1-2- 
seeded. 

13.  MEDICAGO.    Flowers  small,  in  spikes,  heads,  etc.    Corolla  short,  not  united  with  the 

tube  of  stamens.    Pod  curved  or  coiled  up,  at  least  kidney-shaped. 

»  »  Leaves  mostly  digitate  or  palmately  3-foliolate,  all  (with  one  exception)  borne 
directly  on  the  apex  of  the  common  petiole. 

14.  TBIFOLIUM.    Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  head-like  umbels.    Calyx  with  slender  or 

bristle-form  teeth  or  lobes.  Corolla  slowly  withering  or  becoming  dry  and  permanent 
after  flowering ;  the  claws  of  all  the  petals  (except  sometimes  the  standard)  more  or 
less  united  below  with  the  tube  of  stamens  or  also  with  each  other.  Pod  small  and 
thin,  single-few-seeded,  generally  included  in  the  calyx  or  the  persistent  corolla. 

§  3.  Herbs  or  woody  plants,  often  twining  but  never  tendril-bearing,  with  the  leaves 
not  digitate,  or  even  digitately  3-foliolate  (except  in  Psoralea),  and  the  leaflets 
not  toothed.  Stipules,  except  in  Nos.  23,  28,  and  33,  not  united  with  the  petiole. 
(Here  might  be  sought  No.  51.) 

*  Flowers  (small,  in  spikes  or  heads)  indistinctly  or  imperfectly  papilionaceous.  Pod 
very  small  and  usually  remaining  closed,  only  \-1-sneded.  Calyx  5-toothed, 
persistent.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  mostly  dotted  tvith  dark  spots  or  glands. 

+-  Petals  5,  on  very  slender  claws  ;  stamens  monadelphous  in  a  split  tube. 

15.  PETALOSTEMON.     Herbs,  with  crowded  leaves.    Four  petals  similar,  spreading, 

borne  on  the  top  of  the  tube  of  the  stamens  ;  the  fifth  (answering  to  the  standard) 
rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  and  heart-shaped  or  oblong.  Stamens  only  5. 

16.  DALEA.    Herbs,  as  to  our  species.    Flowers  as  in  the  last,  but  rather  more  papiliona- 

ceous, 4  of  the  petals  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  10  stamens. 


118  PULSE  FAMILY. 

•«-  •»-  Petal  only  one.    Stamens  monadelphous  only  at  the  very  bate, 
IT.  AMOEPHA.     Shrubs,  with  leaves  of  many  leaflets.      Standard  (the  other   petals 
wholly  wanting)  wrapped  around  the  10  filaments  and  style.      Flowers  violet  or 
purple,  in  single  or  clustered  terminal  spikes. 

*  *  Flowers  (large  and  showy,  in  racemes)  incompletely  papilionaceous  from  the  wings 

or  the  keel  also  being  small  and  inconspicuous.    Pod  several-seeded. 
(81.  EBYTHBINA.    Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  3  leaflets.    Standard  large  and  showy  and 
mostly  erect.    Pod  torulose  or  knotty.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  obviously  papilionaceous,  all  the  parts  conspicuously  present.    Stamens 

mostly  diadelphous. 
•i-  Herbage  glandular-dotted. 

18.  P8OEALEA.    Leaves  of  8  or  5  leaflets.    Flowers  (never  yellow)  in  spikes  or  racemes, 

often  2  or  8  Under  each  bract.  Pod  ovate,  thick,  included  or  partly  so  in  the  5-cleft 
persistent  calyx,  often  wrinkled. 

-i-  -i-  Herbage  not  glandular-dotted. 
•H-  Pod  not  jointed  (or  very  slightly  so  in  No.  20) ;  leaflets  more  than  4  ;  herbs,  thrubs, 

or  trees,  never  twining  or  trailing  if  herbs. 

—  Perennial  herbs  (in  ours),  mostly  more  or  less  hairy. 

o  Standard  broad. 

19.  TEPHB08IA.     Leaflets  obliquely  parallel-veined,  often  silky  beneath,  and  white  or 

purple  flowers  (2  or  more  in  a  cluster)  in  racemes ;  the  peduncles  terminal  or  opposite 
the  leaves.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Standard  rounded,  silky  outside.  Style  in- 
curved, rigid ;  stigma  with  a  tuft  of  hairs.  Pod  linear,  several-seeded. 

20.  SESBANIA.     Many  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  minute  or  early  deciduous  stipules.    Flowers 

in  axillary  racemes,  or  sometimes  solitary,  yellow.    Calyx  short,  5-toothed.    Stand- 
ard rounded,  spreading ;  keel  and  style  incurved.    Pod  usually  intercepted  internally 
with  cellular  matter  or  membrane  between  the  seeds, 
o  o  Standard  narrow. 

21.  INDIGOFEBA.    Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubby ;  when  pubescent,  the  close-pressed 

hairs  are  fixed  by  the  middle.  Flowers  rose-color,  purple,  or  white,  in  axillary 
racemes  or  spikes,  mostly  small.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Standard  roundish,  often  persis- 
tent after  the  rest  of  the  petals  have  fallen  ;  keel  with  a  projection  or  spur  on  each 
side.  Anthers  tipped  with  a  little  gland  or  blunt  point.  Pod  oblong,  linear,  or  of 
various  shapes,  commonly  with  membranous  partitions  between  the  seeds. 

22.  ONOBETCHIS.    Leaves  odd-pinnate,  of  numerous  leaflets.    Flowers  racemed,  rose- 

purple.    Pod  flattish,  wrinkled,  and  spiny-roughened  or  crested. 

28.  A8TEAGALU8.  Without  stipels,  and  with  white,  purple,  or  yellowish  rather  small 
flowers  in  spikes,  heads,  or  racemes ;  peduncles  axillary.  Corolla  narrow ;  standard 
erect,  mostly  oblong.  Style  and  stigma  smooth  and  beardless.  Pod  commonly  tur- 
gid or  inflated,  and  within  more  or  less  divided  lengthwise  by  intrusion  of  the  back 
or  a  false  partition  from  It. 

•=  -=  Trees  or  shrubs. 

24.  EOBINIA.    Trees  or  shrubs,  with  netted-veined  leaflets  furnished  with  stipels,  and 

often  with  sharp  spines  or  prickles  for  stipules.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  white  or 
rose-color,  in  axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leafstalk  hollow  and  covering  the  axillary 
bud  of  the  next  year.  Calyx  5-toothed,  the  two  upper  teeth  partly  united.  Standard 
large,  turned  back ;  keel  incurved,  blunt.  Ovary  stalked  in  the  calyx.  Pod  broadly 
linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  margined  on  the  seed-bearing  edge,  the  valves  thin. 

25.  CARAGANA.    Shrubs,  with  mostly  fascicled  leaves  of  several  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  a 

little  spiny  tip  in  place  of  an  end  leaflet ;  stipules  minute  or  spiny.  Flowers  solitary 
or  2-3  together  on  short  peduncles,  yellow.  Calyx  bell-shaped  or  short-tubular, 
5-toothed.  Standard  nearly  erect,  with  the  sides  turned  back ;  the  blunt  keel  and 
the  style  nearly  straight.  Pod  linear,  several-seeded. 

2«.  COLUTEA.  Shrubs,  not  prickly,  and  no  stipules  to  the  leaflets ;  the  flowers  rather 
large,  yellow  or  reddish,  in  short  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard 


PULSE   FAMILY.  119 

raunded,  spreading ;  keel  strongly  Incurved,  Want,  on  long,  united  claws.    Style  in- 
curved, bearded  down  one  side.    Pod  raised  out  of  the  calyx  on  a  stalk  of  its  own, 
thin  and  bladdery-inflated,  flattish  on  the  seed-bearing  side,  several- seeded. 
_  _=  _=  Woody  climbers. 

27.  WISTARIA.    High  climber,  with  numerous  leaflets,  and  large,  showy,  bluish  flowers, 

in  hanging,  terminal,  dense  racemes.  Calyx  with  2  short  teeth  on  the  upper, 
and  longer  ones  on  the  lower,  side.  Standard  large,  roundish,  turned  back ;  keel 
merely  incurved,  blunt.  Pod  knobby,  several-seeded. 

++  ++  Pod  jointed  or  constricted  between  the  seeds  (joint  rarely  reduced  to  1)  ;  leaflets 
3  or  more;  herbs  (or  No.  31  woody  at  base),  not  twining  or  trailing. 

-  Leaflets  3  (or  rarely  but  1  in  No.  30). 
o  flowers  yellow. 

28.  8TTLOSANTHE8.    Flowers  in  heads  or  short  spikes,  leafy-bracted.    Calyx  with  a 

slender  stalk-like  tube,  and  4  lobes  in  the  upper  Up,  one  for  the  lower.  Stamens 
monadelphons ;  5  longer  anthers  fixed  by  their  base,  5  alternate  ones  by  their 
middle.  Pod  flat,  reticulated,  sometimes  raised  on  a  stalk-like,  empty,  lower  joint 
Stipules  united  with  the  petiole. 

o  o  Flowers  purple  to  white. 

».  LE8PEDEZA.  Stipules  small  and  free,  or  falling  early.  Flowers  in  spikes,  clusters, 
or  panicled,  or  scattered.  Stamens  diadelphous ;  anthers  uniform.  Pod  flat  and 
thin,  ovate  or  orbicular,  reticulated,  sometimes  raised  on  a  stalk-like,  empty,  lower 
joint. 

80.  DESMODIUM.    Leaflet  rarely  only  1,  stipellate.    Pod  of  very  flat  joints  (Lessons, 

p.  122,  Fig.  394),  usually  roughish  and  adhesive  by  minute-hooked  pubescence. 
Herbs,  with  small  flowers,  in  racemes,  which  are  often  panicled. 

81.  EETTHEINA.    Shrubby,  or  from  a  woody  base.    Stem,  branches,  and  even  the  leaf- 

stalks usually  prickly.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  usually  red,  in  racemes.  Wings, 
and  sometimes  keel  small  and  inconspicuous.  Calyx  without  teeth.  Standard 
elongated ;  wings  often  wanting  or  so  small  as  to  be  concealed  in  the  calyx ;  keel 
much  shorter  than  the  standard,  sometimes  very  small.  Pod  stalked  in  the  calyx, 
linear,  knobby,  usually  opening  only  down  the  seed-bearing  suture.  Seeds  scarlet. 

82.  6LYCINE.    Leaflets  large,  thin,  and  bean-like.    Stipules  very  small  and  free,  usually 

persistent.    Flowers  small  and  hairy,  in  short,  axillary  racemes,  the  calyx  toothed. 
Pod  flat  and  bean-like,  short,  in  ours  hanging,  very  hairy.    Seed  mostly  short  or 
globular,  and  somewhat  pea-like.    Strong,  erect,  hairy  herbs. 
—  —  Leaflets  more  than  8. 
o  Leaflets  4. 

88.  AEACHIS.  Annual.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  in  axillary  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  with 
one  narrow  lobe  making  a  lower  lip,  the  upper  lip  broad  and  4-toothed,  and  a  long, 
thread-shaped  or  stalk-like  tube.  Keel  incurved  and  pointed.  Stamens  monadel- 
phous,  5  anthers  longer  and  fixed  by  or  near  their  base,  the  alternate  ones  short  and 
fixed  by  their  middle.  Ovary  at  the  bottom  of  the  very  long  and  stalk-like  tube  of 
the  calyx,  containing  2  or  3  ovules  ;  when  the  long  style  and  the  calyx  with  the  rest 
of  the  flower  falls  away,  the  forming  pod  is  protruded  on  a  rigid,  deflexed  stalk  which 
then  appears,  and  is  pushed  into  the  soil,  where  it  ripens  into  the  oblong,  reticulated, 
thick,  coriaceous  fruit,  which  contains  the  1-3  large  and  edible  seeds ;  the  embryo 
composed  of  a  pair  of  very  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledons  and  an  extremely  short,  nearly 
straight,  radicle. 

o  o  Leaflets  5  or  more,  often  many.    (No.  20  may  be  sought  here.) 

84.  ^ISCHTNOME^E.  Leaflets  several,  odd-pinnate,  small.  Pod  of  very  flat  joints. 
Herbs,  with  small  yellow  flowers  (sometimes  purplish  externally),  few  or  several  on 
axillary  peduncles. 

86.  COBONILLA.  Leaflets  several,  odd-pinnate,  small.  Pod  of  thickish,  oblong  or  linear 
joints.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  flowers  in  head-like  umbels  raised  on  slender,  axillary 
peduncles. 


120  PULSE   FAMILY. 

++  ++  +*  Pod  not  jointed  ;  leaves  3-  (rarely  1-,  or  in  No.  46,  and  one  of  44,  5-9-)  foliolate ; 

herbs  (or  No.  43  a  woody  greenhouse  plant)  toith  a  twining  or  trailing  habit. 

(In  some  Beans  the  twining  habit  has  disappeared.) 

=  Leaves  Z-foliolate  (or  in  No.  36  sometimes  \-foliolate,  and  in  one  of  No.  44, 1-9-pinnate) . 
a  Flowers  yellow  (sometimes  purple-tinged  outside);  ovules  only  2 ;  pod  \-1-seeded ; 

leaflets  not  stipellate. 
36.   EHYNCHOSIA.    Keel  of  the  corolla  Incurved  at  the  apex  ;  standard  spreading.   Calyx 

4-5-parted  or  lobed.    Pod  short  and  flat.    Flowers  small.    Leaves  mostly  soft-downy 

and  resinous-dotted,  sometimes  of  a  single  leaflet. 

o  o  Flowers  not  yellow  ;  seeds,  or  at  least  the  ovules,  several ;  leaflets  stipellate. 
x  Style  variously  bearded  or  hairy. 

87.  PHASEOLUS.   Keel  of  the  corolla,  with  included  stamens  and  style,  coiling  into  a  spiral, 

usually  with  a  tapering  blunt  apex ;  standard  rounded,  turned  back  or  spreading.  Style 
bearded  down  the  inner  side ;  stigma  oblique  or  lateral.  Pod  scimiter-shaped.  Flowers 
usually  clustered  on  the  knotty  joints  of  the  raceme.  Stipules  striate,  persistent. 

88.  VIGNA.    Keel  curved,  either  blunt  or  produced  into  a  curved  (not  spiral)  beak,  about 

equal  to  the  wings  ;  standard  nearly  orbicular.  Style  hairy  above ;  stigma  strongly 
oblique  or  introrse.  Otherwise  like  Phaseolus. 

89.  DOLICHOS.    Keel  of  the  corolla  narrow  and  bent  inwards  at  a  right  angle,  but  not 

coiling.  Style  bearded  under  the  terminal  stigma.  Stipules  small.  Otherwise  nearly 
as  Phaseolus. 

40.  STROPHOST  YLES.  Keel  with  included  stamens  and  style  elongated,  strongly  incurved, 

but  not  spirally  coiled.  Style  bearded  lengthwise.  Pod  linear,  terete  or  flattish, 
nearly  straight.  Flowers  few,  sessile  in  capitate  clusters  on  the  mostly  long 
peduncles.  Otherwise  as  in  Phaseolus. 

41.  CENTROSEMA.    Keel  broad,  incurved,  nearly  equaling  the  wings ;  standard  large 

and  rounded,  spreading,  and  with  a  spur-like  projection  behind.  Calyx  short,  5- 
cleft.  Style  bearded  only  at  the  tip  around  the  stigma.  Pod  long,  linear,  with 
thickened  edges  bordered  by  a  raised  line  on  each  side.  Flowers  showy.  Stipules, 
bracts,  and  bractlets  striate,  persistent. 

42.  CLITORIA.    Keel  small,  shorter  than  the  wings,  incurved,  acute ;  standard  much 

larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower,  notched  at  the  end,  erect.  Calyx  tubular,  5- 
toothed.  Style  bearded  down  the  inner  side.  Pod  oblong-linear,  flattish,  not  bor- 
dered. Flowers  large  and  showy,  1-3  on  a  peduncle.  Stipules,  bracts,  and  bractlets 
persistent,  striate.  x  x  style  n^ked. 

48.  KENNEDYA.  Keel  incurved,  blunt  or  acute,  mostly  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
wings;  standard  broad,  spreading.  Calyx  5-lobed;  2  upper  lobes  partly  united. 
Pod  linear,  not  bordered.  Flowers  showy,  red,  single  or  few  on  the  peduncle.  Bracts 
and  stipules  striate. 

44.  GALACTIA.  Keel  straightish,  blunt,  as  long  as  the  wings ;  standard  turned  back. 
Calyx  of  4  pointed  lobes,  upper  one  broadest.  Pod  flattened,  mostly  linear.  Flowers 
clustered  on  the  knotty  joints  of  the  raceme;  flower-buds  taper-pointed.  Stipules 
and  bracts  small  or  deciduous. 

46.  AMPHICARP^A.  Keel  and  very  similar  wings  nearly  straight,  blunt ;  the  erect ' 
standard  partly  folded  around  them.  Calyx  tubular,  4-toothed.  Flowers  small ; 
those  in  loose  racemes  above  often  sterile,  their  pods,  when  formed,  scimiter-shaped 
and  few-seeded  ;  those  at  or  near  the  ground  or  on  creeping  branches  very  small  and 
without  manifest  corolla,  but  very  fertile,  making  small  and  fleshy,  obovate  or  pear- 
shaped,  mostly  subterranean,  pods,  ripening  one  or  two  large  seeds.  Bracts  rounded 
and  persistent,  striate,  as  are  the  stipules. 

-=  •=  Leaves  b-1-foliolate. 

46.  APIOS.  Herbs,  twining  over  bushes,  bearing  sweet-scented  chocolate-purple  flowers, 
in  dense  and  short  racemes ;  peduncles  axillary.  Calyx  with  2  upper  very  short 
teeth,  and  1  longer  lower  one,  the  side  teeth  nearly  wanting.  Standard  very  broad, 
turned  back ;  keel  long  and  scythe-shaped,  strongly  incurved,  or  at  length  coiled. 
Pod  linear,  flat,  almost  straight,  several-seeded. 


PULSE  FAMILY.  121 

§  4.  Herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  the  common  petiole  terminated  by  a  tendril, 
by  which  the  plant  climbs  or  supports  itself,  or  in  many  low  species  the  tendril 
reduced  to  a  mere  bristle  or  tip,  or  in  Cieer,  which  has  toothed  leaflets,  an  odd 
leaflet  commonly  takes  its  place;  peduncles  axillary  ;  stamens  almost  always 
diadelphous.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  so  that  they  remain  underground  in  ger- 
mination, as  in  the  Pea. 

i  Leaflets  entire  or  sometimes  toothed  at  the  apex  ;  radicle  bent  on  the  cotyledons ; 
style  inflexed  and  bearded;  pod  flat  or  flatfish. 

47.  PISTTM.    Lobes  of  the  calyx  leafy.    Style  rigid,  dilated  above  and  the  margins  reflexed 

and  joined  together  so  that  it  becomes  flattened  laterally,  bearded  down  the  inner 
edge.  Pod  several-seeded  ;  seeds  globose.  Flowers  large.  Leaflets  only  1-3  pairs. 

48.  LATHYKUS.    Lobes  of  the  calyx  not  leafy.    Style  flattened  above  on  the  back  and 

front,  bearded  down  one  face.  Pod  several-seeded.  Seeds  sometimes  flattish. 
Leaflets  few  or  several  pairs. 

49.  VICIA.    Style  slender,  bearded  or  hairy  only  at  the  apex  or  all  round  the  upper  part. 

Pod  2-several-seeded.    Seeds  globular  or  flattish.    Leaflets  few  or  many  pairs. 

50.  LEX3.    Lobes  of  the  calyx  slender.    Style  flattish  on  the  back,  and  minutely  bearded 

down  the  inner  face.    Pod  1-2-seeded.    Seeds  flattened,  lenticular.    Flowers  small 
*  »  Leaflets  toothed  all  round,  and  usually  an  odd  one  at  the  end  in  place  of  a  tendril; 
style  incurved,  naked;  radicle  of  the  embryo  almost  straight. 

51.  CICER.    Calyx  5-parted.    Pod  turgid  oblong,  not  flattened,  2-seeded.    8eeds  large,  ir- 

regularly rounded-obovate,  pointed.    Peduncle  mostly  1-flowered. 

II.  BEASILETTO  SUBFAMILY.  Flowers  more  or  less 
irregular,  but  not  papilionaceous;  when  they  seem  to  be  so, 
the  petal  answering  to  the  standard  will  be  found  to  be  within 
instead  of  outside  the  other  petals.  Stamens  10  or  fewer, 
separate.  The  leaves  are  sometimes  twice  pinnate,  which  is 
not  the  case  in  the  true  Pulse  Family.  Embryo  of  the  seed 
straight,  the  radicle  not  turned  against  the  edge  of  the 
cotyledons. 

*  Leaves  simple  and  entire.    Corolla  appearing  as  if  papilionaceous. 

52.  CEECIS.    Trees,  with  rounded  heart-shaped  leaves,  minute,  early,  deciduous  stipules, 

and  small  but  handsome  red-purple  flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  on  old  wood,  earlier 
than  the  leaves,  rather  acid  to  the  taste.    Calyx  short,  5- toothed.    Petals  5,  the  one 
answering  to  the  standard  smaller  than  the  wing-petals  and  covered  by  them ;  the 
keel-petals  larger,  conniving  but  distinct.    Stamens  10,  declining  with  the  style. 
Pod  linear-oblong,  flat,  thin,  several-seeded,  one  edge  wing-margined. 
•  *  Leaves  simply  abruptly  pinnate.    Calyx  and  corolla  almost  regular. 
58.  CASSIA.    Flowers  in  ours  yellow.    Calyx  of  5  nearly  separate  sepals.    Petals  5, 
spreading,  unequal  (the  lower  larger)  or  almost  equal.     Stamens  10  or  5,  some  of  the 
upper  anthers  often  imperfect  or  smaller,  their  cells  opening  by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the 
apex.    Pod  many -seeded. 

*  *  *  Leaves,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  twice-pinnate. 

54.  C^ESALPINIA.    Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  tropical,  with  mostly  showy  red  or  yellow 

perfect  flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  broad,  spreading,  more  or  less  un- 
equal. Stamens  10,  declining,  along  with  the  thread-shaped  style.  Pod  flat. 

55.  GYMNOCLADUS.    Tall,  thornless  tree,  with  large  compound  leaves,  no  stipules,  and 

dioecious  or  polygamous,  whitish,  regular  flowers  in  corymb-like  clusters  or  short 
racemes  terminating  the  branches  of  the  season.  Calyx  tubular  below,  and  with  5 
spreading  lobes,  the  throat  bearing  5  oblong  petals  and  10  short  stamens,  those  of  the 
fertile  flowers  generally  imperfect.  Pod  oblong,  flat,  very  hard,  tardily  opening,  with 


122  PULSE   FAMILY. 

*  little  pulp  or  sweetish  matter  inside,  containing  few  or  several  large  and  thick  hard 
seeds  (over  |'  in  diameter)  ;  the  fleshy  cotyledons  remaining  underground  in  germi- 
nation. , 

66.  6LEDIT80HIA.    Thorny  trees,  with  abruptly  twice-pinnate  or  some  of  them  once- 

pinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  often  crenate-toothed,  inconspicuous  stipules,  and  small, 
greenish,  polygamous  flowers  in  narrow  racemes.  Calyx  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  and  the 
8-6  nearly  similar  petals  narrow  and  spreading.  Stamens  3-10.  Pod  flat,  very  tar- 
dily opening,  often  with  some  sweetish  matter  around  the  1-several  flat  seeds. 
Cotyledons  thin. 

III.  MIMOSA  SUBFAMILY.  Flowers  perfectly  regu- 
lar, small,  crowded  in  heads  or  spikes ;  both  calyx  and  corolla 
valvate  in  the  bud ;  and  the  4  or  5  sepals  usually,  and  petals  fre- 
quently, united  more  or  less  below  into  a  tube  or  cup.  Stamens 
4,  5,  or  more,  often  very  many,  usually  more  conspicuous  than 
the  corolla  and  brightly  colored,  the  long  capillary  filaments 
inserted  on  the  receptacle  or  base  of  the  corolla.  Embryo  of 
the  seed  straight.  Leaves  almost  always  twice-pinnate  and  with 
small  leaflets,  or  apparently  simple  and  parallel-veined  when 
they  have  phyllodia  (Lessons,  p.  61)  in  place  of  true  leaves. 
The  foliage  and  the  pods  only  show  the  leguminous  character. 

»  Stamens  once  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  4-10.    Ours  herbs  or  nearly  so,  with 
rose-colored  or  whitish  flowers,  and  leaves  of  many  small  leaflets. 

67.  MIMOSA.    Calyx  commonly  minute  or  inconspicuous.    Corolla  of  4  or  5  more  or  less 

united  petals.  Pod  flat,  oblong,  or  linear ;  when  ripe  the  valves  fall  out  of  a  per- 
sistent, slender  margin  or  frame,  and  also  usually  break  up  into  one-seeded  joints. 

58.  SCHRANKIA.  Calyx  minute.  Corolla  funnel-form,  the  5  petals  being  united  up  to 
the  middle.  Stamens  10.  Pod  rough-prickly  all  over,  long  and  narrow,  splitting 
lengthwise  when  ripe  Into  4  parts. 

89.  DESMANTHUS.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  of  5  separate  petals.  Stamens  5  or  10. 
Pod  flat,  smooth,  linear  or  oblong,  2-valved,  no  persistent  margin. 

*  *  Stamens  numerous,  or  more  than  10.    Ours  all  shrubs  or  trees. 


60.  ALBIZZIA.    Flowers  yellow  or  rose-color  to  nearly  white ;  the  long  stamens 

delphous  at  the  base.    Corolla  funnel-form,  the  5  petals  united  beyond  the  middle. 
Pod  flat  and  thin,  broadly  linear,  not  opening  elastically.    Leaves  twice  pinnate. 

61.  ACACIA.    Flowers  yellow  or  straw-color ;  the  stamens  separate  and  very  numerous. 

Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  or  partly  united  small  petals.    Pod  various. 

1.  CHORIZEMA.    (Greek,  of  no  application. )    2Z    Greenhouse  plants 
from  Australia. 

C.  iHcifdfium,  Labill.  HOLLY-LEAVED  C.  Bushy,  with  lance-oblong 
leaves  cut  into  strong  spiny  teeth  or  lobes,  and  racemes  of  small  copper- 
colored  flowers,  the  wings  redder. 

C.  varium,  Benth.  Leaves  round-cordate,  nearly  sessile,  spiny-toothed 
or  entire  ;  flowers  yellow  and  red. 

2.  BAPTISIA,  FALSE  INDIGO.     (Greek :  dye,  some  species  yielding 
a  poor  sort  of  indigo.)    Foliage  of  most  species  turning  blackish  in 
drying  ;  nearly  all  grow  in  sandy  or  gravelly  dry  soil ;  flowers  spring 
and  early  summer.    2£ 


PULSE   FAMILY.  123 

*  Flowers  yellow  ;  leaves  simple,  perfoliate. 

B.  perfoliata.  R.  Br.  Low  and  spreading,  smooth  and  glaucous ; 
leaves  round-ovate  ;  flowers  single,  small,  axillary  ;  pod  small  and  glob- 
ular. Carolina  and  Georgia. 

*  *  Flowers  yellow ;  leaves  compound,  of  3  leaflets. 

B.  tinctdria,  K.  Br.  WILD  INDIGO.  Pale  or  glaucous,  smooth,  bushy, 
2°  high ;  petiole  very  short ;  leaflets  small,  wedge-obovate  ;  stipules  minute, 
deciduous  ;  racemes  few-flowered,  terminating  the  branches ;  pods  small, 
globular.  Common. 

B.  vill6sa,  Ell.  Minutely  downy,  stout  stems,  2°  high  ;  leaflets  spatu- 
late-oblong  or  wedge-obovate,  becoming  smooth  above;  petiole  very 
short ;  stipules  more  or  less  persistent ;  many-flowered  racemes  of  large 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels  ;  pod  minutely  downy,  oblong,  taper-pointed. 
Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 

B.  lanceolata,  Ell.  Downy  when  young ;  leaflets  thickish,  blunt, 
lanceolate  to  obovate,  very  short ;  petiole  spreading ;  stipules  small, 
deciduous ;  flowers  rather  large,  solitary  in  the  axils  and  in  short  terminal 
racemes ;  pod  globular,  slender-pointed.  Common  S.  and  S.  W. 

*  *  *  Flowers  white,  or  cream-color ;  leaves  all  of  3  wedge-obovate  to  ob- 

lanceolate  leaflets  ;  flowers  in  long  terminal  racemes. 

B.  leucophcba.  Nutt.  Low  and  spreading,  1°  high,  soft-hairy ;  bracts 
and  stipules  persistent,  large  and  leaf-like  ;  racemes  reclined,  one-sided ; 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  cream-colored,  large  (!'  long)  ;  pods  hoary, 
ovate.  Open  woods,  W  and  S. 

B.  leucantha,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  and  glaucous,  stout,  3°-5°  high  ; 
branches  spreading ;  petioles  rather  short ;  lanceolate  stipules  and  bracts 
deciduous  ;  racemes  erect,  long ;  flowers  large  (!'  long);  pods  oval-oblong, 
2'  long,  raised  on  a  stalk  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Alluvial 
soil,  from  Ont.  W.  and  S. 

B.  £lba,  R.  Br.  Smooth,  2°-3°  high  ;  branches  slender,  widely  spread- 
ing ;  petioles  slender ;  stipules  and  bracts  minute,  deciduous ;  racemes 
loose,  erect,  or  spreading,  long-peduncled ;  flowers  small  Q'-j'  long)  ; 
pods  cylindrical.  S.  Ind.  and  Mo.  to  La.  and  E. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  indigo-blue  ;  leaves  of  3  leaflets,  as  in  the  foregoing. 

B.  australis,  R.  Br.     Smooth  and  stout,  pale,  erect,  2°-5°  high ;  lance- 
olate and  rather  persistent  stipules  as  long  as  the  short  petiole  ;  racemes 
erect ;  flowers  nearly  1'  long,  on  short  pedicels  ;  pods  oval-oblong,  2'-3' 
long,  on  a  stalk  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Pa.  to  Ga.  and  W.  to  Mo.;  also  cult. 

3.  THERMOPSIS.    (Greek :  resembling  the  Lupine. )     11 

*  Stipules  prominently  shorter  than  the  long  petioles  ;  pod  sessile. 

T.  Caroliniana,  Curtis.  Stem  smooth,  3°-6°  high,  simple;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong,  silky  beneath  ;  stipules  ovate  or  oblong,  clasping ;  racemes 
6'-12'  long,  villous,  erect,  many-flowered ;  pods  oblong-linear,  erect. 
Mts.  of  N.  C. ;  and  cult. 

*  *  Stipules  nearly  equaling  or  longer  than  the  short  petioles  ;  pod  stalked. 
T.  mdllis,  Curtis.     Downy,  l°-2°  high  ;  branches  spreading  ;  leaflets 

3  obovate-oblong ;  stipules  oblong-ovate,  leaflike,  some  as  long  as  the 
petioles ;  long,  narrow-linear,  spreading  pods ;  flowers  spring.  Open 
woods  from  S.  Va.,  S. 

4.  CLADRASTIS,   YELLOWWOOD.     (Greek:  branches  brittle.) 

C.  tinctdria,  Raf.     Wood  light  yellow  ;  bark  close,  like  that  of  Beech  ; 
leaves  of  7-11  parallel- veined  oval  or  ovate  leaflets  (3'-4'  long  and  smooth, 


124  PULSE   FAMILY. 

as  is  the  whole  plant);  panicles  terminating  the  branchlets  of  the  season, 
ample  hanging  (1°  or  more  long)  ;  flowers  delicately  fragrant,  cream- 
white.  May  to  June.  Much  planted.  Still  often  known  in  gardens  as 

VlRGfLIA  LtfTEA. 

5.  SOPHORA.     (An  ancient  name  of  an  allied  plant.) 

S.  Jap6nica,  Linn.  JAPAN  S.  Tree  20°-50°  high  ;  bark  greenish  ;  leaf- 
lets 11-13,  oval  or  oblong  acute,  smooth  ;  panicles  loose,  terminating  the 
branches  at  the  end  of  summer ;  flowers  cream-white  ;  fruit  a  string  of 
fleshy,  1-seeded  joints.  China. 

6.  CROTALARIA,    RATTLEBOX.     (Greek :  a  rattle,  the  seeds  rat- 
tling in  the  inflated  pod.)     Native,  in  sandy  soil ;  flowers  yellow,  in 
summer. 

C.  sagittaiis,  Linn.  Low,  3'-6'  high,  branching,  beset  with  rusty- 
colored  spreading  hairs ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  oval  or  lance-oblong ;  pedun- 
cles 2-3-flowered.  ®  N.  and  S. 

C.  ovalis,  Pursh.  Spreading,  rough  with  appressed  hairs;  leaves 
short-petioled,  oval,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  hairy  ;  peduncle  with  3-6  scat- 
tered flowers.  11  S. 

C.  Pdrshii,  DC.  Stems  erect,  rough-hairy;  leaves  smooth  above, 
oblong  or  linear ;  racemes  6'-12'  long,  5-10-flowered.  S.  ^ 

7.  GENISTA,    WOAD- WAXEN,   WHIN.     (Celtic:  little  bush.') 

G.  tinctbria,  Linn.  DYER'S  W.  or  GREENWEED.  Low  and  under- 
shrubby,  not  thorny;  leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  bright  yellow,  rather 
small,  somewhat  racemed  at  the  end  of  the  striate-angled  green  branches, 
in  early  summer.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  sterile  soil,  N.  Y.  and 'Mass. 

8.  ULEX,   FURZE,   GORSE,    WHIN.     (An  old  Latin  name.)    Cult. 

U.  Europceus,  Linn.  2°-5°  high ;  spines  l'-2'  long ;  bracts  large, 
ovate ;  calyx  yellow,  with  black,  spreading  hairs,  its  teeth  minute ; 
flowers  odorous.  Eu. 

U.  nanus,  Smith.  DWARF  F.  l°-3°  high;  spines  shorter;  bracts 
minute  ;  calyx  with  appressed  hairs,  its  teeth  lanceolate.  W.  Eu. 

9.  CYTISUS.     (Ancient  Roman  name  of  some  plant.) 

*  Hardy  shrubs. 

C.  scoparius,  Link.  SCOTCH  BROOM.  3°-5°  high,  smooth,  with  long 
and  tough,  erect,  angled,  and  green  branches ;  leaves  small,  the  lower 
short-petioled  and  with  leaflets  3,  obovate,  or  the  upper  of  a  single  sessile 
leaflet,  and  large  and  showy  golden-yellow  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in 
the  axils  ;  calyx  with  2  short  and  broad  lips  ;  style  and  stamens  slender, 
held  in  the  keel,  but  disengaged  and  suddenly  starting  upward  when 
touched  (as  when  bees  alight  on  the  deflexed  keel),  the  style  coiling 
spirally ;  pod  hairy  on  the  edges.  Barely  hardy  N. ;  running  wild  in 
Va.  and  S. ;  flowers  early  summer.  Eu. 

C.  capitdtus,  Jacq.  2<M°  high  ;  branches  erect-spreading,  strict,  rough- 
hairy  ;  leaves  villous ;  flowers  yellow,  numerous,  crowded  in  terminal 

headlike  umbels.     Eu. 

»  »  Greenhouse  shrubs. 

C.  Canariensis,  Steud.  A  shrub  with  crowded,  slender,  soft-hairy 
leaves  and  leaflets  3,  very  small,  obovate  ;  flowers  small,  yellow,  sweet- 
scented,  in  elongated  racemes  in  late  winter.  Canary  Islands ;  cult,  in 
conservatories. 


PULSE  FAMILY.  125 

C.  racemdsus,  Hort.  From  Teneriffe ;  has  flowers  more  spicate,  and 
oblong-spatulate  leaflets  3-4  times  larger  than  the  last. 

10.  LABURNUM.     (Ancient  Latin  name.) 

L.  vulgare,  Gris.     LABURNUM,  GOLDEN  CHAIN,  or  BEAN  TREE.     A  low 

tree  with  smooth  green  bark ;  leaves  slender-petioled ;  leaflets  3,  oblong 
(2'-3' long),  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  showy,  golden-yellow,  hanging 
in  long  racemes,  in  late  spring ;  pods  hairy,  with  one  thicker  edge,  but 
not  winged.  Eu.  Several  cult,  forms. 

11.  LUPINUS,   LUPINE.     (Latin:   lupus,  a  wolf,  because  Lupines 
were  thought  to  devour  the  fertility  of  the  soil.) 

*  Perennials. 

L.  pere'nuis,  Linn.  WILD  L.  Somewhat  hairy ;  stem  erect,  1°-1|° 
high ;  leaflets  7-11,  spatulate  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  green  ;  raceme  long ; 
flowers  of  showy  purplish  blue  (rarely  pale),  in  late  spring.  N.  Eng.  to 
Minn,  and  S. 

L.  polyphyllus,  Lindl.  MANY-LEAVED  L.  3°-4°  high,  rather  hairy; 
leaflets  13-15,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate ;  raceme  very  long,  dense ; 
flowers  blue,  sometimes  purple,  variegated,  or  even  white,  in  June.  Ore. 
and  Cal. ;  the  principal  hardy  perennial  species  of  the  gardens. 

*  *  Annuals,  or  cult,  as  annuals. 
H-  Ovules  only  2  ;  leaflets  usually  9. 

L.  microcdrpus,  Sims.  l°-2°  high,  sparsely  hairy ;  flowers  yellow  to 
(rarely)  white  or  pink,  forming  distinct  and  separate  whorls  ii>  the  long 
raceme.  Cal. 

•*-  H-  Ovules  4-8  ;  leaflets  usually  feioer  (5-9). 

•M.  Flowers  normally  blue;  stems  dwarf  (1°  or  less). 

L.  afflnis,  Agardh.  Short-hairy  ;  leaflets  5-7,  rather  smooth  above, 
broadly  wedge-obovate,  obtuse,  or  emarginate ;  bracts  short ;  flowers 
whorled  in  the  raceme,  deep  blue.  Cal. 

L.  ndnus,  Dougl.  DWARF  L.  Long-hairy ;  leaflets  linear  to  oblance- 
olate, usually  acute,  pubescent  both  sides ;  bracts  exceeding  calyx ; 
flowers  bluish-purple.  Cal. 

•w  -w  Flowers  blue,  white,  or  rose-color;  stems  tall  (2°  or  more). 

L  mutdbilis,  Sweet.  Cult,  from  S.  Am.;  tall,  very  smooth  through- 
out; leaflets  blunt,  about  9,  narrow-oblong;  flowers  very  large,  sweet- 
scented,  violet-purple  (or  a  white  variety),  with  yellow  and  a  little  red  on 
the  standard. 

L.  hirsutus,  Linn.  Cult,  in  old  gardens,  from  Eu.  Clothed  wiMi  soft 
white  hairs  ;  leaflets  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers  in  loose  whorls  in  the 
raceme,  blue,  with  rose-color  and  white  varieties  ;  pods  very  hairy. 

.M.  ++  HH.  Flowers  yellow. 

L.  luteus,  Linn.  YELLOW  L.,  of  the  gardens,  from  Eu.,  silky-hairy, 
rather  low  ;  flowers  in  whorls,  crowded  in  a  dense  spike. 

12.  MELILOTUS,  MELILOT,  SWEET  CLOVER.  (Greek:  honey, 
Lotus.)  Foliage  sweet-scented,  especially  in  drying.  Natives  of  the 
Old  World,  running  wild  in  waste  or  cultivated  ground ;  flowaw  all 
summer.  (J)  (g) 


126  PULSE  FAMILY. 

H.  dtba,  Lam.  WHITE  M.,  BOKHARA  or  TREE  CLOVER, 
branching;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong,  truncately  notched  at  the  end; 
white  flowers  in  loose  racemes.  Has  been  cult,  for  green  fodder,  and 
now  as  a  "  bee  plant." 

M.  officinalis,  Willd.  YELLOW  M.  2°-3°  high,  with  merely  blunt 
leaflets  and  yellow  flowers. 

13.  MEDICAGO,  MEDICK.     (The  name  of  Lucerne,  because  it  came 
to  the  Greeks  from  Media.)    All  natives  of  the  Old  World ;  a  few  have 
run  wild  here.    Flowers  all  summer. 

»  Flo'.cers  violet-purple  or  bluish.     ^J. 

M.  sativa,  Linn.  LUCERNE,  ALFALFA.  Cultivated  for  green  fodder, 
especially  S.  ;  stems  erect,  l°-2°  high,  from  a  long,  deep  root ;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong ;  racemes  oblong ;  pod  several-seeded,  linear,  coiled  about 
2  turns.  ^  ^  Flowers  yellow.  ®  © 

M.  /upuHna,  Linn.  BLACK  MEDICK,  NONESUCH.  Low,  spreading, 
downy,  with  wedge-obovate  leaflets,  roundish  or  at  length  oblong  heads 
or  spikes  of  small  flowers,  and  little  kidney-shaped,  1 -seeded  pods  turning 
black  when  ripe.  Waste  places. 

M.  macu/ata,  Willd.  SPOTTED  M.  Spreading  or  trailing;  somewhat 
pubescent  leaflets,  broadly  inversely  heart-shaped,  marked  with  a  dark 
spot ;  peduncles  3-5-flowered ;  pod  flat,  compactly  coiled  three  or  more 
turns,  its  thickish  edge  beset  with  a  double  row  of  curved  prickles.  Waste 
places,  N.  Eng. 

M.  denticulata,  Willd.  Like  the  last,  but  nearly  glabrous  ;  pod  loosely 
coiled,  deeply  reticulated,  with  a  sharp  edge.  Same  range. 

14.  TRIFOLIUM,  CLOVER,  TREFOIL.   (Latin  name :  three  leaflets.') 

»  Flowers  sessile  in  dense  heads ;  corolla  tubular,  withering  away  after 
flowering. 

•+-  Calyx-teeth  silky-plumose,  longer  than  whitish  corolla.    © 

T.  arvGnse,  Linn.  RABBIT  FOOT  or  STONE  C.  Erect,  6'-10'  high,  silk- 
downy,  especially  the  oblong  or  at  length  cylindrical  grayish  heads  or 
spikes ;  leaflets  narrow.  Eu. 

i-  •+-  Calyx  scarcely  hairy  except  a  bearded  ring  in  throat;  shorter  than 
rose-purple,  long-tabular  corolla  ;  flowers  sweet-scented,  in  summer.  "#. 

T.  prafSnse,  Linn.  RED  C.  Stems  ascending ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oval, 
often  notched  at  the  end  and  with  a  pale  spot  on  the  face  ;  head  closely 
surrounded  by  the  uppermost  leaves.  Eu.  Extensively  cult,  in  meadows. 

T.  medium,  Linn.  ZIGZAG  C.,  MAMMOTH  C.  Like  the  last,  but  stem 
zigzag ;  leaves  oblong,  entire,  spotless ;  head  usually  stalked.  Eu.  Dry 
hills,  Nova  Scotia  to  E.  Mass. 

*  *  Flowers  short-pediceled  (reflexed  when  old),  persistent  and  turning 
brownish  in  round  umbels  or  heads,  OH  slender  naked  peduncles  •  corolla 
white,  rose-color  or  red. 

T.  refldacum,  Linn.  BUFFALO  C.  Wild  S.  and  especially  W. ;  some- 
what downy  ;  stems  ascending,  6'-12'  high  ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  finely 
toothed ;  heads  and  rose-red  and  whitish  flowers  fully  as  large  as  in  Red 
Clover ;  calyx-teeth  hairy  ;  pods  3-6-seeded.  (J)  @ 

T.  stoloniferum,  Muhl.  RUNNING  BUFFALO  C.  Smooth ;  some  of  the 
stems  forming  long  runners ;  leaflets  broadly  obovate  or  obcordate  ;  flowers 
white,  barely  tinged  with  purple ;  pods  2-seeded.  ^  Prairies  and  oak- 
openings,  W. 


PULSE  FAMILY.  127 

T.  Carolinianum,  Michx.  CAROLINA  C.  Fields  and  pastures  S. ;  a 
little  downy,  spreading  in  tufts  6'-10'  high;  leaflets  small;  stipules 
broad ;  heads  small ;  corolla  purplish,  hardly  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
calyx-teeth.  2Z 

T.  ripens,  Linn.  WHITE  C.  Smooth  ;  stems  creeping ;  leaflets  obcor- 
date ;  petioles  and  peduncles  long  and  slender ;  stipules  narrow ;  heads 
loose,  umbel-like  ;  white  corolla  much  longer  than  the  slender  calyx-teeth. 
Fields,  etc.,  everywhere.  1J.  This  is  the  SHAMROCK  of  Ireland. 

T.  hybridum,  Linn.  ALSIKE  C.  Like  the  last,  but  the  taller  stems 
erect  or  ascending,  not  rooting  at  nodes  ;  flowers  rose-tinged.  Becoming 
common.  Eu.  2/ 

T.  incarnatum,  Linn.  CRIMSON  C.  Hairy,  stem  erect,  l°-2°  high ; 
leaflets  obovate  or  nearly  round ;  stipules  broad,  with  broad  leafy  tips ; 
flowers  crimson,  scarlet,  or  (rarely)  cream-color,  £'  long ;  heads  stalked, 
terminal,  ovoid,  at  length  cylindric.  Grown  in  Middle  States  and  S.  ® 

*  *  *  Floicers  short-pediceled  (reflexed  when  old),  in  round  heads,  pro- 
duced through  late  summer  and  autumn;  corolla  yellow,  turning  chest- 
nut-brown, dry  and  papery  with  age.  ® 

T.  agrarium,  Linn.  YELLOW  C.,  HOP  C.  Smoothish,  6'-12'  high; 
leaflets  obovate-oblong,  all  nearly  sessile  on  the  end  of  the  petiole ;  stip- 
ules narrow,  cohering  with  petiole  half  its  length.  Eu.  Eastward. 

7".  procumbens,  Linn.  Low  HOP  C.  3'-6'  high,  spreading,  rather 
downy  ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  notched  at  the  end,  the  lateral  at  a  little 
distance  from  the  other ;  stipules  ovate,  short.  Eu.  Common. 

15.  PETALOSTEMON,   PRAIRIE  CLOVER.      (Greek:  petal,  sta- 
men.)    In  prairies,  pine  barrens,   etc.     W.   and  S. ;   flowers  never 
yellow,  in  terminal  spikes  ;  summer,    y. 

*  Leaflets  5-9  ;  spikes  long-peduncled. 

P.  viplaceus,  Michx.  Smoothish,  l°-2°  high;  leaflets  mostly  6, 
narrow-linear  ;  spikes  globose-ovate,  oblong-cylindric  with  age ;  flowers 
rose-purple  ;  calyx  silky,  hoary.  Prairies  W. 

P.  candidus,  Michx.  Smooth,  2°-3°  high  ;  leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  or 
linear-oblong ;  spikes  oblong,  cylindric  with  age ;  bracts  awl-pointed. 

*  *  Leaflets  13-29  ;  spikes  short  peduncled. 

P.  vill6sus,  Nutt.  Soft,  downy,  or  silky  all  over;  leaflets  13-17, 
linear  or  oblong  ;  spikes  cylindric ;  corolla  rose-color.  Wis.  and  W. 

P.  foli6sus,  Gray.  Smooth;  leaflets  15-29,  linear-oblong;  spikes 
cylindric  ;  corolla  rose-color.  I1L,  Tenn. 

16.  DALEA.     (For  an  English  botanist,  8a...uel  Dale.) 

D.  alopecuroldes,  Willd.  Stem  erect,  l°-2°  high ;  leaves  smooth,  of 
many  linear-oblong  leaflets  ;  flowers  whitish,  small,  in  a  dense  silky  spike 
in  summer.  ®  Alluvial  soil,  Ala.,  far  N.  W. 

17.  AMORPHA,  FALSE   INDIGO.     (Greek:  wanting  form,  from  the 
absence  of    4  of   the  petals.)      Leaflets   usually  with  little  stipels. 
Flowers  summer.     #  pods  l.8eeded;  leaflets  small, 

A.  cane"scens,  Nutt  LEAD  PLANT.  l°-3°  high,  hoary  with  soft 
down ;  leaves  sessile,  of  29-51  elliptical  leaflets,  smoothish  above  when 
old ;  flowers  violet-purple  in  late  summer.  Prairies  and  rocky  banks, 
W.  and  S.  W. 


128  PULSE    FAMILY. 

A.  herbacea,  Walt.  In  pine  barrens,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  W.,  is  pubes- 
cent or  glabrous,  with  15-35  rigid,  oblong,  dotted  leaflets,  and  spicate, 
solitary,  or  panicled  racemes  of  blue  or  white  flowers ;  shrub  2°-4°,  with 
purple  branches. 

*  *  Pods  2- seeded;  leaflets  larger,  scattered. 

A.  frutic&sa,  Linn.  FALSE  INDIGO.  A  tall  or  middle-sized  shrub, 
smoothish ;  leaves  petioled,  of  16-25  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  ;  flowers  vio- 
let or  purple  in  early  summer.  River  banks,  Penn.  S.  and  W. ;  also 
cult. 

18.  PSORA  LI!  A.     (Greek :  scurfy,  from  the  roughish  dots  or  glands.) 
Flowers  early  summer,  violet,  bluish,  or  almost  white.     2/ 

*  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  or  the  uppermost  of  a  single  leaflet. 

P.  On6brychis,  Nutt.  3°-5°  high,  erect,  nearly  smooth;  leaflets 
lance-ovate,  taper-pointed  ;  stipules  and  bracts  awl-shaped ;  flowers  in 
short  peduncled  racemes  3MJ'  long;  pods  rough  and  wrinkled.  River 
banks,  O.  to  111.,  S.  and  E. 

P.  melilotoldes,  Michx.  Dry  places,  W.  and  S.  l°-2°  high,  erect, 
somewhat  pubescent,  slender  ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  ;  stip- 
ules awl-shaped ;  flowers  in  oblong  spikes,  long-peduncled  ;  pods  strongly 
wrinkled. 

*  *  Leaves  palmately  3-5-foliolate;  root  not  tuberous. 

P.  tenuifl6ra,  Pursh.  Bushy-branched,  slender,  2°-4°  high,  somewhat 
hoary  when  young ;  leaflets  linear  or  obovate-oblong,  much  dotted ;  flowers 
(2"-3"long)  in  loose  racemes  ;  pods  glandular-roughened.  Prairies,  111.,  W. 

P.  argophylla,  Pursh.  Widely  branched,  l°-3°  high,  silvery  white  all 
over  with  silky  hairs ;  leaflets  elliptic-lanceolate  ;  spikes  interrupted. 
Prairies,  Wis.,  W. 

*  *  *  Leaves  palmately  5-foliolatf  ;  root  tuberous. 

P.  esculdnta,  Pursh.  POMME  BLANCHE.  Low  and  stout,  5'-15'  high, 
roughish  hairy  ;  root  turnip-shaped,  mealy,  edible  ;  leaflets  5,  lance-oblong 
or  obovate  ;  spike  dense,  oblong ;  flowers  £'  long ;  pod  hairy,  pointed. 

19.  TEFHROSIA,  HOARY  PEA.     (Greek:   hoary.}     Native  plants 
of  dry,  sandy,  or  barren  soil,  chiefly  S. ;  flowers  summer. 

*  Stems  erect,  simple,  very  leafy  up  to  the  terminal,  oblong,  dense,  raceme  or 

panicle. 

T.  Virginiana,  Pers.  GOAT'S  RUE,  CATGUT,  from  the  very  tough, 
long  and  slender  roots.  White,  silky-downy ;  stem  erect,  simple,  l°-2° 
high  ;  leaflets  17-29  linear-oblong ;  flowers  large  and  numerous,  yellowish- 
white  with  purple  ;  pods  downy.  Common  N.  and  S. 

*  *  Stems  branching,  often  spreading  or  decumbent;  leaves  scattered; 
racemes  opposite  the  leaves,  long-peduncled;  flowers  fewer  and  smaller; 
pubescence  mostly  yellowish  or  rusty. 

T.  spicata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  l°-2°  high,  loosely  soft-hairy  ;  leaflets 
9-15,  wedge-oblong  or  obovate  ;  flowers  6-10,  rather  large,  scattered, 
white  and  purple,  in  a  raceme  or  spike.  Del.  S. 

T.  hispidula,  Pers.  Low,  closely  pubescent  or  smoothish  ;  leaflets 
11-15,  oblong,  small,  the  lowest  pair  above  the  base  of  the  petiole ; 
flowers  2-4,  small,  reddish-purple.  Va.  S. 

T.  chrysophylla,  Pursh.  Nearly  prostrate;  leaflets  5-7,  wedge-obo- 
vate,  smooth  above  and  yellowish  silky  beneath,  the  lowest  pair  close  to 
the  stem ;  flowers  as  in  the  last.  Ga.  S.  and  W. 


PULSE   FAMILY.  129 

20.  SESBANIA.     (Arabic:  Sesban,  a  little  altered.)    Flowers  late 
summer. 

S.  macrocdrpa,  Muhl.  Tall,  smooth  ;  leaflets  linear-oblong ;  flowers 
few,  on  a  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  corolla  yellow  with  some  red- 
dish or  purple ;  pods  linear,  narrow,  hanging,  8'-12'  long ;  seeds  many.  (D 
Swamps  S. 

S.  vesicaria,  Ell.  Resembles  the  preceding  in  foliage  and  small,  yellow 
flowers,  but  has  a  broadly  oblong  turgid  pod,  only  1'  or  2'  long,  pointed, 
raised  above  the  calyx  on  a  slender  stalk,  2-seeded,  the  seeds  remaining 
inclosed  in  the  bladdery  white  lining  of  the  pod  when  the  outer  valves 
have  fallen.  ®  Low  grounds  S. 

S.  grand/flora,  Poir.  A  shrub  or  tree-like  plant  of  India,  run  wild 
in  Florida,  occasionally  cult,  for  ornament  S. ;  flowers  3'-4'  long,  white  or 
red  ;  pods  slender,  hanging,  1°  or  so  long. 

21.  INDIGOFERA,    INDIGO  PLANT.      (Name  means  producer  of 
indigo.) 

I.  tinctoria,  Linn.  This  and  the  next  furnish  much  of  the  indigo  of 
commerce,  were  cult,  for  that  purpose  S.,  and  have  run  wild  in  waste 
places ;  woody  at  base,  with  7-15  oval  leaflets,  racemes  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  the  deflexed  knobby  terete  pods  curved  and  several-seeded. 

/.  Anil,  Linn.  Differs  mainly  in  its  flattish  and  even  pods  thickened  at 
both  edges. 

22.  ONOBRYCHIS,  SAINFOIN.     (Greek  :  asses1  food.) 

0.  satlya,  Lam.  COMMON  S.  Sparingly  cult,  from  Europe  as  a  fodder 
plant ;  herb  l°-2°  high  ;  leaflets  numerous,  oblong,  small ;  stipules  brown, 
thin,  pointed  ;  spikes  of  light  pink  flowers  on  long  axillary  peduncles,  in 
summer  ;  pod  semicircular  bordered  with  short  prickles  or  teeth.  2/ 

23.  ASTRAGALUS,   MILK  VETCH.     (Greek:     application  uncer- 
tain.)    Very  many  native  species  west  of  the  Mississippi.     2i 

*  Pod  turgid,  completely  or  partially  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal 
suture. 

•<-  Pod  plum-shaped,  becoming  thick  and  fleshy,  indehiscent. 

A.  caryocarpus,  Ker.  GROUND  PLUMS.  Minutely  appressed-pubes- 
cent ;  leaflets  narrow,  oblong ;  short  racemes  or  spikes  of  violet- purple 
flowers  in  spring ;  fruit  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  small  plum,  but  more 
or  less  pointed,  fleshy,  becoming  dry  and  corky,  very  thick-walled.  Com- 
mon along  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  W.  and  S.  on  the  plains. 

A.  Mexicanus,  DC.  Smooth  or  with  looser  hairs ;  leaflets  roundish  or 
oblong  ;  corolla  cream-color,  bluish  only  at  tip  ;  fruit  globular,  pointless. 
Prairies,  111.  to  Kan.  and  S. 

•*-  -*-  Pod  dry,  coriaceous,  cartilaginous,  or  membranous,  dehiscent. 
+*  Pod  completely  2-celled. 

A.  molllssimuB,  Torr.  Stout,  decumbent,  densely  silky,  villous 
throughout  and  tomentose  ;  flowers  violet ;  pod  sulcate  at  both  sutures. 
Neb.  to  Kan.  and  Tex.  A  "loco "  weed. 

A.  Canad^nsis,  Linn.  Tall,  erect,  l°-4°  high,  slightly  pubescent ; 
flowers  greenish  cream-colored,  in  summer  ;  pods  oblong,  terete,  scarcely 
sulcate.  River  banks,  common. 

A.  glaber,  Michx.  Pine  barrens,  N.  C.  to  Fla. ;  tall,  nearly  smooth  ; 
leaflets  15-25,  oblong-linear,  pubescent  beneath  ;  spikes  loose,  longer  than 
the  leaves,  with  white  flowers  ;  pod  oblong  and  curved,  flattened  edgewise. 
OKAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  HOT.  — 9 


130  PULSE  FAMILY. 

•w  •«•  Pod  not  completely  2-celled. 

A.  distdrtus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low,  diffuse,  nearly  smooth;  leaflets 
oblong,  emarginate ;  flowers  pale  purple ;  pod  curved,  thick-coriaceous. 
111.  to  Iowa  and  S.  to  Tex. 

*  »  Pod  1-celled,  neither  suture  intrusive,  or  the  ventral  more  than  dorsal. 

A.  Codperi,  Gray.  Gravelly  shores  N.  and  W. ;  resembles  the  fore- 
going, but  smoother ;  l°-2°  high,  with  small  white  flowers  in  a  short  spike, 
and  inflated  ovoid  pods  about  1'  long,  thin-walled,  and  not  divided  inter- 
nally ;  flowers  in  early  summer. 

24.  ROBINIA,  LOCUST  TREE.      (For  two  early  French  botanists, 
Bobi n. )     Natives  of  Atlantic,  Middle,  and  Southern  States,    planted, 
and  the  common  Locust  running  wild  N.     Flowers  late  spring  and  early 
summer. 

R.  Fseudacacia,  Linn.  COMMON  L.  or  FALSE  ACACIA.  Tree  ;  branch- 
lets  naked  ;  racemes  slender  and  loose-hanging ;  flowers  fragrant,  white  ; 
pods  smooth.  Used  as  a  stock  for  next  two. 

R.  viscdsa,  Vent.  CLAMMY  L.  Small  tree ;  branches  and  stalks 
clammy  ;  prickles  very  short ;  racemes  short  and  dense  ;  flowers  faintly 
rose-colored  ;  scentless  pods  rough,  clammy.  Very  rare  wild. 

R.  hfspida,  Linn.  BRISTLY  L.  or  ROSE  ACACIA.  Ornamental  shrub ; 
branches  and  stalks  bristly  ;  broad  leaflets  tipped  with  a  long  bristle ; 
flowers  large  and  showy,  bright  rose-colored  in  close  or  loose  racemes ; 
pods  clammy-bristly. 

25.  CARAGANA,  PEA  TREE.  (Tartar  name.)    Planted  for  ornament. 

*  Petioles  with  unarmed  tip. 

C.  arborescens,  Lam.  SIBERIAN  P.  Shrub  or  low  tree ;  leaflets  4-6 
pairs,  oval-oblong,  downy;  stipules  firm  or  spinescent;  flowers  2  or  3 
together,  yellow,  in  spring  ;  pod  cylindric.  Siberia. 

C.  microphylla,  Lam.  Low  shrub ;  leaflets  6-9  pairs,  4-5  lines  long ; 
stipules  thorny  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs  ;  pod  small,  compressed.  Asia. 

*  *  Petioles  with  spiny  tips. 

C.  Chamlagu,  Lam.  CHINESE  P.  A  low  or  spreading  shrub  ;  has  2 
rather  distant  pairs  of  smooth,  oval,  or  obovate  leaflets  ;  stipules  spiny. 
China  and  Japan. 

C.  frutescens,  DC.  Low  shrub  ;  leaflets  2  pairs,  obovate,  crowded  at 
the  summit  of  the  petiole  ;  stipules  soft.  Siberia  to  Japan. 

26.  COLUTBA,    BLADDER   SENNA.     (Derivation  obscure.) 

C.  arborescens,  Linn.  COMMON  B.  Leaflets  7-11,  oval  and  rather 
truncate ;  racemes  of  5-10  yellow  flowers,  in  summer ;  pods  large,  very 
thin-walled,  closed.  Eu. 

27.  WISTARIA.      (For  Prof.  Wistar  of  Phila.)     Very  ornamental 
woody  twiners ;  flowers  spring. 

W.  frutescens.  Poir.  AMERICAN  W.  Soft-downy  when  young  ;  leaflets 
9-15,  lance-ovate  ;  raceme  of  showy  blue-purple  flowers,  dense ;  calyx 
narrowish,  wings  with  one  short  and  one  very  long  appendage  at  the  base 
of  the  blade  ;  ovary  smooth.  Along  streams  W.  and  S  ,  and  cult. 

W.  Chinensis,  DC.  CHINESE  W.  A  very  fast^growing  climber  (sometimes 
20°  in  a  season)  ;  racemes  long,  pendant ;  wings  appendaged  on  one  side 


PULSE   FAMILY.  131 

only.  Flowers  blue.  Often  flowering  twice  in  the  season.  There  are 
white  and  double-flowered  and  variegated-leaved  varieties  and  some  with 
racemes  2°-3°  long.  Barely  hardy  in  New  England.  China  or  Japan. 

28.  STYLOS  ANTHES.     (Greek:  column, flower,  from  the  stalk- like 
calyx-tube. ) 

S.  elatior,  Swartz.  Low,  inconspicuous,  tufted  herb ;  stems  wiry, 
downy  on  one  side  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  strongly  straight-veined  ;  flowers 
orange-yellow,  small,  in  little  clusters  or  heads,  in  late  summer.  Pine 
barrens  from  L.  I.  to  Fla.  and  Ind.,  S.  W. 

29.  LESPEDEZA,  BUSH  CLOVER.     (For  Lespedez,  a  Spanish  gov- 
ernor of  Florida.)   Mostly  homely  plants  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil ;  flowers 
late  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Stipules  and  bracts  minute;  natives  (except  one),     y. 

•»-  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  larger  violet-purple,  scattered  or  in  open  pani- 
cles or  clusters,  slender-peduncled,  seldom  fruitful,-  the  fertile  ones 
mostly  without  petals,  intermixed  or  in  small  sessile  clusters;  pod 
generally  exserted. 

L.  proctimbens,  Michx.  Slender  or  trailing,  minutely  hairy  or  soft- 
downy  ;  leaflets  oval  or  oblong ;  peduncles  slender  and  few-flowered. 
Common. 

L.  violacea,  Pers.  Bushy-branching,  erect  or  spreading,  sparsely 
leafy  ;  leaflets  thin,  broadly  oval  or  oblong,  finely  appressed-pubescent 
beneath  ;  peduncles  slender,  loosely  few-flowered.  Common. 

L.  reticulata,  Pers.  Erect,  densely  leafy  ;  leaflets  thickish,  linear  to 
linear-oblong  ;  flowers  clustered  on  peduncles,  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves  ;  pods  acute.  Mass,  to  Minn,  and  S. 

L.  Stuvei,  Nutt.  Stems  upright-spreading,  very  leafy,  downy  with 
spreading  hairs ;  leaflets  mostly  oval  or  roundish,  silky  or  white-woolly 
beneath  ;  pods  acuminate.  Mass,  to  Mich,  and  S. 

L.  Siebdldi,  Miq.  (or  DESSidDiusi  PENDULIFI^RUM).  A  recent  Japanese 
garden  plant,  is  a  shrub-like  herb  3°-6°,  with  lanceolate,  pointed  leaflets, 
smooth  above  and  appressed-pubescent  beneath,  and  axillary  racemes, 
3'-6 '  long,  of  late  rose-purple  flowers  about  a  half  inch  in  length.  Known 
also  as  L.  sfcoLOR,  but  that  species  is  probably  not  cult,  in  this  country. 

•»-  +-  Flowers  all  alike,  perfect,  in  close  spikes  or  heads,  on  upright,  (2°- 
4°  high)  simple,  rigid  stems;  corolla  cream-color  or  white  with  a  purple 
spot  on  the  standard,  about  the  length  of  the  silky-downy  calyx  ;  pod 
included. 

L.  polystachya,  Michx.  Leaflets  roundish  or  oblong-ovate  ;  petioles 
and  peduncles  slender ;  spikes  becoming  rather  long  and  loose ;  mature 
pod  hardly  shorter  than  calyx.  Common. 

L.  capitata,  Michx.  Stems  rigid,  woolly  ;  leaflets  oblong  or  some- 
times linear,  silky  beneath,  thickish  ;  peduncles  and  petioles  short ; 
flowers  in  globular  heads  ;  pod  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Common. 

L.  angustif61ia,  Ell.  Like  the  last,  but  leaflets  linear,  heads  oblong 
on  slender  peduncles  ;  pod  hardly  shorter  than  calyx.  N.  J.,  S.  and  W. 

*  *  Stipules  and  bracts  broad  and  scarious;  naturalized  from  China  and 

Japan.    (D 

L.  striata,  Hook.  &  Arn.  JAPAN  CLOVER.  Low  and  spreading,  3'-10' 
high,  much  branched,  almost  smooth ;  leaflets  oblong  or  wedge-oblong, 
4'-^'  long;  peduncles  very  short,  with  1-5  small,  purplish  flowers.  A 
forage  plant  in  the  S.  States  and  Cal. 


132  PULSE   FAMILY. 

30.   DESMODIUM,  TICK  TREFOIL.    (Greek :  a  band  or  chain,  from 
the  connected  joints  of  the  pod.)     2/     Flowers  in  summer. 

§  1.  Native  hardy  species;  the  joints  of  the  pod  adhere,  to  clothing  or  to 
the  coats  of  animals  ;  flowers  sometimes  turning  greenish  in  withering. 

*  Pod  raised  far  above  the  calyx  on  a  slender  stalk,  straightish  on  the 
upper  margin,  divided  from  below  into  1-4  joints;  flowers  in  one  naked 
terminal  raceme  or  panicle  ;  plants  smooth,  l°-3°  high;  stipules  bristle- 
form. 

D.  nudifL6rum,  DC.  The  mostly  leafless  flower-stalk  and  the  leaf- 
bearing  stem  rising  separately  from  a  common  root ;  the  leaves  all 
crowded  on  the  summit  of  the  stem ;  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  bluntish, 
pale  beneath.  Common. 

D.  acuminatum,  DC.  Flower  stalk  terminating  the  stem,  which  bears 
a  cluster  of  leaves ;  leaflets  large  (4'-5'  long),  round-ovate,  with  a  taper- 
ing point,  or  the  end  one  blunter,  green  both  sides.  Common. 

D.  paucif!6rum,  DC.  Leaves  scattered  along  the  low,  (8'-15'  high) 
ascending  stems ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  pale  beneath  ;  raceme  terminal, 
few-flowered.  Ont.  to  Penn.,  Kans.  and  S. 

*  *  Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  little  if  at  all  surpassing  the  deeply-cleft  calyx; 
stems  long,  prostrate  or  decumbent;  racemes  mostly  simple,  axillary 
and  terminal ;  stipules  ovate,  striate,  taper-pointed,  persistent. 

D.  rotundif6lium,  DC.  Soft-hairy  ;  leaflets  orbicular,  about  3'  long; 
flowers  purple,  the  3-5  rhombic-oval  joints  of  the  pod  rather  large. 

*  *  *  Pod  little  if  at  all  stalked  in  the  calyx  ;  racemes  panicled. 

•*-  Stems  erect,  3°-6°  high;  stipules  large,   ovate  or  lance-ovate,   and 
pointed;  bracts  similar  but  deciduous;  flowers  large  for  the  genus. 

*+  Pods  0/4-7  rhombic-oblong  joints,  each  joint  about  \'  long. 

D.  can^scens,  DC.  Hairy;  stems  branching;  leaves  pale;  leaflets 
ovate,  bluntish,  about  the  length  of  the  common  petiole,  reticulated 
beneath  and  both  sides  roughish  ,with  fine,  close  pubescence ;  joints  of 
pod  very  adhesive.  Common. 

D.  cuspidatum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Very  smooth,  except  panicle ;  stem 
straight ;  leaflets  lance-ovate,  taper-pointed  (3'-5'  long),  longer  than  the 
common  petiole ;  pod  with  smoothish  joints.  Common. 

•M-  -w-  Pods  of  3-5  oval  joints,  not  over  \'  long. 

D.  Illino^nse,  Gray.  Rough  with  short  hairs ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong 
or  ovate-lanceolate  (2'-4'  long),  obtuse,  firm,  venation  prominent,  whitish 
beneath ;  pod  scarcely  over  1'  long. 

-*-  +-  Stems  erect,   2°-6°  high;  stipules  mostly  deciduous,   awl-shaped, 
small,  and  inconspicuous;  racemes  panicled. 

++  Bracts  small  and  inconspicuous;  common  petiole  slender ;  flowers 
smallish  ;  joints  of  pod  3-5,  unequal-sided. 

D.  viridifl6rum,  Beck.  Stem  very  downy  ;  leaflets  broad  ovate,  very 
blunt,  white,  with  soft-velvety  down  beneath.  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Mo., 
and  Tex. 

D.  Dillfcnii,  Darl.  Stem  and  the  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  bluntish,  thin 
leaflets  softly  and  finely  pubescent ;  the  latter  2'-3'  long.  Common. 

D.  paniculatum,  DC.  Smooth,  or  nearly  so,  throughout ;  leaflets 
lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point,  3'-5'  long ;  panicle 
loose.  Common. 


PULSE   FAMILY.  133 

D.  strfctum,  DC.  Slender  stems  smooth  below,  above  and  the  narrow 
panicle  rough-glandular ;  leaflets  linear,  blunt,  reticulated,  very  smooth, 
l'-2'  long.  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

•M-  -M-  Bracts,  before  flowering,  conspicuous;  common  petiole  very  short; 
joints  of  pod  roundish. 

D.  Canadense,  DC.  Stem  hairy,  3°-6°  high,  leafy  up  to  the  panicle  ; 
leaflets  lance-oblong,  blunt,  2'-3'  long ;  racemes  dense,  the  pink-purple 
flowers  larger  than  in  any  other,  ^'-j'  long.  Chiefly  N.  and  W. 

D.   sessilif61ium,  Torr.   &  Gray.     Stem  pubescent,  2°-4°  high;   the 
long  panicle  naked ;    common  petiole  hardly  any ;    leaflets   linear  or 
linear-oblong,  blunt,  reticulated,  rough  above,  downy  beneath ;  flowers 
small.     Chiefly  westward. 
H_  ^_  M_  Stems  ascending  or  spreading,  l°-3°  long ;  stipules  and  bracts 

awl-shaped  and  deciduous;  panicle  naked,  loose;  flowers  small;  pod  of 

2  or  3  small,  oval,  or  roundish  joints. 

D.  rigidum,  DC.  Stems  hoary,  with  a  rough  pubescence ;  leaflets 
ovate-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  roughish,  and  reticulated,  l'-2£'  long,  the 
lateral  longer  than  the  common  petiole.  Mass.,  S.  and  W. 

D.  Marilandicum,  Boott.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  slender;  leaflets 
ovate  or  roundish,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of  the  slender 
petiole  ;  otherwise  like  the  preceding,  and  of  like  range. 

M-  •<-  +-  •(-  Stems  reclining  or  prostrate  ;  racemes  few-flowered. 
D.    lineatum,   DC.     Smoothish ;    stem    striate-angled ;  stipules  awl- 
shaped,  deciduous ;  leaflets  orbicular,  1'  or  less  in  length,  much  longer 
than  the  common  petiole  ;  flowers  and  2  or  3  rounded  joints  of  the  pod 
small.     Md.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

§  2.  Exotic  conservatory  species. 

D.  gyrans,  DC.    TELEGRAPH  PLANT.     Leaflets  elliptic-oblong,  termi- 
nal very  large,  lateral  very  small.    Cult,  from  India  for  curious  move- 
ments of  leaflets.     (Lessons,  Fig.  491.) 

31.  ERYTHRINA.     (Greek :  red,  the  usual  color  of  the  flowers.) 

E.  herbacea,  Linn.     Stems  herbaceous,   2°-4°  high  from  a  thick, 
woody  base,  somewhat  leafy,  the  leaflets  broadly  triangular-ovate ;  others 
nearly  leafless,  terminating  in  a  long,  erect  raceme  of  narrow,  scarlet 
flowers ;  standard  (2'  long)  straight,  folded,  lanceolate  ;  keel  small ;  seeds 
scarlet ;  flowers  spring.     Sandy  soil  near  the  coast  S. 

E.  Crista-g&lli,  Linn.  Tree-like  ;  leaflets  oval  or  oblong ;  loose  racemes 
of  large  crimson  flowers  ;  keel  large  ;  standard  broad,  spreading ;  wings 
rudimentary.  Cult,  in  conservatories,  from  Brazil. 

32.  GLYCINE.     (Greek:  sweet.)    ® 

G~  hispida,  Maxim,  (or  S6jA  HISPIDA).  SOY  BEAN.  Plant  strong 
and  erect,  2°-4°  tall,  loosely  hairy  ;  leaflets  large  and  thin,  broadly  ovate 
and  nearly  or  quite  obtuse,  the  lateral  ones  lop-sided  and  short  stipitate, 
the  terminal  long  stipitate,  the  common  petiole  6'-12'  long  ;  pods  flat  and 
villous,  2'-4'  long,  containing  from  2-4  roundish  or  oblong  small  Beans, 
and  splitting  open  when  ripe.  Coming  into  prominence  as  a  forage  plant, 
the  Beans  also  edible.  Japan  and  China ;  but  unknown  wild,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  derived  from  Glycine  Soja. 

33.  ARACHIS,  PEANUT,  GOOBER.     (Meaning  of  name  obscure.) 

A.  hypogcea,  Linn.  The  only  common  species,  from  South  America, 
cult.  S. ;  the  nut-like  pods  familiar,  the  oily,  fleshy  seeds  being  roasted 
and  much  eaten.  (f) 


134  PULSE    FAMILY. 

34.  ^ESCHYNOMENE,    SENSITIVE    JOINT    VETCH.      (Greek: 
ashamed,  referring  to  the  sensitive  leaflets  of  some  species.)     Flowers 
summer. 

JE.  hfspida,  Willd.  Stem  rough-bristly,  2°-4°  high  ;  leaflets  37-51, 
linear ;  flowers  yellow ;  pod  bristly,  stalked  ;  joints  6-10.  Low  grounds, 
Penn.  S.  ® 

35.  CORONTLLA.     (Latin :  a  little  crown.)     Cult,  from  Eu.  for  orna- 
ment.    2Z 

C.  varia,  Linn.  PURPLE  CORONILLA.  Hardy  herb,  spreading  from 
underground  shoots,  smooth,  2°  high  ;  leaves  sessile  ;  leaflets  15-21,  obo- 
vate-oval  or  oblong,  small ;  flowers  pink-purple  and  white,  all  summer. 

C.  glauca,  Linn.  YELLOW  SWEET-SCENTED  C.  Greenhouse  shrub ; 
leaflets  5-9,  glaucous,  obovate,  or  obcordate,  the  terminal  largest ;  flowers 
sweet-scented,  yellow,  the  claws  of  the  petals  not  lengthened. 

36.  RHYNCHOSIA.     (Greek:    beaked;  of   no  obvious  application.) 
Chiefly  southern ;  flowers  summer.     H 

*  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes, 
•*-  Calyx  shorter  than  corolla,  somewhat  2-lipped. 

R.  minima,  DC.  Along  the  coast  from  S.  C.,  S. ;  tomentose  ;  leaflets 
small  and  broad ;  racemes  very  slender,  with  6-12  minute  flowers. 

,-  t-  Calyx  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  corolla,  not  lipped. 

R.  toment6sa,  Hook  &  Am.  Trailing  and  twining,  pubescent ;  leaflets 
3,  round  or  round-rhombic  ;  racemes  axillary,  few  flowered,  almost  sessile. 
Dry  sandy  soil,  from  Va.  S. 

R.  erecta,  DC.  Erect,  more  or  less  tomentose ;  leaflets  3,  oval  to 
oblong ;  racemes  short,  on  short  peduncles.  Del.  S. 

R.  renifdrmis,  DC.  Dwarf,  erect,  pubescent ;  leaflets  solitary  (rarely 
3)  round-reniform ;  racemes  sessile.  Va.  S. 

*  *  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs  ;  calyx  shorter  than  corolla. 

R.  galactoldes,  Endl.  Bushy-branched,  2°-4°  high,  not  twining, 
minutely  pubescent ;  leaflets  3,  small  and  rigid,  oval,  hardly  any  common 
petiole  ;  standard  reddish  outside.  Dry  sand  ridges,  from  Ala.  S. 

37.  FHASEOLUS,   BEAN,  KIDNEY    BEAN.     (The    ancient  name 
of  the  Kidney  Bean.)     Flowers  summer  and  autumn.     (Lessons,  Figs. 

*  Native  species,  small-flowered. 

P.  perdnnia,  Walt.  Stems  slender,  climbing  high  ;  leaflets  roundish- 
ovate,  short-pointed ;  racemes  long  end  loose,  often  panicled ;  flowers 
small,  purple ;  pods  drooping,  scimitar-shaped,  few-seeded.  ^  New 
Eng.  W.  and  S. 

»  *  Exotic  species,  cultivated  mainly  for  food,  all  with  ovate,  pointed 
leaflets.  (D 

P.  vulgaris,  Linn.  KIDNEY  BEAN,  STRING  BEAK,  POLE  BEAN.  Twin- 
ing ;  racemes  of  white  or  sometimes  dull  purplish  or  variegated  flowers 
shorter  than  the  leaf  ;  pods  linear,  straight ;  seeds  tumid.  Many  varie- 
ties, ranging  from  BUSH  BEANS  to  climbers,  and  presenting  many  forms 
and  colors  of  seeds.  Probably  from  tropical  America. 

P.  lunatus,  Linn.  LIMA  BEAN,  SIEVA  or  CAROLINA  B.,  etc.  Twining ; 
racemes  of  small,  greenish-white  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaf ;  pods  broad 


PULSE   FAMILY.  135 

and  curved  to  scimitar-shaped ;  seeds  few,  large,  and  flat.  Like  the 
preceding,  this  runs  into  many  forms,  amongst  them  the  BUSH  or  DWAKF 
LIMAS.  S.  Arner. 

P.  multifldrus,  Willd.  SPANISH  BEAN,  SCARLET  RUNNER  when  red- 
flowered  ;  twining  high  ;  flowers  showy,  bright  scarlet,  or  white,  or  mixed, 
in  peduncled  racemes  surpassing  the  leaves  ;  pods  broadly  linear,  straight 
or  a  little  curved ;  seeds  large,  tumid,  white  or  colored.  Tropical 
America. 

38.  VIGNA.     (For  Dominic  Vigni,  commentator  of  Theophrastus  at 
Padua  in  the  17th  century.) 

V.  Sinensis,  Hassk.  CHINA  BEAN,  BLACK-EYED  BEAN,  BLACK  PEA, 
COWPEA.  With  long  peduncles  bearing  only  2  or  3  (white  or  pale) 
flowers  at  the  end  ;  the  beans  (which  are  good)  white  or  dark  with  a 
black  circle  round  the  scar ;  is  widely  grown  in  the  S.  for  forage.  (f) 
China  and  Japan. 

V.  luteola,  Benth.  Wild  from  S.  C.  to  Fla.  and  W.,  is  hirsute,  with 
ovate  or  lance-ovate  leaflets ;  yellow  flowers  on  stout  peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves,  and  hairy  pod. 

39.  DOLICHOS,   BLACK    BEAN,   etc.     (Greek:    name  of  a  Bean, 
meaning  elongated,  perhaps  from  the  tall-climbing  stems.) 

D.  L6blab,  Linn.  EGYPTIAN  or  BLACK  BEAN.  Smooth  twiner ;  racemes 
elongated ;  flowers  showy,  violet,  purple,  or  white,  1'  long ;  pods  thick, 
broadly  oblong,  pointed ;  seeds  black  or  tawny  with  a  white  scar,  (f) 
India. 

40.  STROFHOSTYLES.     (Greek :  turning,  style.) 

S.  angu!6sa,  Ell.  Spreading  on  the  ground;  ovate  entire  or  com- 
monly 3-lobed  or  angled  leaflets ;  peduncles  twice  the  length  of  the 
leaves  ;  flowers  purplish,  or  at  length  greenish;  seeds  oblong,  3"  long; 
pod  2'-3'  long  by  3"  wide.  Sandy  shores  and  river  banks.  ® 

S.  peduncularis,  Ell.  More  slender  than  the  preceding,  sometimes 
twining  a  little ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-linear,  entire,  rarely  at  all 
lobed ;  peduncles  several  times  surpassing  the  leaves ;  flowers  pale 
purple;  seeds  l£"-2"  long;  pod  l}'-2'  long,  scarcely  2"  wide.  Sandy 
soil,  from  L.  I.  and  S.  Ind.,  S.  2Z 

S.  paucifldrus,  Wats.  Spreading  or  low-climbing,  slender,  pubescent ; 
leaflets  small,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear;  flowers  few  and  small,  pur- 
plish, on  a  short  peduncle  ;  pod  straight,  flat,  only  1'  long.  River  banks 
W.  and  S.  ® 

41.  CENTROSEMA,    SPURRED     BUTTERFLY    PEA.       (Greek: 
spur,  standard.}     "21 

C.  Virginianum,  Benth.  Trailing  and  low  twining ;  slender,  roughish 
with  minute  hairs ;  leaflets  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  very  veiny,  shining ; 
peduncles  1-4-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  showy,  violet- 
purple,  1'  long,  in  summer.  Sandy  woods,  chiefly  S. 

42.  CLITORIA,   BUTTERFLY  PEA.     (Derivation  recondite.)     2Z 

C.  Mariana,  Linn.  Smooth ;  stem  erect  or  slightly  twining  (l°-3° 
high);  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  pale  beneath;  flowers  very  showy,  light 
blue,  2'  long,  1-3  on  short  peduncles ;  pod  straight,  few-seeded ;  flowers 
summer.  Dry  ground,  N.  J.,  S.,  and  W.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 


136  PULSE  FAMILY. 

43.  KENNEDYA.     (For  an  English  florist.)     Australian  plants,  of 
choice  cultivation  in  conservatories.     ^ 

K.  rubicunda,  Vent.,  is  hairy,  free-climbing,  with  3  ovate  leaflets  ;  ovate- 
lanceolate  stipules ;  about  3-flowered  peduncles,  the  dark  red  or  crimson 
flowers  over  1'  long. 

K.  prostrata,  R.  Br.,  has  1-  or  2-flowered  peduncles,  obovate  or 
oblong  leaflets  and  cordate  stipules.  The  Var.  Marry&ttce,  has  4-flowered 
peduncles. 

44.  GALACTIA,  MILK  PEA.     (Greek:   milky,  which  these  plants 
are  not.)     Flowers  summer.     11 

G.  glabe'lla,  Michx.  Prostrate,  nearly  smooth ;  leaflets  rather  rigid, 
ovate-oblong,  shining  above  ;  flowers  rose-purple  4-8  on  a  peduncle  not 
exceeding  the  leaves  ;  pod  somewhat  hairy.  Sandy  soil,  from  N.  Y.  S. 

G.  pil6sa,  Ell.  Spreading,  somewhat  twining,  soft-downy  and  hoary, 
even  to  the  8-10-seeded  pod ;  racemes  long-peduncled,  many-flowered ; 
leaflets  oval.  Sandy  barrens,  from  Penn.  S. 

G.  Ellidttii,  Nutt.  Near  the  coast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. ;  leaves  pinnate,  of 
7-9  oblong,  emarginate  leaflets ;  racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing 
few  white  red-tinged  flowers ;  pod  falcate  and  hairy,  3-5-seeded. 

45.  AMPHICARP.ZBA,    HOG    PEANUT.      (Greek:    double-fruited, 
alluding  to  the  two  kinds  of  pods. )     1}.     Twiners. 

A.  monbica,  Nutt.  Slender,  much-branched ;  stems  brownish-hairy  ; 
leaflets  3,  thin  rhombic-ovate,  \'-2'  long ;  racemes  drooping ;  calyx  of 
upper  flowers,  2"  long ;  ovary  glabrous,  except  margin  ;  subterranean  pods, 
turgid,  hairy  ;  flower  late  summer  and  autumn.  Common. 

A.  Pftcheri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Like  the  preceding ;  but  leaflets  2'-4' 
long ;  calyx  3"  long,  teeth  acuminate ;  ovary  hairy  ;  subterranean  fruit 
rare.  W.  N.  Y.  to  111.,  Mo.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

46.  APIOS,    GROUNDNUT,    WILD   BEAN.      (Greek:   pear,    from 
the  shape  of  the  tubers.)     2/ 

A.  tuber6sa,  Moench.  Underground  shoots  bearing  strings  of  edible 
tubers  l'-2'  long ;  stems  slender,  rather  hairy ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate. 
Low  grounds. 

47.  PISUM,   PEA.     (The  old  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  the  Pea.)     ® 
(Lessons,  Figs.  34,  35.) 

P.  satlvum,  Linn.  COMMON  PEA.  Smooth  and  glaucous ;  stipules 
very  large,  leafy  ;  leaflets  commonly  2  pairs  ;  tendrils  branching;  pedun- 
cles with  2  or  more  large  flowers  ;  corolla  white,  bluish,  purple,  or  parti- 
colored ;  pods  rather  fleshy.  Cult,  from  the  Old  World. 

48.  LATHYRUS,    VETCHLING.       (Old    Greek    name.)      Flowers 
summer. 

*  Stem  and  petioles  wing -margined ;  leaflets  one  pair  ;  cult,  from  Eu.  for 
ornament. 

L.  odoratus,  Linn.  SWEET  PEA.  Stem  roughish-hairy ;  leaflets  oval 
or  oblong  ;  flowers  2  or  3  on  a  long  peduncle,  sweet-scented,  white,  with 
the  standard  rose-color,  or  purple,  with  various  varieties,  (f)  (Lessons, 
Fig.  393.) 


PULSE  FAMILY.  137 

L.  fatifdffus,  Linn.  EVERLASTING  PEA,  PERENNIAL  PEA.  Smooth, 
climbing  high ;  stems  broadly  winged ;  leaflets  oval,  with  parallel  veins 
very  conspicuous  beneath  ;  flowers  numerous  in  a  long-peduncled  raceme, 
pink-purple  ;  also  a  white  variety  ;  scentless.  2/ 

*  *  Stems  wingless  or  merely  margined ;  leaflets  2-8  pairs ;  native.     2Z 

•»-  Stipules  large  and  broad. 

L.  marltimus,  Bigel.  BEACH  PEA.  1°  high,  leafy,  smooth ;  stipules 
broadly  ovate,  hastate;  leaflets  oval,  crowded;  peduncle  bearing  6-10 
rather  large  purple  flowers.  Sea-shore  N.  J.  N.,  and  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

L.  ochroleucus,  Hook.  Stems  slender,  l°-3°  high  ;  leaflets  glaucous, 
thin,  ovate,  or  oval,  twice  larger  than  the  semi-cordate  stipules  ;  peduncles 
with  7-10  rather  small  yellowish-white  flowers.  Hillsides  and  banks  N. 

•*-  -i-  Stipules  narrow,  semi-sagittate,  acuminate. 

L.  vendsus,  Muhl.  Climbing;  leaflets  8-12,  scattered,  ovate,  or  ob- 
long, often  downy  beneath;  peduncles  bearing  many  purple  flowers. 
Shady  banks  W.  and  S. 

L.  pahistris,  Linn.  Slender,  l°-2°  high ;  stems  margined  or  slightly 
winged  ;  leaflets  4-8,  linear  to  oblong ;  peduncles  with  2-6  rather  small 
purple  flowers.  Wet  grounds  N.  and  W. 

Var.  myrtif6lius,  Gray.  Climbing  2°-4°  high;  leaflets  oblong  or 
oval ;  upper  stipules  larger  and  more  leaf-like ;  flowers  paler.  Same 
range,  and  S.  to  N.  C. 

49.   VICIA,  VETCH,  TARE.     (The  old  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

*  Flowers  several  or  many,  on  a  slender  peduncle,  in  spring  or  summer ; 

pod  several- seeded  ;  wild  species  in  low  ground,  l°-4°  high.     % 

-i-  Peduncle  ^-B-Jlowered  ;  plant  smooth. 

V.  Americana,  Muhl.  Leaflets  10-14,  oblong,  very  blunt,  veiny; 
flowers  purplish,  over  $'  long.  Common  N.  and  W. 

•*-  •*-  Peduncle  bearing  very  many  small,  soon  reflexed  flowers. 

V.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Smoothish ;  leaflets  8-24,  oblong,  blunt ; 
flowers  small,  white,  or  purplish-tipped,  rather  loose  in  the  slender 
raceme.  Can.  to  Ga.  and  W. 

V.  Cracca,  Linn.  Rather  downy  ;  leaflets  20-24,  lance-oblong,  mu- 
cronate-pointed ;  spike  dense ;  flowers  blue  (nearly  £'  long),  turning 
purple.  Only  N.  and  W. 

*  *  Flowers  1-5  on  a  slender  peduncle,  in  summer  or  spring,  very  small; 
leaflets  oblong -linear,  4-8  pairs;  pod  oblong,  only  2-4-seeded;  slender 
and  delicate  European  annuals  in  fields  and  waste  places,  N.  E. 
coast. 

V.  tetrasperma,  Linn.  Leaflets  blunt ;  corolla  whitish ;  pod  4-seeded, 
smooth. 

If.  hirsuta,  Koch.  Leaflets  truncate  ;  corolla  bluish ;  pod  2-seeded, 
hairy. 

*  *  *  Flowers  1-2,  sessile,  or  on  peduncles  shorter  than  leaves,  pretty 

large  ;  pod  several-seeded  ;  stem  simple,  loic,  not  climbing.     ® 

V.  sativa,  Linn.  COMMON  VETCH  or  TARE.  Somewhat  hairy  ;  leaflets 
10-14,  oblong  or  obovate  to  linear,  apex  notched  and  mucronate  ;  flowers 
mostly  in  pairs  and  sessile,  violet-purple ;  seeds  tumid.  Eu.  Nat.  N. 
Cult,  for  stock. 

V.  micrantha,  Nutt.  Smooth ;  leaflets  linear,  obtuse,  4-6 ;  flowers 
minute,  pale  blue  ;  seeds  black.  N.  Ala.,  W. 


138  PULSE   FAMILY. 

50.  LENS,  LENTIL.     (Classical  Latin  name.     The  shape  of  the  seed 
gave  the  name  to  the  glass  lens  for  magnifying.)     <D 

L.  esculenta,  Moench.  COMMON  LENTIL  of  Europe,  cult,  for  fodder 
and  for  the  seeds,  but  rarely  with  us  ;  slender  plant,  barely  1°  high,  re- 
sembling a  Vetch,  with  several  pairs  of  oblong  leaflets  (£'  long),  2  or  3 
small,  white,  or  purplish  flowers  on  a  slender  peduncle,  and  a  small  broad 
pod,  containing  2  orbicular  sharp-edged  (lens-shaped)  seeds. 

51.  CICER,  CHICK-PEA.     (An  old  Latin  name  for  the  Vetch.)     <f) 

C.  arietlnum,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  of  the  Old  World,  called  COFFEE 
PEA  at  the  West,  there  cult,  for  its  seeds,  which  are  used  for  coffee; 
their  shape  gave  the  specific  name,  being  likened  to  the  head  of  a  sheep ; 
plant  9'-20'  high,  covered  with  soft,  glandular,  acid  hairs ;  leaves  of  8- 
12  wedge-obovate  serrate  leaflets ;  peduncle  bearing  1  small  whitish 
flower,  succeeded  by  the  turgid  small  pod. 

52.  CERCIS,   REDBUD,    JUDAS    TREE.      (Ancient  name  of    the 
Judas  tree.) 

C.  Canad^nsis,  Linn.  AMERICAN  REDBUD.  A  small  handsome 
tree,  ornamental  in  spring,  when  the  naked  branches  are  covered  with 
the  small  but  very  numerous  pinkish-red  flowers  ;  leaves  round,  cordate- 
pointed,  the  basal  sinus  very  broad  and  shallow ;  pods  scarcely  stalked 
in  the  calyx.  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W. 

C.  Chinensis,  Bunge  (or  C.  JAp6mcA),  a  bushy  grower,  native  to  China 
and  possibly  to  Japan,  has  more  glossy  leaves  with  a  sharper  point  and 
a  narrow,  deep  basal  sinus,  and  larger  rosy-pink  flowers.  Scarcely  hardy 
in  Northern  States. 

53.  CASSIA,  SENNA.     (Ancient  name  of  obscure  meaning.)    Flowers 
summer. 

*  Smooth  herbs;   leaflets  rather  large;   stipules  deciduous;  flowers   in 
short  axillary  racemes  or  crowded  in  a  panicle ;  stamens  10,  unequal ; 
some  of  the  upper  anthers  imperfect. 

C.  Marilandica,  Linn.  WILD  SENNA.  3°-4°  high  ;  leaflets  6-9  pairs, 
narrow-oblong,  blunt,  and  mucronate ;  petiole  with  a  club-shaped  gland 
near  the  base ;  petals  bright  yellow,  often  turning  whitish  when  old ; 
anthers  blackish ;  pods  linear,  flat  (at  first  hairy) .  ^  New  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

C.  Tdra,  Linn.  Leaflets  2  or  3  pairs,  obovate,  a  pointed  gland  between 
the  lowest :  flowers  pale,  in  pairs,  and  pods  slender,  curved,  6'-10'  long. 
®  From  Va.,  S.,  and  Ind.  S.  W. 

C.  occidentalis,  Linn.  l°-5°  high ;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  lance-ovate, 
acute,  a  globular  gland  on  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  pods  narrow-linear, 
smooth,  6'  long.  ®  Va.  and  Ind.,  S.  Nat.  from  S.  A. 

*  *    Low  and  spreading,  smooth  or  roughish  hairy  herbs ;  stipules  per- 
sistent,   striate;    leaflets    10-20  pairs,   small    linear-oblong,   oblique, 
or  unequal-sided,  somewhat  sensitive,  closing  when  roughly  brushed; 
a  cup-shaped  gland  below  the  lowest  pair  ;  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils. 

C.  Chameecriata,  Linn.  PARTRIDGE  PEA.  Flowers  pretty  large, 
showy,  on  slender  pedicels ;  petals  often  purple-spotted  at  base  ;  style 
slender ;  stamens  10,  unequal ;  4  anthers  yellow,  the  others  purple. 
Sandy  fields.  ® 

C.  nictitana,  Linn.  WILD  SENSITIVE  PLANT.  Flowers  small,  on 
very  short  pedicels,  with  short  style  ;  anthers  5,  nearly  equal.  (I)  New 
Eng.,  S.  and  W. 


PULSE   FAMILY.  139 

54.  CJESALPINIA.     (For  the  early  Italian  botanist,  Coesalpinus.) 

C.  pulcherrima,   Swartz.     BARBADOES  FLOWER  FENCE.     Small  tree, 
prickly  ;  leaves  twice-pinnate ;  leaflets  numerous,  oblong,  notched  at  the 
end ;   racemes  terminal,  open  ;   flowers  large  and  showy ;  petals  short-- 
clawed, broad,  jagged-edged,  1'  long,  reddish  orange  ;  filaments  crimson, 
3'  long.    Trop.  Africa.    Cult,  in  some  conservatories  ;  planted  S. 

55.  GYMNOCLADUS,   KENTUCKY    COFFEE   TREE.       (Greek: 
naked  branch,  referring  to  the  stout  branches  destitute  of  spray.) 

G.  Canadensis.  Lam.  Bark  rough ;  leaves  twice-pinnate,  2°  or  3° 
long,  each  partial  leafstalk  bearing  7-13  ovate  stalked  leaflets,  except  the 
lowest  pair,  which  are  single  leaflets  (2'-3'  long)  ;  the  leaflets  standing 
edgewise  ;  flowers  in  early  summer ;  ripening  in  late  autumn ;  large  thick- 
walled  pods,  5'-10'  long  and  lJ'-2'  wide ;  seeds  bony,  over  £'  across. 
W.  N.  Y.  S.,  and  especially  W. 

56.  GLEDITSCHIA,    HONEY  LOCUST.      (For  the  early  German 
botanist,  Gleditsch.)     Flowers  early  summer,  inconspicuous  ;  pods  rip- 
ening late  in  autumn.      Thorns  simple  or  compound ;  those  on  the 
branchlets  are  above  the  axils. 

G.  triacanthos,  Linn.  A  rather  tall  tree,  with  light  foliage  ;  thorns  large 
(sometimes  wanting),  often  very  compound,  flattish  at  the  base  and  taper- 
ing ;  leaflets  small,  lance-oblong ;  pods  linear,  flat,  9'-20'long,  often  twisted 
or  curved.  Rich  soil  from  W.  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.  (Lessons,  Figs.  95,  160.) 

G.  aquatica,  Marsh.  WATER  LOCUST.  Small  tree  ;  thorns  slender ; 
leaflets  ovate  or  oblong ;  pods  oval  1-seeded,  containing  no  pulp.  Swamps 
Mo.  to  S.  Ind.,  S.  C.  and  S. 

57.  MIMOSA,  SENSITIVE  PLANT.       (Greek:    a    mimic,   i.e.  the 

movements  imitating  an  animal  faculty.)     (Lessons,  Fig.  490.) 

M.  pudica,  Linn.  COMMON  S.  Beset  with  spreading  bristly  hairs  and 
somewhat  prickly  ;  leaves  very  sensitive  to  the  touch,  of  very  numerous 
linear  leaflets  on  2  pairs  of  branches  of  the  common  petiole,  crowded  on 
its  apex,  so  as  to  appear  digitate  ;  flowers  in  slender-peduncled  heads,  in 
summer.  Cult,  from  South  America.  ® 

58.  SCHRANKIA,  SENSITIVE  BRIER.     (For  a  German  botanist, 
Schrank.}     Two  species  wild  in  dry  sandy  soil,  S.  and  W.,  spreading 
on  the  ground,  appearing  much  alike,  with  leaves  closing  like  the  Sen- 
sitive Plant,  but  only  under  ruder  handling  ;  flowers  in  globular  heads 
on  axillary  peduncles,  in  summer.     2Z 

S.  uncinata,  Willd.  Stems,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  oblong-linear 
short-pointed  pods  beset  with  rather  stout,  hooked  prickles ;  leaflets  ellip- 
tical, reticulated  with  strong  veins  underneath. 

S.  angustata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Prickles  scattered,  weaker,  and  less 
hooked  ;  leaflets  oblong-linear,  not  reticulated ;  pods  slender,  taper-pointed. 

59.  DESMANTHTJS.     (Greek:  bond,  flower;  the  flowers  are  crowded 
in  a  head.) 

D.  brachylobus,  Benth.    Nearly  smooth,  l°-4°  high,  erect;  partial 
petioles  6-15  pairs,  each  bearing  20-30  pairs  of  very  small,  narrow  leaf- 
lets ;   one  or  more  glands  on  the  main  petiole ;  small  heads  of  whitish 
flowers,  followed  by  short  2-6  seeded  pods  ;  stamens  5.     ^     Prairies 
from  Ind.  S.  and  W. 


140  PULSE   FAMILY. 

60.  ALBIZZIA,  SILK  FLOWER.     (Named  for  an  Italian  botanist.) 

A.  Julibrissin,  Durazz.  SILK-FLOWER  or  SILK  TREE.  Planted  S.  ; 
small  tree  ;  leaves  of  8-12  pairs  of  partial  petioles,  each  with  about  60 
'oblong,  acute  leaflets,  which  appear  as  if  halved  ;  panicled  heads  of  rather 
large,  pale,  rose-purple  flowers ;  filaments  conspicuous,  long,  and  lus- 
trous, like  silky  threads  in  tufts  (giving  the  popular  name);  pod  5'-6' 
long,  oblong-linear,  very  flat  and  thin.  Asia. 

A,  loph&ntha,  Benth.  A  greenhouse  shrub ;  leaves  with  8-10  pairs  of 
partial  petioles,  each  with  50-60  linear  bluntish  leaflets  ;  flowers  yellow. 
New  Holland. 

61.  ACACIA.     (Ancient  name  of  Acacia  trees.)    No  native  species 
north  of  Texas.    The  following  are  cult,  in  conservatories  N.,  and  one 
of  them  planted  or  run  wild  far  S. 

§  1.    Leaves  twice  pinnate,  of  very  numerous  small  leaflets. 

A.  dealbata,  Link.  A  fast-growing  small  tree,  not  prickly  nor  thorny, 
pale  or  whitened  with  minute  obscure  down  or  mealiness  ;  leaves  of  10-25 
pairs  of  partial  petioles  (a  little  gland  on  the  main  petiole  between  each 
pair),  and  very  many  pairs  of  closely  set,  minute,  linear  leaflets  ;  flowers 
bright  yellow  in  globular  heads  in  an  ample  very  open  raceme  or  panicle, 
odorous.  Australia. 

A.  Farnesiana,  Willd.  OPOPANAX.  Native  of  South  America  ;  naturalized 
along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  sometimes  cult.  ;  a  nearly  smooth  shrub,  with 
pairs  of  short  prickles  along  the  branches,  small  linear  leaflets,  small 
heads,  on  short  peduncles  (2  or  3  together)  of  yellow,  very  sweet-scented 
flowers,  used  by  the  perfumers.  The  plant  also  yields  gum.  Pod  thick, 
pulpy  or  pithy  within. 

§  2.  Only  the  leaves  of  the  seedling  twice-pinnate ;  the  rest  simple  and 
entire  mostly  blade-like  petioles  (phyllodia,  Lessons,  p.  61),  standing 
edgewise,  but  otherwise  imitating  rigid  simple  leaves.  Chiefly  Australia. 

*  Leaves  short,  and  with  only  a  central  nerve  or  midrib. 

*- Linear  awl-shaped  or  almost  needle-shaped,  prickly-tipped,  small,  about 
¥  long. 

A.  juniperlna,  Willd.  Rigid  bushy  shrub ;  leaves  scattered  ;  flowers  in 
single,  small,  round  heads. 

A.  verticillata,  Willd.  Spreading  shrub  or  low  tree;  leaves  crowded 
more  or  less  in  whorls  of  5-8  or  more ;  flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes. 

t-  H-  Obliquely  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  broader,  not  prickly-tipped. 

A.  armata,  R.  Br.  Tall-growing  shrub  ;  branches  usually  hairy  ;  stip- 
ules conspicuous,  prickle-like  ;  leaves  mostly  blunt,  half- ovate,  oblong  or 
incurved-lanceolate,  with  somewhat  wavy  margins,  feather-veined,  not 
over  1'  long  ;  flowers  in  round  heads. 

A.  vestlta,  Ker.  Tall-growing  shrub,  soft-downy  ;  branches  drooping; 
leaves  pale,  obliquely  wedge-ovate  or  obovate  and  curved,  bristle-pointed  ; 
small,  globular  heads  of  flowers  in  racemes. 

*  *  Leaves  3'-6'  or  more  long,  pointless,  with  2-5  parallel  nerves,  or  when 
very  narrow  only  1-nerved ;  flowers  in  slender,  loose,  or  interrupted  axil- 
lary spikes. 

A.  longifdlia,  Willd.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  smooth  ;  branches  angular  ; 
leaves  from  lance-oblong  to  linear,  greatly  varying,  2-5-nerved,  often 
faintly  veiny  between  the  nerves. 

A.  linearis,  Sims.  Like  the  preceding,  but  leaves  (2'-10'  long)  very 
narrow-linear  and  with  only  one  obvious  nerve. 


ROSE  FAMILY.  141 


XXXVII.   ROSACES,  EOSE  FAMILY. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and 
regular  flowers,  with  usually  indefinite  unconnected  stamens 
inserted  on  the  calyx,  one,  few,  or  many  simple  separate  pistils 
(except  in  the  division  to  which  the  Pear  belongs),  and  single, 
few,  or  occasionally  numerous  seeds ;  these  filled  with  a 
straight  embryo.  Calyx  usually  of  5  sepals,  but  sometimes 
reinforced  by  a  row  of  sepal-like  bracts  beneath.  Petals  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Destitute  of 
noxious  qualities  (excepting  the  bark,  leaves,  and  kernels  of 
some  Cherries,  the  Almond,  etc.),  and  furnishing  the  most 
important  fruits  of  temperate  climates,  as  well  as  the  queen  of 
flowers.  We  have  three  principal  great  divisions. 

I.  ALMOND  or  PLUM  SUBFAMILY ;  consists  of  trees 
or  shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  stipules  free  from  the  petiole 
(often  minute  or  early  deciduous,  so  that  there  may  appear  to 
be  none),  a  calyx  which  is   deciduous  after  flowering,  and  a 
single  pistil,  its  ovary  superior  and  tipped  with  a  slender  style 
(Lessons,  p.  95,  Fig.  271),  containing  a  pair  of  ovules,  and 
becoming  a  simple  drupe  or  stone-fruit.     (Lessons,  p.  120, 
Fig.  375.) 

1.  PRUNUS.    Calyx  with  a  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped  tube  and  5  spreading  lobes.    Petals 

5,  and  stamens  3-5  times  as  many,  or  indefinitely  numerous,  inserted  on  the  throat 
of  the  calyx.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color. 

II.  EOSE   SUBFAMILY    PROPER:   consists   of    herbs   or 
shrubs,  with  stipules  either  free  from  or  united  with  the  base 
of  the   petiole,  calyx   persisting  below  or  around  the  fruit, 
which  is  composed  of  sometimes  one,  but  commonly  several  or 
many  distinct  pistils. 

§  1.   Calyx  not  a  fleshy  tube  or  cup,  nor  closed  over  the  fruit. 

*  Ovaries  about  5  (2-12),  becoming  little  pods,  mostly  several-(\-W-)  seeded;  calyx  with 
only  5  or  rarely  4  lobes. 

2.  SPIRJ5A.    Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  stipules  sometimes  minute  or  obsolete, 

sometimes  conspicuous,  and  white  or  rose-purple,  sometimes  dioecious  flowers. 
Calyx  open  and  short,  mostly  5-cleft,  not  inclosing  the  pods.  Petals  equal,  com- 
monly broad.  Stamens  10-50.  Pods  not  inflated,  1-valved.  Seeds  linear. 

3.  PH  YSOCARPUS.    Shrubs,  differing  from  Spiraea  by  inflated  2-valved  pods,  and  round- 

ish seeds. 

4.  EXOCHORDA.    Shrubs  with  large  white  flowers,  5  bony  2-valved  carpels  joined  to  a 

common  axis,  each  with  one  large  flat  winged  seed. 


142  ROSE   FAMILY. 

5.  GILLENIA.    Herbs,  with  nearly  white  flowers  and  almost  sessile  leaves  of  3  leaflets. 

Calyx  narrow,  oblong,  5-toothed,  enclosing  the  5  pistils  (which  at  first  lightly  cohere 
in  a  mass)  and  the  little  pods.  Petals  rather  unequal,  lance-linear.  Stamens  10-20, 
not  projecting. 

*  *  Ovaries  few  or  many,  single-ovuled,  becoming  dry  akenes  in  fruit  above  the  open 

and  mostly  spreading  calyx  ;  stamens  numerous. 

+-  Pistils  few,  only  2-8. 

6.  KERRIA.    Shrub,  with  long  green  branches,  simple  and  coarsely  toothed  alternate 

leaves  and  yellow  flowers  terminating  the  branchlets  of  the  season.  Calyx  with  5 
somewhat  toothed  large  lobes.  Petals  5. 

7.  KHODOTYPOS.    Shrub,  with  large,  opposite  leaves.    Petals  4.    Sepals  large,  becom- 

ing leaf-like  in  fruit.    Akenes  as  large  as  peas,  jet-black  and  shining. 

8.  WALDSTEINIA.    Low  perennial  herbs,  with  chiefly  root-leaves,  either  lobed  or  com- 

pound, and  a  few  yellow  flowers  on  a  short  scape.  Calyx  with  a  top-shaped  tube  and 
5  spreading  lobes,  alternate  with  which  are  sometimes  5  minute  teeth  or  bractlets. 
Petals  obovate.  Styles  deciduous  by  a  joint. 

•«-  -i-  Pistils  numerous  and  heaped  in  a  head ;  calyx  (except  in  one,  Geum)  augmented 
with  additional  outer  lobes  or  bractlets  alternating  with  the  5 proper  lobes;  leaves 
mostly  compound. 

9.  GEUM.    Perennial  herbs.    Calyx  with  a  bell-shaped,  top-shaped,  or  hemispherical  tube 

or  cup.  Akenes  narrow,  or  tapering  to  the  base,  tipped  with  the  long  persistent 
style,  or  the  greater  portion  of  it,  in  the  form  of  a  naked  or  hairy  tail.  Seed  erect. 
Receptacle  dry,  conical,  or  cylindrical. 

10.  POTENTILLA.    Herbs,  or  one  species  shrubby.    Calyx  flat  or  widely  open.    Akenes 

small,  on  a  dry  receptacle,  from  which  they  at  length  fall. 

11.  FRAGAEIA.    Perennial,  small,  and  stemless  herbs,  producing  runners  after  flowering. 

Leaves  compound,  of  3  leaflets.  Calyx  open,  flat.  Styles  short  and  lateral. 
Akenes  naked,  small,  on  the  surface  of  an  enlarged  pulpy  edible  receptacle.  (Les- 
sons, p.  118,  Fig.  860,  and  p.  118,  Fig.  368.) 

*  *  *  Ovaries  several  or  many,  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  becoming  fleshy  or  pulpy  and  \-seeded, 
forming  a  head  or  cluster  above  the  flat  or  widely  open  simply  o-cleft  calyx ;  stamens 
numerous  ;  styles  short,  naked,  at  length  falling  off. 

12.  DALIBAEDA.    Very  low  perennial  tufted  herb,  with  simple,  rounded-heart-shaped 

or  kidney-shaped  root-leaves  and  1-2-flowered  scapes.  Calyx  of  5  or  even  6  unequal 
sepals.  Ovaries  5-10,  in  fruit  merely  fleshy,  becoming  almost  dry  and  bony. 
18.  EUBUS.  Perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants.  Ovaries  numerous,  in  fruit  pulpy  (berry- 
like,  or  more  properly  drupe-like,  the  inner  hard  part  answering  to  the  stone  of  a 
cherry  or  peach  on  a  small  scale),  crowded  on  the  dry  or  fleshy  receptacle.  (Lessons, 
p.  118,  Figs.  869,  870.) 

§  2.  Calyx  with  an  urn-shaped  dry  tube,  contracted  or  nearly  closed  at  the  mouth,  and 
inclosing  1-4  little  pistils  which  become  akenes.  Flowers  small;  petals  none 
except  in  Agrimonia. 

14.  ALCHEMILLA.    Low  herbs,  with  palmately  lobed  or  compound  leaves,  and  minute 

greenish  flowers,  in  clusters  or  corymbs.  Calyx  with  4  inner  and  4  outer  or  acces- 
sory spreading  lobes.  Petals  none.  Stamens  1-4.  Pistils  1-4,  with  lateral  styles. 

15.  AGRIMONIA.      Herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  slender 

terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  with  the  top-shaped  tube  beset  with  hooked 
bristles  just  below  the  5  green  lobes,  the  latter  closing  together  in  fruit.  Petals  5, 
commonly  yellow,  broad  and  spreading.  Stamens  5-15.  Pistils  2 ;  styles  terminal. 

16.  POTERIUM.    Herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white,  purple,  or  greenish  flowers 

(sometimes  dioecious)  in  dense  heads  or  spikes  on  long,  erect  peduncles.  Calyx  with 
a  short,  4-angled,  closed  tube,  surmounted  by  4  broad  and  petal-like  at  length  decid- 
nong  lobes.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4-12  or  more,  with  long  and  slender  projecting 
filaments.  Pistils  1-4  ;  the  terminal  styles  tipped  with  a  brush -like  or  tufted  stigma. 


ROSE   FAMILY.  143 

§3.   Calyx  with  an  urn-shaped  or  globose  fleshy  tube  or  "hip,"  contracted  at  the 
mouth,  inclosing  the  many  pistils  and  akenes.     Flowers  large  and  showy. 

17.  ROSA.     Shrubby,  mostly  prickly,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3-9  or  rarely  more  serrate 

leaflets,  stipules  united  -with  the  base  of  the  petiole,  and  flowers  single  or  in  corymbs 
terminating  leafy  branches.  Calyx  with  5  sometimes  leafy  lobes  which  are  often 
unequal  and  some  of  them  toothed  or  pinnately  lobed.  Petals  5,  or  more  in  cultiva- 
tion, broad,  inserted  along  with  the  many  stamens  at  the  mouth  of  the  calyx  tube. 
Pistils  numerous,  with  terminal  styles,  and  one-ovuled  ovaries,  becoming  hard  or 
bony  akenes,  inclosed  in  the  tube  or  cup  of  the  calyx,  which  in  fruit  becomes  pulpy 
and  imitates  a  berry  or  pome.  (Lessons,  p.  113,  Fig.  861.) 

III.  PEAR  SUBFAMILY.  Consists  of  shrubs  or  trees, 
with  •stipules  free  from  the  petiole  (often  minute  or  early 
deciduous)  ;  the  thick-walled  calyx-tube  becoming  fleshy  or 
pulpy  and  consolidated  with  the  2-5  ovaries  to  form  a  com- 
pound pistil  and  the  kind  of  fruit  called  a  pome.  (Lessons, 
p.  119,  Fig.  374.)  Lobes  of  the  calyx  and  petals  5.  Stamens 
numerous,  or  rarely  only  10-15. 

*  Fruit  drupe-like  ;  the  seeds  solitary  in  a  hard  stone  or  stones. 

18.  CBAT^EGUS.    Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  thorny  branches  and  flowers  in  corymbs 

or  cymes,  or  sometimes  solitary,  terminating  the  branchlets ;  the  leaves  lobed  or 
serrate.  Styles  2-5  (or  rarely  1) ;  ovary  of  as  many  2-ovuled  cells.  Fruit  with  a 
stone  of  2-6  (rarely  single)  1-seeded  cells  or  carpels,  more  or  less  cohering  with  each 
other. 

19.  COTONEASTEE.  Shrubs  (exotic),  usually  low,  with  the  small  coriaceous  leaves  entire 

and  whitish-downy  underneath,  small  clustered  flowers,  and  the  calyx  white-woolly 
outside.  Styles  2-5.  Fruit  small,  the  pulpy  cajyx-tube  containing  2-5  little  seed- 
like,  hard  stones. 

»  »  Fruit  with  thin  and  cartilaginous  or  papery  ^-several-seeded  carpels  in  the  pome. 
+-  Leaves  persistent. 

20.  PHOTINIA.    Trees  or  shrubs  (exotic),  not  thorny,  with  ample  evergreen  leaves. 

Flowers  corymbed.  Styles  2-5,  dilated  at  the  apex.  Fruit  berry-like,  the  2-6 
partitions  thin,  or  vanishing. 


21.  AMELANCHTEB.    Trees  or  shrubs,  not  thorny,  with  simple  leaves,  racemed  flowers, 

and  narrow  white  petals.  Styles  5,  united  below.  Ovary  of  5  two-ovuled  cells,  but 
each  cell  soon  divided  more  or  less  by  a  projection  or  growth  from  its  back,  making 
the  berry-like  fruit  10-ceUed. 

22.  PTEUS.    Trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  rather  thorny,  with  various  foliage,  and  flowers 

in  cymes,  corymbs,  or  rarely  solitary.  Styles  2-5.  Ovary  of  2-5  two-ovuled  (or  in 
cultivated  species,  and  in  Cydonia,  several-ovuled)  cells,  which  are  thin  and  papery 
or  cartilaginous  in  fruit  in  the  fleshy  or  pulpy  calyx  tube. 

1.  PRUNT7S,  PLUM,  PEACH,  CHERRY,  etc.  (The  ancient  Latin  name 
of  the  Plum.)     Shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  with  early  and  showy  flowers. 

§  1.  ALMONDS,  etc.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  twos  or  threes,  usually  very 
early,  sessile,  or  short- stalked;  leaves  folded  together  lengthwise  (con- 
duplicate}  in  the  bud  ;  fruit  pubescent  (or  rarely  smooth}  at  maturity, 
the  stone  compressed  and  thick-walled,  more  or  less  deeply  wrinkled  and 

P        '  *  Shrubs  known  as  Flowering  Almonds. 

P.  Japdnica,  Thunb.    COMMON  FLOWERING  ALMOND.    Cult,  from  China 
and  Japan  ;  a  low  shrub,  with  handsome  blush  or  rose-colored  double  or 


144  ROSE   FAMILY. 

semi-double  (very  rarely  single)  flowers,  usually  in  twos  or  threes,  on 
stalks  about  an  inch  long,  appearing  with  the  leaves  ;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate, smooth,  finely  serrate.  Generally,  but  erroneously,  called  P.  NANA 
in  gardens. 

P.  trfloba,  Lindl.  FLOWERING  ALMOND.  Cult,  from  China  ;  bush  with 
nearly  sessile,  usually  very  double  (rarely  semi-double)  flowers,  pink  or 
rose-colored,  borne  singly  and  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  the  latter 
broadly  ovate  or  obovate,  and  rather  abruptly  pointed,  slightly  hairy, 
coarsely  toothed  or  even  jagged  above,  sometimes  obscurely  three-lobed. 

*  *  Small  trees,  bearing  fruit  of  commercial  value. 

P.  Amygdalus,  BaihV  The  COMMON  ALMOND.  Cult,  from  the  Orient; 
tree  10°  to  20°  high,  with  large  sessile  flowers,  which  appear  before  the 
leaves  and  persist  for  many  days  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  firm,  and  very' closely 
serrate  ;  fruit  with  a  dry  flesh,  which  finally  splits  away,  freeing  the  large 
softish  stone,  which  is  the  Almond  of  commerce. 

P.  Persica,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  PEACH.  From  China  ;  differs  from  the  last 
in  its  thinner,  broader,  and  more  coarsely  serrate  leaves  and  thick- fleshed, 
edible  fruit,  and  mostly  smaller,  harder,  and  more  deeply  marked  stone. 
Var.  necturlna,  Maxim.  The  NECTARINE.  Has  a  smooth  fruit,  usually 
smaller.  Var.  platycdrpa  is  the  PEEN-TO  or  FLAT  PEACH  of  the  S. 

P.  Simdnii,  Carr.  SIMON  or  APRICOT  PLUM.  Small,  fastigiate  tree 
from  China,  cult,  for  its  large,  depressed,  handsome  maroon-red  smooth 
fruits ;  flowers  pink-white,  very  short-stalked,  borne  singly  or  in  pairs 
before  the  leaves  appear ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  lance-obovate,  thick 
and  firm,  dull,  conduplicate,  closely  serrate  ;  flesh  of  the  very  firm  fruit 
yellow,  and  clinging  to  the  small  spongy-roughened  pit. 

§  2.  APRICOTS.  Flowers  much  as  in  §  1 ;  leaves  convolute  or  rolled  up 
in  the  bud ;  fruit  pubescent  or  smooth,  the  stone  compressed,  bearing 
one  prominent  margin,  and  either  smoothed  or  slightly  roughened. 

P.  Armenidca,  Linn.  COMMON  APRICOT.  Native  of  China  ;  flowers 
pink- white,  sessile  and  appearing  singly  before  the  leaves ;  the  latter 
varying  from  ovate  to  round-ovate,  prominently  pointed  and  toothed,  and 
long-stalked ;  fruit  ripening  (in  the  N.)  in  July  and  August,  smooth,  the 
large,  flat,  smooth  stone  nearly  or  quite  free.  The  BUSSIAN  APRICOT  is  a 
hardy  race  of  this. 

P.  dasyc6rpa,  Ehrh.  BLACK  or  PURPLE  APRICOT.  Small  tree,  much 
like  the  last,  but  the  flowers  prominently  stalked ;  the  leaves  thinner  and 
narrower,  with  smaller  serratures ;  fruit  dull  purple  and  fuzzy,  the  flesh 
clinging  to  the  thick,  scarcely  margined,  pubescent  stone.  Nativity 
unknown. 

§  3.  PLUMS,  etc.  Flowers  stalked  in  umbel-like  f asides,  appearing  either 
before  or  with  the  leaves ;  leaves  either  conduplicate  or  convolute  in  the 
bud;  fruit  more  or  less  globular  and  covered  with  a  bloom,  smooth,  with 
a  compressed  mostly  smooth  stone. 

*  Small  trees  ;  PLUMS. 
-t-  Exotic  or  foreign  species. 

P.  spindsa,  Linn.  Alow  and  spreading,  thorny,  European  tree,  appear- 
ing in  this  country  chiefly  in  the  double-flowered  variety  ;  flowers  borne 
singly  or  in  pairs  (rarely  in  3's),  very  small  as  compared  with  the  garden 
Plum ;  leaves  small  and  mostly  obovate  and  obtuse  (or  in  some  forms 
very  blunt-pointed),  finely  and  doubly  serrate,  rugose,  and  more  or  less 
hairy  beneath  ;  fruit  small  and  round,  purple,  scarcely  edible. 

P.  domestica,  Linn.  COMMON  PLUM.  Probably  Asian  ;  flowers  showy 
(white),  more  or  less  fascicled ;  leaves  large,  ovate,  or  obovate  usually, 


ROSE    FAMILY.  145 

firm  and  thick  in  texture,  very  rugose,  usually  pubescent  beneath, 
coarsely  serrate  ;  shoots  usually  downy ;  fruit  very  various,  of  many 
shapes  and  flavors,  but  mostly  globular-pointed  or  oblong,  the  stone  large 
and  slightly  roughened  or  pitted.  Perhaps  derived  from  the  last. 

P.  cerasifera,  Ehrh.  MYROBALAN  or  CHERRY  PLUM.  Differs  from 
the  last  in  a  more  slender  habit,  often  thorny  ;  flowers  mostly  smaller ; 
leaves  smaller,  thin,  smooth,  and  finely  and  closely  serrate ;  fruit  globu- 
lar and  cherry-like,  ranging  from  the  size  of  a  large  cherry  to  over  an 
inch  in  diameter,  with  a  depression  about  the  stem,  in  various  shades  of 
red  or  yellow.  Much  used  for  stocks,  and  rarely  grown  for  its  fruit. 
Perhaps  a  derivative  of  P.  spinosa.  Var.  PISSARDI  is  a  form  with  purple 
leaves  and  purple-fleshed  fruit. 

P.  trifldra,  Roxb.  JAPANESE  PLUM.  Strong  growing  tree,  recently 
imported  from  Japan  (native  to  China  ?)  in  several  varieties ;  flowers 
usually  densely  fascicled  ;  leaves  and  shoots  smooth  and  hard,  the  former 
obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  prominently  pointed,  and  finely  and  evenly 
serrate  ;  fruit  usually  conspicuously  pointed,  red,  yellow,  or  purple,  with 
a  very  firm  flesh  and  commonly  a  small  stone. 

-»-  •«-  Native  species. 

P.  umbellata,  Ell.  Small  bushy  tree  of  the  S.  States;  flowers  ap- 
pearing with  the  leaves,  2  or  3  or  more  together  on  slender  pedicels  nearly 
an  inch  long,  rather  large,  white  ;  leaves  smallish,  ovate,  or  slightly  obo- 
vate, or  sometimes  short-oblong,  thin  and  dull,  closely  and  evenly  ser- 
rate ;  fruit  about  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  yellow,  or  reddish, 
the  flesh  firm  and  austere ;  stone  short  and  turgid,  cherry-like.  Often 
called  HOG  PLUM. 

P.  Americana.  Marsh.  COMMON  WILD  PLUM.  A  spreading,  ragged, 
often  thorny,  small  tree,  growing  along  streams  and  in  copses  from  W. 
New  England  to  Col.  and  Tex. ;  flowers  large  and  white  on  slender 
pedicels,  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves ;  the  latter  large,  obovate, 
abruptly  pointed  and  coarsely  toothed  or  even  jagged  above,  very  coarsely 
vsined,  never  glossy  or  shining;  fruit  more  or  less  flattened  upon  the 
sides,  firm  and  meaty,  the  skin  tough  and  glaucous  and  never  glossy,  dull 
yellow  variously  splashed  or  overlaid  with  dull  red  ;  stone  large  and  usu- 
ally flattened,  mostly  nearly  smooth  and  distinctly  margined.  Many 
varieties  in  cultivation  for  their  fruits. 

P.  hortulana,  Bailey.  WILD  GOOSE  PLUM.  Strong,  wide-spreading, 
small  trees  with  smooth  straight  twigs  and  a  peach-like  habit,  wild  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley;  flowers  rather  small,  often  very  short-stalked  ;  leaves 
narrow-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  thin  and  firm,  flat,  more  or  less  peach- 
like,  smooth  and  usually  shining,  closely  and  obtusely  glandular-serrate ; 
fruit  spherical,  bright  colored  and  glossy  (lemon-yellow  or  brilliant  red), 
the  bloom  very  thin,  juicy,  with  a  clinging,  turgid,  and  roughish,  small, 
pointed  stone.  Many  varieties  in  cultivation. 

P.  Chicasa,  Michx.  (more  properly  P.  ANGUSTIFOLIA).  CHICKASAW 
PLUM,  MOUNTAIN  CHERRY.  Smaller  tree  than  the  last,  with  slender, 
zigzag,  red  twigs  and  smaller,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  leaves 
which  are  very  closely  and  finely  serrate,  shining,  and  conduplicate  or 
trough-like  in  habit ;  fruit  small  and  very  early,  red  or  rarely  yellow,  the 
skin  thin  and  shining,  and  covered  with  many  small  light  dots  and  a  very 
thin  bloom ;  the  flesh  soft  and  juicy,  often  stringy,  closely  adherent  to 
the  small,  broad,  roughish  stone.  Wild  from  Del.  S.  &  W.,  and  also 
cultivated.  **  Shrub;  BEACH  PLUM. 

P.   maritima,  Wang.      A  straggling,  more  or  less  decumbent  bush 

*rom  3  to  12  feet  high,  growing  in  the  sand  on  the  seashore  ;  flowers 

small  and  pediceled,  opening  slightly  in  advance  of  the  leaves  ;  the  latter 

oval,  thick  and  heavily  veined,  finely  but  sharply  serrate,  becoming  nearly 

GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  HOT.  — 10 


146  ROSE   FAMILY. 

smooth ;  fruits  a  half  inch  in  diameter,  deep  dull  purple,  and  very 
glaucous,  with  a  tough  skin  and  usually  acerb  flesh ;  stone  cherry-like, 
but  distinctly  margined,  entirely  free  from  the  flesh.  Cult,  sparingly  for 
ornament  and  for  fruit. 

§  4.  FASCICLED  CHERRIES,  EDIBLE.  Flowers  usually  fascicled  or  umbel- 
late, stalked,  usually  appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  latter  conduplicate 
in  the  bud  ;  fruit  small  and  mostly  globular,  and  nearly  always  smooth 
and  destitute  of  bloom ;  the  stone  nearly  or  quite  spherical  and  mostly 

smooth'  *  Shrubs,  native. 

P.  pumila,  Linn.  DWARF  or  SAND  CHERRY.  A  straggling  shrub, 
usually  with  decumbent  base,  the  stronger  branches  erect,  the  plant 
finally  reaching  a  height,  perhaps,  of  6  or  8  feet;  flowers  small,  on 
slender  stalks,  with  the  leaves  somewhat  preceding  them  ;  leaves  long, 
oblanceolate,  thick  in  texture  and  veiny,  sharply  serrate  ;  fruit  mostly 
black,  the  size  of  a  small  Garden  Cherry,  varying  from  astringent  to  sweet. 
Along  rivers  and  coasts,  in  the  N.  States.  Cult,  for  fruit  and  flowers. 

P.  cuneata.  Eaf .  A  slender,  upright  shrub,  with  larger  flowers  and 
short-obovate  or  spatulate,  thin  leaves,  which  are  less  prominently  toothed. 
Grows  in  bogs  and  other  cool  land  in  the  N.  States. 

*  Small  trees. 
+-  Garden  or  exotic  cherries,  grown  only  for  ornament. 

P.  subhirtella,  Miq.  (or  P.  PENDULA)  .  EOSEBUD,  or  JAPANESE  WEEP- 
ING ROSE-FLOWERED  CHERRY.  A  handsome  tree,  with  tortuous  or 
weeping  branches,  and  very  early  rose-colored  flowers  in  simple  umbels 
on  slender  hairy  bractless  pedicels,  the  calyx  funnel-form  and  red  ;  petals 
obcordate,  notched ;  leaves  ovate  (or  oblong-ovate  on  strong  shoots) , 
veiny  and  slightly  hairy  below,  prominently  pointed  and  rather  coarsely 
sharp-toothed.  Japan. 

P.  Pseudo-Cerasus,  Lindl.  JAPANESE  FLOWERING  CHERRY.  A  strong 
tree  with  much  the  aspect  of  a  Sweet  Cherry ;  cult,  from  China  and 
Japan  for  its  very  large  and  pretty  rose-colored  double  (rarely  single) 
flowers,  which  are  borne  in  a  stalked  and  more  or  less  branching  umbel- 
like  cluster,  with  large  obovate,  jagged  bracts ;  leaves  large  and  veiny, 
dull,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  with  very  sharp  teeth  or  often  even 
jagged,  and  prominent  toothed  or  laciniate  stipules.  Var.  Siebbldi, 
Maxim.,  differing  in  having  the  young  growth  pubescent,  is  also  in 
cultivation. 

P.  semperfldrens,  Ehrh.  EVER-FLOWERING  or  ALL  SAINT'S  CHERRY.  A 
small  tree  with  leaves  like  the  Morello  Cherry  (those  on  the  flowering 
shoots  smaller  and  more  jagged),  but  producing  flowers  more  or  less  con- 
tinuously throughout  the  summer.  These  late  flowers  are  solitary,  with 
conspicuous,  glandular-serrate  calyx  lobes ;  fruit  small,  red,  and  sour. 
Probably  derived  from  the  next. 

•*-  •»-  Garden  or  exotic  cherries  grown  chiefly  for  fruit.     {Double-flowered 
forms  occur.) 

•w-  Flower-clusters  disposed  along  the  branches. 

P.  Cerasus.  Linn.  SOUR,  PIE,  MORELLO  and  EARLY  RICHMOND  CHER- 
RIES. GRIOTTES.  A  low-headed  tree,  with  spreading  grayish  branches ; 
flowers  in  small  clusters  from  lateral  buds,  mostly  in  advance  of  the 
leaves,  the  persistent  bud-scales  small ;  leaves  hard  and  stiff,  short-ovate 
or  ovate-obovate,  the  point  rather  abrupt,  smooth,  and  more  or  less 
glossy,  light  or  grayish  green ;  fruit  roundish,  red,  in  various  shades, 
tart.  NEu. 

P.  Avium,  Linn.  MAZZARD,  SWEET,  HEART  and  BIGARREAU  CHERRIES. 
GUIGNES  or  GEANS.  Taller,  with  a  more  erect  growth,  and  reddish  brown, 


ROSE  FAMILY.  147 

more  or  less  glossy  bark ;  flowers  usually  borne  in  dense  clusters  on 
lateral  spurs,  and  appearing  with  the  hairy  conduplicate  young  leaves, 
the  persistent  bud-scales  large  ;  leaves  mostly  oblong-ovate  and  gradually 
taper-pointed,  dull  and  soft,  hanging  limp  upon  the  young  growths, 
Birch-like  in  aspect;  fruit  sweet  (or  sometimes  sour,  as  in  May  Duke), 
yellow  or  red,  often  pointed.  Eu.  Often  escaped  into  woods. 

*+  +•<•  Flower-clusters  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

P.  Mah&leb,  Linn.  MAHALEB  CHERRY.  Slender  small  tree,  with  small, 
fragrant  flowers  in  terminal,  umbel-like  clusters  ;  leaves  bright  green, 
broadly  ovate  or  round-ovate  and  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  the  point 
short,  smooth  and  veiny,  the  margins  finely  and  obtusely  serrate  ;  fruits 
very  small,  dark  red,  austere.  Used  for  stocks  upon  which  to  propagate 
cherries,  and  occasionally  running  wild.  S.  Eu. 

*-+-+-  Native,  very  rarely  cultivated. 

P.  Fennsylv£nica,  Linn.  WILD  RED,  BIRD,  or  PIN  CHERRY.  Rocky 
woods  N.  ;  small  tree,  with  light,  red-brown  bark ;  oblong-lanceolate  and 
pointed  leaves,  smooth  and  green  both  sides,  their  margins  finely  and 
sharply  serrate  ;  small  flowers  on  long  pedicels  ;  and  light,  red,  sour  fruit, 
not  larger  than  peas. 

§  6.   RACEMED  CHERRIES.     Flowers  small,  in  distinct  racemes. 

•<-  Drooping  racemes  in  late  spring  or  early  summer,  terminating  leafy 
shoots  of  the  season. 

P.  serdtina,  Ehrh.  WILD  BLACK  CHERRY.  Tree  or  shrub,  westward 
becoming  a  good-sized  forest  tree,  with  bitter  aromatic  bark,  close-grained 
reddish  wood  valued  by  the  cabinet-maker ;  the  oblong  or  lance-oblong 
shining  leaves  of  thickish  or  firm  texture,  usually  taper-pointed,  serrate, 
with  incurved,  short,  callous  teeth  ;  flowers  in  long  racemes,  considerably 
later  than  the  next ;  purplish-black,  bitterish,  vinous  fruit,  ripening  hi 
autumn  or  late  summer. 

P.  Virginiana,  Linn.  CHOKE  CHERRY.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  with 
grayish  bark,  oval-oblong  or  obovate  and  abruptly  pointed  thin  leaves, 
very  sharply  serrate  with  slender  projecting  teeth;  flowers  in  shorter 
and  closer  racemes,  in  spring ;  the  fruit  ripe  in  summer,  red,  turning 
dark  crimson  ;  astringent,  but  edible  when  fully  ripe ;  the  stone  smooth. 

P.  Padus,  Linn.  SMALL  BIRD  CHERRY  of  Eu.,  is  occasionally  planted  ; 
resembles  the  last ;  has  longer  and  looser,  often  drooping  racemes,  which 
are  a  week  later  and  usually  more  leafy,  and  a  roughened  stone. 

•t-  -•-  Erect  racemes  in  early  spring,  from  the  axils  of  evergreen  leaves. 

P.  Caroliniana,  Ait.  CAROLINA  LADREL  CHERRY,  also  called  MOCK 
ORANGE  at  the  South,  probably  from  the  coriaceous,  smooth,  and  glossy 
leaves,  which  are  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  with  a  few  sharp  and 
appressed  teeth,  longer  than  the  racemes,  the  calyx  as  well  as  petals 
white  ;  small  fruit,  black  and  bitter,  becoming  dry.  Ornamental  small  tree. 

2.   SPIRAEA,   SPIRAEA,    MEADOWSWEET,    etc.       (Greek:    twist, 
referring  to  a  peculiarity  of  the  pods  of  one  species.)     All  hardy  shrubs 
or  perennial  herbs  ;  flower  late  spring  and  summer. 
§  1.    Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves. 
*  Native  species,  but  the  last  common  in  gardens. 

S.  betulifdlia,  Pall.,  var.  corymbdsa,  Wats.  From  S.  Penn.  S.  and 
W.,  not  common  ;  shrub  l°-2°  high,  smooth',  with  oval  leaves,  cut-toothed 
towards  the  apex  ;  and  white  flowers,  in  a  flat,  compound  corymb. 


148  KOSE  FAMILY. 

S.  toment6sa,  Linn.  HARDHACK  or  STEEPLE  BUSH.  Common  in  low 
grounds ;  2°-3°  high  ;  hoary-downy,  except  the  upper  face  of  the  ovate  or 
oblong,  serrate,  small  leaves ;  the  rose-purple  or  white  flowers  crowded  in 
a  very  dense  terminal  panicle  ;  pistils  downy. 

S.  salicifdlia.  Linn.  COMMOX  MEADOWSWEET.  Common  in  wet 
grounds,  also  in  old  gardens ;  shrub  2°-3°  high,  bushy,  smooth,  with 
wedge-lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves,  simply  or  doubly  serrate,  and  white 
or  barely  flesh-colored  flowers  in  a  crowded  panicle. 

»  *  Cultivated  for  ornament,  exotic  or  W.  North  American. 

••-  Flowers  in  close  or  spike-like  clusters  collected  in  a  close  and  narrow  or 
spike-like  terminal  panicle,  pink-purple. 

S.  Dougldsif,  Hook.  DOUGLAS'S  MEADOWSWEET.  Cult,  from  Ore. 
and  Cal.;  resembles  our  wild  Hardback  (S.  tomentosa),  but  has  longer, 
usually  lance-oblong  and  very  blunt  leaves,  rather  whiter  beneath,  and 
deeper  pink  flowers  with  smooth  pistils.  S.  NOBLEANA  is  a  form  of  this, 
with  smoother  leaves  and  broader  clusters. 

•i-  •«-  Flowers  in  compound  corymbs  or  broad  panicles. 

S.  Japdnica,  Linn.  (Known  also  as  S.  CALL6SA  and  S.  FORTUNEI). 
From  Japan  and  China  ;  shrub  3°-6°  high,  smoothish,  with  lance-oblong 
and  taper-pointed,  unequally  and  very  sharply  serrate  leaves ;  branches 
terminated  by  clustered,  pubescent,  dense  corymbs  or  cymes  of  deep  pink 
flowers;  10  glands  at  the  mouth  of  the  calyx;  the  pistils  smooth. 
Common.  S.  PANICULATA  of  gardens  is  a  form  with  more  panicled 
inflorescence. 

S.  disco/or,  Pursh.,  var.  ariaefblia,  Wats.  Tall  shrub  from  Ore., 
with  slender  branches,  terminated  by  a  very  large  and  light  or  drooping 
decompound  panicle  of  small,  yellowish-white  flowers  ;  the  leaves  round- 
ish-ovate, very  obtuse,  thin,  cut  on  each  side  into  4  or  5  blunt  and  toothed 
lobes,  sometimes  almost  pinnatifid,  soft-downy,  at  least  beneath. 

•*-  ••-  -i-  Flowers  in  simple,  often  umbel-like  corymbs  terminating  leafy 
shoots  of  the  season  ;  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia  ;  petals  white  (except 
the  first  species.) 

S.  bella,  Sims,  from  Nepal ;  a  low  shrub,  with  ovate,  acute  and  merely 
sharply  serrate  leaves,  whitish-downy  beneath,  the  simple  corymbs  some- 
times clustered,  and  rose-pink  flowers. 

S.  rotundifolia,  Lindl.,  from  India,  has  roundish  obovate  small  leaves, 
which  are  entire  below  and  sparingly  toothed  on  the  broad,  obtuse  sum- 
mit, and  flowers  in  compact  clusters. 

S.  chamaedrifblia,  Linn.,  from  E.  Eu.  and  Siberia;  a  spreading  low 
bush,  smooth,  with  ovate  or  oblong,  usually  blunt  and  cut-toothed  leaves, 
at  least  towards  the  summit,  and  rather  small  flowers  in  simple  corymbs. 
S.  OBLONGIF6LIA  is  a  form  with  narrower  leaves. 

S.  ulmi folia,  Scop.,  from  Siberia,  is  very  like  the  last,  but  distinguished 
by  the  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  which  are  more  or  less  ciliate  on  the 
edges. 

S.  trilobata,  Linn,  (or  S.  TRfLOBA  of  gardens),  from  Siberia ;  a  spread- 
ing smooth  bush,  with  rounded  crenately  cut  and  3-lobed  leaves  and 
rather  showy  flowers.  S.  VAN  HOUTTEI  is  an  improved  form  of  this,  with 
larger  stature  and  more  profuse  bloom. 

S.  cratcegi folia,  Link.  Leaves  ovate  and  pointed,  toothed  and  cut, 
scarcely  lobed ;  flowers  in  small  stalked  umbels ;  hardy  and  showy. 
Native  country  unknown. 

S.  Cantoniinsis,  Lour.,  (known  also  as  S.  LANCEOI.\TA  and  S.  HKKVKS- 
IAXA),  from  China,  has  oblong,  lance-oblong,  or  some  three-cleft  serrate- 
toothed  leaves,  and  showy  flowers. 


ROSE  FAMILY.  149 

S.  hypericifdfia,  DC.  ITALIAN  MAY  or  ST.  PETER'S  WREATH.  Shrub 
3°-6°  high,  smooth  or  smoothish,  with  long  recurved  branches,  and  very 
small,  wedge-oblong  leaves,  a  little  toothed  or  lobed  at  the  end ;  flowers 
small,  white,  early,  in  small  sessile  umbels.  S.  CRENATA  is  a  form  with 
obovate  and  crenulate  leaves.  Asia. 

•t-  •«-  -i-  •«-  Flowers  in  simple,  sessile  umbels  along  the  slender  branches  of 
the  preceding  year,  subtended  only  by  greenish  bud-scales  or  imperfect 
leaves,  rather  earlier  than  the  proper  leaves,  in  spring. 

S.  pruni folia,  Sieb.,  from  Japan;  slender  shrub,  with  small,  ovate, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate  leaves,  smooth  above,  often  minutely  downy 
beneath ;  the  form  usually  cultivated  has  full-double,  pure  white  blossoms, 
£'  in  diameter,  produced  in  great  abundance. 

S.  Thunbergii,  Sieb.,  from  Japan  ;  dwarf  compact  shrub  with  slender 
and  somewhat  drooping  branches  ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
sharply  toothed,  yellowish-green ;  flowers  small  and  white,  the  umbels 
arranged  in  long  open  sprays,  very  early. 

§  2.  Shrubby,  with  pinnate  leaves. 

S.  sorbifdlia,  Linn.  Cult,  from  Siberia,  very  hardy,  3°-4°  high,  with 
leaves  (as  the  name  denotes)  resembling  those  of  the  Mountain  Ash,  of 
17-21  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  doubly  and  sharply  serrate  leaflets,  and 
white  flowers  in  an  ample  terminal  panicle,  the  narrow  pods  a  little  coher- 
ing ;  common  in  old  gardens. 

§  3.  Herbs,  with  thrice  pinnately- compound  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  dioe- 
cious flowers. 

S.  Artincus,  Linn.  GOAT'S  BEARD.  Rich  woods  from  N.  Y.  S.  and 
W.,  also  in  some  gardens;  smooth,  3°-5°  high;  with  lance-oblong  or 
lance-ovate  taper-pointed  leaflets,  sharply  serrate  and  cut,  and  yellowish 
white,  very  small  flowers  in  great  numbers,  crowded  in  slender  spikes 
which  are  collected  in  a  great  compound  panicle ;  petals  narrow ;  pedicels 
reflexed  in  fruit. 

Var.  astilboldes,  Maxim.,  from  Japan,  is  smaller  (2°),  with  pedicels 
erect  in  fruit. 

§  4.  Herbs  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  conspicuous  stipules,  per- 
fect flowers,  reflexed  sepals  and  petals  sometimes  4,  and  6-12  little 
1-3-seeded  pods. 

S.  Filipendula,  Linn.  DROPWORT.  Cult,  from  Eu.  ;  some  of  the 
coarse,  long,  fibrous  roots  swollen  at  the  lower  end  into  oblong  tubers ; 
herbage  smooth  and  green  ;  leaves  chiefly  from  or  near  the  ground,  with 
many  oval  or  lanceolate  leaflets  deeply  toothed,  cut,  or  pinnately  cleft, 
and  gradually  diminishing  in  size  downwards ;  the  nearly  naked  stems 
l°-2°  high,  bearing  a  compound  terminal  cyme  of  white  or  rosy-tipped 
flowers,  one  variety  full-double. 

S.  Ulmaria,  Linn.  ENGLISH  MEADOWSWEET.  Cult,  from  Eu. ;  l°-3° 
high,  nearly  smooth,  except  the  lower  surface  of  the  lyrate  and  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate  leaves  which  is  minutely  white-downy  ;  the  yellowish- 
white,  small,  and  sweet-scented  flowers  very  numerous  and  crowded  hi 
a  compound  cyme  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  stems,  sometimes  double  ; 
little  pods  twisting  spirally.  There  is  a  variety  with  variegated  foliage. 

S.  lobata,  Jacq.  QUEEN  OF  THE  PRAIRIE.  Wild  in  meadows  and 
prairies  from  Penn.,  W.,  also  cult.;  smooth  and  green;  the  leaves 
mostly  from  or  near  the  ground  ;  the  end  leaflet  very  large,  7-9-parted, 
and  its  lobes  cut-toothed  ;  stems  2°-5°,  or  even  8°  high,  bearing  an  ample 
and  panicled  compound  cyme  crowded  with  the  handsome  peach-blossom- 
colored  flowers.  Bruised  foliage  exhales  the  odor  of  Sweet  Birch. 


150  ROSE   FAMILY. 

3.  PHYSOCARFUS,   NINE-BARK.     (Greek  name,  compounded  of 
bladder  and/ruft,  in  allusion  to  the  inflated  pods.) 

P.  (or  SPIR.EA)  opulifdlia,  Maxim.  NINE-BARK.  So-called  from  the 
loose  bark,  separating  in  thin  annual  layers  from  the  stems  ;  a  tall  shrub, 
with  long  recurviug  branches ;  the  roundish  and  mostly  heart-shaped 
leaves  partly  3-lobed  and  cut-toothed ;  white  flowers  in  umbel-like  cor- 
ymbs ;  the  pods  commonly  turning  purplish.  Wild  on  rocky  banks, 
from  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.  ;  often  cultivated. 

4.  EXOCHORDA.     (Latin  :  ezo,  external,  and  chorde,  a  cord  or  thong, 
in  reference  to  the  structure  of  the  fruit.) 

£.  grandifldra,  Lindl.  PEARL  BUSH.  A  beautiful  shrub,  or  even  small 
tree  ;  cult,  from  China  for  its  large  white  flowers,  which  appear  with  the 
leaves  in  long  axillary  racemes  ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  whitish  below,  very 
strongly  toothed  on  strong  shoots,  but  almost  entire  upon  the  older  parts. 

5.  GILLENIA,    INDIAN    PHYSIC,    AMERICAN    IPECAC.      (For 

Dr.  Gillen  or  Gillenius.')     Flowers  summer.     2Z 

Q.  trifoliata,  Mrench.  COMMON  I.  or  BOWMAN'S  ROOT.  Rich  woods 
from  N.  Y.  S.  and  W. ;  smooth,  branching,  2°  high,  with  the  3 
ovate-oblong  pointed  leaflets  cut-toothed,  entire  stipules  small  and  slen- 
der, and  rather  pretty  white  or  scarcely  rosy-tinged  flowers  loosely  pani- 
cled  on  the  slender  branches. 

G.  stipulacea,  Nutt.  LARGE-STIPULED  I.  or  AMERICAN  IPECAC. 
Open  woods,  W.  N.  Y.  and  W.  ;  has  'the  lanceolate  leaflets  and  leaf- 
like  stipules  deeply  cut  and  toothed  ;  otherwise  like  the  other. 

6.  KERRIA.     (Named  for  Bellenden  Ker,  a  British  botanist.) 

K.  Japdnica,  DC.  CORCHORUS  (incorrectly),  JAPANESE  ROSE,  from 
Japan  ;  a  familiar,  smooth,  ornamental,  shrubby  plant,  with  weak,  bram- 
ble-like and  green  branches,  4°-8°  high,  with  lance-ovate  thin  leaves,  and 
handsome  yellow  flowers,  in  summer,  usually  full-double  ;  the  natural 
state,  with  5  petals  and  numerous  stamens,  less  common.  There  is  a  form 
with  variegated  leaves. 

7.  RHODOTYPOS.     (Name  means  rose-type.) 

R.  kerrioldes,  Sieb.  Cult,  from  Japan ;  a  bush  of  medium  size,  with 
large,  ovate,  thin,  opposite  leaves,  which  are  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed 
and  hairy  below ;  flowers  solitary  and  terminal,  an  inch  across,  light 
yellow  or  cream-color,  succeeded  by  shining,  black,  bead-like  akenes, 
which  are  subtended  by  the  very  large  and  leafy  calyx  lobes. 

8.  WALDSTEINIA.     (Named   for    F.    von   Waldstein,   an  Austrian 
botanist.) 

W.  fragarioldes,  Tratt.  BARREN  STRAWBERRY.  Wooded  banks, 
chiefly  N.  and  S.  along  the  mountains  ;  in  aspect  and  especially  in  the  3 
broadly  wedge-shaped  leaflets  resembles  a  Strawberry  Plant  (as  the  spe- 
cific and  the  popular  names  denote),  but  is  smoothish  and  yellow-flowered  ; 
flowers  in  summer  on  several-flowered  bracted  scapes.  2/ 

9.  GEUM,  AVENS.     (From  Greek  word,  meaning  to  give  an  agreeable 
flavor ;  the  roots  of  some  species  somewhat  scented.)     Several  wild 
species,  only  the  following  common  ;  flowers  late  spring  and  summer.  2Z 

*  Flowers  purple  ;  style  becoming  plumose  on  the  end. 
G.    rivale,   Linn.      PURPLE   or  WATER   AVENS.      In  bogs  and  low 
grounds  N.  ;    thickish  rootstock    (sometimes  used  in  medicine  as  an 


ROSE   FAMILY.  151 

astringent)  sending  up  lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and 
rather  naked,  several-flowered  stems  (2°  high)  ;  the  flowers  pretty  large, 
nodding,  with  purplish-orange  and  broadly  obovate  or  obcordate  petals 
narrowed  at  the  base,  never  spreading  ;  in  fruit  the  head  of  akenes  erect, 
stalked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  the  persistent  styles  jointed  and  bent  in 
the  middle,  the  upper  part  plumose-hairy. 

*  *  Flowers  white  or  yellow;  style  not  plumose. 
-i-  Head  of  fruit  sessile  in  the  calyx. 

G.  strfctum,  Ait.  FIELD  A.  Moist  grounds  and  fields ;  a  coarse 
herb,  3°-5°  high,  rather  hairy,  with  root-leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  and 
the  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  those  of  the  stem  with  3-5  narrower  leaflets ; 
in  summer  bearing  panicled  flowers  with  broadly  obovate  golden-yellow 
petals  exceeding  the  calyx ;  stipules  large,  deeply  cut ;  the  persistent, 
naked  style  hooked  at  the  end  after  the  short  upper  joint  falls ;  receptacle 
downy. 

G.  Virginianum,  Linn.  WHITE  A.  Thickets  and  borders  of  woods  ; 
coarse  and  bristly-hairy  herb  l°-3°  high,  with  root  and  lower  leaves  of 
several  pinnate  leaflets,  the  upper  3-parted  and  cut ;  the  panicled  flowers 
small,  with  inconspicuous  greenish-white  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx ; 
head  of  fruit  like  the  last,  but  its  receptacle  smooth  or  very  nearly  so. 

G.  Album,  Gmelin.  WHITE  A.  Grows  in  similar  places  with  the 
preceding,  and  like  it,  but  smooth  or  soft-pubescent,  with  root-leaves  of 
3-5  leaflets,  or  some  of  them  rounded  and  simple  except  a  few  minute 
leaflets  below ;  the  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx,  white  or  pale  greenish- 
yellow  ;  receptacle  bristly. 

•»-  -t-  Head  of  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx. 

G,  ve'mum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  SPRING  A.  Thickets,  from  Penn.  to  HI. 
and  Ky. ;  slender,  2°-3°  high  ;  root-leaves  rounded,  heart-shaped,  and  3- 
5-lobed,  or  some  of  them  pinnate  and  cut ;  flowers  small,  with  yellow 
petals  about  the  length  of  the  simply  5-lobed  calyx ;  styles  smooth,  the 
upper  joint  falling  off ;  receptacle  smooth. 

10.  POTENTILLA,  CINQUEFOIL,  FIVE-FINGER.  (Name  means 
powerful,  from  reputed  medicinal  virtues.)  Mostly  wild  plants  in  the 
country ;  several  are  cultivated. 

§  1.   Petals  pale  yellow,  small,  not  surpassing  the  calyx.    (J)  (D 

P.  Norvegica,  Linn.  NORWAY  C.  An  erect,  hairy,  weedy  plant, 
l°-2°  high,  branching  above,  with  only  3  obovate-oblong  and  cut-toothed 
leaflets  ;  flowers  summer,  in  fields. 

P.  supina,  Linn.  A  spreading  or  decumbent,  pubescent,  weedy 
plant,  on  river  banks  W.,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  5-11  obovate-oblong, 
cut-toothed  leaflets,  and  akenes  with  a  thick  appendage  at  their  base ; 
flowers  summer. 

§  2.  Petals  whitish  or  cream-color,  broad,  surpassing  the  calyx;  akenes 
smooth.    1J. 

P.  arguta,  Pursh.  A  stout,  erect,  brownish-hairy,  coarse  plant,  l°-4° 
high,  rather  clammy  above,  on  rocky  hills  N.  and  W.,  with  pinnate 
leaves  of  5-11  oval  or  ovate,  cut-toothed  leaflets,  soft-downy  beneath,  and 
a  close  terminal  cluster  of  rather  large  flowers,  in  summer. 

§  3.    Petals  bright  yellow,  larger  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.     2i 
*  Leaves  of  5  or  more  digitate  leaflets. 

P.  rScta,  Linn.  Cult,  in  some  old  gardens,  from  Eu. ;  a  coarse,  erect, 
hairy  plant,  2°-3°  high,  with  sometimes  7  narrowly  wedge-oblong  leaflets, 
coarsely  toothed,  and  rather  large,  cymose  flowers. 


152  ROSE  FAMILY. 

P.  Canade"nsis.  Linn.  COMMON  WILD  C.  or  FITE-FINGER.  Open,  dry 
ground ;  dwarf,  silky-hairy,  with  wedge-obovate  leaflets,  and  axillary, 
1-flowered  peduncles ;  flowering  from  early  spring  to  midsummer,  and 
spreading  by  runners.  A  prostrate  plant,  variable,  resembling  a  Strawberry. 

P.  argentea.  Linn.  SILVERY  C.  Dry  fields,  banks,  and  roadsides  N. ; 
a  low,  spreading  or  prostrate,  much  branched,  white-woolly  weed,  with 
wedge-oblong,  cut-pinnatifid  leaflets  green  above,  white  with  silvery  wool 
beneath,  and  the  margins  revolute ;  the  small  flowers  somewhat  panicled ; 
all  summer. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnate  ;  receptacle  and  sometimes  the  akenes  white-hairy. 

P.  Anserlna,  Linn.  SILVERWEED.  Wet  banks  and  sandy  shores, 
N.  and  W.  ;  leaves  all  from  the  root  or  in  the  tufts  at  the  joints  of  the 
long,  slender  runners,  green  above,  silvery  with  silky  down  beneath,  of 
9-19  oblong,  cut-toothed  principal  leaflets  and  some  pairs  of  minute  ones 
intermixed;  stipules  conspicuous  and  many-cleft;  flowers  solitary  on 
long,  scape-like  peduncles,  all  summer. 

P.  fruticdsa,  Linn.  SHRUBBY  C.  Wet  grounds  X. ;  2°-4°  high, 
woody,  silky,  very  much  branched,  with  5  or  7  crowded,  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire  leaflets,  scale-like  stipules,  and  loose  clusters  of  rather  showy 
flowers,  all  summer.  Cultivated. 

§  4.  Petals  white  ;  akenes  and  receptacle  hairy  ;  leaflets  only  3,  digitate.  21 

P.  tridentata,  Ait.  THREE-TOOTHED  C.  Coast  of  N.  England  N.  and 
W.  and  on  mountains ;  4'-6'  high,  tufted,  spreading,  with  3  thickish, 
nearly  smooth  leaflets,  coarsely  3-toothed  at  the  end,  and  several  flowers 
in  a  cyme,  in  early  summer.  Cultivated. 

§  6.   Petals  purple,  rose-color,  or  crimson  ;  akenes  smooth.    H 
»  Wild  in  wet  and  cold  bogs  N. ;  petals  narrow,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

P.  paliistris,  Scop.  MARSH  FIVE-FINGER.  Stems  ascending  from  an 
almost  woody  creeping  base  ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  5-7  lance-oblong  serrate 
and  crowded  leaflets,  whitish  beneath  ;  flowers  in  a  small  cyme,  the  calyx 
nearly  1'  broad,  the  inside  as  well  as  the  petals,  dull  dark  purple  ;  recep- 
tacle becoming  large  and  spongy  ;  flowers  all  summer. 

*  *  From  Himalaya,   occasionally  cult,  for  ornament;  petals   large, 
obcordate. 

P.  NepalSnsis,  Hook.  NEPAL  C.  Leaflets  3  in  the  upper,  5  in  the 
lowest  leaves,  digitate,  hairy  but  green  both  sides,  wedge-oblong,  coarsely 
toothed  ;  flowers  rose-red,  all  summer.  P.  HOPWOODIANA,  with  flesh- 
colored  flowers,  is  a  garden  hybrid  of  this  and  P.  recta. 

P.  atrosanguinea,  Lodd.  DARK  NEPAL  C.  Is  soft  silk-hairy,  with  3 
leaflets  to  all  the  leaves,  and  much  darker-colored  flowers  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding, brown-purple  or  crimson. 

11.  FRAGARIA,  STRAWBERRY.  (Name  fromfraga,  the  old  Latin 
name  of  the  strawberry,  referring  to  the  fragrance.)  2Z 

§  1.  TRUE  STRAWBERRIES.  Petals  white;  receptacle  of  the  fruit  high- 
flavored;  scapes  several-flowered;  runners  naked.  Flowers  in  spring 
and  early  summer,  those  of  all  but  the  first  species  inclined  more  or  less 
to  be  dicecious. 

F.  vesca,  Linn.  COMMON  S.  of  Eu.  Yields  the  ALPINE,  PERPETUAL, 
etc.,  its  American  form  (var.  Americana.  Porter)  plentifully  native  X.  ; 
is  mostly  slender,  with  thin,  dull  leaflets,  strongly  marked  by  the  veins, 
calyx  remaining  open  or  reflexed  after  flowering,  small  ovoid-conical  or 
elongated  fruk,  high-scented,  and  the  akenes  superficial.  The  flowers 
usually  stand  above  the  leaves. 


ROSE   FAMILY.  153 

F.  moschata,  Duchesne  (or  F.  ELATIOR),  HATTTBOIS  S.,  of  Eu.  some- 
times cult,  is  taller  and  quite  dioecious,  more  pubescent,  with  the 
calyx  strongly  reflexed  away  from  the  fruit,  which  is  dull,  reddish,  and 
musky-scented. 

F.  Virginiana,  Duchesne.  WILD  S.  Original  of  several  varieties  once 
cult,  but  now  lost ;  has  leaflets  of  firm  texture,  their  smooth  and  often 
shining  upper  surface  with  sunken  veins,  flowers  usually  below  the  leaves, 
calyx  becoming  erect  after  flowering  and  closing  over  the  hairy  receptacle 
when  unfructified  ;  fruit  with  a  narrow  neck,  mostly  globular,  its  surface 
with  deep  pits  in  which  the  akeues  are  sunken,  nodding  on  slender  pedicels. 

Var.  Illinoe'nsis,  Gray.  Is  coarser  and  larger,  grows  in  richer  soil, 
from  W.  X.  Y.,  W.  and  S. ;  the  hairs  of  the  scape,  etc.,  shaggy. 

F.  Chi/oensis,  Duchesne.  GARDEN  STRAWBERRY.  From  Chile,  but  also 
native  all  along  the  Pacific  coast,  has  a  low  habit  and  thick,  dark  colored 
leaves  which  are  bluish- white  below,  and  is  clothed  with  long,  shaggy  hairs ; 
scapes  and  runners  strong ;  fruit  large  and  usually  dark  colored,  with  a  very 
large  "hull"  or  calyx.  The  var.  ANANASSA,  or  PINE  STRAWBERRY,  is  a 
horticulturally  modified  form,  comprising  the  common  garden  strawberries. 

§  2.  Petals  yellow;  receptacle  tasteless;  runners  bearing  leaves  and  1- 
flowered  peduncles;  calyx  -with  5  external  pieces  very  large,  leaf-like, 
and  3-lobed. 

F.  Indlca,  Andr.  INDIAN  S.  Of  Upper  India,  etc. ;  cult.,  running  wild 
S.  E. ;  rather  handsome  both  in  flower  and  (red)  fruit,  which  are  produced 
all  summer  and  autumn. 

12.  DALIBARDA.    (  Thomas  Dalibard,  an  early  botanist  of  Paris.)    11 

D.  r&pens,  Linn.,  of  wooded  slopes  N.,  is  a  low,  stemless,  tufted, 
downy  little  plant,  spreading  more  or  less  by  subterranean  runners,  with 
the  aspect  of  a  Violet,  the  scapes  bearing  1  or  2  delicate  white  flowers, 
in  summer;  leaves  roundish  and  cordate,  crenate.  It  sometimes  pro- 
duces cleistogamous  flowers. 

13.  RUBUS,  BRAMBLE,  etc.     (The  Roman  name,  connected  with 
ruber,  red.)     2Z     A  large  and  difficult  group,  comprising  the  Rasp- 
berries and  Blackberries. 

§  1.  FLOWERING  RASPBERRIES,  with  simple  leaves  and  broad,  flattish  fruit, 
the  very  small  and  numerous  reddish  or  amber-colored  grains  at  length 
separating  from  the  persistent  receptacle. 

R.  odoratus,  Linn.  PURPLE  F.,  MULBERRY  (erroneously).  Dells, 
etc.,  N. ;  shrubby,  3°-5°  high,  clammy-bristly  and  odorous,  not  prickly  ; 
ample  3-5-lobed  maple-like  leaves,  the  lobes  pointed  and  the  middle 
one  longest ;  peduncles  many-flowered  ;  calyx-lobes  with  long  slender  tips, 
and  petals  purple-rose-color  ;  the  showy  flowers  l'-2'  across,  produced  all 
summer.  Cultivated. 

R.  Nutkanus,  Mo§ino.  WHITE  F.  From  Upper  Mich,  to  Pacific. 
Like  the  other,  but  less  bristly  and  clammy,  with  leaves  more  equally  5- 
lobed  and  coarsely  toothed,  and  fewer  flowers,  with  narrower  white  petals. 
Cultivated. 

§  2.  TRUE  RASPBERRIES  (or  the  first  doubtful"),  with  3-5  leaflets,  the  fruit 
falling  when  ripe  from  the  then  dry,  narrow  receptacle  ;  flowers  with  small, 
white,  erect  petals,  in  early  summer,  on  leafy  shoots  of  the  season  which 
(in  all  but  the  first")  spring  from  prickly  more  or  less  woody  stems  of  the 
preceding  year.  #  Trailing  .  nearly  herbaceous. 

R.  trifldrus,  Rich.  DWARF  RASPBERRY.  Almost  wholly  herbaceous, 
slender,  trailing,  not  prickly,  with  thin,  smooth  leaves  of  3  rhombic-ovate 


154  ROSE  FAMILY. 

acute  leaflets,  or  the  side-leaflets  parted,  making  6,  all  doubly  serrate; 
peduncle  bearing  1-3  small  flowers,  and  the  fruit  of  few  grains.  Low 
woods,  N. 

*  *  Bushes ;  the  canes  woody. 

••-  Not  hairy,  although  bristly  or  prickly. 

R.  occidentals,  Linn.  BLACK  R.,  BLACKCAP,  or  THIMBLEBERRT. 
Borders  of  fields  and  thickets  N.,  especially  where  ground  has  been 
burned  over;  glaucous-whitened,  the  long,  recurving  stems,  stalks,  etc., 
armed  with  hooked  prickles,  but  no  bristles ;  leaflets  mostly  3,  ovate, 
pointed,  white-downy  beneath,  coarsely  doubly  toothed,  the  lateral  ones 
stalked;  flowers  in  close  umbel-like  clusters,  or  some  of  them  somewhat 
scattered,  the  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals ;  fruit  purple-black  (or  an 
amber-colored  variety) ,  flattish,  ripe  at  midsummer.  Parent  of  the  Black 
Raspberries  of  the  garden. 

R.  strig6sus,  Michx.  WILD  RED  R.  Common  especially  N.  ;  2°-3° 
high,  the  upright  stems,  stalks,  etc.,  beset  with  copious  bristles,  and  some 
of  them  becoming  weak  prickles,  also  glandular ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate, 
pointed,  cut-serrate,  white-downy  beneath,  the  lateral  ones  (either  1  or 
2  pairs)  not  stalked  ;  flowers  in  more  or  less  raceme-like  clusters,  the 
petals  as  long  as  the  sepals,  the  latter  more  or  less  glandular ;  fruit  light 
red,  tender  and  watery,  but  high  flavored,  ripening  all  summer.  Parent 
of  some  of  the  Red  Raspberries  of  the  garden. 

R.  NEGLECTUS,  a  hybrid  between  the  last  two,  has  given  rise  to  the 
Shaffer,  Philadelphia,  and  other  garden  varieties  of  the  PURPLE  CANE 
class. 

R.  Idaeus,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  RASPBERRY.  Tall  and  nearly  erect,  beset 
with  straight,  slender  prickles,  or  many  of  them  mere  bristles,  the  canes 
whitish ;  leaves  thicker,  and  fruit  firmer  and  larger  than  in  R.  strigosus, 
red  or  yellowish,  ripening  through  the  summer ;  calyx  glandless.  Parent 
of  the  Antwerp  and  other  garden  Raspberries;  once  much  grown,  but 
now  mostly  out  of  cultivation  in  this  country. 

•»-  •*-  Densely  glandular-hairy. 

R.  phcenicolasius,  Maxim.  WINEBERRY.  Strong  bush  with  the  habit 
of  a  raspberry,  the  branches  covered  with  a  copious  red  hair ;  the  dull 
and  sparsely  hairy,  wedge-ovate  or  wedge-cordate,  toothed,  and  jagged 
leaflets  very  white-tomentose  below;  flowers  in  fascicled  clusters;  the 
soft  reddish  fruits  at  length  inclosed  in  the  great  hairy  calyx,  edible. 
Japan. 

§  3.  BLACKBERRIES  and  DEWBERRIES  ;  with  the  pulpy  grains  of  the  fruit 
remaining  attached  to  the  pulpy  receptacle,  which  at  length  falls  away 
from  the  calyx;  stems  prickly;  leaves  of  3  or  pedately  5-7  leaflets; 
flowers  on  leafy  shoots  from  stems  of  the  preceding  year,  in  spring  and 
early  summer,  with  white  spreading  petals. 

*  Stems  more  or  less  woody;  fruit  black  (rarely  amber')  when  ripe, 
edible,  ripening  in  summer  and  autumn. 

•*-  Stems  more  or  less  erect,   not  propagating  from  the  tip.  — BLACK- 
BERRIES. 

H.  vill6sus,  Ait.  HIGH  BLACKBERRY.  Everywhere  along  thickets, 
fence-rows,  etc.  ;  stems  l°-6°  high,  furrowed  ;  prickles  strong  and  hooked ; 
leaflets  3-5,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  pointed,  their  lower  surface  and  stalks 
hairy  and  glandular,  the  middle  one  long- stalked  and  sometimes  heart- 
shaped  ;  flowers  rather  large,  with  short  bracts,  in  distinct  leafless  racemes ; 
fruit  oblong  or  cylindrical.  The  common  Blackberry  of  gardens,  running 
into  many  forms. 


ROSE   FAMILY.  155 

Var.  albinus,  Bailey.  WHITE  BLACKBERRY.  Canes  bright  yellowish- 
green,  and  the  fruit  short  and  amber  or  cream-colored.  In  the  N. 
States ;  also  cult. 

Var.  frond6sus,  Torr.,  is  dwarfer,  has  narrower  leaflets,  and  a  short 
and  leafy  inflorescence.  N.  States  ;  also  cult. 

Var.  montanus,  Porter,  occurs  on  high  hills  from  N.  Y.  southward, 
and  is  known  by  lower  habit,  mostly  redder  stems,  and  sometimes  fewer 
prickles,  shorter  clusters,  and  especially  by  dry,  "seedy,"  spicy,  or  bitter- 
ish, thimble-shaped  berries. 

Hybrids  occur  between  R.  villosus  and  R.  Canadensis,  as  in  the  garden 
variety,  WILSON  EARLY,  and  others. 

R.  Millspaughii,  Britton.  THORNLESS  BLACKBERRY.  Stems  nearly 
or  wholly  thornless,  and  leaflets  narrower  (mostly  ovate- lanceolate),  the 
middle  three  long-stalked  ;  inflorescence  short,  less  pubescent  than  in  the 
preceding.  N.  States  and  southward  along  the  mountains. 

R.  cuneifdlius,  Pursh.  SAND  B.  Sandy  ground  and  barrens  from 
N.  J.,  S.  ;  erect,  l°-3°  high,  with  stout  hooked  prickles ;  the  branchlets 
and  lower  surface  of  the  3-5  wedge-obovate,  thickish  leaves  whitish- 
woolly  ;  peduncles  2-4-flowered. 

R.  laciniatus,  Willd.  CUT-LEAVED  or  EVERGREEN  BLACKBERRY. 
Leaflets  3,  each  pinnately  divided  into  lobed  and  cut  portions;  flower 
clusters  small,  whitish-pubescent ;  stems  with  recurved  prickles.  Prob- 
ably a  form  of  the  European  R.  fruticosus. 

1-  -»-  Stems  trailing,  decumbent,  or  ascending,  mostly  rooting  at  the  tips.  — 
DEWBERRIES. 

R.  Canadensis,  Linn.  Low  B.  or  DEWBERRY.  Rocky  and  sandy 
soil ;  long-trailing,  slightly  prickly,  smooth  or  smoothish,  and  with  3-7 
small,  doubly- toothed  leaflets  ;  the  racemes  erect  and  1-3-flowered,  with 
leaf -like  bracts,  the  fruit  of  fewer  grains  and  ripening  earlier  than  the 
Blackberries.  Several  varieties  are  cultivated. 

Var.  roribaccus, Bailey,  native  of  W.  Va.,  is  the  LUCRETIA  Dewberry, 
distinguished  by  strong  growth,  wedge-obovate,  jagged  leaflets,  long  flower 
stalks,  and  large  flowers  (sometimes  2'  across) ,  with  leafy  sepals. 

Var.  invlsus,  Bailey.  Parenl  of  BARTEL  and  other  cultivated  Dew- 
berries ;  has  somewhat  ascending  round  stems,  and  leaflets  which  are 
coarsely  and  always  simply  toothed  ;  N. 

R.  trivialis,  Michx.  SOUTHERN  Low  B.  Sandy  soil  from  Va., 
S.;  widely  trailing  or  creeping,  bristly  and  very  prickly ;  the  smooth, 
partly  evergreen  leaves  of  3-5  ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaflets ; 
peduncles  1-3-flowered.  Cult. 

R.  setdsus,  Bigel.  Ascending ;  the  older  stems  densely  clothed  with 
very  slender  but  stiff,  slightly  bent  prickles ;  leaflets  ovate  to  ovate-ob- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  scarcely  shining,  very  strongly  toothed ;  fruit  reddish- 
black.  Woods  and  glades,  Penn.  and  N. 

*  *  Stems  scarcely  woody,  but  lasting  over  winter,  wholly  prostrate  ;  fruit 
reddish,  sour. 

R.  hfspidus,  Linn.  RUNNING  SWAMP  B.  Low  woods  and  sandy 
places,  etc.,  N.;  with  very  long  and  slender  running  stems,  beset  with 
small  reflexed  prickles,  sending  up  short,  leafy,  and  flowering  shoots ; 
leaves  of  mostly  3  obovate  blunt,  smooth,  and  shining  leaflets,  of  firm 
and  thickish  texture,  somewhat  evergreen ;  flowers  small  and  few,  on  a 
leafless  peduncle  ;  fruit  of  few  grains,  red  or  purple. 

§  4.  FLOWERING  BRAMBLE  ;  cultivated  for  the  flowers  only. 

R.  rosaefolius,  Smith,  from  China,  called  BRIER  ROSE.  Cult,  in  green- 
houses and  apartments,  has  pinnate  leaves,  and  bears  a  succession  of 
full-double  white  flowers,  resembling  small  roses. 


156  ROSE   FAMILY. 

14.  ALCHEMILLA.      (Name  said   to  come  from  the  Arabic.)     A 
minute  annual  species,  A.  ARVENSIS,  called  PARSLEY  PIERT  in  England, 
is  introduced  in  Va.  and  N.  C. 

A.  vulgaris,  Linn.  LADY'S  MANTLE,  from  Eu.,  is  cult,  in  some  gar- 
dens ;  it  is  a  low  herb,  not  showy,  with  somewhat  downy,  rounded, 
slightly  7-9-lobed  leaves,  chiefly  from  the  root,  on  long  stalks,  and  loose 
cforymbs  or  panicles  of  small  light  green  flowers  through  the  summer.  2/ 

15.  AGRIMONIA,   AGEIMONY.     (Old  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 
Weedy  herbs,  in  fields  and  borders  of  woods,  producing  their  small 
yellow  flowers  through  the  summer ;  the  fruiting  calyx,  containing  the 
2  akenes,  detached  at  maturity  as  a  small  bur,  lightly  adhering  by  the 
hooked  bristles  to  the  coats  of  animals.     2/ 

A.  Eupatdria,  Linn.  COMMON  A.  Principal  leaflets  5-7,  oblong- 
obovate  and  coarsely  toothed,  with  many  minute  ones  intermixed ;  petals 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  stamens  10-15. 

A.  parvifldra,  Ait.  From  N.  Y.,  S.;  has  smaller  flowers,  11-19  lance- 
olate principal  leaflets,  and  10-15  stamens. 

A.  inclsa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Only  S.;  has  7-9  oblong  or  obovate  and 
smaller  principal  leaflets,  small  flowers,  and  5  stamens. 

16.  FOTERITJM,   BURNET.     (Old  Greek  name,  of  rather  obscure 
application.)     ^ 

P.  Sanguis6rba,  Linn.  GARDEN  or  SALAD  B.  Common  in  old  gardens 
(used  for  salad) ,  from  Eu. ;  nearly  smooth,  growing  in  tufts ;  leaves 
of  many  small  ovate  and  deeply  toothed  leaflets ;  stems  about  1°  high, 
bearing  a  few  heads  of  light  green  or  purplish  monoacious  flowers,  in 
summer,  the  lower  flowers  with  numerous  drooping  stamens,  several  of 
the  uppermost  with  pistil,  the  style  ending  in  a  purple,  tufted  stigma. 

P.  Canadeuse,  Benth.  &  Hook.,  or  SANGuis6RBA  CANADEXSIS,  CANA- 
DIAN or  WILD  B.  Wet  grounds  N.  ;  3*-6°  high,  nearly  smooth,  with 
numerous  lance-oblong,  coarsely-toothed  leaflets,  often  heart-shaped  at 
base,  and  cylindrical  spikes  of  white,  perfect  flowers,  in  late  summer  and 
autumn  ;  stamens  only  4,  their  long,  white  filaments  club-shaped. 

17.  ROSA,   ROSE.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Rose.)    (Lessons, 
Fig.  218.) 

§  1.  WILD  ROSES  of  the  country;  only  the  first  species  much  cultivated. 

*  Styles  lightly  cohering  in  a  column  and  projecting  out  of  the  calyx-cup. 

H.  setigera,  Michx.  PRAIRIE  or  CLIMBING  WILD  ROSE.  Rich  ground, 
W.  and  S. :  also  planted  ;  represented  by  the  original  of  QL-EEX  OP  THE 
PRAIRIE,  BALTIMORE  BELLE,  etc.  Tall-climbing,  armed  with  stout,  nearly 
straight  prickles,  not  bristly  ;  stems  glaucous  ;  leaves  with  only  3-5  ovate 
acute  leaflets ;  the  corymbed  flowers  produced  towards  midsummer ; 
stalks  and  calyx  glandular ;  petals  deep  rose,  becoming  nearly  white. 

*  *  Styles  separate,  included  in  the  calyx-tube,  the  stigmas  closing  its 

orifice  ;  stems  not  disposed  to  climb. 

R.  Carolina,  Linn.  SWAMP  ROSE.  Wet  grounds  ;  stems  4°-8°  high, 
with  hooked  prickles  and  no  bristles,  glaucous ;  leaflets  5-9,  smooth, 
dull  above  and  pale  beneath,  finely  serrate ;  flowers  numerous  in  the 
corymb  (in  summer)  ;  the  calyx  and  globular  hip  glandular-bristly. 
Flowers  bright  rose-red. 


ROSE  FAMILY.  157 

R.  lucida,  Ehrh.  DWARF  WILD  ROSE.  Moist  places  and  swamps, 
N.  Y.  to  Newf.  ;  has  stem  from  l°-5°  high,  with  stout,  more  or  less 
hooked  spines ;  leaflets  about  7,  rather  small,  thick  and  shining,  oval  or 
oval-obovate,  and  coarsely  toothed  above ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  loose 
corymbs,  light  rose-colored,  the  calyx  lobes  hispid  and  more  or  less  pro- 
longed, and  occasionally  notched. 

R.  hiunilis,  Marsh.  In  drier  soil,  and  extending  farther  W. ;  lower 
(l°-3°),  vrith  nearly  straight  spines ;  larger  and  thin  dull  leaflets ;  flowers 
generally  solitary  or  nearly  so,  and  the  outer  sepals  nearly  always 
lobed. 

R.  bl£nda,  Ait.  EARLY  WILD  ROSE.  Rocky  banks  N. ;  l°-3°  high, 
with  only  straight,  weak  prickles,  or  commonly  none ;  5-7  oval  or  cuneate 
blunt  and  pale  leaflets,  sometimes  hoary  beneath ;  large  stipules ;  1-3- 
flowered  peduncles,  and  the  sepals  hispid  but  entire ;  the  hip  globular ; 
flower  solitary  or  corymbose,  large,  in  spring  or  early  summer. 

§  2.  BRIER  ROSES  ;  naturalized  from  Europe,  by  roadsides  and  in  thickets, 
or  sometimes  planted  ;  flowering  in  summer. 

R.  rubiginosa,  Linn.  SWEETBRIER.  Tall,  disposed  to  climb,  armed 
with  strong  and  hooked,  and  some  slender  and  awl-shaped  prickles ;  the 
roundish  and  doubly-serrate  small  leaflets  downy  and  beset  with  russet 
glands  beneath,  giving  the  aromatic  fragrance  ;  flowers  mostly  solitary, 
pink  ;  hip  pear-shaped,  oblong,  or  obovate,  crowned  with  the  calyx  lobes. 

R.  canlna,  Linn.  DOG-ROSE.  Roadsides  E. ;  resembles  Sweetbrier, 
but  the  leaflets  smooth  or  destitute  of  aromatic  glands  and  simply  serrate  ; 
flowers  3  or  4  together,  pink  or  nearly  white  ;  fruit  from  nearly  globular 
to  oblong-ovate. 

§  3.  EVERGREEN  ROSES;  naturalized  in  the  Southern  States  from  China; 
flowering  in  spring  ;  the  flowers  not  double. 

R.  laevigata,  Michx.  (or  R.  S*NICA  of  Alton).  CHEROKEE  ROSE.  Planted 
for  garden  hedges,  etc.,  also  run  wild  S.  ;  disposed  to  climb  high,  armed 
with  strong  hooked  prickles,  very  smooth,  with  bright  green  and  glossy 
evergreen  leaves  of  mostly  only  3  leaflets,  and  single  flowers  at  the  end 
of  the  branches,  with  bristly  calyx  cup  and  large  pure-white  petals. 
Occasional  in  greenhouses  N. 

R.  bracteata,  Wendl.  BRACTED  ROSE.  In  hedges  far  S.,  not  common  ; 
has  downy  branches  armed  with  strong,  hooked  prickles,  5-9  roundish 
leaflets,  and  single  large  white  flowers  on  very  short  peduncle,  the  calyx 
covered  by  leafy  bracts. 

§  4.  EXOTIC  GARDEN  ROSES  proper ;  from  Europe  and  Asia.  Merely  the 
principal  types ;  the  greater  part  of  the  modern  garden  roses  much 
mixed  by  crossing  and  changed  by  variation. 

*  Styles  united  in  a  column  which  projects  out  of  the  calyx  cup.    All  with 
long,  rambling  shoots,  or  disposed  to  climb. 

R.  sempervirens,  Linn.  EVERGREEN  ROSE,  of  S.  Not  hardy  or  hold- 
ing its  leaves  N. ;  with  coriaceous,  bright-green,  oblong  leaflets,  curved 
prickles,  and  nearly  solitary  white  flowers,  not  double.  The  AYRSHIRE 
ROSE  is  evidently  an  offshoot  of  R.  arvensis,  a  closely  related  species. 

R.  multifldra,  Thunb.  MANY-FLOWERED  ROSE.  A  well-known  half- 
climbing  species,  from  Japan  and  China,  hardy  in  Middle  States,  with 
branches,  peduncles,  and  calyx  more  or  less  tomentose ;  5  or  7  soft  and 
somewhat  rugose  leaflets,  slender,  scattered  prickles,  and  full  corymbs  of 
small  flowers,  white,  pale  red,  or  rose-purple,  not  sweet-scented.  The 
double  form  is  an  old  garden  rose,  but  the  single  form  is  not  common. 
The  POLYANTHA  ROSES  are  offshoots  of  this,  chiefly  through  hybridization 
with  Rosa  Indica. 


158  ROSE   FAMILY. 

R.  mosch&ta,  Mill.  MUSCAT  or  MUSK  ROSE.  Not  climbing,  with  slender 
curved  prickles;  leaves  of  5  or  7  lanceolate  and  pointed  leaflets,  a 
corymb  of  white  flowers,  with  a  yellowish  base  to  the  petals,  very  sweet 
scented,  especially  at  evening. 

*  *  Styles  not  sensibly  projecting,  nor  united. 
•»-  Tender,  tall-climbing,  and  wholly  destitute  of  prickles. 

R.  Bdnksice,  R.  Br.  BANKSIA  ROSE,  from  China.  A  slender  conser- 
vatory species  (in  the  N.),  very  smooth,  with  3-5-lanceolate  glossy  leaflets, 
and  umbels  of  very  small,  white  or  buff  and  violet- scented  flowers. 

•»-  •»-  Tender,   armed  only  with  distant  hooked  prickles,  with  leaves  of 
mostly  3  (3-5)  rather  coriaceous  and  shining  leaflets. 

R.  Indica,  Linn.  INDIA  or  CHINA  ROSES.  Includes  the  TEA,  PERPETUAL 
or  BENGAL,  BOURBON,  and  NOISETTE  ROSES  ;  and  the  BENGAL  POMPONS, 
etc.,  are  miniature  forms  of  similar  origin.  A  plant  of  upright  habit, 
smooth,  the  peduncle  thickened  upwards,  calyx  either  smooth  or  bristly. 
Long  grown  and  very  variable. 

•*-  ••-  -i-  Hardy  or  mainly  so  at  the  north,  not  climbing,  more  or  less  prickly, 
and  with  leaves  of  5  or  more  leaflets. 

R.  alplna,  Linn.  ALPINE  ROSE,  of  Eu.  Grows  5°-8°  high,  unarmed 
or  with  a  few  purplish  spines,  hispid  peduncles,  erect  and  solitary 
blush  flowers,  and  a  more  or  less  pendulous,  orange-red,  oblong  or  obovate 
fruit.  The  BOURSALT  ROSES  are  derived  from  this,  probably  crossed  with 
the  China  Rose,  and  are  mostly  smooth-stemmed  plants  of  somewhat 
climbing  habit  and  large  double  flowers. 

R.  Gdl/ica,  Linn.  FRENCH  or  RED  ROSE.  Has  slender  stems  beset 
with  both  stout  curved  and  slender  straight  prickles  ;  leaves  of  5-7  rather 
rigid  doubly  and  glandular-toothed  leaflets  more  or  less  downy  beneath, 
erect  1 -flowered  peduncles,  and  pink- red  or  crimson  (or  variegated  with 
white) ,  spreading  petals  which  have  some  astringency  and  are  used  for 
conserve  of  roses,  and  a  globose  fruit. 

R.  centifdiia,  Linn.  HUNDRED-LEAVED,  PROVENCE,  or  CABBAGE  ROSE. 
Has  mostly  straight  prickles,  5-7  oval  leaflets  with  glandular  teeth  or 
edges,  peduncle  and  calyx  clammy,  with  odorous  glands,  the  hip  bristly 
and  glandular ;  the  flowers  mostly  nodding,  large,  and  full-double,  rose- 
purple,  or  of  various  shades,  rarely  white  ;  fruit  oblong.  POMPON  ROSES 
are  miniature  varieties.  Moss  ROSES  are  abnormal  states  (var.  Musc6sA) 
with  the  glands  and  bristles  of  the  calyx  and  peduncle  developed  into  a 
moss-like  substance.  Petals  used  for  rose-water,  essence  of  roses,  etc. 

R.  Damascene!.  Mill.  DAMASK  ROSE.  Known  from  the  foregoing  by 
the  greener  bark,  larger  curved  prickles,  corymbed  flowers  oblong  in  the 
bud,  and  with  the  long  sepals  (some  of  them  pinnatifid  or  lobed)  reflexed 
during  flowering,  the  hip  oblong  and  pulpy ;  petals  rose-purple,  white, 
etc. ;  used  in  preference  for  attar-of-roses  and  rose-water.  HYBRID  PER- 
PETUAL ROSES  are  largely  derived  from  this  through  hybridization  with 
forms  of  R.  Indica  and  others. 

R.  Alba,  Linn.  WHITE  ROSE.  Leaflets  5,  glaucous  and  a  little  downy 
beneath  ;  prickles  straightish  and  slender ;  sepals  reflexed  and  lobed ; 
petals  pure  white  or  delicate  blush,  fragrant ;  fruit  oblong  and  red. 

R.  cinnamdmea,  Linn.  CINNAMON  ROSE,  of  Eu.  Met  with  in  country 
gardens ;  is  related  to  our  wild  R.  blanda ;  5°  to  8°  high,  with  brownish- 
red  bark,  and  some  straightish  prickles ;  pale  leaves  downy  underneath, 
and  small,  pale-red,  cinnamon-scented  (mostly  double)  flowers,  not  showy  ; 
fruit  roundish,  red. 

ft.  spinoslss/ma,  Linn.  BURNET  or  SCOTCH  ROSE,  of  Eu.  Low,  1°  or 
2°  high,  exceedingly  prickly  with  straight  prickles,  with  7  to  9  small  and 


ROSE   FAMILY.  159 

roundish  smooth  leaflets,  and  small  early  flowers,  either  single  or  double, 
and  white,  pink,  and  even  yellow,  the  hips  cartilaginous,  roundish,  and 
dark  purple. 

R.  Eglanteria,  Linn.  YELLOW  EGLANTINE  ROSE.  Like  a  Sweetbrier, 
but  lower,  3°-5°  high,  with  scattered,  straight  prickles  ;  leaves  deep 
green  and  sweet  scented  ;  flowers  deep  yellow,  orange,  or  buff,  and  some- 
times variegated  with  red,  either  single  or  double.  The  AUSTRIAN  BRIER, 
and  the  PERSIAN  YELLOW  and  HARRISON'S  YELLOW  are  forms  of  this 
(var.  LtTEA). 

R.  sulphured,  Ait.  The  old  YELLOW  ROSE,  from  the  far  East.  Tall, 
with  scattered  prickles,  glaucous  or  pale  scentless  leaves,  and  sulphur- 
yellow  (full-double)  flowers  in  summer. 

R.  rugosa,  Thunb.  JAPANESE  ROSE.  Spreading  bush,  very  densely 
clothed  with  long,  stout,  and  straight  spines  ;  leaflets  7-11,  round-ovate, 
thick,  dark  green  above  and  tomentose  below,  coarsely  toothed,  the  stipules 
leafy ;  flowers  large  and  mostly  single,  white  or  red ;  the  calyx  lobes 
1'  or  2'  long,  and  tomentose,  persistent  on  the  very  large,  nearly  globular, 
orange-red  hip. 

18.  CRATJEGTTS,  HAWTHORN,  WHITETHORN.  (Greek: 
strength,  from  the  hard  wood.)  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard 
wood ;  flowers  white,  except  in  some  varieties  of  English  Hawthorn, 
in  spring  or  early  summer ;  ripening  the  red  or  reddish  fruit  mostly 
in  autumn.  (Lessons,  Fig.  273.) 

§  1.  Flowers  many  in  the  corymb,  small,  with  5  styles;  fruit  not  larger 
than  small  peas,  scarlet  or  coral-red;  leaves,  etc.,  smooth,  or  nearly  so. 

C.  Pyracdntha,  Pers.  EVERGREEN  THORN.  Planted  for  ornament  and 
sparingly  nat.  from  S.  Penn.  S.  (from  S.  Eu.)  ;  shrub  4°-6°,  with  the 
shining  evergreen  leaves  lance-spatulate  and  crenulate,  only  1'  long,  and 
small  clusters  of  flowers  terminating  short  branches. 

C.  spathulata,  Michx.  Tall  shrub  or  low  tree,  from  Va.  S.,  with 
almost  evergreen,  shining,  spatulate  leaves,  crenate  towards  the  apex,  or 
on  vigorous  shoots,  cut-lobed,  and  with  hardly  any  petiole. 

C.  cordate,  Ait.  WASHINGTON  T.  Small  tree,  from  Va.  and  Ky.  S., 
and  has  been  planted  for  hedges  ;  has  broadly  triangular-ovate  or  heart- 
shaped,  thinnish  leaves,  often  3-5-cleft  or  cut  and  serrate,  on  slender 
petiole. 

§  2.  Flowers  many  in  the  corymb,  middle-sized;  fruit  coral-red,  ovoid, 
rather  small;  styles  1-6. 

C.  vlridis,  Linn,  (or  C.  ARBORESCENS)  .  River  banks  far  S.  ;  tree  with 
few  stout  thorns  or  none  ;  thin,  oblong  serrate  leaves,  acute  at  both  ends, 
on  slender  petioles  ;  styles  5. 

C.  Oxyac6ntha,  Linn.  ENGLISH  HAWTHORN.  Planted  from  Eu.  for 
ornament  and  hedges ;  tree  or  shrub  with  obovate,  smooth  leaves,  wedge- 
shaped  at  base,  cut-lobed  and  toothed  above  ;  styles  2  or  3,  rarely  only  1. 
With  single  or  double,  white,  rose,  or  pink-red  flowers. 

C.  apiifdlia,  Michx.  Common  S.  Small  tree,  soft-downy  when 
young ;  the  leaves  smoothish  with  age,  pinnatifid,  the  6-7  lobes  crowded, 
cut  and  toothed  ;  petioles  slender ;  styles  1-3. 

§  3.  Floicers  many  in  the  corymb,  large  ;  the  calyx-teeth  with  the  bracts 
and  stipules  often  beset  with  glands ;  fruit  edible,  half  an  inch  or  more 
long,  its  cells  or  stones  and  the  styles  variable  in  number,  1-5.  All 
tall  shrubs  or  low  trees,  of  thickets  and  rocky  banks,  or  planted. 

C.  cocclnea,  Linn.  SCARLET-FRUITED  T.  Smooth,  with  the  leaves 
thin,  roundish- ovate,  sharply  cut-toothed  or  lobed,  on  slender  petioles, 


160  ROSE   FAMILY. 

the  coral  or  scarlet  fruit  much  smaller  than  in  C.  tomentosa  next  and 
hardly  edible. 

Var.  macracantha,  Dudley.  Has  very  long  thorns,  thick  wedge- 
shaped  leaves  deeply  incised,  and  larger  flowers  and  fruit. 

Var.  mollis,  Torr.  &  Gray,  larger  plant,  with  densely  pubescent  under- 
surfaces  of  leaves  and  shoots,  and  earlier,  larger  flowers.  All  forms  hi  N. 
States. 

C.  toment6sa,  Linn.  PEAR  THORN  or  BLACKTHORN.  Downy  or  soft- 
hairy  when  young;  the  leaves  thickish,  oval,  or  ovate-oblong,  sharply 
toothed  or  cut,  below  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole,  the  upper 
surface  impressed  along  the  main  veins  or  ribs  ;  flowers  late,  often  1'  broad  ; 
scarlet  or  orange  fruit  from  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
pleasant-tasted.  N.  Y. ,  W.  and  S. 

C.  punctata,  Jacq.  Leaves  wedge-obovate,  the  long  lower  portion 
entire,  toothed  above  and  rarely  indistinctly  lobed,  plicate  and  dull,  pubes- 
cent below  when  young,  but  becoming  smooth  ;  fruit  large  and  spherical, 
red  or  yellow  ;  branches  horizontal  in  mature  specimens.  Common. 

C.  Crus-galli,  Linn.  COCKSPUR  T.  Smooth ;  the  wedge-obovate  or 
oblanceolate  leaves  thick  and  firm,  deep-green  and  glossy,  serrate  above 
the  middle,  tapering  into  a  very  short  petiole ;  thorns  very  long  and 
sharp  ;  fruit  bright  red.  Useful  for  hedges.  (Lessons,  Fig.  96.) 

§  4.  Flowers  solitary,  in  pairs,  or  only  3-6  in  the  corymb ;  styles  and 
cells,  4-5 ;  leaves  mostly  pubescent  underneath  ;  fruit  often  edible. 

C.  aestivalis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  SUMMER  HAW  of  S.  States.  Along  pine- 
barren  ponds,  from  S.  Car.  S.  and  W. ;  small  tree  with  spatulate  or 
wedge-obovate  coriaceous  leaves,  crenate  above  the  middle  ;  no  glands  ; 
3-5-flowered  peduncles,  and  large  red  juicy  fruit,  pleasantly  acid,  used 
for  tarts,  etc.  ;  ripe  in  summer. 

C.  flava,  Ait.  YELLOW  or  SUMMER  HAW.  Sandy  soil,  from  Va.  S.  and 
W.  ;  small  tree,  with  wedge-obovate  leaves,  downy  or  smoothish,  toothed 
or  cut  above  the  middle,  the  teeth  or  margins  and  short  petiole  glandular  ; 
the  pear-shaped  or  globular  fruit  yellowish,  greenish,  or  tinged  with  red. 

C.  parvif61ia,  Ait.  SMALL-LEAVED  or  DWARF  THORN.  Mostly  in 
pine  barrens  from  N.  J.,  S.  ;  shrub  3°-6°  high,  downy,  with  thick  and 
firm  spatulate-obovate,  crenate  leaves,  these  as  well  as  the  mostly  solitary 
flowers  almost  sessile ;  calyx-lobes  glandular-toothed  and  as  long  as  the 
petals;  the  large  fruit  pear-shaped  or  globular,  at  first  hairy,  greenish 
and  yellowish. 

19.  COTONEASTER.     (Name  alludes  to  the  cottony  covering  of  the 
shoots,  lower  face  of  the  leaves,  etc.)    Small-leaved  and  small-flowered, 
chiefly  Old- World  shrubs. 

C.  vulgaris,  Lindl.  Planted  from  Eu. ;  hardy  shrub,  2°-4°  high,  much 
branched,  with  deciduous  ovate  leaves,  hardly  1'  long,  white-tomentose 
below,  glabrous  calyx,  flesh-colored  or  white  flowers  in  spring,  and 
reddish  fruit. 

C.  nummularia,  Lindl.  From  Nepal,  is  a  large  shrub  or  low  tree,  with 
nearly  orbicular  leaves,  which  are  dull  below,  and  bright  red  fruits. 

20.  PHOTINIA.    (Greek :  shining,  alluding  to  the  glossy  leaves  of  the 
genuine  species.)    Choice  greenhouse  shrubs  or  small  fruit  trees,  hardy 
S. ,  with  large  evergreen  leaves. 

P.  (or  Eriobbtrya)  Japdnica,  Gray.  The  LOQUAT  TREE  of  Japan,  with 
large,  obovate  toothed  leaves,  nearly  1°  long,  the  lower  surface  and 
corymb  clothed  with  dense  rather  rusty  loose  wool ;  has  few  and  large 
downy  yellowish-white  flowers,  appearing  in  autumn,  and  an  edible  yellow, 
acid  fruit,  with  1-5  large  seeds.  Often  called,  erroneously,  JAPAN  PLDM. 


ROSE  FAMILY.  161 

21.  AMELANCHIER,   JUNEBERRY,   SERVICE    BERRY.      (Pop- 
ular name  of  the  European  species  in  Savoy.)     Flowering  in  spring, 
and  producing  the  berry-like  purplish  fruit  (edible,  sweet,  sometimes 
very  pleasant-flavored)  in  summer. 

A.  Canad^nsis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  SHAD  BUSH  of  New  England,  is  a  tree 
10°-30°  high,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so ;  the  leaves  ovate  and  pointed, 
light  green  above,  very  sharply  serrate,  Birch-like  ;  flowers  large,  in  open 
and  loose,  more  or  less  drooping  racemes,  before  the  leaves ;  the  calyx 
lobes  lanceolate  ;  fruit  a  purple,  berry-like  pome  in  June  and  July,  much 
relished  by  birds.  The  flowers  appear  in  profusion  in  advance  of  the 
leaves. 

Var.  oblongif61ia,  Torr.  &  Gray  (or  A.  OBLONG  IF6LI  A,  Roemer).  Is  a 
low  plant  C2°-o°  high),  with  oblong,  mostly  blunt  leaves,  which  are 
floccose  or  woolly  below,  and  nearly  erect,  woolly,  panicle-like  racemes, 
appearing  with  the  leaves  ;  growing  in  the  N.  States  and  known  in  culti- 
vation as  the  DWARF  JONEBERRT. 

22.  PYRT7S,  PEAR,  APPLE,  etc.     (Classical  name  of  the  Pear  tree.) 
Botanically  the  genus  is  made  to  include  a  great  variety  of  plants, 
agreeing  in  the  cartilaginous,  parchment-like,  or  thin-walled  cells  that 
contain  the  seeds.     Wood  hard  and  tough.     Flowers  spring. 

§  1.  PEAR.     Leaves  simple;  flowers  in  a  simple  corymb  or  cluster;  fruit 
generally  with  its  base  tapering  down  to  the  stalk. 

P.  communis,  Linn.  COMMON  PEAR.  Cult,  from  Eu.  ;  a  smooth  tree, 
with  branches  inclined  to  be  thorny  ;  ovate  leaves  with  small,  obtuse  teeth, 
and  pure  white  flowers,  the  anthers  purple. 

P.  Sinensis,  Lindl.  JAPAN  or  SAND  PEAR.  Cult,  from  China  and 
Japan,  is  a  stronger  grower  than  the  last,  with  larger  dark  leaves  which 
are  very  sharply  toothed,  and  tough,  gritty  fruits  which  are  often 
depressed  about  the  stem,4and  Apple-like.  KIEFFEK,  LE  CONTE,  and 
others,  are  hybrids  with  the  last. 

§  2.  APPLE.  Leaves  simple  ;  flowers  showy,  in  a  simple  cluster  or  sim- 
ple umbel;  fruit  sunken  (umbilicate)  at  both  ends,  especially  at  the 
base.  , 

*   Exotic  ;  leaves  simply  and  evenly  serrate,  ovate  or  oblong. 

P.  Malus,  Linn.  COMMON  APPLE.  Cult,  from  Eu.  ;  tree  with  buds, 
lower  face  of  the  leaves  (when  young)  and  calyx  woolly ;  flowers  white 
and  tinged  with  pink,  on  short,  woolly  peduncles ;  fruit  various,  but  always 
holding  the  calyx  lobes  upon  its  apex. 

P.  spect&bilis,  Ait.  CHINESE  FLOWERING  APPLE.  Cult,  from  China 
for  its  showy  rose-colored,  semi-double  or  double  flowers ;  is  an  upright 
tree  with  gray  branches  20°  to  25°  high,  and  hard  leaves  which  soon 
become  nearly  smooth,  and  are  evenly  and  sharply  toothed ;  fruit  small, 
with  persistent  calyx. 

P.  baccdta,  Linn.  CRAB  APPLE.  From  Eu.  Small  tree  with  hard, 
wiry,  smooth  shoots,  long  and  smooth  petioles  and  pedicels,  narrower 
smooth  leaves,  and  a  small,  hard,  translucent  fruit  from  which  the  calyx 
falls  before  maturity.  TRANSCENDENT,  HYSLOP,  and  various  other  im- 
proved Crabs  are  probably  hybrids  with  P.  Malus. 

P.  floribunda,  Lindl.  JAPANESE  FLOWERING  CRAB.  A  bush  or  small 
tree,  perhaps  an  offshoot  from  the  last ;  smooth  in  all  its  parts,  with  long- 
acuminate,  mostty  sharply  toothed  leaves ;  handsome,  flesh-colored  or 
rosy  flowers  and  red  flower  buds,  and  a  profusion  of  long-stemmed  fruits 
the  size  of  a  pea,  from  which  the  calyx  falls.  Semi-double  forms  are 
known  in  gardens  as  P.  HALLI\NA  and  P.  PARKMANI. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  BOX.  —  11 


162  ROSE   FAMILY. 

*  *  Wild  species,  with  some  of  the  leaves  irregularly  cut-toothed,  or  even 
lobed;  flowers  bright  rose-colored,  and  the  fruit  greenish. 

P.  coronaria,  Linn.  AMERICAN  or  GARLAND  CRAB  APPLE.  Glades 
from  W.  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  S.  and  sparingly  W.  ;  small  tree,  soon 
smooth,  with  the  mostly  triangular  ovate  leaves  rounded  or  obscurely 
heart-shaped  at  base  and  inclined  to  be  3-lobed,  on  slender  smooth 
petioles ;  flowers  on  long,  smooth  pedicels ;  fruit  bright  green,  flattened 
lengthwise. 

P.  lo&isis.  Bailey.  WESTERN  CRAB  APPLE.  Leaves  oblong  or  obo- 
vate-oval,  variously  notched  and  toothed,  the  lower  surface  as  well  as  the 
petioles,  short  pedicels  and  young  growth,  white-pubescent ;  fruit  spheri- 
cal or  oblong,  dull  green  with  minute  light  dots.  There  is  a  double- 
flowered  variety.  W.  of  Great  Lakes. 

P.  angustifblia,  Ait.  NARROW-LEAVED  CRAB  APPLE.  Leaves  lance- 
oblong  or  elliptic  and  small,  almost  entire  or  bluntly  and  sparsely  dentate, 
obtuse  or  nearly  so,  thick,  shining  above,  on  short,  smooth  petioles; 
flowers  rather  small,  on  smooth  pedicels.  From  Penn.  S.  and  W. 

§  3.  CHOKEBERRY.  Leaves  simple,  the  upper  face  with  some  small  glands 
along  the  midrib  ;  flowers  (white)  in  compound  cymes  terminating  the 
branches;  styles  united  at  base;  fruit  berry-like. 

P.  arbutif61ia,  Linn.  COMMON  CHOKEBERRY.  Woods  and  bogs,  N. ; 
low,  spreading  shrub  with  oblong  or  oblanceolate  serrate  leaves,  acute  or 
acuminate  and  pubescent  below,  and  a  scarlet  or  light  purple  fruit  which 
clings  to  the  branches  after  the  leaves  fall. 

Var.  melanocclrpa,  Hook  (or  P.  N!GRA,  Sargent),  has  broadly 
obovate  nearly  smooth  leaves,  earlier  flowers,  and  black  fruit  which  soon 
falls. 

§  4.  ROWAN  TREE  or  MOUNTAIN  ASH.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  of  several 
(9-17)  leaflets;  flowers  (numerous  and  white)  in  ample,  compound,  flat 
cymes  terminating  the  branches  of  the  season;  fruit  berry-like,  scarlet- 
red  when  ripe.  Trees  often  planted  for  ornament,  especially  for  the 
clusters  of  showy  fruit  in  autumn. 

P.  Americana,  DC.  AMERICAN  MOUNTAIN  ASH.  Slender  tree  or  tall 
shrub,  wild  in  the  cooler  districts ;  smooth  or  soon  becoming  so,  with 
lanceolate  taper-pointed  and  sharply  serrate  bright-green  leaflets  on  a 
reddish  stalk,  pointed  and  smooth  glutinous  leaf-buds,  and  berries  not 
larger  than  peas. 

P.  sambucifdlia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  ELDER-LEAVED  R.  or  M.  Wild 
along  the  northern  frontiers ;  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  oblong  or  lance- 
ovate  and  blunt  or  abruptly  short-pointed  leaflets,  coarsely  serrate  with 
more  spreading  teeth,  sparingly  hairy  leaf-buds,  and  larger  berries. 

P.  Aucuparia,  Gsertn.  EUROPEAN  R.  or  M.  Commonly  planted  from 
Eu. ;  forms  a  good-sized  tree,  with  oblong  and  obtuse  paler  leaflets, 
their  lower  surface,  stalks,  and  the  leaf -buds  downy ;  and  the  berries 
larger  (£'  in  diameter). 

§  5.  QUINCE.  Leaves  simple;  flowers  either  single  upon  the  ends  of  leafy 
shoots,  or  in  small,  sessile  clusters,  white  or  red;  fruit  more  or  less 
pyriform,  the  5  cells  normally  several  or  many-seeded.  Small  trees  or 
bushes. 

P.  Cyddnia,  Linn,  (or  CYDONIA  VULGARIS).  COMMON  QUINCE.  From 
Eu.  ;  a  small  bushy  tree  with  soft,  oval,  entire  leaves  which  are  tomentose 
below,  and  very  large  flowers  terminating  short  leafy  shoots,  and  woolly 
fruits.  (Lessons,  Fig.  112.) 

P.  Jap6nica,  Thunb.  JAPAN  QUINCE  (also  named  CYDONIA  JAP6NICA). 
Thorny,  smooth,  widely  branched  shrub  from  Japan  ;  cult,  for  the  large 


CALYCANTHUS   FAMILY.  163 

showy  flowers,  which  are  produced  in  spring  earlier  than  the  oval  or 
wedge-oblong  leaves,  on  side  spurs,  in  great  abundance,  single  or  more 
or  less  double,  scarlet-red,  or  sometimes  almost  white  varieties ;  calyx 
with  short  and  rounded  lobes ;  fruit  green-speckled,  very  hard,  sometimes 
used  for  jellies. 


XXXVIH,  CALYCANTHACEJl,  CALYCANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  with  opposite,  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  sepals  and 
petals  imbricated  and  indefinite  in  number  and  passing  one 
into  the  other,  stamens  few  or  many,  with  anthers  turned  out- 
wards, all  these  parts  on  a  hollow  receptacle  or  bracted  calyx 
cup  in  the  manner  of  a  rose  hip,  inclosing  numerous  pistils 
which  ripen  into  akenes.  Cotyledons  rolled  up  from  one  mar- 
gin. Flowers  rather  large,  mostly  aromatic,  as  is  the  wood 
also.  (Lessons,  Fig.  424.) 

1.  CALYCANTHUS.    Flowers  livid-purple  or  dull  red,  solitary  in  the  axils  or  terminating 

leafy  branches,  with  loose  bracts  passing  to  colored  lanceolate  sepals,  and  these  into 
similar  thickish  petals,  which  are  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  closed  calyx  tube ; 
within  these  are  numerous  short  stamens  ;  the  outer  having  anthers  ending  in  a  tip, 
the  inner  smaller  and  with  imperfect  anthers  or  none.  Pistils  inclosed  in  the  fleshy 
cup  ;  ovary  with  2  ovules  ;  styles  slender.  Akenes  oval,  coriaceous,  inclosed  in  the 
leathery  hip,  which  becomes  about  2'  long. 

2.  CHIMONANTHUS.    Flowers  yellow  and  purplish,  along  naked  shoots,  sessile  in  axils 

of  fallen  leaves.  Bracts  and  sepals  scale-like,  ovate,  purplish,  or  brownish.  Petals 
honey-yellow,  or  the  innermost  red.  Stamens  with  anthers  only  5. 

1.  CALYCANTHUS,  CAROLINA  ALLSPICE  or  SWEET-SCENTED 
SHRUB.     (Greek :   cup  and  flower.)     All  wild  in  U.  S.,  and  culti- 
vated,   especially    the    first,   which  has   fragrant   strawberry-scented 
blossoms.    Flowers  spring  and  all  summer.     Mostly  natives  of  elevated 
lands. 

C.  fldridus,  Linn.  Wild  S.  of  Va.  in  rich  woods ;  leaves  soft^downy 
beneath,  l'-3'  long,  oval  or  oblong. 

C.  leevigitus,  Willd.  Wild  from  S.  Penn.,  S.  along  the  Alleghanies. 
Smooth  and  green,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves  l'-3'  long,  and  rather 
small  flowers  (1|'  across). 

C.  glafccus,  Willd.  Wild  from  Va.,  S. ;  like  the  foregoing  (possibly 
a  variety  of  it),  but  with  mostly  larger  and  taper-pointed  leaves,  glaucous 
beneath. 

C.  occidentalis,  Hook  &  Am.  WESTERN  C.  Smooth,  with  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong  and  slightly  heart-shaped,  larger  leaves  (5M5'  long),  green 
both  sides,  the  upper  surface  roughish ;  the  brick-red  flowers  3'  across, 
scentless  ;  akenes  hairy.  Cult,  from  Cal. 

2.  CHIMONANTHUS,     JAPAN    ALLSPICE.       (Greek:     winter- 
flower;  it  flowers  in  winter  in  a  mild  temperate  climate.) 

C.  fragrans,  Lindl.  Shrub  with  long  branches,  which  may  be  trained 
like  a  climber,  smooth,  lance-ovate,  pointed  leaves,  and  rather  small  fra- 
grant flowers  ;  hardy  S.  of  Penn. 


164  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 


SAXIFRAGACE.fi,   SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY. 

A  large  family  not  readily  defined  by  any  single  characters ; 
distinguished  generally  from  Eosacese  by  having  albumen  in 
the  seeds,  ovaries  partly  or  wholly  united,  and  seldom  any 
stipules ;  the  herbs  and  most  of  the  shrubs  of  the  family  have 
only  as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens,  and  fewer  styles  or 
stigmas  than  there  are  petals  or  sepals.  Flowers  mostly  per- 
fect. Stamens  and  petals  generally  borne  on  the  calyx,  the 
latter  usually  withering  and  persistent.  Leaves  alternate  or 
opposite. 

I.  SAXIFRAGE  SUBFAMILY.  Herbs.  Stipules  none, 
or  confluent  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Seeds  usually  many. 

»  Stamens  twice  the  number  of  the  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  mostly  10 ;  pod  com- 
monly 2-lobed,  beaked,  or  2,  rarely  3-4,  nearly  separate  pods. 

+-  Petals  mostly  5,  entire. 

1.  SAXIFRAGA.     Flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles,  or  rarely  solitary,  perfect.     Leaves 

simple  or  palmately  cut.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Pod  2-celled  below,  or  2 
(rarely  more)  separate  pistils  and  pods,  many-seeded. 

2.  A8TILBE.    Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes  collected  in  an  ample  compound  panicle, 

sometimes  polygamous  or  dioecious.  Leaves  ample,  decompound.  Petals  small, 
spatulate,  or  linear.  Little  pods  2  or  S,  nearly  separate,  opening  down  the  inner 
suture,  several-seeded. 

8.  TIARELLA.  Flowers  in  a  raceme.  Calyx  colored  (white),  5-parted,  and  in  the  sinuses 
bearing  5  very  narrow,  slender-clawed  petals.  Filaments  and  styles  long  and  slender. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  several  ovules  towards  the  base  of  the  2  parietal  placentae, 
2-beaked ;  one  of  the  beaks  or  carpels  growing  much  more  than  the  other  and 
making  the  larger  part  of  the  lance-shaped  membranaceous  pod,  which  is  few- 
seeded  towards  the  bottom. 

•H  +-  Petals  5,  pinnatifid,  very  delicate. 

4.  MTTELLA.    Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike,  small.    Petals  colored  like  the  short 

open  calyx  (white  or  green).  Stamens  short.  Styles  2,  very  short.  Ovary  and  pod 
globular,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae  at  the  base,  many-seeded,  opening  across 
the  top. 

»  *  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  usually  5,  and  a  cluster  of 
gland-tipped  sterile  filaments  before  each  petal;  stigmas  mostly  4,  directly  over 
as  many  parietal  placentce. 

5.  PARNASSIA.    Flower  solitary,  terminating  a  scape-like  (usually  1-leaved)  stem  ;  the 

leaves  mostly  from  the  root,  rounded,  smooth,  and  entire.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary 
of  5  sepals.  Petals  5,  veiny,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Styles  none.  Pod  1-celled, 
many-seeded. 

*  »  «  Stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals,  4  or  5  ;  no  sterile  filaments  ;  styles  2  and 
alternate  with  the  placentce  or  partition. 

6.  HEUCHERA.    Flowers  small,  in  a  long  panicle,  mostly  on  a  scape.      Calyx  bell- 

shaped,  the  tube  cohering  below  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  and  continued  beyond  it, 
above  5-cleft,  and  bearing  5  small,  spatulate,  erect  petals  at  the  sinuses.  Styles 
Blender.  Pod  1-celled,  2-beaked  at  the  apex,  opening  between  the  beaks. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.  165 

II.  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves  (includes  plants  which  have 
been  ranked  in  2  or  3  different  families) .  None  of  the  follow- 
ing have  stipules,  except  Eibes.  Seeds  numerous. 

*  Leaves  opposite.    Calyx-tube  wholly  coherent  with  the  top-shaped  or  hemispherical 

ovary,  but  not  at  all  extended  beyond  it. 
+-  Stamens  only  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  8  or  10. 

T.  DEUTZIA.  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  more  or  less  panlcled,  showy.  Lobes  of  the 
calyx  5.  Petals  5,  valvate,  with  the  edges  turned  inwards.  Filaments  flat,  the  5 
alternate  ones  longer,  commonly  with  a  tooth  or  fork  on  each  side  next  the  top. 
Styles  3-6,  slender.  Pod  3-5-celled. 

8.  HYDRANGEA.    Flowers  in  cymes,  commonly  of  two  sorts,  the  marginal  ones  (or  in 

high-cultivated  plants  almost  all)  enlarged  and  neutral,  consisting  of  the  corolla-like 
calyx  only  (Lessons,  p.  78,  Fig.  214) ;  the  others  perfect,  with  a  4-5-toothed  calyx,  as 
many  small  petals  valvate  in  the  bud,  and  twice  as  many  stamens  with  slender 
filaments.  Styles  2-5,  diverging.  Ovary  2-5-celled,  becoming  a  small  pod  which 
opens  at  the  top  between  the  styles. 

-I-  -t-  Stamens  indefinite,  20-10. 

9.  DECUMARIA.    Flowers  small,  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme.    Calyx  minutely  7-10- 

toothed.  Style  thick.  Petals  7-10,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Pod  small,  top-shaped, 
many-ribbed,  bursting  at  the  sides  between  the  ribs. 

10.  PHILADELPHIA.    Flowers  showy,  often  corymbed  or  panicled.    Calyx  with  4  or  5 

valvate  lobes.  Petals  4  or  5,  broad,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Styles  8-5,  usually  some- 
what united  below.  Ovary  3-5-celled,  becoming  a  pod,  which  splits  at  length  into 

as  many  pieces. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate. 

11.  ITEA.    Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed.    Flowers  in  a  raceme.    Calyx  nearly  free 

from  the  2-celled  ovary,  5-cleft.  Petals  lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  and 
Inserted  along  with  the  5  stamens  near  its  base.  Pod  slender,  2-celled,  splitting 
through  the  style  and  the  partition. 

12.  EIBES.    Leaves  palmately  veined  and  lobed  ;  sometimes  with  narrow  stipules  united 

with  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Calyx  with  its  tube  cohering  with  the  ovary,  and  often 
extended  beyond  it,  the  5  lobes  usually  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  and  stamens 
each  5,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  the  former  small  and  mostly  erect.  Styles  2  or 
partly  united  into  one ;  ovary  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentae,  in  fruit  becoming  a 
juicy  berry,  crowned  with  the  shriveled  remains  of  the  rest  of  the  flower. 

1.  SAXIFRAGA,  SAXIFRAGE.  (Latin  name,  rock-breaker:  many 
species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.)  Besides  the  following  there  are 
a  number  of  rare  or  local  wild  species.  Jj. 

*  Leaves  all  clustered  at  the  root;  the  naked  scape  clammy  above  and 
bearing  many  small  whitish  flowers  in  a  panicle  or  cyme,  the  2  ovaries 
united  barely  at  the  base,  making  at  length  a  pair  of  nearly  separate, 
diverge.nt  pods.     Wild  species. 

S.  Virgini^nsis,  Michx.  EARLY  S.  On  rocks  and  moist  banks ; 
with  obovate  or  wedge-spatulate,  thickish,  more  or  less  toothed  leaves  in 
an  open  cluster ;  scape  3'-9'  high,  bearing  in  early  spring  white  flowers  in 
a  dense  cluster,  which  at  length  opens  into  a  loose  panicled  cyme  ;  calyx 
not  half  the  length  of  the  petals  ;  pods  turning  purple. 

S.  Pennsylvdnica,  Linn.  SWAMP  S.  In  low,  wet  ground  N. ;  with 
lance-oblong  or  oblanceolate  obtuse  leaves  (4'-8'  long),  obscurely  toothed 
and  narrowed  into  a  very  short,  broad  petiole  ;  scape  l°-2°  high,  bearing 
small  greenish  flowers  in  an  oblong  cluster,  opening  with  age  into  a  looser 
panicle  (in  spring)  ;  the  reflexed  lobes  of  the  calyx  as  long  as  the  lance- 
linear  petals. 


166  SAXIFKAGE   FAMILY. 

*  *  Leaves  clustered  ;  flowers  more  or  less  showy ;  ovaries  2,  or  sometimes 
3-4,  almost  separate,  becoming  as  many  nearly  distinct  pods.  Exotic 
species  cult,  for  ornament. 

S.  crassifdlia,  Linn.  THICK-LEAVED  S.  Cult,  from  Siberia  ;  very  smooth, 
with  fleshy  and  creeping  or  prostrate  rootstocks,  sending  up  thick,  round- 
ish-obovate,  nearly  evergreen  leaves,  6'-9'  long,  and  scapes  (bracted  mid- 
way) bearing  an  ample,  at  first  compact  cyme  of  large,  bright,  rose-colored 
flowers,  in  early  spring.  Sold  also  as  S.  SisfRiCA  and  S.  ccxEiF6LiA. 

S.  sarmentdsa,  Linn.  BEEFSTEAK  S.,  also  called  STRAWBERRY  GERA- 
NIUM. Cult,  from  China  and  Japan  as  a  house-plant,  not  quite  hardy  N. ; 
rather  hairy,  with  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  and  doubly 
toothed  leaves  of  fleshy  texture,  purple  underneath,  green-veined  or 
mottled  with  white  above,  on  shaggy  petioles,  from  their  axils  sending 
off  slender  strawberry-like  runners ;  scapes  bearing  a  light,  very  open 
panicle  of  irregular  flowers,  with  three  of  the  petals  small  rose-pink  and 
yellow-spotted,  and  two  much  longer  and  nearly  white  ones  lanceolate 
and  hanging. 

2.  ASTILBE.     (Name  means  not  shining.)     Flowers  summer.     ^ 

A.  decandra.  Don.  A  tall,  rather  pubescent  herb,  3°-5°  high,  imitat- 
ing Spiraea  Aruncus  in  appearance,  but  coarser ;  leaflets  of  the  decom- 
pound leaves  mostly  heart-shaped,  cut-toothed  (2'-4'  long)  ;  flowers 
greenish-white,  with  petals  inconspicuous  or  absent.  Rich  woods  along 
the  Alleghanies  from  Va.  S. 

A.  Japdnica,  Gray  (or  HOTE!A  JAP6NICA).  Only  l°-2°  high,  with  leaf- 
lets of  the  thrice-ternate  leaves  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  and  crowded  white 
flowers  of  considerable  beauty.  Japan. 

3.  TIARELLA,  FALSE  MITERWORT.    (From  tiara,  a  turban.)    2/ 

T.  cordifdlia,  Linn.  Our  only  species,  in  rocky  woods,  especially  N.  ; 
a  low  and  hairy  herb,  spreading  by  summer  leafy  runners ;  leaves 
rounded  heart-shaped,  sharply  lobed  and  toothed ;  flowers  in  a  short 
raceme  on  a  leafless  scape,  bright  white,  in  spring. 

4.  MITELLA,    MITERWORT,   BISHOP'S  CAP.      (Name  means  a 
little  mitre,  from  the  shape  of  the  2-cleft  ovary  and  young  pod.)     Deli- 
cate plants  of  moist  woods,  especially  N.  ;  spreading  by  summer  leafy 
runners  or  rootstocks  ;  flowers  late  spring  and  early  summer.      2/ 

M.  diphylla,  Linn.  COMMON  or  TWO-LEAVED  M.  Hairy,  with 
rounded  heart-shaped  and  somewhat  3-5-lobed  root-leaves  on  slender 
petioles,  and  a  pair  of  opposite,  nearly  sessile  leaves  on  the  scape  below 
the  slender  raceme  of  many  white  flowers. 

M.  nfcda,  Linn.  NAKED-STALKED  M.  A  delicate  little  plant,  with 
roundish  kidney-shaped  doubly  crenate  leaves,  and  leafless  scape  (4'-6' 
high)  bearing  a  few  greenish  blossoms. 

5.  FARNASSIA,    GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS.     (Named  for  Mt.  Par- 
nassus.)    Wild  on  wet  banks;   the  large  white  flower  handsome,  in 
summer  and  autumn.     2/ 

P.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  The  only  common  species ;  has  the  scape  or 
stem  l°-2°  high,  bearing  one  clasping  leaf  low  down,  and  terminated  with 
a  flower  over  1'  broad,  the  many- veined  petals  sessile,  with  3  stout,  small, 
sterile  filaments  before  each.  Throughout. 

P.  asarifdlia,  Vent.  Along  the  Alleghanies  S.  ;  has  rather  kidney- 
shaped  leaves,  and  petals  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  claw  ;  otherwise 
like  the  first, 


SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.  167 

6.  HEUCHERA,   ALUM    BOOT,    the    rootstock    being    astringent. 
(Named  for  a  German  botanist,  J.  H.   Heucher.)     Wild  plants   of 
rocky  woods  ;  the  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped,  and  more  or  less  lobed 
or  cut,  mostly  from  the  rootstock,  often  one  or  two  on  the  tall  stalk  of 
the  panicle.     Flowers  mostly  greenish,  in  summer.     2/ 

*  Flowers  very  small ;  stamens  and  styles  protruding. 

H.  Americana,  Linn.  COMMON  A.  The  only  one  N.  and  E.  of  Penn. 
(also  S.  to  S.  Car.) ;  has  scapes  and  loose  panicle  (2°-3°  high)  clammy- 
glandular  and  often  hairy ;  leaves  with  rounded  lobes,  and  greenish 
flowers  in  early  summer. 

H.  vill6sa,  Michx.  From  Md.  to  Ga.  and  W.,  along  the  upper  coun- 
try ;  is  lower,  beset  with  soft,  often  rusty  hairs  ;  has  deeper-lobed  leaves, 
and  very  small  white  or  whitish  flowers,  later  in  summer. 

*  *  Flowers  larger  (the  calyx  fully  J'  long},  in  a  narrower  panicle, 
greenish,  with  stamens  little  if  at  all  protruding ;  leaves  round  and 
slightly  5-9-lobed. 

H.  hispida,  Pursh.  Mountains  of  Va.  and  N.  C.,  W.  Tall  (scape 
2°-4°  high),  usually  with  spreading  hairs  ;  stamens  a  little  protruding. 

H.  pube'scens,  Pursh.  Scapes  (l°-3°  high)  and  petioles  roughish- 
glandular  rather  than  pubescent ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx.  From  Penn.  S. 

7.  DEUTZIA.     (Named  for  Johann  Deutz,  a  botanist  of  Amsterdam.) 
Flowering  shrubs,  with  numerous  panicles  of  white  or  pinkish  blos- 
soms, in  late  spring  and  early  summer ;  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves, 
the  calyx,  etc.,  beset  with  minute  starry  clusters  of  hairs  or  scurf. 

D.  grdcilis,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  The  smaller  species,  is  2°  high,  with  ovate- 
lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  leaves,  bright  green  and  smooth,  and  rather 
small,  snow-white  flowers,  earlier  than  the  next ;  often  forced  in  green- 
houses ;  filaments  forked  at  the  top.  Japan. 

D.  scdbra,  Thunb.  (or  D.  CRENATA  and  D.  FORT^NEI).  A  tall  shrub, 
rough  with  the  fine  pubescence,  with  pale,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  minutely 
crenate-serrate  leaves,  and  rather  dull  white  or  pinkish  blossoms  in  sum- 
mer ;  the  filaments  broadest  upwards  and  with  a  blunt  lobe  on  each  side 
just  below  the  anther.  China  and  Japan. 

8.  HYDRANGEA.     (Formed  of   Greek  words,  water  and  vase,   in 
reference  to  the  shape  of  the  capsule.)     Flowers  summer  j  often  sterile 
and  enlarged,  and  showy.     (Lessons,  Fig.  214. ) 

*  Leaves  lobed. 

H.  quercifdlia,  Bartram.  OAK-LEAVED  H.  Stout  shrub,  3°-6°  high, 
very  leafy,  downy,  with  oval,  5-lobed,  large  leaves,  and  cymes  clustered  in 
oblong  panicle,  with  numerous  sterile  flowers.  Wild  from  Ga.  S.,  hardy 
N.  in  cult. 

*  *  Leaves  not  lobed. 

-i-  White-tomentose  beneath. 

H.  radiata,  Walt,  (or  H.  NfvEA),  has  ovate  or  somewhat  heart- 
shaped,  pointed  leaves,  very  white-woolly  beneath,  but  smooth  and  green 
above ;  the  flat  cyme  with  a  few  enlarged  sterile  flowers  round  the 
margin.  Wild  from  S.  Car.  S.  and  W.,  and  cult. 


168  SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

+-  -i-  Green,  or  nearly  so,  beneath. 

H.  arbore'scens,  Linn.  Wild  from  Penn.  and  Mo.  S.,  rarely  planted ; 
is  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  serrate, 
pointed  leaves  ;  the  flat  cyme  often  without  any  enlarged  sterile  flowers, 
but  sometimes  with  a  full  row  round  the  margin. 

H.  Hortensia,  DC.  (and  H.  OTAKSA).  COMMON  GREENHOUSE  HY- 
DRANGEA. Is  very  smooth,  with  large  and  oval,  coarsely  toothed,  bright 
green  glossy  leaves,  and  the  flowers  of  the  round  flattish  cyme  nearly 
all  neutral  and  enlarged,  blue,  purple,  pink,  or  white.  China  and 
Japan. 

H.  paniculata,  Sieb.  COMMON  OUTDOOR  or  HARDY  HYDRANGEA.  More 
or  less  pubescent,  at  least  in  the  panicle,  with  oblong-ovate,  sharply 
toothed  and  long-pointed,  dull  leaves,  which  are  roughish  below,  and  an 
elongated  panicle  of  whitish  flowers.  Japan. 

9.  DECUMARIA.     (Name  probably  meaning  that  the  parts  of  the 
flower  are  in  tens,  which  is  only  occasionally  the  case.) 

D.  barbara.  Linn.  Along  streams  Va.  and  S.  ;  a  tall,  mostly  smooth 
shrub,  with  long  branches  disposed  to  climb;  ovate  or  oblong  shining 
leaves,  and  a  compound  terminal  cyme  of  small  white  odorous  flowers, 
in  late  spring. 

10.  PHILADELPHTTS,   MOCK  ORANGE,   SYRINGA.      (Name  an- 
cient, of  no  application.)     Syringa  is  the  generic  name  of  the  Lilac. 
Ornamental  shrubs. 

P.  coronarius,  Linn.  COMMON  MOCK  ORANGE.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu. 
Shrub  with  erect  branches,  smoothish  oblong-ovate  leaves,  having  the 
taste  and  smell  of  cucumbers,  and  crowded  clusters  of  handsome  and 
odorous  cream-white  flowers,  in  late  spring. 

P.  inod6rus,  Linn.  SCENTLESS  M.  Wild  in  upper  districts  S.  ;  shrub, 
smooth,  with  spreading,  slender  branches,  mostly  entire,  ovate-oblong 
leaves  ;  rather  small  flowers  scattered  at  the  end  of  the  diverging  branch- 
lets,  and  calyx-lobes  not  longer  than  the  ovary. 

P.  grandifldrus,  Willd.  LARGE-FL.  M.  Wild  along  streams  from 
Va.  S.,  and  planted  in  several  varieties  ;  tall  shrub,  with  long  recurving 
branches,  ovate  and  pointed,  usually  toothed,  smoothish,  or  slightly  downy 
leaves,  and  very  large,  pure  white,  scentless  flowers,  in  early  summer, 
either  single  or  in  loose  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  the  slender- 
pointed  calyx  lobes  much  longer  than  the  ovary. 

Var.  floribundus,  Torr.  &  Gray  (or  P.  LATirdLics).  Robust,  6°- 
12°  high,  with  the  ovate  and  toothed,  5-ribbed  leaves  hairy  beneath, 
and  large,  pure  white  and  nearly  scentless  flowers  clustered,  in  early 
summer.  Cult. 

P.  Gordonianus,  Lindl.  From  Ore. ;  is  very  tall,  with  ovate-acuminate 
serrate  leaves,  the  flowers  very  slightly  scented  and  numerous,  in  5-9- 
flowered  racemes,  in  midsummer,  10  days  or  more  later  than  other  kinds. 

P.  hirsfctua,  Nutt.  HAIRY  M.  Wild  in  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.,  and  cult.  ; 
slender,  with  recurving  branches,  the  small,  ovate  and  acute,  sharply- 
toothed  leaves  hairy,  and  beneath  even  hoary ;  the  small  white  flowers 
solitary  or  2-3  together  at  the  end  of  short  racemose  side  branchlets. 

11.  ITEA.     (Greek  name  of  Willow.) 

I.  Virginica,  Linn.  A  tall  shrub,  with  oblong,  pointed,  and  serrulate 
leaves,  and  racemes  of  pretty  white  flowers,  in  early  summer.  Low 
places,  Penn.,  S.  and  W. 


SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY.  169 

12 .  RIBES,  CURKANT,  GOOSEBERRY.     (Name  of  uncertain  origin. ) 

Low  shrubs  ;  flowers  spring  ;  fruit  mostly  edible. 

§  1.  GOOSEBERRY.  Stems  commonly  with  1  or  2  thorns  beloio  the  leaf- 
stalks or  the  clusters  of  leaves,  often  with  numerous  scattered  prickles 
besides,  these  sometimes  on  the  berry  also. 

*  Flowers  1-3  in  a  cluster. 
•«-  Flowers  red  and  showy. 

R.    specidsum,    Pursh.      SHOWY    FLOWERING    GOOSEBERRY,    of    Cal. 

Somewhat  cult,  for  ornament ;  has  small  and  shining  leaves ;  very 
handsome  flowers  on  a  hanging  peduncle,  the  short-tubular  calyx,  petals, 
and  long-projecting  stamens  deep  red,  so  that  the  blossom  resembles  that 
of  a  Fuchsia  ;  berry  prickly,  few-seeded. 

•<-  ••-  Flowers  small  and  \greenish. 
**  Calyx  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube. 

R.  Cyn6sbati,  Linn.  Has  bluntly  3-lobed  downy  leaves,  with  slen- 
der peduncles,  stamens  and  undivided  style  not  exceeding  the  broad  calyx, 
and  large  prickly  (or  rarely  smooth)  dull  purple  berry.  Common  N. 

•w  •»-•.  Calyx  lobes  conspicuously  longer  than  the  tube. 

R.  Grossularia,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  GOOSEBERRY,  but  more  or  less 
cult,  here  in  several  varieties,  as  INDUSTRY,  CROWN  BOB,  etc.,  is  a  stocky 
bush  with  thickish  leaves,  a  pubescent  ovary  and  calyx,  and  a  large, 
usually  finely  pubescent  fruit. 

R.  oxyacantholdes,  Linn.  Parent  of  the  American  Gooseberries, 
like  HOCGHTON  and  DOWNING,  is  seldom  downy,  with  thinner  leaves,  very 
short  thorns  or  none ;  very  short  peduncles ;  stamens  and  2-cleft  style 
scarcely  longer  than  the  bell-shaped,  smooth  calyx ;  ovary  and  berry 
smooth,  the  latter  medium-sized,  either  green  or  reddish  when  ripe.  New 
Eng.  to  N.  J.,  W. 

R.  rotundifdlium,  Michx.  Often  downy-leaved ;  peduncles  rather 
slender  ;  the  slender  stamens  and  2-parted  style  longer  than  the  narrow 
calyx  ;  berry  smooth.  Mass,  and  N.  Y.,  S. 

*  *  Flowers  several,  in  a  nodding  raceme. 

R.  lacustre,  Poir.  LAKE  or  SWAMP  G.  Cold  bogs  and  wet  woods  N.  ; 
low,  with  3-5-parted  heart-shaped  leaves,  their  lobes  deeply  cut;  very 
small  flowers  with  broad  and  flat  calyx  ;  short  stamens  and  style,  and 
small  bristly  berries  of  unpleasant  flavor. 

§  2.   CURRANT.     No  thorns  or  prickles,  and  the  flowers  numerous  in  the 
racemes. 

*  Flowers  greenish  or  whitish,  small. 

*-  Leaves  without  resinous  dots;  calyx  flat  and  open;  berries  red  (or 
white). 

R.  prostratum,  L'Her.  FETID  CURRANT.  Cold  woods  N. ;  with  reclin- 
ing stems ;  deeply  heart-shaped  and  acutely  5-7-lobed  leaves ;  erect  ra- 
cemes ;  pedicels  and  pale-red  berries  glandular-bristly ;  these  and  the 
bruised  herbage  exhale  an  unpleasant,  skunk-like  odor. 

R.  rubrum,  Linn.  GARDEN  CURRANT.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  with  straggling 
or  reclining  stems,  somewhat  heart-shaped  moderately  3-5-lobed  leaves  ; 
the  lobes  roundish,  and  drooping  racemes  from  lateral  buds  distinct  from 
the  leaf  buds  ;  edible  berries  red,  or  white  ;  also  a  striped  variety. 

Var.  subglandu!6sum,  Maxim.,  a  native  form  in  cold  swamps  N.,  lias 
the  racemes  clustered  below  the  leafy  tips  of  the  canes. 


170  ORPINE   FAMILY. 

-i-  -i-  Leaves  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots ;  flowers  larger,  with  oblong- 
bell-shaped  calyx;  berries  larger,  black,  aromatic  and  spicy,  glandular- 
dotted. 

R.  fldridum,  L'Her.  WILD  BLACK  C.  Woods  N.  ;  leaves  slightly 
heart-shaped,  sharply  3-5-lobed  and  doubly  serrate ;  racemes  drooping, 
downy,  bearing  many  whitish  flowers,  with  conspicuous  bracts  longer 
than  the  pedicels. 

R.  n/grum,  Linn.  GARDEN  BLACK  C.  Cult,  from  Eu. ;  much  like 
the  preceding,  but  has  greener  and  fewer  flowers  in  the  raceme,  minute 
bracts,  and  a  shorter  calyx. 

*  #  Flowers  highly  colored  (red  or  yellow),  much  larger. 

R.  sangulneum,  Pursh.  RED-FLOWERED  C.  From  Ore.  and  Cal.  ; 
glandular  and  somewhat  clammy,  with  3-5-lobed  leaves  whitish-downy 
beneath,  nodding  racemes  of  rose-red  flowers,  the  calyx  tube  oblong- 
bell-shaped,  the  berries  glandular  and  insipid. 

R.  GoRDONiANUM  is  supposed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  this  and  the 
next. 

R.  aureum,  Pursh.  GOLDEN,  BUFFALO,  MISSOURI  or  CRANDALL  CUR- 
RANT. From  Mo.  to  Ore.  ;  abundantly  cult,  for  its  spicy -scented  bright- 
yellow  flowers  in  early  spring ;  smooth,  with  rounded  3-lobed  and 
cut-toothed  leaves  (which  are  rolled  up  in  the  bud),  short  racemes  with 
leafy  bracts,  and  tube  of  the  yellow  calyx  very  much  longer  than  the 
spreading  lobes ;  the  berries  blackish,  usually  insipid. 


XL.    CRASSULACKSJ,   OKPINE  FAMILY. 

Succulent  plants,  differing  from  the  Saxifrage  Family  mainly 
in  the  complete  symmetry  of  the  flowers,  the  sepals,  petals, 
stamens,  and  pistils  equal  in  number,  or  the  stamens  of  just 
double  the  number;  the  pistils  all  separate  and  forming  as 
many  (mostly  many-seeded)  little  pods,  except  in  Penthorum, 
where  they  are  united  together.  (Lessons,  p.  81,  Figs.  222- 
225.)  Penthorum,  which  is  not  succulent,  is  intermediate 
between  this  family  and  the  foregoing.  Several  are  somewhat 
monopetalous. 

§  1.   Leaves  not  at  all  fleshy,  but  thin  and  membranaceous  ;  the  5  ovaries  united  into 
one  5-horned  5-celled  pod  ;  no  scales  behind  the  ovaries. 

1.  PENTHORUM.    Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  small,  or  usually  none.    Stamens  10.    Pod  open- 

Ing  by  the  falling  away  of  ihc  5  beaks,  many-seeded.    Barely  the  parts  are  in  sixes  or 
sevens. 

§  2.  Leaves  thickened  and  succulent ;  ovaries  separate,  a  minute  scale  behind  each. 
*  Petals  separate  ;  sepals  nearly  so  or  united  at  the  base. 

2.  8EMPERVIVUM.    Sepals,  narrow  petals,  and  pistils  6-12  or  even  more,  and  stamens 

twice  as  many.    Plants  usually  multiplying  by  leafy  offsets,  on  which  the  leaves  are 

crowded  in  close  tufts  like  rosettes. 
8.  8EDUM.    Sepals,  narrow  petals,  and  pistils  4  or  5 ;  the  stamens  twice  as  many,  the 

alternate  ones  commonly  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal. 
4.  CRASSULA.    Sepals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  stamens,  and  many-seeded  pistils  5. 

Perennial  herbs  or  fleshy-shrubby  plants,  with  flowers  in  cymes  or  clusters. 


ORPINE  FAMILY.  171 

*  *  Petals  united  by  their  edges  below,  and  bearing  the  stamens. 
-i-  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted  ;  pistils  5. 

5.  KOCHEA.    Corolla  salver-form,  longer  than  the  calyx.    Stamens  5. 

6.  COTYLEDON.    Corolla  urn-shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  cylindrical,  sometimes  5-»ngled. 

Stamens  10. 

+-  +-  Calyx  and  corolla  both  4-lobed  at  summit ;  pistils  4. 

7.  BRYOPHYLLUM.    Calyx  Inflated,  shortly  4-toothed,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  at  length 

projecting  and  spreading.     Stamens  8,  projecting  on  slender  filaments.     Leaves 
opposite,  petioled,  simple  or  odd-pinnate,  crenato. 

1.  PENTHORUM,    DITCH    STONECROP.      (Name   from    Greek, 
alluding  to  the  parts  of  the  flower  being  in  fives.)     If. 

P.  sedoldes,  Linn.  Wet  places,  especially  by  roadsides ;  a  homely 
weed,  about  1°  high,  with  alternate  lanceolate  and  serrate  leaves,  and 
yellowish-green  inconspicuous  flowers  loosely  spiked  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  branches  of  an  open  cyme,  all  summer  and  autumn. 

2.  SEMPERVIVUM,   HOUSELEEK.    (Latin  for  live-forever.)     % 

S.  tectdrum,  Linn.  COMMON  HOUSELEEK,  HEN-AND-CHICKENS,  ADAM- 
AND-EVE,  OLD- MAN- AND- WOMAN.  Propagating  abundantly  by  offsets  on 
short  and  thick  runners ;  leaves  of  the  dense  clusters  oval  or  obovate, 
smooth  except  the  margins,  mucronate ;  those  on  the  flowering  stems 
scattered,  oblong,  clammy-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  clustered  purplish  or 
greenish  flowers ;  sepals,  petals,  and  pods  mostly  12.  Cult,  in  country 
gardens,  and  used  for  carpet  bedding ;  rarely  flowering,  in  summer.  The 
common  country  names  refer  to  the  companionship  of  the  plants  due  to 
their  method  of  propagation.  (Lessons,  Figs.  91,  191.) 

3.  SEDUM,   STONECROP,   ORPINE.     (From  Latin  sedeo,  sit,  i.e. 
upon  rocks,  walls,  etc.)     The  following  are  all  smooth  perennials,  and 
hardy  N.,  except  the  first  species.     Many  others  are  cult.,  but  are  not 
common. 

§  1.   Leaves  flat  and  broad,  oblong,  obovate,  or  rounded. 
*  The  lower  ones,  at  least,  whorled  in  threes. 

S.  Siebbldii,  Sweet.  SIEBOLD'S  S.  Cult,  from  Japan,  mostly  in  pots ; 
with  slender  and  weak  or  spreading  stems,  glaucous  and  mostly  reddish- 
tinged,  round,  and  often  concave  leaves  (!'  or  less  long),  with  a  wedge- 
shaped  base,  and  wavy-toothed  margin,  all  in  whorls  up  to  the  cyme  of 
rosy-purple  flowers,  which  all  have  their  parts  in  fives. 

S.  tern&tum,  Michx.  THREE-LEAVED  S.  Wild  in  rocky  woods  from 
N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.,  and  in  gardens;  with  spreading  stems  creeping  at 
base  and  rising  3'-6'  when  they  blossom  ;  the  lower  leaves  wedge-obovate 
and  whorled;  the  upper  oblong  and  mostly  scattered,  about  \'  long; 
flowers  white,  the  first  or  central-  one  with  parts  generally  in  fives,  the 
others  sessile  along  the  upper  side  of  the  usually  3  spreading  branches 
and  mostly  with  their  parts  in  fours  ;  in  late  spring. 

*  *  All  or  most  of  the  leaves  alternate  ;  flowers  in  a  corymb-like,  terminal 
cyme,  purple  or  purplish,  in  summer ,'  all  with  their  parts  in  fives. 

S.  Telephium,  Linn.  GARDEN  ORPINE  or  LIVE-FOREVER.  Cult,  from 
Eu.  in  old  country  gardens  ;  erect,  about  2°  high,  with  oval  and  mostly 
wavy-toothed,  pale,  and  thick  leaves ;  small  and  dull-colored  flowers  hi  a 
compound  cyme,  and  short-pointed  pods.  Becoming  a  weed  E. 


172  ORPINE  FAMILY. 

S.  telephioldes,  Michx.  WILD  O.  or  L.  Dry  rocks  on  mountains, 
chiefly  along  the  Alleghanies ;  6'-12'  high,  very  like  the  last,  but  with 
fewer  flowers,  and  pods  tapering  into  a  slender  style. 

§  2.    Leaves  narrow  and,  thick,  barely  flattish  or  terete;  low  or  creeping 
plants. 

S.  acre,  MOSSY  S.,  or  WALL  PEPPER.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  edgings  and 
rock  work,  running  wild  in  some  places ;  a  moss-like  little  plant,  forming 
mats  on  the  ground,  yellowish-green,  with  very  succulent  and  thick, 
ovate,  small,  and  crowded  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in  summer,  their 
parts  in  fives. 

S.  pulch^Uum,  Michx.  BEAUTIFUL  S.  Wild  S.  W.  on  rocks;  also 
cult,  in  gardens ;  spreading  and  rooting  stems,  4'-12'  long ;  leaves 
crowded,  terete,  linear-thread-shaped ;  flowers  rose-purple,  crowded  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  4  or  5  spreading  branches  of  the  cyme,  their  parts 
mostly  in  fours,  while  those  of  the  central  or  earliest  flower  are  in  fives ; 
in  summer. 

S.  sarmentdsum,  Bunge.  (Known  in  gardens  as  S.  CARNEUM,  var. 
VARIEGATUM.)  Cult,  in  borders,  and  for  carpet  bedding ;  has  creeping  pink 
stems,  and  the  small  leaves  mostly  opposite,  sometimes  in  threes,  linear, 
flattish,  acute,  very  pale  green,  and  white-edged ;  flowers  yellow.  China. 

4.  CRASSULA.     (So  named  from  the  incrassated  or  thick  leaves.) 
House-plants,  occasionally  cult. ,  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     2/ 

C.  arborescens,  Willd.  Fleshy  shrub,  with  glaucous  roundish-obovate 
leaves  (2'  long)  tapering  to  a  narrow  base,  and  dotted  on  the  upper  face  ; 
the  flowers  rather  large  and  rose-colored.  ., 

C.  Idctea,  Soland.  Has  greener  and  narrower-obovate  leaves,  connate 
at  the  base  in  pairs,  and  a  panicle  of  smaller  white  flowers. 

C.  falcata,  Wendl.  Has  slightly  woody  stems,  oblong  and  rather 
falcate  or  curved  leaves  connate  at  base,  3'-4'  long,  powdery-glaucous, 
and  a  compound  cyme  of  many  red  sweet-scented  flowers,  the  petals  with 
erect  claws  partly  united  below,  and  spreading  abruptly  above. 

5.  ROCHEA.     (Named  for  a  Swiss  physician,  Laroche.)     Half-shrubby 
succulent  house-plants  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     ^ 

R.  cocclnea,  DC.  Stems  l°-2°  high,  thickly  beset  with  the  oblong- 
ovate  (!'  long)  leaves  up  to  the  terminal  and  umbel-like,  sessile  cluster  of 
handsome  flowers  ;  tube  of  the  scarlet-red  corolla,  1'  long. 

6.  COTYLEDON.     (From   Greek  word  for  a  shallow  cup.)     House- 
plants,  not  common.     2Z     Many  species  are  cult. 

C.  orbiculata,  Linn.  Half-shrubby,  succulent  plant,  from  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  with  opposite  white-powdery  or  glaucous  wedge-obovate 
leaves  (2'-4'  long),  and  a  cluster  of  showy  red  flowers  (nearly  1'  long) 
raised  on  a  slender  naked  petiole,  the  cylindraceous  tube  of  the  corolla 
longer  than  the  recurved  lobes. 

C.  (or  Echeveria}  cocci nea,  Cav.  From  Mex.  ;  is  shrubby  at  base,  with 
the  wedge-obovate,  acute  leaves  in  rosettes,  and  alternate  and  scattered 
on  the  flowering  stems  ;  flowers  in  a  leafy  spike,  the  5-parted  corolla  not 
longer  than  the  spreading  calyx,  5-angled  at  base,  red  outside,  yellow  within. 

7.  BRYOFHYLLUM.     (Name  of  Greek  words  for  sprout  or  bud  and 
leaf.}     11 

B.  calyclnum,  Salisb.  A  scarcely  shrubby,  succulent  plant,  probably 
from  Mex.,  cult,  in  houses;  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  3  or  5  pinnate 


SUNDEW   FAMILY.  173 

leaflets,  or  the  upper  of  single  leaflets,  and  an  open  panicle  of  large  and 
rather  handsome,  hanging  green  flowers,  tinged  with  purple  ;  the  calyx  is 
oblong  and  bladdery  ;  out  of  it  the  tubular  corolla  at  length  projects,  and 
has  4  slightly  spreading  acute  lobes;  the  leaflets  oval,  2'-3'  long, 
crenate  ;  when  laid  on  the  soil,  or  kept  in  a  moist  place,  they  root  and 
bud  at  the  notches,  and  produce  little  plants. 


XII    DROSERACKE,  SUNDEW  FAMILY. 

Bog-herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  on  scapes ;  leaves  in  a  tuft 
at  the  root,  glandular-bristly  or  bristly-fringed,  and  rolled  up 
from  the  apex  in  the  bud,  in  the  manner  of  Ferns ;  the  per- 
sistent sepals  and  withering-persistent  petals  each  5 ;  stamens 
5-15,  with  their  anthers  turned  outward ;  and  a  1-celled  many- 
seeded  pod.  Kepresented  here  by  two  genera  of  insectivorous 
plants.  (See  Lessons,  p.  154.) 

1.  DEOSERA.    Stamens  5.    Styles  3-5,  but  2-parted,  so  as  to  seem  like  &-10.    Ovary  with 

8  (rarely  5)  parietal  placentae.    Reddish-colored  and  sticky-glandular. 

2.  DION^EA.    Stamens  15.    Style  1 ;  stigma  lobed  and  fringed.    Ovules  and  seeds  all  at 

the  broad  base  of  the  ovary  and  pod.    Leaves  terminated  by  a  bristly-bordered  fly- 
trap. 

1.  DROSERA,   SUNDEW.     (Name  means  in  Greek  dewy,  the  gland 
surmounting  the  bristles  of  the  leaves  producing  a  clear  and  dew-like 
drop  of  liquid,  which  is  glutinous,  and  serves  to  catch  small  insects.) 
Flowers  small,  in  a  1-sided  spike  or  raceme,  each  opening  only  once, 
in  sunshine,  in  summer.     ^ 

*  Flowers  small,  white  ;  leaves  with  a  blade. 

D.  rotundif61ia,  Linn.  ROUND-LEAVED  S.  The  commonest  species  In 
peat  bogs  ;  with  round  leaves  on  long,  hairy  petioles,  spreading  in  a  tuft. 
When  a  small  fly  or  other  insect  is  caught  by  the  sticky  glands  on  the 
upper  face  of  the  leaf,  the  bristles  of  the  outer  rows  very  slowly  turn 
inwards,  so  that  their  glands  help  to  hold  the  prey. 

D.  intermedia,  Hayne,  var.  Americana,  DC.  In  very  wet  bogs  or 
shallow  water  N.  ;  has  spatulate-oblong  leaves  on  naked  petioles,  some  of 
them  erect. 

D.  brevif61ia,  Pursh.  SHORT-LEAVED  S.  Small;  scape  only  2'-5' 
high,  few-flowered ;  leaves  short,  wedge-shaped.  In  wet  sand,  only  at 

*  *  Flowers  rose-purple  ;  no  blade  to  the  leaf. 

D.  filif6rmis,  Raf.  THREAD-LEAVED  S.  Leaves  erect,  thread-shaped  ; 
scape  6'-12'  high,  from  a  bulb-like  base ;  flowers  handsome,  £'  or  more 
broad.  In  wet  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  from  Plymouth,  Mass.,  to  Fla. 

2.  DION-5JA,    VENUS'S    FLYTRAP.      (Named  for  the  mother  of 
Venus.)     y.     Only  one 


D.  muscfpula,  Ellis.  Grows  in  sandy  bogs  in  N.  and  S.  Car.,  but  kept 
in  conservatories  as  a  curiosity.  (Lessons,  Figs.  176,  492.)  Flowers 
white,  borne  in  an  umbel-like  cyme  on  a  scape  1°  high,  in  spring. 


174  WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY. 


XLH   HAMAMELLDEJ),  WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  deciduous 
stipules,  small  flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  little  clusters,  the 
calyx  united  below  with  the  base  of  the  2-styled  ovary,  which 
forms  a  hard  or  woody  2-celled  and  2-beaked  pod,  opening  at 
the  summit.  Stamens  and  petals  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

§  1.   Shrubs,  with  perfect  or  merely  polygamous  flowers,  a  regular  calyx,  and  a  single 
ovule,  becoming  a  bony  seed,  suspended  from  the  top  of  each  cell. 

1.  HAMAMELIS.    Flowers  In  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  expanding  late  in 

autumn,  ripening  the  seeds  the  next  summer.  Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  4,  strap- 
shaped.  Stamens  8,  very  short ;  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  bearing  anthers,  the 
4  opposite  them  imperfect  and  scale-like.  Styles  short.  Pod  with  an  outer  coat 
separating  from  the  inner. 

2.  FOTHERGILLA.    Flowers  in  a  scaly-bracted  spike,  in  spring,  rather  earlier  than  the 

leaves.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  slightly  5-7-toothed.  Petals  none.  Stamens  about  24, 
rather  showy,  the  long  and  club-shaped  filaments  bright  white.  Styles  slender.  Pod 
hairy. 

§  2.  Tree,  with  monoecious  small  flowers,  in  dense  heads  or  clusters,  destitute  both  of 
calyx  and  corolla,  the  fertile  with  many  ovules  in  each  cell,  but  only  one  or  two 
ripening  into  scale-like  seeds. 

8.  LIQUIDAMBAR.  Heads  of  flowers  each  with  a  deciduous  involucre  of  4  bracts,  the 
sterile  in  a  conical  cluster,  consisting  of  numerous  short  stamens  with  little  scales 
intermixed  ;  the  fertile  loosely  racemed  or  spiked  on  a  drooping  peduncle,  composed 
of  many  ovaries  (surrounded  by  some  little  scales),  each  with  2  awl-shaped  beaks,  all 
cohering  together  and  hardening  in  fruit. 

1.  HAMAMELIS,    WITCH-HAZEL.     (An  old  Greek  name.) 

H.  Virginiana,  Linn.  Tall  shrub,  of  damp  woods,  with  the  leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  wavy-toothed,  straight-veined  like  a  Hazel,  slightly 
downy ;  the  yellow  flowers  remarkable  for  their  appearance  late  in 
autumn,  just  as  the  leaves  are  turning  and  about  to  fall.  Seeds  ripening 
the  following  year,  and  forcibly  ejected  from  the  capsule  through  hygro- 
scopic action. 

2.  FOTHEROILLA.     (Named  for  Dr.  Fothergill  of  London,  an  early 
botanist.) 

F.  Gard&ni,  Linn.  Low,  rather  ornamental  shrub,  in  swamps,  from 
Va.  S.,  with  oval  or  obovate,  straight-veined  leaves,  toothed  at  the  sum- 
mit and  often  hoary  beneath,  the  white  flowers  in  spring. 

3.  LIQUIDAMBAR,    SWEET  GUM  TEEE  or  BILSTED.     (Names 
allude  to  the  fragrant  juice  or  balsam  which  exudes  from  the  trunk.) 

L.  Styraciflua,  Linn.  The  only  species  of  this  country  ;  a  large  and 
beautiful  tree  in  low  grounds,  from  S.  N.  Eng.  to  111.,  and  especially  S., 
with  fine-grained  wood,  gray  bark  forming  corky  ridges  on  the  branches, 
and  smooth  and  glossy,  deeply  5-7-lobed  leaves,  which  are  fragrant  when 
bruised,  changing  to  deep  crimson  in  autumn,  their  triangular  lobes 
pointed  and  beset  with  glandular  teeth  ;  greenish  flowers  appearing  with 
the  leaves  in  early  spring.  Cult 


MYRTLE  FAMILY.  175 


XLHI.    HALORAGE^E,  WATER  MILFOIL  FAMILY. 

Contains  a  few  insignificant  aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with 
very  small  greenish  flowers,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  (often 
whorled)  leaves  or  bracts,  a  single  ovule  and  seed  suspended 
in  each  of  the  1-4  cells  of  the  ovary,  and  1-8  stamens ;  all  of 
them  too  obscure  and  unimportant  for  record  here.  The 
species  are  fully  treated  in  the  Manual 


XLIV.    MYRTACEJ1,  MYRTLE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple,  entire,  and  mostly  aromatic 
leaves,  punctate  with  pellucid  or  resinous  dots,  no  stipules, 
perfect  flowers,  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  its  throat, 
or  a  disk  bordering  it,  bearing  the  petals  and  numerous 
stamens ;  style  and  stigma  single.  A  large  family  in  the 
tropics  and  southern  hemisphere,  here  commonly  known  only 
by  a  few  house-plants,  or  grown  for  fruit  or  ornament  far  S., 
which  may  be  briefly  noted  as  follows :  — 

1.  Myrtus  communis,  Linn.     COMMON  MYRTLE.     From  the  Mediter- 
ranean region ;   smooth,  with   ovate  or  lance-ovate,    opposite,  shining 
leaves,  small  in  the  variety  usually  cultivated ;  peduncles  in  their  axils 
hearing  a  small  white  or  rose-tinged  flower  (sometimes  full  double),  fol- 
lowed by  a  black  berry,  containing  several  kidney-shaped  seeds. 

2.  Eugenia  Jambos,  Linn.     ROSE  APPLE.     From  India  ;  smooth,  with 
opposite,  shining,  long,  and  lanceolate  leaves,  and  clusters  of  large  white 
flowers,   with  their  long  stamens  most  conspicuous ;    the  calyx  tube 
dilated  and  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  which  forms  a  large  edible 
berry,  like  a  small  apple,  scentless,  but  when  eaten,  of  a  rose-like  savor  ; 
seeds  very  few,  large. 

3.  Psidium  Guyava,  Linn.    GUAVA.    With  oval,  feather-veined,  opposite 
leaves,  pubescent  beneath,  and  one  or  two  white  flowers  at  the  end  of  an 
axillary  peduncle ;  the  fruit  a  large  and  pear-shaped  yellowish  berry, 
which  is  edible,  and  from  which  Guava  jelly  is  made  in  the  West  Indies. 
The  WHITE,  PEAR,  and  APPLE  GTTAVAS  are  of  this  species.     P.  POMf- 
FERUM  and  P.  pYRfFERUM  are  forms  of  this  species.     The  plant  is  prob- 
ably native  to  tropical  America,  although  now  widely  distributed. 

P.  Cattleianum,  Sabine.  CATTLE Y  GUAVA.  Has  obovate,  and  thick, 
and  shining  leaves,  and  a  small  reddish  fruit,  which  lacks  the  muskiness 
of  the  common  sorts. 

4.  Callistemon  lanceolatus,  Sweet.  Of  Australia,  called  BOTTLE  BRUSH, 
on  account  of  the  appearance  of  the  flowers  (sessile  all  round  the  stem 
below  the  later  leaves)  with  their  very  long,  deep  red  stamens ;  the  5 
petals  small  and  falling  early  ;  the  fruit  a  small,  many-seeded  pod,  open- 
ing at  the  top;  the  alternate  lanceolate  leaves  remarkable  for  being 
turned  edgewise  by  a  twist  at  their  base,  as  in  many  related  Myrtaceous 
plants  of  Australia. 


176  MELASTOMA  FAMILY. 


XLV.  MELASTOMACRffi,   MELASTOMA  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  opposite  and  simple  3-7-ribbed  leaves,  no  stip- 
ules, as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens  as  petals,  both  inserted 
in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  anthers  usually  of  peculiar  shape, 
and  opening  by  a  small  hole  at  the  apex.  Flowers  usually 
handsome,  but  mostly  scentless.  None  in  common  cultiva- 
tion. 

1.  RHEXIA,  DEERGRASS,  MEADOW  BEAUTY.  (Name  Greek, 
application  obscure.)  Low,  erect  herbs  of  wet  or  sandy  ground,  com- 
moner S.,  often  bristly,  at  least  on  the  margins  of  the  sessile  (or  nearly 
so)  3-5-ribbed  leaves,  with  handsome  flowers  in  a  terminal  cyme  or 
panicle.  Tube  of  the  calyx  urn-shaped,  adherent  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  4-celled  ovary  and  continued  beyond  it  into  a  short  4-toothed  cup, 
persistent ;  petals  4,  obovate ;  stamens  8,  with  anthers  opening  by  a 
single,  minute  hole  ;  style  slender ;  stigma  simple  ;  seeds  numerous  in 
the  pod,  coiled  like  minute  snail  shells.  Flowers  summer.  H 

*  Anthers  linear  and  curved,  with  a  sac-like  base  and  usually  a  minute 
spur;  flowers  in  a  panicle  or  loose  cyme,  peduncled. 

R.  Virginica,  Linn.  The  common  species  N.  in  sandy  swamps ;  6'- 
20'  high,  with  square  stem  almost  winged  at  the  angles ;  ovate  or  lance-oval 
leaves,  gland,  tipped  hairs,  and  large,  pink-purple  flowers. 

R.  aristdsa,  Britt.  Branches  more  or  less  wing-angled ;  leaves  linear- 
oblong,  not  nan-owed  at  base,  the  hairs  few  and  not  glandular ;  flowers 
bright  purple  ;  the  petals  sparsely  villous.  N.  J.  to  S.  Car. 

R.  Mariana,  Linn.  10'-24'  high,  with  terete  or  6-angled,  branching 
stem ;  linear  or  lance-oblong  leaves  narrowed  at  base,  and  pale  purple 
flowers  hairy  outside.  N.  J.  and  Ky.,  S. 

R.  glabe'lla,  Michx.  Smooth,  with  a  simple  slender  stem,  lanceolate, 
glaucous  leaves,  and  large  bright  purple  flowers.  Pine  barrens  S. 

R.  stricta,  Pursh.  Stem  tall  and  smooth,  4-winged,  hairy  at  the 
joints  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  nearly  so  and  acute,  5-ribbed,  bristly-serrate  ; 
flowers  purple  in  a  compound  cyme,  the  calyx  smooth  and  urn-shaped 
with  lanceolate  lobes.  Pine  barrens,  Ga.,  S.  and  W. 

*  *  Anthers  oblong  and  straight,  destitute  of  any  appendage. 

-i-  Flowers  purple,  few  or  solitary;  leaves  small  (rarely  1'  long),  rounded- 
ovate,  ciliate  with  long  bristles;  stem  square,  smooth. 

R.  cili6sa,  Michx.  Stem  10'-12'  high ;  leaves  bristly  on  the  upper 
face  ;  and  calyx  smooth.  Bogs  in  pine  barrens  from  Md. ,  S. 

R.  serrulata,  Nutt.  Stem  3'-6'  high;  leaves  smooth  above;  calyx 
bristly.  Bog  in  pine  barrens,  Ga.  and  S. 

•*-  -i-  Flowers  yellow,  small,  numerous,  not  casting  the  petals  early,  as  do 
the  others  ;  stem  Wangled,  bristly,  bushy  branched  above. 

R.  Ifctea,  Walter.  Stem  1°  high,  bristly;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  the 
lower  obovate,  bristly-serrulate  but  smooth,  acute ;  calyx  smooth.  N. 
Car.,  S.  and  W. 


LOOSESTRIFE   FAMILY.  177 


XLVI.   LYTHEACEJ1,   LOOSESTBIFE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  herbs  with  the  1-4-celled,  many-seeded  ovary  and 
pod  usually  free  from,  but  mostly  inclosed  in,  the  tube  of  the 
calyx,  the  leaves  not  punctate,  mostly  opposite  and  entire,  the 
stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  with  anthers  opening 
lengthwise.  Flowers  perfect,  often  dimorphous  or  trimor- 
phous.  To  this  family  is  now  appended  the  Pomegranate, 
which,  although  peculiar,  is  nearer  to  this  than  to  the  Myrtle 
Family,  to  which  it  is  often  referred. 

§  1.  Ovary  coherent  with  the  calyx  tube,  becoming  a  fleshy  fruit.    Small  tree. 

1.  PUNICA.    Calyx  tube  colored  (scarlet),  thick  and  coriaceous,  its  top-shaped  base  cohe- 

rent with  the  ovary,  above  enlarged  and  5-7-lobed  ;  its  throat  bearing  the  5-7  petals 
and  very  many  incurved  stamens.  Style  slender.  Ovary  with  many  cells  in  two 
sets,  one  above  the  other,  and  very  many  ovules  in  each.  Fruit  large,  globular, 
crowned  with  the  calyx  lobes,  berry-like,  but  with  a  hard  rind ;  the  numerous  seeds 
coated  with  a  juicy  edible  pulp. 

§  2.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  tube,  becoming  a  1-6-celled  pod. 
*  Stamens  indefinitely  numerous.    Small  tree. 

2.  LAGERSTROZMIA.    Calyx  6-lobed.    Petals  6,  very  wavy-crisped,  raised  on  slender 

claws,  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.    Stamens  borne  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx, 

very  long  and  slender,  6  outermost  larger  than  the  rest.    Style  very  slender.    Pod 

oblong,  thick,  many-seeded,  3-6-celled,  only  the  base  covered  by  the  persistent  calyx. 
*  *  Stamens  4-16,  only  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  inserted 

lower  down  than  the  petals.    Herbs  or  nearly  so  ;  calyx  mostly  with  projecting 

folds,  or  accessory  teeth  between  the  proper  teeth  or  lobes. 

+-  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so ;  pod  many-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx. 

++  Stamens  4. 
8.  KOTALA.    Calyx  short,  bell-shaped,  or  nearly  globose,  with  tooth-like  appendages  at 

the  sinuses.    Stamens  short.    Petals  4.    Capsule  globular  and  4-ceUed,  septicidal. 

Leaves  (in  ours)  opposite. 
4.  AHMANNIA.    Calyx  short,  4-angled,  generally  with  a  horn-like  appendage  at  each 

sinus.    Petals  4  and  small,  or  none.    Pod  globular,  2-4-celled,  opening  irregularly. 

Leaves  opposite,  narrow. 

•H-  ++  Stamens  more  than  4. 
6.  LYTHRUM.    Calyx  cylindrical,  &-12-ribbed  or  striate,  with  a  minute  appendage  in  each 

sinus.    Petals  5-7,  mostly  6.    Stamens  5-14.    Style  slender.    Pod  oblong,  2-celled. 

Leaves  sessile. 

6.  DECODON.    Calyx  short,  bell-shaped,  or  hemispherical,  with  prominent  projections 

between  the  teeth.  Stamens  8  or  10  (rarely  more),  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  in  2 
sets,  with  long  projecting  filaments.  Style  slender.  Pod  globular,  S-5-celled.  Leaves 
mostly  whorled  in  threes,  or  opposite.  Flowers  trimorphous. 

-f-  +-  Flowers  irregular  ;  pod  mostly  few-seeded. 

7.  CUPHEA.    Calyx  elongated,  mostly  many-ribbed,  gibbous,  spurred,  or  with  a  sac-like 

projection  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  oblique  at  the  mouth,  which  has  6  proper 
teeth,  and  usually  as  many  intermediate  accessory  ones  or  processes.  Petals  mostly 
6,  with  claws,  and  very  unequal,  the  two  upper  ones  larger  ;  sometimes  all  or  part 
wanting.  Stamens  11  or  12,  unequal.  Ovary  flat,  2-celled,  but  one  cell  smaller  and 
sterile  or  empty.  Pod  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  and  bursting  through  it  on  the  lower  side. 
GRAY'S  r.  F.  &  G.  EOT.  — 12 


178  LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY. 

1.  FT7NICA,   POMEGEANATE.     (The  name  means  Carthaginian.') 

P.  Granatum,  Linn.  Tree  cult,  from  the  Orient  as  a  house  plant  N. 
and  for  its  fruit  S. ;  smooth,  with  small  oblong  or  obovate  obtuse  leaves, 
either  opposite  or  scattered,  mostly  clustered  on  short  branchlets  ;  the 
flowers  short-stalked,  usually  solitary,  large,  both  calyx  and  corolla  bright 
scarlet,  with  5-7  petals,  or  full  double ;  the  seedy  fruit  as  large  as  a  small 
apple. 

2.  LAGERSTRCTJMIA,  CRAPE  MYRTLE.     (Named  for  a  Swedish 

naturalist,  Lagerstrozm.) 

L.  Indica,  Linn.,  from  E.  Indies;  planted  for  ornament  from  Wash- 
ington, S.,  and  in  conservatories  N.  ;  shrub  with  smooth,  ovate  or  oval 
opposite,  leaves,  and  panicles  of  very  showy  pale  rose  or  flesh-colored 
large  flowers,  remarkable  for  the  wavy-crisped  petals  and  long  silky -tufted 
stamens. 

3.  ROT  AT.  A.     (  Wheel-shaped.')    One  inconspicuous  marsh  herb  in  our 

region.     ® 

R.  ram6sior,  Koehne.  Plant  3'-8'  high,  with  narrow  leaves  tapering 
to  the  base  ;  very  small,  sessile  flowers  in  the  axils,  solitary  or  rarely  3 
together.  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  W. 

4.  AMM ANNIA.     (Named  for  Paul  Ammann,  an  early  German  bofc- 
anist.)     Low  insignificant  herbs  in  wet  places  S.,  with  small,  greenish 
flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  narrow  leaves.    (D 

A.  cpccfnea,  Rottb.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  with  an  auricled  base ; 
flowers  in  dense  subsessile  axillary  cymes.  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  W. 

5.  LYTHRTJM,  LOOSESTRIFE.    (Name  in  Greek  for  blood;  appli- 
cation obscure.)     Flowers  summer. 

*  Flowers  small  and  few;  stamens  1  or  less. 

L.  Hyssopif6lia,  Linn.  Leaves  small  and  narrow,  obtuse,  longer 
than  the  very  small,  pale  purple  flowers ;  stamens  4-6  included.  Low 
(6'-10'),  in  marshes  from  Me.  to  N.  J.  ® 

L.  alatum,  Pursh.  Low  grounds  W.  and  S.  ;  nearly  smooth,  slender, 
2°-3°  high,  above  and  on  the  branches  with  margined  angles,  very  leafy  ; 
the  small  leaves  oblong,  the  uppermost  not  longer  than  the  small  flowers 
in  their  axils  ;  petals  6,  purple  ;  stamens  6,  in  some  flowers  exserted.  y. 

*  *  Flowers  showy,  in  spicate  clusters ;  stamens  8  or  more. 

L.  Salicaria,  Linn.  SPIKED  L.  With  stems  2°-3°  high  ;  leaves  broad- 
lanceolate,  and  often  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  in  pairs  or  threes ;  flowers 
crowded  in  their  axils  and  forming  a  wand-like  spike,  rather  large,  with 
6  or  rarely  7  lance-oblong  pink  petals,  and  twice  as  many  stamens  of  two 
lengths.  Sparingly  wild  N.  E.  in  wet  meadows,  and  cult ;  Eu.  2J 

6.  DECODON.     (Name  from  Greek  for  ten-toothed.)     %. 

D.  verticillatus,  Ell.  Common  E.  and  S.  in  very  wet  places  ;  smooth 
or  minutely  downy,  with  long,  recurving  branches  (2°-8°  long),  lanceolate 
leaves,  mostly  in  threes,  the  upper  with  clustered,  short-stalked  flowers  in 
their  axils,  5  wedge-lanceolate  rose-purple  petals,  and  10  stamens  of  two 
or  three  lengths. 


EVENING  PKIMROSE  FAMILY.  179 

7.    CUPHEA.     (Name  from  Greek,  means  gibbous  or  curved,  from  the 
shape  of  the  calyx.)     Leaves  chiefly  opposite  ;  flowers  all  summer. 
*  Annuals. 

C.  viscosissima,  Jacq.  CLAMMY  C.  Sandy  fields  from  Conn,  to  111. 
and  S. ;  a  rather  homely  herb,  l°-2°  high,  branching,  clammy-hairy,  with 
lance-ovate  leaves ;  small  flowers  somewhat  racemed  along  the  branches 
and  ovate  pink  petals  on  short  claws. 

C.  lanceolata,  DRYAND  (or  C.  SILENO^DES).  Cult,  from  Mexico  ;  clammy- 
hairy,  1°  high,  with  lance-oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves  tapering  at  base 
into  short  petiole,  and  rather  large  flowers,  some  racemed  on  the  branches ; 
calyx  purplish,  almost  1'  long,  ovoid  at  base  and  with  a  tapering  neck ; 
petals  blood-purple  or  crimson,  rounded,  the  2  larger  £'  in  diameter. 

*  *  Perennials,  more  or  less  woody  at  base. 

C.  hyssopifdlia,  HBK.  A  diffuse  plant  usually  grown  in  pots,  with 
small  and  linear-oblong  spreading  leaves,  and  solitary,  little,  pinkish 
flowers  which,  including  the  slender  pedicels,  are  scarcely  longer  than  the 
leaves.  Mex. 

C.  Ignea,  DC.  (or  C.  PLATYCENTRA).  Cult,  from  Mexico,  both  in 
greenhouses  and  for  borders,  flowering  through  the  season ;  slightly 
woody  at  base,  8' -12'  high,  forming  masses,  thickly  beset  with  the  ovate 
or  lance-ovate  acute,  smooth,  and  glossy  bright  green  leaves,  with  bright 
vermilion  flowers  between  each  pair,  the  calyx  narrow  and  tubular, 
almost  1'  long,  with  a  short  and  very  blunt  spur  at  base,  the  short  border 
and  teeth  dark  violet  edged  on  the  upper  side  with  white  ;  petals  none. 


XLVII.    ONAGRACEJ!,  EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs,  generally  without  stipules ;  the 
parts  of  the  perfect  and  symmetrical  flowers  in  fours  (rarely 
in  two  to  sixes)  throughout;  the  tube  of  the  calyx  usually 
prolonged  more  or  less  beyond  the  adherent  ovary,  its  lobes 
valvate  in  the  bud,  its  throat  bearing  the  petals  (convolute  in 
the  bud),  and  as  many  or  twice  as  many  stamens ;  styles  always 
united  into  one.  Embryo  filling  the  seed  ;  no  albumen.  Com- 
prises many  plants  with  showy  blossoms.  (Lopezia  has  irregu- 
lar flowers  with  only  one  perfect  stamen.) 

*  Capsule  dry  and  dehiscent,  2-6-celled,  and  the  cells  oo  -seeded. 
+-  Seeds  comose  :  i.e.  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  long  and  soft  hairs  at  one  end. 

1.  EPILOBIUM.      Calyx  with  tube  scarcely  at  all  extended  beyond  the  linear  ovary. 

Petals  4.    Stamens  8. 

2.  ZAUSCHNEEIA.    Calyx  extended  much  beyond  the  linear  ovary  into  a  ftinnel-shaped 

tube,  with  an  abruptly  inflated  base  where  it  joins  the  ovary,  and  with  4  lobes  as 
long  as  the  4  oblong-obcordate  petals,  both  of  bright  scarlet  color.  Stamens  8  and, 
as  well  as  the  long  style,  projecting. 

-i-  -i-  Seeds  naked,  i.e.  without  a  downy  tuft. 

•H-  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical,  but  often  without  petals ;  the  calyx  tube  not 
extended  beyond  the  broad  summit  of  the  ovary,  on  which  the  green  lobes  mostly 
persist ;  style  usually  short ;  stigma  capitate. 

8.  JUSSI^EA.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  cells  of  the 
pod ;  i.e.  8  or  10,  rarely  12. 


180  EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY. 

4.  LUDWIGIA.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  cells  of  the  pod,  almost 

always  4.    Petals  4,  often  small,  or  none. 

5.  CLARKIA.     Calyx  tube  barely  continued  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  very  short,  funnel- 

form  cup.  Petals  broad,  wedge-shaped  or  rhombic,  sometimes  8-lobed,  raised  on  a 
slender  claw.  Stamens  8,  with  slender  filaments,  the  alternate  ones  shorter  ;  anthers 
carved  or  coiled  after  opening,  those  of  the  short  stamens  much  smaller,  or  deformed 
and  sterile.  Stigmas  4,  oval  or  oblopg.  Pod  linear  and  tapering  upwards,  4-sided. 
Flowers  never  yellow. 

++  ++  Flowers  regular  and  symmetrical;  calyx  tube  extended  more  or  less  beyond  the 
ovary,  the  lobes  mostly  reflexed;  petals  4. 

6.  EUCHAEIDIUM.    Calyx  tube  much  prolonged  and  slender  beyond  the  ovary.    Petals 

wedge-shaped  and  8-lobed  at  summit,  tapering  into  a  short  claw.  Stamens  only  4, 
on  slender  filaments.  Stigmas  2  or  4.  Pod  oblong-linear.  Seeds  slightly  wing- 
margined.  Flowers  never  yellow. 

7.  CENOTHERA.      Calyx  tube  generally  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.    Petals 

usually  obovate  or  obcordate,  with  hardly  any  claw.  Stigmas  4,  long  and  slender 
(rarely  discoid).  Stamens  8.  Flowers  yellow  or  white,  or  rose-red. 

8.  GODETIA.    Calyx  tube  beyond  the  linear  or  spindle-shaped  ovary,  inversely  conical 

or  funnel-shaped.  Flowers  open  by  day,  scentless.  Petals  broad  and  fan-shaped 
or  wedge-shaped,  the  truncate  summit  generally  eroded,  lilac-purple,  rose-color,  or 
sometimes  white.  Stigma  with  4°  linear  or  short  and  broad  lobes.  Anthers  erect 
(stamens  8)  on  short  (the  alternate  ones  on  very  short)  and  broadish  filaments,  curv- 
ing after  opening. 

**  -H-  -H.  Flowers  irregular  and  unsymmetrical ;  calyx  tube  not  extended. 

9.  LOPEZIA.    Flowers  small.    Calyx  with  4  linear  purplish  lobes.    Petals  with  claws,  4, 

turned  towards  the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  the  two  uppermost  narrower  and 
with  a  callous  gland  on  the  summit  of  the  claw,  and  what  seems  to  be  a  fifth  small 
one  (but  is  a  sterile  stamen  transformed  into  a  petal)  stands  before  the  lower  lobe 
of  the  calyx.  Fertile  stamen  only  one  with  an  oblong  anther.  Style  slender ; 
stigma  entire.  Pod  globular. 

»  *  Fruit  a  berry,  ^-celled. 

10.  FUCHSIA.    Flowers  showy ;  the  tube  of  the  highly  colored  calyx  extended  much 

beyond  the  ovary,  bell-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  or  tubular,  the  4  lobes  spreading. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8.  Style  long  and  thread-shaped;  stigma  club-shaped  or 
capitate. 

•  *  »  Capsule  indehiscent,  \-4-celled,  the  cells  generally  \ -seeded. 
+-  Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos. 

11.  CIRC^EA.    Delicate   low  herbs,  with  opposite  thin  leaves,  and  very  small  whitish 

flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx  with  2  reflexed  lobes,  its  tube  slightly  prolonged  beyond 
the  1-2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  1-2-seeded  little  bur-like  fruit,  covered  with 
weak  hooked  bristles.  Petals  2,  obcordate.  Stamens  2.  Style  slender,  tipped 
with  a  capitate  stigma. 

+-  +-  Parts  of  the  flower  in  threes  or  fours. 

12.  GAURA.    Herbs  with  alternate  sessile  leaves,  and  small  or  smallish  flowers  in  racemes 

or  spikes.  Calyx  with  slender  tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  4-celled  ovary. 
Petals  4  (rarely  8),  on  claws,  mostly  turned  toward  the  upper  side  of  the  flower. 
Stamens  8  (or  6),  these  and  the  long  style  turned  down ;  a  little  scale-like  appen- 
dage before  the  base  of  each  filament.  Fruit  small,  4-angled  or  ribbed,  1-4-seeded, 
dry  and  nut-like. 

18.  TRAPA.  Aquatic  herbs  with  leaves  of  two  forms  ;  those  submerged  opposite  and 
pinnatisect,  the  floating  ones  clustered,  rhomboid  and  dentate.  Petals  and  stamens 
4.  Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  a  large,  top-shaped,  very  hard,  nut-like  fruit  with  2  or 
4  horns- 


EVENING   PRIMROSE  FAMILY.  181 

1.  EFH.OBIUM,  WILLOW-HERB.      (Three  Greek  words  meaning 
violet  on  a  pod.)     Flowers  summer.     The  pods  opening  give  to  the 
winds  great  numbers  of  the  downy-tufted  seeds.     2/ 

*  Flowers  large  and  showy,  in  a  long  spike  or  raceme,  the  widely  spread- 
ing petals  on  short  claws,  the  stamens  and  long  style  bent  downwards, 
and  the  stigma  of  4  long  lobes;  lower  leaves  alternate. 

E.  angustif61ium.  Linn.  GREAT  W.  or  FIREWEED.  One  of  the 
plants  that  spring  up  abundantly,  everywhere  northward,  where  forests 
have  been  newly  cleared  and  the  ground  burned  over ;  tall  (4°-7°  high) 
and  simple-s,temmed,  smooth,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  long  succes- 
sion of  pink-purple  flowers. 

*  *  Flowers  small  (save  in  the  first}  in  corymbs  or  panicles  terminating 
the  branches,  with  petals,  stamens,  and  style  erect,  and  all  the  lower 
leaves  opposite  ;  stem  l°-2°  high. 

•«-  Stigma  4-parted  ;  flowers  showy. 

E.  hirsutum,  Linn.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  E.  States,  and  sometimes 
cult. ;  a  stout  branching  plant  3°-6°  high,  densely  sofl^hairy ;  leaves 
mostly  opposite  and  lance-oblong,  finely  serrate ;  flowers  bright  purple, 
about  1'  across,  in  a  loose,  leafy,  terminal  raceme. 

•t-  •<-  Stigma  clavate  ;  flowers  small  and  mostly  rather  inconspicuous. 

•M-  Leaves  more  or  less  revolute,  small  and  narrow,  entire  or  very  nearly 
so.    All  in  bogs  N. 

E.  paliistre,  Linn.  Slender  and  low  (6'-12'  high),  often  simple, 
finely  pubescent,  the  stem  more  or  less  angled  or  marked  with  hairy 
lines;  leaves  erect  or  ascending,  equaling  the  nodes,  sessile,  linear  or 
elliptic-oblong  and  obtuse  ;  capsules  either  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  slender  peduncles. 

E.  lineare.  Muhl.  Taller  and  more  branched,  minutely  hoary-pubes- 
cent, the  stem  terete  and  with  only  a  trace  of  hairy  lines,  or  none  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  short  but  distinct  petiole,  somewhat  acute; 
capsule  hoary,  the  pedicels  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

E.  strictum,  Muhl.  Densely  pubescent,  with  soft  and  spreading, 
somewhat  glandular  whitish  hairs,  l°-3°  high  ;  leaves  broader,  obtuse 
and  veiny,  very  short-petioled  or  sessile. 

*+  «•*  Leaves  not  revolute,  rather  broad  and  thin,  prominently  toothed. 
All  in  wet  places  N. 

E.  coloratura.  Muhl.  More  or  less  hoary  and  glandular-pubescent, 
l°-3°  high,  with  angled  stems  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  denticulate  and 
acute,  narrowed  into  a  conspicuous  petiole  ;  flowers  pale  and  more  or  less 
nodding,  with  pedicels  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  seeds  not  prolonged  at 
top.  Common. 

E.  adenocaiilon,  Haussk.  More  glandular,  with  blunter  and  less 
toothed  leaves  which  are  abruptly  contracted  into  very  short  petioles; 
flowers  erect,  and  seeds  slightly  prolonged  at  the  top. 

E.  glanduldsum,  Lam.  Nearly  simple,  and  the  pubescence  above  not 
glandular ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  rounded  into  a  sessile  base, 
more  or  less  glandular-toothed. 

2.  ZAUSCHNERIA.     (Named  for  H.  Zauschner,  a  Bohemian  bota- 
nist.)    11 

Z-  Califdrnica,  Presl.  Cult,  for  ornament,  from  Gal.,  flowering  through 
late  summer  and  autumn  ;  l°-2°  high  ;  the  oval  or  lanceolate  leaves  and 


182  EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY. 

the  pods  with  downy-tufted  seeds  resembling  those  of  Epilobium,  but  the 
handsome  scarlet  flowers  more  like  those  of  a  Fuchsia ;  these  are  single 
and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  and  alternate  leaves,  or  at  length 
somewhat  raceined,  about  2'  long. 

3.  JUSSLSIA.      (Named  for  Bernard  de  Jussieu.~)     Leaves  entire. 
Flowers  yellow  and  axillary,  all  summer.     2/ 

J.  deciirrens,  DC.  Wet  grounds,  Va.  to  111.  and  S.  Erect  stems 
and  slender  branches  margined  or  winged  in  lines  proceeding  from  the 
bases  of  the  lanceolate  leaves,  smooth  throughout;  flowers  sessile  or 
short-stalked,  with  4  lobes  of  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  and 
oblong-club-shaped  4-angled  pod. 

J.  r&pens,  Linn.  Smooth,  with  creeping  or  floating  and  rooting  stems, 
oblong  leaves  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  long-peduncled  flowers 
1'  or  more  across,  with  5  calyx  lobes,  the  cylindrical  or  club-shaped  pods 
tapering  at  the  base.  In  water  from  S.  111.  S. 

Var.  grandifldra,  Michl.  Marshes  S.  ;  has  hairy  stems  erect  from 
a  creeping  base  ;  lanceolate  acute  leaves ;  flowers  2'  in  diameter,  the 
5  calyx  lobes  only  half  as  long  as  the  petals,  and  pods  cylindrical  and 
stalked. 

4.  LUDWIGIA,  FALSE  LOOSESTRIFE.    (Named  for  C.  G.  Ludwig, 
an  early  German  botanist.)     Small  marsh  herbs,  with  entire  leaves ; 
flowers  seldom  handsome,  in  summer  and  autumn.     ^ 

§  1.  Leave*  alternate,  mostly  sessile. 

*  Flowers  peduncled  in  the  upper  axils,  with  yellow  petals  (about  £'  long}, 
equaling  the  leaf-like  ovate  or  lance-ovate  calyx  lobes;  stamens  and 
styles  slender;  pod  cubical,  strongly  4-angled,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the 
top  ;  stems  2°-3°  long. 

L.  alternifdlia.  Linn.  SEEDBOX.  Common  E.,  the  only  one  found 
far  N. ;  smoothish,  branching,  with  lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  both 
ends ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  calyx,  and  angles  of  pod  wing- 
margined. 

L.  virgata,  Michx.  Downy,  with  mostly  simple  stems  ;  blunt,  oblong 
leaves  or  the  upper  linear  and  smaller ;  and  petals  twice  the  length  of  the 
reflexed  calyx.  Pine  barrens  S. 

L.  hirt&la,  Raf.  Hairy,  with  simple  stems ;  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
short  and  blunt  leaves ;  and  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  barely  spreading 
calyx  lobes.  Pine  barrens  from  N.  J.  S. 

*  *  Flowers  sessile  in  the  upper  axils,  small,  and  with  pale  yellow  petals 
about  the  length  of  the  persistent  calyx  lobes;  stamens  and  style  short; 
leaves  on  flowering  stems  narrow  and  linear. 

L.  linearis,  Walt.  Smooth,  loosely  branched,  l°-3°  high,  with  acute 
leaves  on  the  flowering  stems,  but  obovate  ones  on  creeping  runners ; 
pods  oblong-club-shaped  or  top-shaped,  and  much  longer  than  the  trian- 
gular-ovate calyx  lobes.  Swamps  from  N.  J.  S. 

*  *  *  Flowers  sessile,  often  clustered,  and  with  no  petals,  or  rarely  mere 
rudiments ;  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  some  species  with  obovate  or  spat- 
ulate  leaves  on  creeping  runners ;  flowering  stems  mostly  2°-3°  long ; 
smooth  or  smoothish  throughout. 

L.  cylindrica,  Ell.  Much  branched,  with  long,  lanceolate,  and  acute 
leaves  tapering  into  a  petiole;  small  axillary  flowers,  and  cylindrical 
pods  much  longer  than  the  small  calyx  lobes.  111.  and  N.  Car.  S. 
andW. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE   FAMILY.  183 

L.  polycarpa,  Short  &  Peter.  Smooth  leaves,  narrowly  lanceolate 
and  acute  at  both  ends,  with  conspicuous  slender  bractlets  at  the  base  of 
the  4-sided  rather  top-shaped  pod,  which  is  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes. 
Mass.  W. 

L.  capitata,  Michx.  Slender,  simple  stems,  angled  towards  the  top; 
long  lanceolate  leaves  ;  flowers  mostly  crowded  in  an  oblong  or  roundish 
terminal  head,  and  obtusely  4-angled  pod  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes. 
N.  Car.  S. 

L.  alata,  Ell.  With  simple  or  sparingly  branched  stems  strongly 
angled  above ;  few  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  wedge-lanceolate 
leaves,  and  an  inversely  pyramidal  pod  as  long  as  the  white  calyx  lobes, 
with  concave  sides  and  winged  angles.  N.  Car.  S. 

§  2.  Leaves  opposite,  obovate  or  spatulate,  long-petioled,  with  small  and 
nearly  sessile  flowers  in  their  axils  ;  stems  creeping  or  floating. 

L.  paltistris,  Ell.  Common  in  ditches  and  shallow  water;  smooth, 
with  no  petals,  or  small  and  reddish  ones  when  the  plant  grows  out  of 
water,  and  oblong,  obscurely  4-sided  pods'  longer  than  the  very  short 
calyx  lobes. 

L.  natans.  Ell.  Larger  than  the  foregoing,  and  with  yellow  petals  as 
long  as  the  calyx  lobes ;  the  pods  tapering  to  the  base.  N.  Car.  S. 

§  3.  Leaves  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  with  a  long-peduncled  flower  in  the 
axil  of  some  of  the  upper  ones  ;  stems  creeping  in  the  mud. 

L.  arcuata,  Walt.  From  coast  of  Va.  S.  ;  a  small  and  smooth,  deli- 
cate plant,  with  oblanceolate  leaves  shorter  than  the  peduncle ;  yellow 
petals,  longer  than  the  slender  calyx  lobes,  and  club-shaped  somewhat 
curved  pod. 

5.  CLARKIA.     (Named  for  Captain  Clark,  the  explorer.)     Herbs  of 
Ore.  and  Cal.,  with  alternate,  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  sliowy  flowers 
hi  the  upper  axils,  or  the  upper  running  into  a  loose  raceme  ;  cult,  for 
ornament ;  flowers  summer.     (£) 

C.  pulchella,  Pursh.  About  1°  high,  with  narrow,  lance-linear  leaves, 
deeply  3-lobed  petals  (purple,  with  rose-colored  and  white  varieties), 
bearing  a  pair  of  minute  teeth  low  down  on  the  slender  claw,  the  lobes 
of  the  stigma  broad  and  petal-like.  There  is  a  partly  double-flowered 
variety. 

C.  e/egans,  Dougl.  Fully  2°  high,  commonly  flowered  in  the  conser- 
vatory, with  long  branches ;  lance-ovate  or  oblong  leaves,  the  lower 
petioled,  lilac-purple  entire  petals  broader  than  long,  and  much  shorter 
than  their  naked  claw,  smaller  lobes  to  the  stigma,  and  a  hairy  ovary  and 
pod. 

6.  EUCHARIDIUM.     (Name  from  the  Greek,  means  charming.)     ® 

£.  concinnum,  Fisch  &  Mey.  Of  Gal.,  cult,  for  ornament;  a  low  and 
branching  plant,  like  a  Clarkia  in  general  appearance,  except  in  the  long 
tube  to  the  calyx,  and  with  ovate-oblong  entire  leaves  on  slender  petioles, 
and  middle-sized  rose-purple  or  white  flowers,  in  summer. 

7.  CENOTHERA,  EVENING  PRIMROSE.     (Greek,  application  ob- 
scure.)    Very  many   species,   all  originally  American,   and  most  of 
them  from  the  U.  S.,  especially  from  S.  W.  and  W.     The  following  are 
the  principal  common  ones,  both  wild  and  cult,  for  ornament ;  flowers 
summer.      (Pollen  grains  loosely  connected    by    cobwebby  threads, 
strongly  3-lobed.     See  Lessons,  p.  103,  Fig.  316.) 


184  EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

*  YELLOW-FLOWERED  EVENING  PRIMROSES,  properly  so-called,  the  flowers 
opening  (usually  suddenly)  in  evening  twilight,  and  fading  away  when 
bright  sunshine  returns  ;  odorous  ;  the  yellow  petals  commonly  obcordate. 

-t- Stems  elongated  and  leafy;  pod  cylindrical  or  spindle-shaped,  ses- 
sile.    ®  © 

CE.  bi^nnis,  Linn.  COMMON  E.  Wild  in  open  grounds,  and  the  large- 
flowered  forms  cult,  for  ornament ;  erect,  2°-5°  high,  hairy  or  smoothish, 
with  lance-oblong  leaves,  entire  or  obscurely  toothed  ;  flowers  at  length 
forming  a  terminal  leafy-bracted  spike,  and  petals  obcordate ;  calyx  tips 
appressed  or  contiguous.  Runs  into  several  varieties,  of  which  the 
largest  and  finest  now  cultivated  belong  to 

Var.  grandifl6ra,  Lindl.  From  S.  W.,  which  is  tall  and  stout,  with 
corolla  3'-4'  in  diameter ;  the  sudden  opening  at  dusk  is  very  striking. 

CE.  Oakeaiana,  Robbins.  In  New  Eng.,  has  a  more  slender  habit, 
not  hairy,  the  fine  pubescence  mostly  appressed ;  calyx  tips  not  promi- 
nently contiguous. 

CE.  rhombip^tala,  Nutt. '  Wild  on  our  western  limits  ;  more  slender, 
hoary,  1°-3C  high,  the  rather  small  flowers  with  rhombic  ovate  and  acute 
petals. 

(E.  Drummdndii,  Hook.  Cult,  from  Tex.  ;  has  its  stems  spreading  on 
the  ground,  and  large  flowers,  like  those  of  the  first,  in  the  upper  axils ; 
the  lance-ovate  leaves,  etc.,  soft-downy. 

CB.  sinuata,  Linn.  Wild  from  N.  J.  S.  and  W.,  in  sandy  ground; 
low  and  spreading,  hairy,  with  lance-oblong,  sinuate  or  pinnatifid  leaves ; 
small  flowers  in  their  axils ;  pale-yellow  petals  turning  rose-color  in 
fading,  and  slender  pods. 

•i-  •«-  Stems  short  and  prostrate  or  scarcely  any  ;  pod  short,  1-winged.  ®  # 

CE.  trfloba,  Nutt.  Leaves  pinnatifid  and  cut,  like  those  of  Dandelion, 
smooth,  all  in  a  tuft  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  on  the  short  crown, 
which  in  autumn  is  crowded  with  the  almost  woody,  pyramidal-ovate, 
narrowly  4-winged  sessile  pods,  forming  a  mass  3'-5'  in  diameter ;  flowers 
rather  small,  the  slender  tube  of  the  calyx  4'-5'  long,  its  lobes  about  as 
long  as  the  obscurely  3-lobed  or  notched  pale-yellow  petals,  which  turn 
purplish  in  fading.  Ky.  W.  and  S. 

CB.  Missourie'iisis,  Sims.  Cult,  from  Mo.  and  Tex. ;  finely  hoary  or 
nearly  smooth,  with  many  short  prostrate  stems,  2'-12'  long,  from  a 
thick  woody  root ;  crowded,  lanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate  leaves,  very 
large  and  showy  flowers  in  their  axils,  opening  before  sunset ;  the  tube 
of  the  calyx  somewhat  enlarging  upwards,  3'-7 '  long ;  the  bright  yellow 
corolla  4'-6'  across  ;  pod  with  4  very  broad  wings. 

Var.  Iatif61ia,  Gray  (or  (E.  MACROCARPA),  is  a  form  with  larger  and 
greener  leaves. 

*  *  WHITE  and  RED-FLOWERED  PRIMROSES,  usually  turning  rose-colored 
in  fading,  some  of  them  opening  in  the  daytime  ;  petals  broadly  obovate 
or  obcordate;  flower  buds  commonly  nodding. 

(E.  acaulis,  Cav.  (or  (E.  TARAXICIFOLIA).  From  Chile  ;  rather  hairy, 
at  first  stemless,  at  length  forming  prostrate  stems,  with  pinnatifid  or 
pinnate  leaves,  after  the  manner  of  Dandelion  (as  one  name  denotes), 
and  very  large  flowers  in  the  axils,  tube  of  calyx  3 '-4'  long,  corolla 
3'-5'  across,  and  a  woody,  obovate  and  sharply  4-angled  sessile  pod.  (f) 

CB.  apecidsa,  Nutt.  Of  Mo.  and  Tex.  ;  not  hardy  in  cult.  N.  ;  pubes- 
cent, with  erect  and  branching  stems  6 '-20'  high  ;  lance-oblong,  cut- 
toothed  leaves,  the  lower  mostly  pinnatifid ;  flowers  somewhat  raceme* 
at  the  summit,  and  opening  in  the  daytime  ;  calyx  tube  rather  club 
shaped  and  not  much  longer  than  the  ovary  ;  corolla  3'-4'  across ;  pod 
club-shaped.  ^ 


EVENING   PRIMROSE   FAMILY.  185 

GEJ.  albicaulis,  Nutt.  With  erect  and  white,  often  shreddy  stems, 
which  are  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or 
repand-denticulate,  or  even  sinuate-pinnatifid  leaves,  linear  and  sessile, 
curved  or  twisted  pods  ;  grows  from  W.  Minn,  to  N.  Mex. ,  and  is  cult.  2Z 

(E.  rdsea,  Ait.  MEXICAN  PRIMROSE.  Minutely  downy,  with  slender 
spreading  stems  6'-24'  high,  ovate  or  lance-oblong  leaves,  the  lower 
sometimes  rather  pinnatifid,  and  red-purple  diurnal  flowers,  1'  across  in 
leafy  racemes  ;  pods  club-shaped.  Mex.  ®  (2) 

*  *  *  YELLOW-FLOWERED,  DIURNAL  PRIMROSES,  sometimes  called  SUN- 
DROPS,  the  blossoms  opening  in  bright  sunshine ;  petals  mostly  obcordate  ; 
stems  leafy ;  leaves  obscurely  toothed  or  entire.  Wild  species  of  the 
country,  all  but  the  last  occasionally  cultivated.  ©  % 

•<-  Pod  short-oblong  or  obovate,  broadly  ^-wing-angled. 

CB.  glafcca,  Michx.  Wild  from  Va.  and  Ky.,  near  and  in  the  moun- 
tains S. ;  l°-2°  high,  smooth,  pale  and  glaucous,  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves 
ovate  or  lance-ovate  ;  corolla  2'  or  more  in  diameter. 

•t-  •«-  Pod  club-shaped,  somewhat  ^-wing-angled  above,  with  4  intervening 
ribs. 

CE.  frutic6sa,  Linn.  Wild  in  open  places  ;  not  shrubby,  as  the  name 
would  imply ;  hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves, 
somewhat  corymbed  flowers  H'-2'  in  diameter,  and  short-stalked  or 
nearly  sessile,  more  or  less  pubescent  pods. 

Var.  linearis,  Wats.  Wild  from  Conn.  S.,  near  the  coast;  linear  or 
lance-linear  leaves,  and  pods  tapering  into  a  slender  stalk.  A  spreading 
form  is  cultivated. 

CB.  piimila,  Linn.  In  fields,  etc. ;  nearly  smooth,  5-12'  high,  with 
mostly  simple,  erect  or  ascending  stein  ;  oblanceolate  entire  leaves,  and 
scattered  flowers,  the  corolla  less  than  1 '  across,  and  smooth  pods  short- 
stalked  or  sessile. 

8.  GODETIA.     (Named  for  Charles  Godet,  botanist  and  entomologist 
at  Neufchatel.)     Western  American  annuals,  in  gardens.    The  species 
are  often  referred  to  (Enothera. 

*  Capsule  ovate  or  oblong  ;  the  seeds  in  2  rows. 

G.  purpurea,  Wats.  Very  leafy  to  the  top,  rather  stout,  10'-20  high, 
at  length  with  many  short  branches  ;  leaves  pale,  lance-oblong,  entire, 
and  sessile ;  corolla  l'-H'  across,  purple,  with  a  dark  eye  ;  short  and 
broad  lobes  of  stigma  dark-colored  ;  pods  short  and  thick,  rather  conical, 
hairy. 

G.  grandiflbra,  Lindl.  (or  G.  WnfTNETi).  Stout  and  nearly  simple, 
with  lanceolate  leaves  acute  at  both  ends  and  borne  on  a  short  petiole, 
entire  or  obscurely  denticulate ;  flowers  2'  or  more  across,  light-purple, 
and  usually  with  a  purple  spot  in  the  center  of  each  petal ;  stigma  lobes 
linear ;  capsule  puberulent. 

*  *  Capsule  linear ;  the  seeds  in  a  single  row. 

G.  amcena,  Lilja.  (G.  LINDLEYI  and  G.  RCBICUNDA).     Rather  slender, 
l°-2°  high ;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  very  nearly  so,  with 
short  petioles  ;  petals  white  or  rose-colored,  f'-lj'  long,  sometimes  hairr 
stigma  lobes  linear. 

9.  LOFEZIA.     (Named  for  T.  Lopez,  an  early  Spanish  naturalist.)    ® 

L.  racemdsa,  Cav.  Cult,  sparingly,  from  Mexico ;  a  slender,  branch- 
ing, nearly  smooth  plant,  with  alternate,  ovate  or  lance-oblong  leaves  on 


186  EVENING  PRIMROSE   FAMILY. 

slender  petioles,  the  branches  terminated  with  loose  racemes  of  small 
rose-pink  or  sometimes  white  flowers  (only  }'  in  diameter),  on  slender 
pedicels  from  the  axil  of  leafy  bracts,  produced  all  summer,  followed  by 
very  small  round  pods. 

10.  FUCHSIA.  (Named  for  L.  Fuchs,  an  early  German  botanist.) 
Well-known,  ornamental,  tender,  shrubby  plants,  or  even  trees,  chiefly 
natives  of  the  Andes  from  Mexico  to  Fuegia,  mostly  smooth,  with  oppo- 
site or  ternately  whorled  leaves.  The  best  known  species  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  —  ^  Erect.flowered  species, 

•*-  Flowers  solitary  ;  plant  dioecious. 

F.  procumbens,  R.  Cunn.,  from  N.  Zealand,  is  a  trailing  species  with 
small  ovate  leaves  which  are  very  light  colored  beneath,  and  small,  apet- 
alous,  axillary  flowers,  with  an  orange  calyx  tube,  and  spreading  or  at 
length  reflexed,  dark-purple,  obtuse  lobes. 

-•-  -t-  Flowers  in  a  naked  and  compound  terminal  panicle-like  cluster, 
perfect. 

F.  arborescens,  Sims.  TREE  F.,  from  Mexico ;  a  stout  shrub,  with 
oblong  or  lance-oblong  entire  leaves,  acute  at  both  ends  and  usually 
whorled ;  flowers  light  rose-color,  J'  long,  with  narrow,  oblong,  widely 
spreading  calyx  lobes,  and  spreading  petals  rather  longer  than  the  tube, 
about  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  style. 

*  *  Drooping-floioered  species. 

•<-  Short-flowered  Fuchsias  or  Ladies1  Eardrops,  with  the  lobes  of  the  nor- 
mally red  calyx  longer  than  the  tube  and  than  the  petals;  the  latter 
normally  violet  or  blue,  obovate  and  retuse,  convolute  around  the  base 
of  the  projecting  filaments  and  still  longer  style;  flowers  hanging  on 
long  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Common  conservatory 
and  house  plants. 

F.  macrostSmma,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  The  common  species,  in  many  forms ; 
has  dentate  leaves  on  slender  petioles  ;  calyx  tube  oblong  or  short-cylin- 
drical, more  or  less  shorter  than  the  spreading  lobes.  The  species  now 
greatly  varied  in  color  ;  some  varieties  with  calyx  white  or  light  and  the 
petals  deeply  colored,  some  with  the  reverse  ;  also  double-flowered,  the 
petals  being  multiplied.  Chile.  F.  coccfNEA,  F.  MAGELLAXICA,  F.  CON- 
ICA,  F.  GRACILIS,  and  F.  GLOB6sA  are  now  commonly  referred  to  this 
species,  although  the  last,  with  globular  or  ovoid  calyx  tube  and  nearly 
globular  small  flowers,  is  perhaps  specifically  distinct. 

-*-  •«-  Long-flowered  Fuchsias,  with  trumpet-shaped  or  slightly  funnel- 
shaped  tube  of  the  calyx  2'-3'  long,  very  much  longer  than  the  spread- 
ing lobes,  which  little  exceed  the  acute  or  pointed,  somewhat  spreading 
petals ;  stamens  and  style  little  projecting  j  flowers  crowded  into  a  rather 
close,  drooping  raceme  or  corymb  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  leaves 
large,  5'-7'  long.  The  following  species  are  seen  only  in  choice 
collections. 

F.  fulgens,  Moc..  &  Sesse,  from  Mexico ;  smooth,  with  ovate,  somewhat 
heart-shaped  leaves,  and  scarlet  flowers,  the  lance-ovate  calyx  lobes  often 
tinged  with  green. 

F.  corymb/fldra,  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  from  Peru  ;  mostly  pubescent,  with  lance- 
oblong  and  taper-pointed,  almost  entire  leaves,  and  red  flowers,  the  lance- 
olate calyx  lobes  and  the  lance-oblong  petals  taper-pointed,  at  length 
widely  spreading. 


LOASA   FAMILY.  187 

11.  CIRCJEA,  ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE.     (Named  from  Circe, 
the  enchantress,  it  is  not  obvious  why  ;  the  plants  are  insignificant  and 
inert,  natives  of  damp  woods,  flowering  in  summer.)     2/ 

C.  Lutetiana,  Linn.  The  common  species,  is  lc-2°  high,  branching, 
with  ovate  and  slightly  toothed  leaves ;  no  bracts  under  the  pedicels ;  the 
rounded  little  fruit  2-celled  and  beset  with  bristly  hairs. 

C.  alpina,  Linn.  Common  only  N.  or  in  mountainous  regions  ;  smooth 
and  delicate,  3'-6'  high,  with  thin  and  heart-shaped,  coarsely  toothed  leaves, 
minute  bracts,  and  obovate  or  club-shaped  fruit,  1-celled  and  soft-hairy. 

12.  GATJRA.     (Name  in  Greek  means  superb,  which  these  plants  are 
not.)     Flowers  all  summer. 

G.  Lindheimeri,  Engelm.  &  Gray,  of  Texas ;  cult,  for  ornament,  nearly 
hardy  N.  ;  about  3°  high,  hairy,  with  lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  leaves  ; 
long,  weak  branches  producing  a  continued  succession  of  handsome,  white 
flowers  ;  the  calyx  hairy  outside ;  petals  nearly  1'  long.  ^ 

G.  bi^nnis,  Linn.  The  common  wild  species  ;  3°-8°  high,  soft-hairy  or 
downy,  with  oblong-lanceolate  obscurely  toothed  leaves,  small,  white,  or 
flesh-colored  flowers,  and  downy  fruit.  ® 

13.  TRAP  A,  WATER  CALTROPS  or  WATER  CHESTNUT.    (From 
Latin  for  the  Caltrops,  a  4-spmed  instrument  for  impeding  naviga- 
tion in  tunes  of  war.) 

T.  ndtans,  Linn.  A  curious  water  plant,  occasionally  cult.,  with  small, 
axillary,  white  flowers,  and  large  nut-like  fruits  with  2  large  and  2  smaller 
horns.  The  seeds  are  eaten  in  parts  of  S.  Eu.,  where  the  species  is  native.  ® 

XLVLn.   LOASACRffi,   LOASA  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  rough  pubescence,  and  some  with,  stinging  bris- 
tles, no  stipules ;  a  1-celled  ovary  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the 
calyx  (which  is  little  if  at  all  extended  beyond  it),  and  mostly 
with  3-5  parietal  placentae,  in  fruit  a  pod,  few-many-seeded ; 
persistent  calyx  lobes  and  true  petals  mostly  5,  and  often  an 
additional  inner  set  of  petals ;  stamens  commonly  numerous, 
often  in  5  clusters ;  style  single. 

*  Erect  or  spreading,  not  twining  ;  leaves  alternate;  petals  flat. 

1.  MENTZELIA.    Petals  lanceolate,   spatnlate,  or  obovate,  deciduous.    Filaments  long 

and  slender,  or  some  of  the  outermost  broadened  or  petal-like,  all  inserted  below  the 
petals.  Anthers  short  and  small.  Style  8-cleft.  Pod  top-shaped,  club-shaped,  or 
cylindrical,  straight.  Seeds  few,  rarely  many,  on  3  parietal  placentae.  Herbage 
rough  with  short  stiff  pubescence,  or  bristly,  but  not  stinging. 

2.  EUCXIDE.    Differs  in  having  the  stamens  united  to  the  conjoined  bases  of  the  petals, 

and  with  them  felling  off  in  a  ring.    Style  5-cleft.    Seeds  many  and  minute,  on  5 
broad  placentae.    Pod  short.    Flowers  showy,  yellow,  opening  in  bright  sunshine. 
*  *  Tinning  herbs ;  leaves  opposite,  petioled ;  petals  hood-shaped  or  slipper-shaped. 
8.  BLUMENBACHIA.    Petals  5,  spreading,  and  as  many  scale-like  small  ones  or  append- 
ages alternate  with  them.     Stamens  in  5  sets,  one  before  each  petal,  with  very  slender 
filaments  ;  also  10  sterile  filaments,  a  pah-  before  each  appendage.    Ovary  and  many- 
seeded  pod,  10-ribbed,  when  old,  spirally  twisted  and  splitting  lengthwise.    Peduncles 
axillary,  mostly  1-flowered.    Herbage  beset  with  sharp  bristles,  commonly  stinging 
like  nettles.    Flowers  on  long  axillary  peduncles. 


188  LOASA   FAMILY. 

1.  MENTZELIA.     (Named  for  C.  Mentzel,  an  early  German  botanist.) 
Flowers  summer  or  autumn.    ®  (2)    Includes  the  BARrduiA  of  Nuttall. 


§  1.  Pod  3-9-seeded;  flowers  small,  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine.    ®  (2) 

M.  oligosperma,  Nutt.  Open  dry  ground  from  111.,  S.  W.  ;  a  rough 
and  adhesive  homely  plant,  with  spreading  brittle  branches,  ovate  and 
oblong  angled  or  cut-toothed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  less  than  1'  broad, 
with  5  wedge-oblong  pointed  petals,  and  about  20  (or  sometimes  more) 
slender  filaments. 

§  2.  BART6xiA  of  authors,  not  of  Muhlenberg.  Pod  mostly  long,  contain- 
ing many  or  at  least  20  cubical  or  flat  seeds  ;  flowers  large  and  showy  ; 
petals  l'-2'  long  ;  herbage  rough. 

M.  Lindleyi,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Cult,  from  Cal.,  visually  under  the  name 
of  BART6MA  AtiREA.  Plant  l°-2°  high,  with  leaves  lance-ovate  in  out- 
line and  deeply  pinnatifid,  their  lobes  linear  ;  flowers  with  5  obovate  and 
pointed,  bright  yellow  petals,  opening  hi  sunshine,  and  the  very  numerous 
filaments  all  slender.  ® 

M.  ornata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  The  BARTOXIA  ORNATA  of  Nuttall,  a  very 
large-flowered  species  of  the  plains  of  Nebraska  and  S.  ;  2°-4°  high,  with 
oblong-lanceolate  sinuate-pinnatifid  leaves,  and  yellowish-white,  fragrant 
flowers  opening  at  sunset  or  on  a  cloudy  afternoon,  leafy-bracted  under 
the  ovary,  and  with  10  lance-ovate  or  spatulate,  acute  petals,  about  2' 
long,  the  5  inner  narrower,  and  the  200-300  filaments  all  slender  ;  seeds 
very  many  and  flat.  Sometimes  cult.  (2) 

M.  nuda,  Torr.  &  Gray.  The  BART6NIA  N£DA  of  Nuttall,  of  the  same 
district,  and  also  in  cultivation  ;  resembles  the  last,  but  has  flowers  of 
half  the  size  and  without  leafy  bracts  under  the  ovary  ;  outer  filaments 
mostly  broadened  ;  seeds  wing-  margined.  @ 

2.  ETJCNIDE.     (Greek:    well,   nettle;   probably  in  reference  to  the 
sharp  hairs.)    The  genus  is  often  referred  to  Mentzelia.     Known  in 
gardens  by  one  species. 

£.  barton  ioldes,  Zucc.  (or  MENTZELIA  BARTONIOIDES  or  M.  U!>NGIPES). 
Cult,  from  Mex.  and  Tex.  ;  a  tender  succulent  plant,  branching  and  usu- 
ally spreading  pn  the  ground,  bristly,  with  ovate  cut-toothed  or  slightly 
lobed  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  flowers  mostly  on  still  longer  simple 
peduncles  (3'-6'  long),  the  5  ovate  petals  and  very  many  slender  fila- 
ments fully  1'  long.  (I) 

3.  BLUMENB  ACHIA.     (Named  for  the  distinguished  German  physi- 
ologist, Blumenbach.)    Includes  CAIOPHORA,  and  species  often  referred 
to  LOASA.     Flowers  all  summer. 

B.  insignis,  Schrad.  Cult,  from  Chile  ;  rather  curious  than  orna- 
mental, with  palmately  about  5-parted  leaves  ;  small  flowers  with  white 
petals  and  yellow,  red-tipped,  inner  appendages  ;  the  pod  obovate,  slightly 
twisted,  with  5  strongly  projecting  placentae.  (I) 

B.  lateritia,  Gray.  From  South  America,  under  the  name  of  LOASA  or 
CAIOPHORA  LATERfriA  ;  climbing  freely  ;  with  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  leaves 
of  5  or  more  lance-ovate  divisions  or  leaflets,  which  are  cut-toothed  or 
some  of  them  again  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  almost  2'  across,  with  brick-red 
petals  ;  the  long  pod  at  length  much  twisted.  ® 

B.  grandiflbra,  G.  Don  (or  B.  CONTORTA).  Is  a  greenhouse  climber 
with  orange-red  flowers,  bearing  cup-like  scales  within,  and  oblong  or 
ovate  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  lobes  incised.  Peru. 


PASSION    FLOWER    FAMILY.  189 


XLIX.  PASSIFLORACKfi,  PASSION   FLOWER  FAMILY. 

Represented  mainly  by  the  Passion  flowers  described  below. 
In  conservatories  may  be  found  one  or  two  species  of  TACSO- 
NIA,  differing  from  true  Passion  flowers  in  having  a  long  tube 
to  the  flowers ;  also  the  true  Papaw,  CARICA  PAPAYA. 

1.  PASSIFLORA,  PASSION  FLOWER.  (Flower  of  the  Passion ; 
the  early  Roman  Catholic  missionaries  in  South  America  finding  in 
them  symbols  of  the  crucifixion,  the  crown  of  thorns  in  the  fringes  of 
the  flower,  nails  in  the  styles  with  their  capitate  stigmas,  hammers  to 
drive  them  in  the  stamens,  cords  in  the  tendrils.)  Herbs  or  woody 
plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  conspicuous  stipules,  climbing  by 
simple  axillary  tendrils  ;  the  flowers  also  axillary,  usually  with  3  bracts 
underneath,  and  a  joint  in  the  peduncle ;  calyx  with  a  very  short  tube 
or  cup,  and  5  divisions  which  are  colored  inside  like  the  petals,  and 
often  with  a  claw-like  tip  ;  petals  5  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  or  some- 
times none ;  within  them  the  conspicuous  crown  of  numerous  filaments 
or  rays,  forming  a  double  or  more  compound  fringe  ;  stamens  5,  with 
narrow-oblong  versatile  anthers,  then:  filaments  united  in  a  tube  below, 
sheathing  and  adhering  more  or  less  to  the  long  stalk  which  supports 
the  1-celled  ovary  ;  styles  3  ;  stigmas  capitate  ;  fruit  berry-like,  edible 
in  several  species. 

*  Herbaceous. 

•*-  Petals  present,     y. 

P.  lutea,  Linn.  Low  grounds  from  S.  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.  ;  slender, 
low-climbing,  with  the  3  short  and  blunt  lobes  of  the  leaves  entire,  and  a 
greenish-yellow  flower  of  no  beauty,  barely  lf  wide. 

P.  incarnata,  Linn.  The  fruit,  called  MAYPOP  in  S.  States,  edible, 
as  large  as  a  hen's  egg ;  trailing  or  low-climbing,  with  deeply  3-cleft  ser- 
rate leaves,  a  pair  of  glands  on  the  petiole,  and  one  or  more  on  the  small 
bracts,  the  purple  crown  of  the  handsome  flower  (2 '-3'  across)  rather 
longer  than  the  pale  petals.  Dry  ground  from  Va.  ajid  Ky.  S. 

•»-  •»-  Petals  absent.     ® 

P.  grdci/is,  Link.  Slender  herb,  with  roundish  and  slightly  3-lobed, 
otherwise  entire  leaves,  and  whitish  merely  &-cleft  flower  only  1'  in  diam- 
eter, destitute  of  true  petals.  Remarkable  for  the  quick  movement  of  its 
tendrils.  S.  America. 

#  *  Woody.     South  American. 
•*-  Leaves  palmately  lobed  ;  flower  widely  spreading. 

P.    ccerulea,    Linn.     The    COMMON  or  BLUE    PASSION  FLOWER.     With 

leaves  very  deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  5  or  7  lance-oblong,  entire  divisions, 
pale  ;  and  flower  almost  white,  except  the  purple  center  and  blue  crown 
banded  with  whitish  in  the  middle. 

P.  edulis,  Sims.  GRANADILLA.  The  purplish  edible  fruit  as  large  as  a 
goose  egg  ;  leaves  dark  green  and  glossy,  deeply  cleft  into  3  ovate,  pointed 
lobes  beset  with  callous  teeth  ;  bracts  under  the  flower  also  toothed  ;  the 
crown  crisped,  2'  across,  whitish  with  a  blue  or  violet  base,  as  long  as  the 
white  petals. 


190  GOURD   FAMILY. 

•i-  •»-  Leaves  entire,  feather-veined  ;  floicer  bell-shaped. 

P.  quadrangularis,  Linn.  LARGE  GRANADILLA.  Very  large,  with  the 
branches  4-sided  and  the  angles  wing-margined ;  leaves  4'-8'  long,  ovate 
or  oval,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  bright  green,  with  2-4  pairs  of  glands  on 
the  petiole ;  flower  about  3'  long,  fragrant,  crimson-purple  and  the  violet 
or  blue  crown  variegated  with  white.  Fruit  rarely  formed  here,  edible, 
6'  long. 

L.    CTJCURBITACE^!,   GOURD  FAMILY. 

Mostly  tendril-bearing  herbs,  with  succulent  but  not  fleshy 
herbage,  watery  juice,  alternate  palmately  ribbed  and  mostly 
lobed  or  angled  leaves,  monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious 
flowers ;  the  calyx  coherent  with  the  ovary,  corolla  more  com- 
monly monopetalous,  and  stamens  usually  3,  of  which  one  has 
a  1-celled,  the  others  2-celled  anthers ;  but  the  anthers  are 
commonly  tortuous  and  often  all  combined  in  a  head,  and  the 
filaments  sometimes  all  united  in  a  tube  or  column.  Fruit 
usually  fleshy.  Embryo  large,  filling  the  seed,  straight,  mostly 
with  flat  or  leaf-like  cotyledons. 

§  1.  Flotcers  large  or  middle-sized,  on  separate  simple  peduncles  in  the  axils ;  anthers 
with  long  and  narrow  cells,  bent  up  and  down  or  contorted ;  ovules  and  seeds 
many,  horizontal,  on  mostly  S  simple  or  double  placenta ;  fruit  (of  the  sort 
called  a  pepo)  large,  fleshy  or  pulpy  with  a  harder  rind. 

*  Both  kinds  of  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils. 

1.  LAGENARIA.    Tendrils  2-forked.     Flowers  musk-scented,  with  a  funnel-form  or  bell- 

shaped  calyx  tube,  and  5  obcordate  or  obovate  and  mucronate  white  petals ;  the  sterile 
on  a  long,  the  fertile  on  a  shorter,  peduncle.  Anthers  lightly  cohering  with  each 
other.  Stigmas  3,  each  2-lobed.  Fruit  with  a  hard  or  woody  rind  and  soft  flesh. 
Seeds  margined.  Petiole  bearing  a  pair  of  glands  at  the  apex. 

2.  CUCURBITA.    Tendrils  2-5-forked.    Flowers  large,  with  a  bell-shaped  or  short  funnel- 

form  5-cleft  yellow  corolla,  its  base  adherent  to  the  bell-shaped  tube  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  from  the  bottom  of  the  flower ;  anthers  long-linear,  much  curved,  all  three 
united  Into  a  small  head.  Stigmas  8,  each  2-lobed.  Fruit  fleshy  with  attrmer  rind. 
Seeds  mostly  margined. 

8.  CITRULLUS.  Tendrils  2-8-forked.  Flowers  with  a  short  bell-shaped  calyx  tube,  and 
a  deeply  5-cleft,  widely  open,  pale  yellow  corolla.  Stamens  with  very  short  filaments  ; 
anthers  lightly  cohering.  Stigmas  8,  kidney-shaped.  Seeds  marginless,  imbedded  in 
the  enlarged  pulpy  placenta. 

*  »  Sterile  flowers  clustered,  fertile  ones  solitary  in  the  axils. 

4.  CUCUMIS.    Tendrils  simple.    Corolla  of  5  almost  separate,  acute  petals.    Stamens 

separate  ;  anthers  with  only  one  bend.  Stigmas  8,  blunt.  Fruit  with  a  fleshy  rind. 
Seeds  not  margined. 

§  2.  Flowers  of  one  or  both  sorts  in  racemes,  panicles,  corymbs,  or  long-stalked 
clusters. 

*  Fruit  large  and  gourd-like  ;  flowers  large. 

5.  LTJFFA.    Flowers  cream-colored  or  orange,  with  obcordate  or  obovate  petals ;  the 

staminate  ones  in  a  raceme  on  a  long  stalk ;  the  pistillate,  solitary  and  peduncled. 
Tendrils  variously  branched.  Fruit  long-cylindrical,  dry  when  ripe,  green,  the 
interior  fibrous  and  sponge-like. 


GOUED   FAMILY.  191 

*  *  Fruit  small  and  berry-like ;  flowers  very  small  for  this  Family. 
+-  Fruit  smooth ;  ovules  and  seeds  many,  horizontal,  on  3  placentae ;  filaments  sepa- 
rate ;  anthers  straightish  ;  tendrils  simple. 

6.  MELOTHEIA.    Flowers  yellow  or  greenish,  the  sterile  in  small  racemes,  the  fertile 

solitary  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle.  Corolla  open  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Anthers 
slightly  united,  soon  separate.  Fertile  flower  with  calyx  tube  constricted  above  the 
ovary. 

••-  +-  Fruit  prickly  ;  ovules  and  seeds  1^,  large  and  vertical ;  filaments  monadelphous ; 
anthers  tortuous  ;  tendrils  3-forked. 

7.  ECHINOCYSTIS.    Flowers  white,  the  sterile  in  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  the 

fertile  solitary  or  In  small  clusters  from  the  same  axils.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  of  6 
narrow  petals  united  at  the  base.  Anthers  more  or  less  united  in  a  mass.  Style 
hardly  any ;  stigma  broad.  Fruit  oval  oi-  roundish,  beset  with  weak,  simple  prickles, 
bursting  irregularly  at  the  top  when  ripe  ;  the  outer  part  fleshy  under  the  thin,  green 
rind,  becoming  dry ;  the  inner  part  a  fibrous  network  making  2  oblong  cells,  each 
divided  at  the  base  into  two  1-seeded  compartments.  Seeds  large,  blackish,  hard- 
coated,  erect  from  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

8.  SICYO8.    Flowers  greenish-white,  the  sterile  in  corymbs  or  panicles,  the  fertile  (very 

small)  in  a  little  head  on  a  long  peduncle,  mostly  from  the  same  axils.  Corolla  nearly 
wheel-shaped,  5-cleft.  Anthers  short,  united  in  a  little  head.  Style  slender ;  stigmas 
8.  Ovary  tapering  into  a  narrow  neck  below  the  rest  of  the  flower,  1-celled,  becom- 
ing a  dry  and  indehiscent,  ovate  or  flattish-spindle-shaped,  bur-like  fruit,  beset  with 
stiff  and  barbed  bristles,  filled  by  the  single  hanging  seed. 

1.  LAGENARIA,  BOTTLE  GOURD.     (Latin  lagena,  a  bottle.)     ® 

L  vulgaris,  Ser.  BOTTLE,  SNAKE,  and  SUGAR-TROUGH  GOURD,  CALA- 
BASH. Cult,  from  Africa  and  Asia;  climbing  freely,  rather  clammy- 
pubescent  and  musky-scented,  with  rounded  leaves,  long-stalked  flowers, 
white  petals  greenish-veiny,  and  fruit  of  very  various  shape,  usually 
club-shaped,  or  long  and  much  enlarged  at  the  apex  and  slightly  at  base, 
the  hard  rind  used  for  vessels,  dippers,  etc. 

2.  CUCURBITA,  PUMPKIN,  SQUASH,  GOURD.     (Latin  name.)    ® 
The  very  numerous  cultivated  forms,  strikingly  different  in  their  fruit, 
belong  to  three  botanical  species.     Probably  native  to  America. 

#  Stalks  and  somewhat  lobed  leaves  rough-bristly  almost  prickly  /  flower- 
stalks  obtusely  angled,  that  of  the  fruit  strongly  5-8-ridged  and  with 
intervening  deep  grooves,    usually   enlarging   next  the  .fruit ;  hollow 
interior  of  the  fruit  traversed  by  coarse  and  separate,  soft  or  pulpy 
threads  ;  flower  tube  flaring,  the  lobes  pointed  and  erect. 

C.  Pepo,  Linn.  PUMPKIN.  Cult.,  as  now,  along  with  Indian  Corn,  by 
the  North  American  Indians  before  the  coming  of  the  whites.  The  chief 
types  are :  the  common  FIELD  PUMPKIN  used  for  pies  and  fed  to  stock  ; 
the  BUSH  SCALLOP  SQUASHES  with  white  or  yellow  fruit  flattened  endwise 
and  the  vines  scarcely  running  ;  the  SUMMER  CROOK-NECK  or  WARTY 
SQUASHES,  with  white  or  yellow  J-shaped  fruits,  and  vines  seldom  run- 
ning ;  the  GOURDS,  small,  very  hard-shelled  fruits  of  many  shapes  and 
colors  borne  on  slender  running  vines. 

*  *  Stalks  and  bright  green  5-7 -lobed  leaves  pubescent  with  soft  hairs  ; 
fruit  stalk  bridged,  prominently  enlarged  where  it  joins  the  fruit,  the 
central  pulp  less  thready ;  flower  tube  much  like  *,  the  lobes  broader ; 
calyx  lobes  often  leafy. 

C.  moschata,  Duchesne.  CHINA,  CUSHAW,  CANADA  CROOK-NECK, 
WINTER  CROOK-NECK  SQUASHES.  Cult,  for  the  edible  fruit,  which  is 


192  GOURD  FAMILY. 

club-shaped,  pear-shaped,  or  long-cylindrical,  often  large  with  a  glau- 
cous-whitish surface,  often  green-striped. 

*  *  *  Stalks  and  almost  kidney-shaped  or  roundish  leaves  roughish 
hairy ;  flower  stalks  terete,  that  of  the  fruit  thick,  many-striate  but  not 
ridged  and  grooved;  inner  pulp  copious  and  not  thready ;  flower  tube 
nearly  cylindrical  or  even  gibbous  below,  the  lobes  obtuse  and  drooping. 

C.  mdxima,  Duchesne.  WINTER  and  TURBAN  SQUASH.  Fruit  rounded, 
or  ovate  and  pointed,  often  grooved  lengthwise,  varying  from  6'  to  3°  in 
length  or  breadth,  the  hard  flesh  yellow  or  orange.  The  crowned  or 
TURBAN  SQUASHES  have  the  top  of  the  fruit  projecting  beyond  an  encir- 
cling line  or  constriction  which  marks  the  margin  of  the  adherent  calyx 
tube.  Here  belong  the  best  fall  and  winter  squashes,  as  HCBBARD, 
BOSTON  MARROW,  etc. 

3.  CITRULLUS,  WATERMELON.    (Name  made  from  Citrus,  Latin 
for  Orange  or  Citron.)     (£) 

C.  vulgaris,  Schrad.  WATERMELON.  Cult,  from  Asia.  Prostrate, 
with  leaves  deeply  3-5-lobed,  and  the  divisions  again  lobed  or  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  pale  or  bluish ;  the  refreshing  edible  pulp  of  the  fruit,  in 
which  the  dark  seeds  are  imbedded,  consists  of  the  enlarged  and  juicy 
placentae,  which  are  reddish  or  rarely  white.  —  The  so-called  CITRON  of 
gardens  is  a  variety  with  a  firm  or  hard  flesh,  used  for  preserving. 

4.  CUCUMIS,  MELON  and  CUCUMBER.     (The  Latin  name.)     ® 

C.  Melo,  Linn.  MELON,  MUSKMELON,  CANTALOUPE.  Leaves  round- 
heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped,  the  lobes,  if  any,  and  sinuses  rounded  ; 
fruit  with  a  smooth  rind  and  sweet  flesh,  the  edible  part  being  the  inner 
portion  of  the  pericarp,  the  thin  and  watery  placentae  being  discarded 
with  the  seeds.  S.  Asia.  Var.  flexudsus,  the  SERPENT  MELON,  some- 
times called  SNAKE  CUCUMBER,  is  a  strange  variety  with  a  long  and 
snake-like  fruit.  Var.  Dudaim,  with  small  curiously  mottled  fruits  grown 
for  their  novelty  and  agreeable  odor,  is  the  VEGETABLE  POMEGRANATE, 
QUEEN  ANNE'S  POCKET  MELON,  or  C.  ODORATfssiMcs.  Var.  Chito  is  the 
VEGETABLE  ORANGE  or  LEMON  or  APPLE,  also  called  VISE  PEACH,  dis- 
tinguished by  slender  vines  and  yellow  sourish  fruits  the  size  of  a  goose 
egg- 

C.  sathus,  Linn.  CUCUMBER.  Leaves  more  or  less  lobed,  the  lobes 
acute,  the  middle  one  more  prominent,  often  pointed  ;  fruit  rough  or 
muricate  when  young,  smooth  when  mature,  eaten  unripe.  S.  Asia. 

C.  Anguria,  Linn.  WEST  INDIAN  or  BURR  GHERKIN.  GOOSEBERRY 
GOURD.  Stems  slender  and  hispid ;  leaves  deeply  cut  into  3-o  narrow 
segments  ;  flowers  small,  long-stalked ;  fruit  l'-2'  long,  rough  and  spiny. 

5.  LUFF  A,  RAG  GOURD,  DISHCLOTH  GOURD.     (Arabic  name.) 
® 

L.  cylindrica^  Roem.  A  cucumber-like  vine  with  grape-like  leaves  about 
6-angled  or  lobed  and  irregularly  toothed  ;  fruit  10'-20'  long,  often  curved, 
cylindrical  and  smooth,  green,  pointed  at  the  apex,  the  interior  portion 
becoming  detached  when  dry  and  useful  as  a  sponge  ;  whence  the  names 
VEGETABLE  SPONGE  and  DISHCLOTH  GOURD.  Tropics. 

6.  MELOTHRIA.    (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  sort  of  grape.)    2/ 
M.    p^ndula,  Linn.     From  Va.   S.,  is  a  delicate   low-climber,  with 

roundish  or  heart-shaped  and  5-angled  or  lobed,  roughish  leaves,  minute 
flowers,  in  summer,  and  oval  green  berries. 


BEGONIA    FAMILY.  193 

7.  ECHINOCYSTIS,    WILD   BALSAM  APPLE,    WILD   CUCUM- 
BER.    (Name  from  Greek  for  hedgehog  and  bladder.)     (D 

E.  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low  grounds,  chiefly  N.  and  W.,  and  cult, 
for  arbors  ;  tall-climbing,  smoothish,  with  strongly  and  sharply  5-lobed 
leaves ;  copious  and  rather  pretty  white  flowers,  produced  all  summer,  and 
oval  fruit  2'  long,  dry  and  bladdery  after  opening ;  seeds  flat. 

8.  SICYOS,    STAR  CUCUMBER.      (Ancient  Greek  name    of    Cu- 
cumber.)    ® 

S.  angulatus,  Linn.  A  weed  in  damp  or  shady  grounds,  commoner 
S.;  climbing  high;  clammy-hairy,  with  roundish,  heart-shaped  and  5- 
angled  or  slightly  lobed  leaves  ;  inconspicuous  flowers,  and  little  bur-like 
fruits  beset  with  deciduous,  barbed  prickles. 

LI    BEGONIACKE,   BEGONIA   FAMILY. 

Somewhat  succulent,  herbaceous  or  more  or  less  woody- 
stemmed,  mostly  perennial  house  plants,  with  alternate  and 
unequal-sided  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious 
flowers  in  cymes  or  clusters  on  axillary  peduncles,  numerous 
stamens,  inferior  triangular  ovary,  becoming  a  many-seeded 
pod,  —  represented  in  choice  cultivation  by  the  genus 

1.  BEGONIA,  ELEPHANT'S  EAR,  BEEFSTEAK  GERANIUM. 
(Named  for  M.  Begon,  Governor  of  St.  Domingo  200  years  ago.) 
Flowers  with  the  calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike,  sometimes  dull  but 
usually  handsome,  both  kinds  commonly  in  the  same  cyme,  and  flat  in 
the  bud ;  the  outer  pieces  answering  to  sepals,  mostly  2,  valvate  in 
the  bud ;  the  inner,  or  true  petals,  2,  or  in  the  fertile  flowers  usually 
3  or  4,  or  not  rarely  wanting,  in  the  sterile  flowers  surrounding  a 
cluster  of  numerous  stamens  with  short  filaments  ;  in  the  fertile  are  3 
styles  with  thick  or  lobed  stigmas.  Ovary  and  pod  triangular,  often 
3-winged.  These  curious  plants  are  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  the 
leaves  of  many  species,  as  well  as  for  flowers  of  many  colors  and 
patterns.  There  are  very  many  species  and  hybrids.  Following  are 
some  of  the  commonest :  — 

I.  TUBEROCS  BEGONIAS.  Low  or  even  stemless  plants,  arising  from  a 
bulb-like  tuber,  and  bearing  very  large  (2'-4'  across)  showy  flowers, 
generally  in  summer  and  autumn;  leaves  not  showy.  A.  new  class  of 
popular  flowers,  developed  chiefly  from  the  following,  which  are  natives 
of  Peru  and  Bolivia. 

*  Stemless;  scapes  4'-12'  high. 

B.  Davisii,  Veitch.  Leaves  on  very  short  stalks,  ovate-cordate,  some- 
what hairy,  glossy  green,  the  under  surface,  like  the  scapes  and  flowers, 
bright  red ;  flowers  2'  across,  on  3-6-flowered  scapes,  4'-C'  high,  and 
standing  above  the  leaves  ;  petals  4. 

B.  rosceflora,  Hook.  Leaves  orbicular  or  kidney-shaped,  lobed  and 
toothed ;  flowers  2'  across,  rose-red,  on  hairy,  about  3-flowered,  stout 
scapes  ;  petals  5. 

OKAY'S  r.  F.  &  G.  BOX.  — 13 


194  BEGONIA   FAMILY. 

*  *  Stem  evident,  but  often  short ;  mostly  taller. 

B.  Veitchii,  Hook.  Stem  very  short ;  leaves  roundish,  scallop-lobed, 
with  ciliate  margins,  and  a  red  spot  near  the  center ;  scape  12'  high, 
bearing  twin  brick-red  flowers,  2'  or  more  across,  with  5  rounded,  spread- 
ing petals.  This  and  the  last  are  types  of  many  garden  forms. 

B.  Pearcei,  Hook.  A  foot  high,  with  lance-cordate  leaves,  reddish- 
tomentose  beneath ;  flowers  yellow,  several,  on  rather  slender  pedi- 
cels. 

B.  Boliviensis,  A.  DC.  About  2°,  branching ;  leaves  nearly  lanceolate, 
very  sharply  serrate  ;  flowers  large  (2;  long),  bright  red,  in  drooping 
panicles  ;  the  petals  lanceolate-acute,  not  spreading. 

II.  NON-TUBEROUS  (except  B.  Evansiana),  comprising  a  great  variety  of 
species,  some  of  them  from  short  subterranean  rhizomes  and  stemless. 

*  Stemless;  leaves,  or  especially  the  petioles,  and  the  peduncles  or  scapes, 

bristly-hairy,  these  all  from  a  fleshy  tuberous  or  creeping  rootstock. 

v-  Leaves  large,  obliquely  heart-shaped,  toothed  or  merely  wavy-margined, 
variously  silvered  or  variegated  above,  reddish  or  purple  beneath; 
flowers  rather  large,  but  not  showy;  cult,  for  their  foliage,  now  much 
crossed  and  mixed. 

B.  Rex,  Putz.  The  most  prized  and  now  the  commonest  species  of  the 
group,  with  the  leaf  silver-banded  or  silvery  all  over  the  upper  face ;  and 
smooth,  pale,  rose-colored  flowers.  Himalaya. 

B.  Griffith!!,  Hook.  Like  the  preceding,  but  leaves  and  stalks  more 
downy-hairy,  and  the  almost  white  flowers  hairy  outside.  Himalaya. 

B.  xanthlna,  Hook.  With  leaves,  etc.,  much  as  in  the  two  preceding, 
but  the  flowers  yellow.  Himalaya. 

'-  •»-  Leaves  deeply  about  7-cleft ;  flowers  with  only  the  2  sepals,  no  petals. 

B.  heracleifdlia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  With  rather  large  and  rounded, 
hardly  oblique  leaves,  smooth  above  and  sometimes  variegated,  the  lobes 
broad  lanceolate  and  cut-toothed,  and  small,  pale  rose  or  whitish  flowers. 
Mexico. 

B.  BiciNiFdLiA  is  a  hybrid  of  the  last  and  B.  peponifolia. 

*  *  Stems  elongated,  naked,  bearing  tubers  or  bulblets  in  the  axils  ;  leaves 

slightly  bristly-hairy  above  and  more  so  on  the  sharp  teeth. 

B.  Evansiana,  Andr.  (or  B.  DfscoLOR),  an  old-fashioned  species  from 
China,  now  rare,  almost  hardy  even  N.,  producing  all  summer  showy, 
rose-colored  flowers  in  the  open  ground ;  the  ovate  and  heart-shaped, 
pointed  leaves  not  very  oblique,  red  beneath. 

*  *  *  Stems  fleshy,  erect  or  ascending  ;  leaves  smooth  and  naked  above, 
bristle-bearing  on  the  toothed  or  cut  margins  and  long  petioles;  flowers 
with  the  2  colored  sepals,  but  seldom  any  petals. 

B.  manicata,  Cels.  A  handsome  species  of  the  conservatory,  remark- 
able for  the  purple,  bristle-bearing  scales  or  fringes  on  the  apex  or  upper 
part  of  the  petiole,  and  similar  smaller  tufts  on  the  ribs  of  the  lower  face 
of  the  large  and  broadly  ovate-heart-shaped  leaves ;  flowers  small,  but 
numerous  and  elegant,  in  an  open  panicle  on  a  very  long,  naked  peduncle, 
flesh-colored.  Mexico. 

B.  phyllomanlaca,  Mart.  Stem  thickly  beset  with  leaf-like  scales  or 
little  adventitious  leaves,  from  which  the  plant  may  be  propagated,  both 
leafstalks  and  peduncles  bristly,  the  large  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped  and 
tapering  to  a  narrow  point,  their  margins  cut-toothed,  and  rather  large 
but  not  showy  flowers.  Brazil. 


CACTUS   FAMILY.  .  196 

*  »  *  »  Leafy-stemmed,   rather  tall-growing;    leaves  and  whole  plant 
smooth  and  naked. 

+-  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  not  heart-shaped,  very  small  (!'  or  less  long). 

B.  fuchsio/des,  Hook.  So-called  because  the  bright  scarlet  flowers, 
hanging  on  a  slender  drooping  stalk,  may  be  likened  to  those  of  Fuchsia ; 
the  crowded  and  small  green  and  glossy  ovate  leaves  only  a  little  unequal- 
sided  at  base,  serrate  with  bristle-tipped  teeth ;  stem  tall  and  strict. 
Mexico. 

B.  fo/iosa,  HBK.  Lower,  stem  diffuse ;  leaves  oblong  and  smaller, 
obtuse  at  the  base,  strongly  setose-serrate ;  flowers  numerous,  white 
tinged  with  pink.  S.  America. 

•>-  -•-  Leaves  obliquely  heart-shaped  or  half  heart-shaped  at  base. 
**  Almost  entire. 

B.  nit/da,  Dryander.  Leaves  obliquely  heart-shaped  and  glossy,  green 
both  sides,  and  with  large,  light  rose-colored  flowers.  Jamaica. 

B.  sanguinea,  Raddi.  Leaves  large  and  fleshy,  obliquely  ovate-heart- 
shaped,  having  a  narrow  revolute  margin,  pale  green  above,  red  beneath, 
as  are  the  stalks  ;  the  flowers  white,  not  showy.  Brazil. 

B.  maculata,  Raddi.  Cult,  under  the  name  of  B.  ARGYROsrfGMA,  both 
names  referring  to  the  silvery-white  spots  scattered  over  the  upper  face 
of  the  leaves,  which  are  narrower  and  more  oblong  than  in  the  preced- 
ing, purplish  or  crimson  beneath,  the  margin  cartilaginous  but  not  revo- 
lute, the  flowers  white  or  flesh-colored.  Brazil. 

B.  coccinea,  Ruiz.  Flowers  scarlet,  as  the  name  denotes  (but  cult,  as 
B.  EtBRA),  and  oblong  half  heart-shaped  leaves,  glossy  above,  and  green 
both  sides  or  purple  at  the  margin,  which  is  a  little  wavy-toothed. 
Flowers  long,  with  red  pedicels,  wax-like.  Tall.  Peru. 

++  *+  Prominently  serrate  or  crenate. 

B.  incarnata,  Link  &  Otto  (including  B.  METALLICA).  From  Mexico  ;  is 
2°  high,  with  swollen  joints,  sinuate-serrate  green  or  bronze  leaves  on 
short  stalks,  and  large,  rose-colored,  nodding  flowers. 

B.  semperflorens,  Link  &  Otto.  Stem  stout  and  fleshy  ;  leaves  ovate, 
subcordate  and  rather  acute,  crenate-undulate  or  serrate  and  ciliate, 
glossy  green  ;  flowers  rather  large,  white  or  rose-colored,  hi  small  axillary 
clusters  near  the  top  of  the  stem.  S.  Brazil. 

LIL   CACTACKfi.   CACTUS  FAMILY. 

Fleshy  plants  of  peculiar  aspect,  mostly  persistent  and  des- 
titute of  foliage;  the  leaves  supplied  by  the  green  rind  of 
the  flattened,  columnar,  globular,  or  various-shaped  stem ;  the 
perfect  solitary  and  sessile  flower  with  calyx  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  its  lobes  or  sepals,  the  petals,  and  the  stamens 
numerous,  usually  in  several  ranks,  the  latter  mostly  very 
numerous ;  ovary  1-celled  with  several  parietal  placentae ;  style 
single,  with  several  stigmas ;  the  fruit  a  1-celled  and  generally 
many-seeded  pulpy  berry.  (Lessons,  Figs.  Ill,  229.)  Nu- 
merous species,  all  but  one  native  to  the  New  World.  Many 
are  cultivated,  but  their  study  requires  special  knowledge,  and 
only  the  leading  group-forms  are  specified  here. 


196  .          CACTUS   FAMILY. 

§1.  Tube  formed  of  the  united  sepals,  more  or  less  extended  beyond  the  ovary  ;  stem 

either  continuous  or  jointed. 
»  Stems  or  branches  ^-many -angled,  or  grooved,  or  terete,  and  with  tubercles  or  woolly 

tufts  bearing  a  cluster  of  spines,  prickles,  or  bristles. 
+-  Stem  mostly  elongated,  rarely  globular  ;  flower  tube  scaly. 

1.  CEREUS.    Stem  regularly  ribbed  or  angled  lengthwise,  and  with  the  clusters  of  spines 

Or  bristles  on  the  ridges  one  above  the  other.  Flowers  from  the  side  of  the  stem, 
commonly  with  a  conspicuous  tube,  which,  with  the  ovary  below,  is  beset  with  scale- 
like  sepals  and  generally  with  woolly  or  bristly  tufts  in  their  axils.  Petals  numerous 
and  spreading. 

+-  +-  Stem  globular  or  very  short ;  flower  tube  not  scaly. 

2.  ECHINOCACTTTS.    Stem  with  many  ribs  or  ridges,  bearing  clusters  of  spines  one 

above  the  other.  Flowers  naked  at  the  summit  of  the  ridges,  and  with  a  short  or 
very  short  tube ;  otherwise  as  in  Cereus. 

B.  MAMILLAEIA.  Stems  mostly  tufted,  not  ribbed,  covered  with  distinct  and  strongly 
projecting  nipple-shaped  tubercles,  which  are  arranged  in  spiral  order  and  tipped  with 
a  cluster  of  prickles.  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  tubercles,  with  a  short  tube. 
Ovary  and  berry  not  scaly. 

*  *  Stems  and  branches  of  flat  and  leaf-like  joints,  with  the  margins  more  or  less 

toothed  or  crenate,  and  with  an  evident  woody  center  or  midrib,  with  no  prickles 
and  bristles,  or  only  tufts  of  very  short  ones  in  the  notches. 

4.  EPIPHTLLUM.    Joints  of  the  branches  short  and  truncate,  very  smooth,  and  flower- 

ing from  the  end.  Flowers  open  in  the  daytime  and  for  several  days,  mostly  oblique, 
the  tube  not  much  lengthened  ;  the  sepals  and  petals  rose-red,  rather  few,  the  inner- 
most and  larger  ones  about  8.  Stamens  not  very  many.  Stigmas  erect  or  conniving. 

5.  PHTLLOCACTUS.    Leaf-like  branches  or  joints  long,  arising  from  the  side  of  older 

ones,  which  with  age  form  terete  stems.  Flowers  from  the  marginal  notches,  slightly 
if  at  all  irregular.  Stigmas  slender  and  spreading. 

§  2.  No  tube  to  the  flower  above  the  ovary  ;  stem  jointed. 

6.  OPUNTIA.    Stem  branching,  formed  of  successive  joints,  which  are  mostly  flat,  bearing 

at  first  some  minute  awl-shaped  bodies  answering  to  leaves,  which  soon  fall  off,  and 
tufts  of  barbed  bristles  and  often  prickles  also  in  their  axils.  Flowers  from  the  edge 
or  side  of  a  joint,  opening  in  sunshine  and  for  more  than  one  day. 

1.  CEREUS.  (Probably  from  Latin  :  wax  taper  or  candle,  from  the 
form  of  the  stem  of  some  species.)  The  following  are  the  commonest 
in  cultivation,  mostly  from  Mexico  and  S.  America ;  flowers  summer. 

§  1.  Stems  and  branches  long,  spreading,  creeping  or  climbing,  remotely 
jointed  more  or  less,  only  3-7-angled,  very  large  flowered. 

*  Flower  red,  open  in  daytime  for  several  days;  stamens  much  declined. 

C.  specioslssimus,  DC.  The  commonest  red-flowered  Cactus ;  with 
stems  2°-3°  high,  rarely  rooting,  3  or  4  broad  and  thin  wavy-margined 
angles  or  wings,  and  crimson  or  red  flowers  of  various  shades,  4'-5'  in 
diameter,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  petals. 

*  *  Floicer  white  as  to  petals,  opening  at  night,  collapsing  next  mnrning, 
fragrant,  6f-9'in  diameter  ichen  expanded,  the  tube  4'-5'  long  ;  stems  root- 
ing and  so  climbing  ;  prickles  short  and  fine.    NIGHT-BLOOMING  CERECS. 

C.  triangularis,  Mill.,  has  sharply  triangular  stems,  minute  prickles, 
and  flower  with  glabrous  tube,  olive-green  sepals,  and  yellow  stamens. 

C.  nycticafus,  Link,  has  4-6-angled  stems  with  very  minute  prickles, 
and  flower  much  like  the  next,  but  with  brownish  sepals. 

C.  grand/flows,  Mill.  COMMON  NIGHT-BLOOMIXG  CEREUS.  Stems 
terete,  with  5-7  slight  grooves  and  blunt  angles,  bearing  more  conspicuous 
prickles,  long  bristles  on  the  flower  tube,  and  dull-yellow  sepals. 


CACTUS   FAMILY.  197 

§  2.  Stems  and  branches  long,  weak,  disposed  to  trail  or  creep,  remotely 
jointed,  cylindrical,  with  8-12  ribs  or  grooves,  and  rows  of  approximated 
short  and  fine  prickle  clusters;  flowers  smaller. 

C.  serpentlnus,  DC.  Stems  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  tapering  at  the 
apex,  about  12-ribbed,  disposed  to  stand  when  short,  not  rooting ;  flower 
opening  for  a  night,  fragrant,  with  linear  petals  reddish-purple  outside, 
nearly  white  inside,  2'  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube. 

C.  flagellifdrmis,  Mill.  RAT-TAIL  CACTUS.  Stems  long  and  slender, 
prostrate,  or  hanging  and  rooting ;  flower  2'-3'  long,  the  narrow  sepals 
and  petals  not  very  many,  rose-red,  open  by  day. 

§  3.  Stems  erect,  self-supporting,  tall-growing,  cylindrical  and  column- 
like,  with  about  8  (6-10)  obtuse  ribs  and  grooves;  short,  mostly  dark- 
colored  prickles  9-12  in  the  cluster,  and  no  long  bristles;  flower  large, 
white,  tube  3'-6'  long. 

C.  Peruvianus,  Mill.  The  largest  species  (except  the  Giant  Cereus  of 
Arizona),  becoming  even  40°  high  and  thick  in  proportion,  with  rather 
strong  compressed  ribs  and  stout  prickles  ;  the  flower  6'  long,  with  green- 
ish sepals  and  white  or  externally  rose-tinged  petals  proportionally  short. 

Var.  MONSTRu6sus,  in  old  conservatories,  has  a  short  stem  with  4-8 
irregular  and  wavy,  wing-like  angles,  sometimes  broken  up  into  tubercles. 

§  4.   Stem  erect  and  simple,   at  length  cylindrical,   with  20-25  narrow 
ridges,  bearing  clusters  of  short  prickles  and  long  bristly  hairs. 

C.  sen)lis,  Salm-Dyck.  (or  PILOCEREUS  SENILIS).     OLD  MAN  CACTUS. 

Cult,  for  its  singular  appearance,  the  long,  white,  hanging  bristles  at  the 
top  likened  to  the  locks  of  an  aged  man ;  flowers  (seldom  seen)  not 
large,  with  a  very  short  tube. 

2.  ECHINOCACTT7S.     (Name  means   Spiny  or  Hedgehog  Cactus.) 
Many  wild  species  far  S.  W.     Flowers  mostly  small,  opening  for  2  or  3 
days,  closing  at  night. 

E.  Texensis,  Hopf.,  of  S.  Tex.  and  Ariz.,  has  stem  much  broader  than 
high,  or  globular  when  young,  becoming  1°  broad,  with  12-27  acute  wavy 
ridges ;  6  or  7  very  stout  and  horn-like,  reddish,  recurved  spines,  the  cen- 
tral one  larger  and  turned  down,  sometimes  2'  long  j  flower  rose-colored, 
very  woolly,  2'  long. 

E.  Ottonis,  Link  &  Otto.  Pear-shaped,  becoming  club-shaped,  2'-3' 
thick,  with  12-14  narrow  ridges,  clusters  of  10-14  short  slender  prickles, 
and  yellow  flowers  with  red  stigmas.  Brazil. 

3.  MAMILLARIA.     (Name  from  the  nipple-shaped  tubercles  which 
cover  the  stem.)     Many  wild  species  far  W.  and  S.  W.  on  the  plains. 

M.  pusilla,  DC.  Wild  in  Tex.  and  S.,  with  clustered  ovate  or  globular 
stems  l'-2'  long,  oblong  or  ovate  tubercles  bearing  wool  in  their  axils, 
and  tipped  with  very  many  capillary  crisped  bristles  and  several  slender 
prickles  ;  flowers  pink,  \>  long. 

HI.  e/ongata,  DC.  With  cylindrical  clustered  stems,  covered  with  short 
conical  tubercles,  which  bear  16-30  uniform,  radiating,  and  recurving, 
slender  prickles  in  a  starry  tuft,  and  very  rarely  a  central  one ;  flowers 
small,  creamy-white.  Mex. 

M.  vivipara,  Haw.  l'-5'  high,  simple,  or  proliferous  in  tufts,  globu- 
lar, with  the  terete  tubercles  slightly  grooved  down  the  upper  side,  bear- 
ing 12-30  rigid,  widely  radiating,  whitish  prickles,  and  3-12  stouter  and 
darker  ones  ;  flower  pink- purple,  large  for  the  plant,  about  2'  in  diameter. 
Dak.,  Kans.,  W. 


198  CACTUS   FAMILY. 

4.  EFIPHYIiLUM.     (Name  from  Greek,  meaning  upon  a  leaf,  i.e., 
the  flower  from  the  top  of  what  seems  to  be  a  leaf.)     Flowers  usually 
in  summer. 

E.  truncatum,  Haw.  Cult,  from  Brazil ;  low,  bright  green,  with  droop- 
ing branches ;  the  oblong  joints  scarcely  2'  long,  the  upper  end  with  a 
shallow  notch ;  flower  2'-3'  long,  oblique,  with  petals  and  short  sepals 
spreading  or  recurved,  the  former  so  arranged  that  the  blossom  often 
appears  as  if  2-lipped. 

5.  FHYLLOCACTUS.     (Greek:  Leaf-Gael  MS.)     Cult,  from  S.  Amer- 
ica and  Mexico  ;  flowers  summer. 

»  Flower  with  tube  shorter  than  the  petals,  red,  scentless,  open  through 
more  than  one  day  ;  petals  and  stamens  many,  except  in  the  first  species. 

P.  bifdrmis,  Lab.  The  least  showy  species ;  with  slender  stems,  and 
two  sorts  of  branches,  one  ovate  or  oblong,  the  other  lanceolate  ;  the 
latter  producing  a  slender  pink  flower,  2'  long,  with  about  4  slender 
sepals,  as  many  narrow  lanceolate  erect  petals,  with  spreading  tips,  and 
only  8-16  stamens. 

P.  phyllantholdes,  Link.  Has  narrow-oblong,  sinuate-toothed,  leaf-like 
branches ;  numerous,  rose-colored,  oblong  and  similar  sepals  and  petals, 
the  outermost  widely  spreading,  the  innermost  erect. 

P.  Ackerm6nni,  Link.  Like  the  preceding,  but  much  more  showy, 
with  bright  red  and  sharp-pointed  petals  spreading  and  2'-3'  long,  and 
the  scattered  sepals  small  and  bracHike.  '-j  •  <" 

*  *  Flower  sweet-scented,  with  tube  4'-10'  long,  bearing  scattered  and 
small  scaly  sepals  or  bracts,  which  are  considerably  longer  than  the 
numerous  spreading  white  or  cream-colored  petals. 

P.  crenatus,  Walpers.  Leaf-like  branches  l°-2°  long,  2'-3'  broad,  siu- 
uately  notched ;  flower  open  in  the  daytime  and  for  several  days,  7'-8'  in 
diameter,  with  the  stout  tube  4'-5'  long,  the  outer  petals  or  inner  sepals 
brownish. 

P.  Phylldnthus,  Link.  Branches  nearly  as  in  the  preceding ;  but  the 
flower  opening  at  evening  and  lasting  only  till  morning,  its  slender  tube 
many  times  longer  than  the  small  petals. 

6.  OPUNTIA,  PRICKLY    PEAR    CACTUS,   INDIAN    FIG.      (An 

ancient  name  transferred  to  these  American  plants.)     Flowers  summer. 
Fruit  often  edible. 

§  1.  Stamens  not  longer  than  the  roundish,  in  ours  yellow,  widely  opening 
petals. 

*  Low,  prostrate,  or  spreading  ;  native  species,  also  cultivated. 

O.  vulg&ris,  Mill.  COMMON  PRICKLY  PEAR.  On  rocks  and  sand, 
from  coast  of  N.  Eng.,  S.,  with  pale  and  rounded  obovate  flat  joints,  3'-6' 
long,  -bearing  minute  appressed  leaves,  having  bristles,  but  hardly  any 
spines  in  their  axils,  and  a  nearly  smooth  edible  berry. 

O.  Rafin^squii,  Engelm.  Common  W.  and  S.  W.  ;  deeper  green, 
with  joints  4'-8'  long,  the  little  leaves  spreading,  several  small  spines  and 
a  single  stronger  one  in  the  clusters,  and  flower  often  with  a  reddish  center. 

O.  Miasouri^nsis,  DC.  From  Wis.  W.  on  the  plains ;  with  obovate 
joints  2'-4'  long  and  tubercled,  tufts  of  straw-colored  bristles  and  5-10 
long  and  slender  spines  ;  the  berry  dry  and  prickly. 

O.  Pes-C6rvi,  LeConte.  On  the  coast  S.,  with  small  and  narrow, 
almost  cylindrical,  easily  separable  joints,  their  spines  in  pairs  ;  the  berry 
small  and  bristly. 


PIG  MARIGOLD   FAMILY.  199 

*  *  Erect,  shrubby,  or  tree-like,  cultivated  in  conservatories  from  W. 
Indies  and  S.  America ;  berry  edible. 

O.  Ficua-Indica,  Haw.  Joints  obovate,  thick  and  heavy,  1°  long, 
with  minute  spines  or  none ;  berry  obovate,  bristly. 

§  2.    Stamens  longer  than  the  erect  crimson  petals,  shorter  than  the  style. 

0.  coccinellifera,  Mill.  Tree-like,  6°-10°  high,  with  joints  of  the 
branches  obovate-oblong,  4'-12'  long,  spineless  or  nearly  so,  when  young 
with  single  recurved  spines,  pale ;  berry  red.  One  of  the  plants  upon 
which  the  cochineal  insect  feeds,  whence  the  name.  Sometimes  cult. 
Mex.  and  W.  Indies. 


LHI.    FICOIDKE,  FIG  MAEIGOLD  FAMILY. 

Mostly  fleshy  herbs,  generally  with  opposite  or  whorled 
leaves  and  no  stipules,  very  closely  allied  to  the  Pink  and 
Purslane  Families;  differing  in  apetalous  (in  ours)  flowers, 
the  2-  or  more-celled  capsule  which  is  2-several-seeded,  the 
stamens  generally  numerous  (not  so  in  ours),  and  seeds  with 
a  slender  curved  embryo.  A  heterogeneous  family,  repre- 
sented in  gardens  by  the  ICE  PLANTS  (of  which  the  common 
one  is  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM  CRYSTALLINUM)  and  the  FIG 
MARIGOLDS,  of  the  same  genus. 

1.  SESUVIUM.    Calyx  5-lobed,  petal-like.     Stamens  5  (in  ours)  on  the  calyx.     Styles 

8-5.    Capsule  circumscissile. 

2.  MOLLUGO.    Calyx  of  5  separate  sepals.    Stamens  8-5,  hypogynous.    Stigmas  3.    Cap- 

sule 8-valved. 

8.  TETBAGONIA.    Calyx  4-lobed.    Stamens  (in  ours)  in  clusters.    Styles  and  1-ovuled 
cells  few.    Fruit  hard  and  nut-like,  horned,  8-8-seeded. 

1.  SESUVIUM,  SEA  PURSLANE.     (Name  unexplained.)     Prostrate, 
succulent,  seaside  herbs. 

S.  pent£ndrum,  Ell.  Leaves  oblong-  or  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse  ; 
flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  sessile,  small.  Plants  procumbent  or  some- 
times partially  erect.  Seacoast,  N.  J.,  S.  ® 

2.  MOLLUGO,   INDIAN  CHICK  WEED.      (Ancient  name.)     Low, 
weed-like  plants  with  the  habit  of  CHICKWEED,  and  sometimes  referred 
to  the  Pink  Family. 

HI.  verticillata,  Linn.  CARPET  WEED.  Prostrate  and  forming  flat 
patches  on  the  ground,  not  succulent ;  the  small,  spatulate  leaves  are 
clustered  or  whorled,  and  the  1-flowered  pedicels  form  an  umbel-like 
cluster  ;  flowers  small  and  whitish.  About  cult,  grounds.  Tropics,  d) 

3.  TETRAGONIA.     (Name  Greek  for  four-angled,  from  shape  of  the 
fruit.)     Low,  spreading  herbs,  with  broad  and  flat,  thickish  leaves,  and 
small  flowers  in  their  axils. 

T.  exp&nsa,  Ait.  NEW  ZEALAND  SPINACH.  Occasionally  cult,  as  a 
Spinach  ;  leaves  pale,  triangular,  or  rhombic-ovate,  with  short  margined 
petioles.  ® 


200  PARSLEY   FAMILY. 


LIV.    UMBELLIFERJE,   PARSLEY    FAMILY. 

Herbs,  some  innocent  and  many  of  them  aromatic,  others 
acrid-narcotic  poisons,  with  small  flowers  in  umbels,  calyx 
adherent  to  the  2-celled  ovary,  which  has  a  single  ovule  hang- 
ing from  the  summit  of  each  cell,  5  minute  calyx  teeth  or 
none,  5  petals,  5  stamens,  and  2  styles ;  the  dry  fruit  usually 
splitting  into  2  seed-like  portions  or  akenes ;  seed  with  hard 
albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  Eryngiurn  and  one  or  two 
others  have  the  flowers  in  heads  instead  of  umbels.  Stems 
usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate,  more  commonly  compound 
or  decompound.  Umbels  mostly  compound;  the  circle  of 
bracts  often  present  at  the  base  of  the  general  umbel  is  called 
the  involucre;  that  at  the  base  of  an  umbellet,  the  involucel. 
The  flowers  are  much  alike  in  all,  and  the  characters  are  taken 
from  the  form  of  the  fruit,  and  much  stress  is  laid  upon  the 
receptacles  of  aromatic  oil  (vittce  or  oil  tubes)  which  are  found 
in  most  species  and'  give  characteristic  flavor.  The  family  is 
too  difficult  for  the  beginner ;  so  that  only  the  common  culti- 
vated species,  and  the  most  conspicuous  or  noteworthy  wild 
ones  are  given  here. 

§  1.   Fruits  covered  with  little  scales  or  tubercles,  crowded  (as  are  the  flowers)  in  a 
head  instead  of  an  umbel,  and  with  a  pointed  scaly  bract  under  each  flower. 

1.  ERTNGIUM.    Flowers  blue  or  white,  with  evident  awl-shaped  calyx  teeth,  and  top- 

shaped  fruit  without  any  ribs.    Leaves  In  our  species  simple  and  with  bristly  or 
pricklv  teeth. 

§  2.   Fruits  covered  with  bristly  prickles,  bur-like ;  umbels  compound. 

2.  8ANICULA.    Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  so  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile  that  the 

umbellets  appear  like  little  heads,  each  with  some  perfect  and  fertile  and  some 
staminate  flowers.  Fruits  ovoid  or  globular,  not  readily  splitting  in  two,  not  ribbed, 
completely  covered  with  short,  hooked  prickles.  Leaves  palmately  parted. 
8.  DAUCUS.  Flowers  white  or  cream-color,  in  a  regular  compound  umbel ;  the  petals 
unequal,  or  those  of  the  marginal  flowers  larger.  Prickles  in  rows  on  the  ribs  of 
the  short  fruit,  which  splits  in  two  when  ripe.  Leaves  pinnately  compound  or 
decompound. 

§  8.  Fruits  naked  (not  prickly) ,  splitting  when  ripe  and  dry  into  two  one-seeded  pieces 
or  carpels,  each  usually  with  f>  ribs  or  some  of  them  may  be  wings.  Fruits 
mostly  with  oil  tubes  in  the  form  of  lines  or  stripes,  one  or  more  in  the  intervals 
between  the  ribs,  and  some  on  the  inner  face,  sometimes  also  under  the  ribs. 

*  Fruit  inngless. 
+-  Marginal  flowers  larger  and  irregular. 

4.  COKIANDRUM.  Fruit  globular,  not  readily  splitting  in  two,  indistinctly  many-ribbed  ; 
a  pair  of  large  oil  tubes  on  the  inner  face  of  each  carpel.  Flowers  white.  Leaves 
pinnately  compound.  Plant  strong-scented. 


PARSLEY   FAMILY.  201 

+-  -i-  Flowers  all  alike,  generally  white. 

•H-  Seed  deeply  grooved  or  hollowed  down  the  inner  face. 

—  Fruit  long  and  slender,  club-shaped,  or  tapering  at  the  base. 

5.  OSMOREHIZA.      Fruit  somewhat  sweet-aromatic;    no  obvious  oil  tubes.    Leaves 

twice  or  thrice  ternate.    Boot  sweet-aromatic. 

=  ==  Fruit  ovate  or  orbicular. 

6.  EEIGENIA.    Fruit  twin,  nearly  orbicular,  with  many  oil  tubes,  5  very  slender  ribs, 

flattened  on  the  sides.  Low  plant  in  early  spring,  with  finely  cut  ternately  decom- 
pound leaves ;  flowers  in  small  heads  on  a  2-3-rayed  leafy  umbel,  and  springing 
from  a  round,  deep  tuber. 

T.  CONIUM.  Fruit  short,  broadly  ovate,  rather  strong-scented,  compressed  at  the  sides, 
each  carpel  with  5  strong  and  more  or  less  wavy  ribs  ;  oil  tubes  many  and  minute. 
Leaves  pinnately  decompound. 

•H.  -H-  Seed  slightly  if  at  all  hollowed  out  on  the  inner  face. 
=  Leaves  once-pinnate. 

8.  8IUM.  Fruit  globular  or  short-oblong  and  contracted  on  the  sides,  each  carpel  with  5 
strong  or  corky  ribs,  and  commonly  2  or  more  oil  tubes  in  the  narrow  intervals. 
No  axis  or  hardly  any  left  when  the  carpels  separate.  Flowers  white.  Not 


aromatic. 


=  =  Leaves 


||  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back  and  front. 

9.  FCENICULUM.  Fruit  oblong ;  the  two  carpels  with  a  broad  flat  face,  5  stout  ribs,  and 
a  single  oil  tube  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs.  Flowers  yellow.  Leaflets  slen- 
der thread-shaped.  Whole  plant  sweet-aromatic. 

1  1  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides. 

10.  CICUTA.    Fruit  globular  and  contracted  on  the  sides,  each  carpel  with  5  broad  and 

thickened  blunt  ribs,  and  an  oil  tube  in  each  interval ;  the  slender  axis  between  the 
carpels  splitting  in  two.  Flowers  white.  Leaves  not  aromatic.  Fruit  aromatic. 

11.  APIUM.    Fruit  ovate  or  broader  than  long,  flattened  on  the  sides,  each  carpel  5-ribbed 

and  a  single  oil  tube  in  the  intervals  ;  axis  left  when  the  carpels  separate  not  splitting 
in  two.  Flowers  white. 

12.  CAEUM.    Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  flattish  on  the  sides  ;  each  carpel  with  5  narrow  ribs, 

and  a  single  oil  tube  in  the  intervals  ;  the  axis  from  which  the  carpels  separate  split- 
ting in  two.  Flowers  mostly  white.  Fruit  or  foliage  aromatic. 

*  *  Fruit  winged  or  wing -margined  at  the  junction  of  the  two  carpels,  which  are 
flat  on  the  face  and  flat  or  flattish  and  3-ribbed  on  the  back.  Leaves  pinnately 
or  ternately  compound. 

+-  Wing  double  at  the  margins  of  the  fruit. 

18.  LEVISTICUM.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  with  a  pair  of  thickish  marginal  wings,  and  single 
oil  tube  in  each  interval.  Involucre  and  involucels  conspicuous,  the  bracts  of  the 
latter  united  by  their  margins.  Flowers  white.  Plant  sweet-aromatic. 

14.  ANGELICA.     Fruit  ovate  or  short-oblong,  with  thin  or  thickish  marginal  wings,  and 

many  small  oil  tubes  adherent  to  the  surface  of  the  seed.     Involucels  of  separate 
mostly  small  bracts  ;  involucre  hardly  any.     Flowers  white  or  greenish. 
-H  +-  Wing  surrounding  the  margin  of  the  fruit,  single,  splitting  in  two  only  when  the 
ripe  carpels  separate. 

15.  HEEACLEUM.    Fruit,  including  the  thin  and  broad  wing,  orbicular,  very  flat,  and  the 

three  ribs  on  the  back  very  slender ;  the  single  oil  tubes  in  the  intervals  reaching 
from  the  summit  only  half-way  down.  Flowers  white,  the  marginal  ones  larger  and 
irregular.  Leaves  ternately  compound.  Plant  strong-scented. 

16.  PASTINACA.    Fruit  oval,  very  flat,  thin-winged;  the  single  oil  tubes  running  from 

top  to  bottom.  Flowers  yellow,  the  marginal  ones  not  larger.  Leaves  pinnately 
compound. 


202  PARSLEY   FAMILY. 

1.  ERYNGIUM,    ERYNGO.     (Ancient  name.)     Flowers  in  summer. 

E.  yuccaefdlium,  Michx.  BUTTON  SNA  KEROOT.  Sandy  and  mostly  damp 
ground,  from  N.  J.,  S.  and  W.  ;  stout  herb,  2°-3°  high,  smooth  ;  leaves 
linear  and  tapering,  grass-like,  parallel-veined  in  the  manner  of  an 
endogen,  and  fringed  with  bristles  ;  a  few  globular  thick  heads  in  place 
of  umbels,  a  very  short  involucre,  and  white  flowers.  11 

E.  Virginianum,  Lam.  Wet  grounds  from  X.  J.  S.;  with  lance-linear 
rather  veiny  leaves,  showing  some  distinction  between  blade  and  petiole, 
the  former  with  rigid  teeth,  and  involucre  longer  than  the  bluish 
heads.  @ 

2.  SANICULA,  SANICLE,  BLACK  SNAKEROOT.     (Perhaps  from 
Latin  sano,  to  heal. )     Common  in  thickets  and  open  woods.     Flowers 
greenish,  crowded  in  small  and  head-like  umbellets,  in  summer.     11 

8.  Marilandica,  Linn.  Stems  2°-3°  high ;  leaves  of  firm  texture, 
with  3-7  narrow  divisions  and  rigid  teeth ;  umbellets  with  many  flowers, 
the  sterile  ones  on  slender  pedicels,  fertile  ones  with  styles  longer  than 
the  prickles  of  the  bur-like  fruit. 

Var.  Canade'nsis,  Torr.  Leaves  thin,  3-5-parted ;  umbellets  rather 
few-flowered,  with  the  sterile  flowers  in  the  center  almost  sessile  ;  styles 
shorter  than  prickles. 

3.  DATJCTTS,  CARROT.    (Ancient  Greek  name.)     Flowers  in  summer. 

0.  Cardta,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  root,  run  wild 
and  a  bad  weed  E.  ;  leaves  cut  into  fine  divisions ;  umbel  concave  and 
dense  in  fruit,  like  a  bird's  nest ;  involucre  of  pinnatifid  leaves.  ®  @ 

4.  CORIANDRUM,  CORIANDER.      (Name  from   Greek  word  for 
bug,  from  the  bug-like  scent.) 

C.  sativum,  Linn.  Cult,  from  the  Orient,  for  the  aromatic  coriander- 
seed  ;  low,  with  small  umbels  of  few  rays  ;  flowers  summer.  (£) 

5.  OSMORRHIZA,  SWEET  CICELY.     (Greek  for  scented  root,  the 
root  being  sweet-aromatic.)     Rich  moist  woods,  common  N. ;  flowers 
late  spring  and  summer ;  l°-2°  high.     11     (Lessons,  Fig.  385.) 

O.  longlstylis,  DC.  The  smoother  species,  with  the  sweeter  root,  has 
slender  styles,  and  ovate,  cut-toothed,  short-pointed  leaflets,  which  are 
slightly  downy. 

O.  brevistylis,  DC.  Has  conical  styles  not  longer  than  the  breadth 
of  the  ovary,  and  downy-hairy,  taper-pointed,  almost  pinnatifid  leaflets. 

6.  ERIGENIA,    HARBINGER   OF  SPRING.      (Greek:    born  in  the 
spring.)     11 

E.  bulb6sa,  Nutt.  An  attractive  spring  flower  in  rich  woods,  a  half 
foot  or  less  high,  the  small  flowers  with  white  petals  and  purple  stamens 
giving  the  bloom  a  speckled  effect,  whence  a  common  name,  PEPPER  AND 
SALT.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

7.  CONIUM,    POISON  HEMLOCK.     (Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock 
by  which  criminals  and  philosophers  were  put  to  death  at  Athens.) 

C.  maculatum,  Linn.  SPOTTED  H.  Waste  grounds,  run  wild,  from 
Eu. ;  a  smooth,  branching  herb,  with  spotted  stems  about  3°  high,  very 
compound  leaves  with  lanceolate  and  pinnatifid  leaflets,  ill-scented  when 
bruised  ;  a  virulent  poison,  used  in  medicine  ;  flowers  summer.  @ 


PARSLEY   FAMILY.  208 

8.  SITJM,  AVATER  PARSNIP.     (Old  name,  of  obscure  meaning.)    H 

S.  cicuteef61ium,  Gmelin.  The  common  species,  in  water  and  wet 
places ;  tall,  smooth,  with  grooved-angled  stems,  simply  pinnate  leaves, 
the  long  leaflets  linear  or  lanceolate,  very  sharply  serrate  and  taper- 
pointed,  and  globular  fruit  with  wing-like,  corky  ribs  ;  flowers  all  sum- 
mer. Root  and  herbage  poisonous. 

9.  FCENICULUM,   FENNEL.     (Name  from  the  Latin  fcenum,  hay. ) 

F.  officinale.  All.  (or  F.  VULG^RE).  COMMOK  F.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for 
the  sweet-aromatic  foliage  and  fruit;  stout,  very  smooth  herb,  4°-6° 
high  ;  leaves  with  very  numerous  and  slender,  thread-shaped  divisions  ; 
large  umbel  with  no  involucre  or  involucels ;  fruit  J'  or  i'  long,  in  late 
summer.  1J. 

10.  CICUTA,  WATER  HEMLOCK.      (Ancient  Latin   name  of  the 
Hemlock.)     Flowers  summer.     2/ 

C.  maculata,  Linn.  SPOTTED  COWBANE,  MUSQUASH  ROOT,  BEAVER 
POISON.  Tall,  smooth  stem,  sometimes  streaked  with  purple,  but  seldom 
really  spotted ;  leaflets  lance-oblong,  coarsely  toothed  or  sometimes  cut- 
lobed,  veiny,  the  main  veins  mostly  running  into  the  notches ;  fruit 
aromatic  when  bruised ;  root  a  deadly  poison.  Common. 

11.  APIT7M,   CELERY.     (Old  Latin  name.) 

A.  graveolens,  Linn.  A  strong-scented,  acrid,  if  not  poisonous  plant, 
of  Eu. ;  of  which  the  GARDEN  CELERY  is  a  state  rendered  bland,  and  the 
base  of  the  leafstalks  enlarged,  succulent  and  edible  when  blanched, 
through  long  cultivation ;  leaves  divided  into  3-7  coarse  and  wedge- 
shaped,  cut  or  lobed  leaflets  or  divisions  ;  umbels  and  fruits  small.  Var. 
RAP.\CEUM,  CELERIAC,  TURNIP-ROOTED  CELERY,  is  a  state  with  the  root 
enlarged  and  edible.  ®  (2) 

12.  CARTJM,   CARAWAY,  etc.     (Name  perhaps  from  the  country, 
Caria.}     (Lessons,  Fig.  208.) 

§  1.  CARAWAY,  with  finely  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  white  flowers. 

C.  C&rui,  Linn.  GARDEN  CARAWAY.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  the  "  caraway 
seed,"  the  oblong,  highly  aromatic  fruit ;  stem  leaves  with  slender  but  short, 
thread-shaped,  divisions.  This  and  the  next  occasionally  spontaneous. 

§  2.  PARSLEY,  with  coarser  leaves  and  greenish  flowers. 

C.  PetroseHnum,  Benth.  (or  PETROSEL!NDM  SATIVUM).  PARSLEY.  Cult, 
from  Eu.,  especially  the  curled-leaved  state,  for  the  pleasant- flavored 
foliage,  used  in  cookery,  chiefly  the  root  leaves,  which  have  ovate  and 
wedge-shaped,  3-lobed  and  cut-toothed  divisions  ;  fruit  ovate.  @ 

13.  LEVISTICTJM,  LOVAGE.  (Ancient  Latin  name.)  One  species.  2/ 

L.  officinale,  Koch.  GARDEN  L.  Cult,  in  old  gardens,  from  Eu. ;  a  tall, 
very  smooth,  sweet,  aromatic  herb,  with  large  ternately  or  pinnately 
decompound  leaves,  coarse  wedge-oblong  and  cut  or  lobed  leaflets,  a 
thick  root,  and  small,  many-flowered  umbels. 

14.  ANGELICA.     (Angelic,  from  reputed  cordial  properties.)    Flowers 
summer.     2/ 

A.  atropurpurea.  Linn.  Moist  deep  soil  N. ;  strong-scented,  smooth, 
with  very  stout,  dark-purple  stem,  3°-6°  high,  large  leaves  ternately  com- 


204  GINSENG   FAMILY. 

pound,  and  the  divisions  with  5-7  pinnate  leaflets,  which  are  ovate  and 
cut-serrate ;  petioles  with  large,  inflated,  meinbranaceous  base ;  flowers 
greenish-white  ;  fruit  smooth  and  thin-winged. 

A.  hirsuta,  Muhl.  Dry  ground,  commoner  S. ;  stem  2°-5°  high, 
rather  slender,  downy  at  top,  as  are  the  umbels  and  broadly  winged 
fruits  ;  leaflets  thickish,  ovate-oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers  bright  white. 

15.  HERACLEUM,    COW    PARSNIP.      (Named    after   Hercules.} 
Flowers  summer,     y. 

H.  landtum,  Michx.  Damp  rich  ground  N. ;  very  stout,  4°-8°  high, 
woolly-hairy  when  young,  unpleasantly  strong-scented,  with  large  cut 
and  toothed  or  lobed  leaflets,  some  of  them  heart-shaped  at  base,  and 
broad  umbels  with  white  flowers  and  large  fruits. 

16.  PASTINACA,  PARSNIP.     (Latin  name  from  pastus,  food.) 

P.  satlva,  Linn.  COMMON  P.  Run  wild  in  low  meadows,  and  then 
rather  poisonous ;  cult,  from  Eu.  for  the  esculent  strong-scented  root. 
Tall,  smooth,  with  grooved  stem,  coarse  and  cut-toothed  or  lobed  leaflets, 
and  umbels  of  small  yellow  flowers.  (D  (g) 


LV.    ARALIACEJ),  GINSENG  FAMILY. 

Like  the  foregoing  family,  but  often  shrubs  or  trees,  usually 
more  than  two  styles  and  cells  to  the  ovary  and  fruit,  the 
latter  a  berry  or  drupe.  Besides  a  few  choice  and  uncommon 
shrubby  house  plants,  represented  only  by  the  two  following 
genera.  The  flowers  in  both  are  more  or  less  polygamous,  and 
the  lobes  or  margin  of  the  calyx  very  short  or  none.  Petals 
and  stamens  5. 

1.  ARALIA.    Flowers  In  simple  or  panicled  umbels,  white  or  greenish  ;  the  petals  lightly 

overlapping  in  the  bud.    Styles  2-5,  separate  to  the  base,  except  in  sterile  flowers. 
Leaves  compound  or  decompound.   Eoot,  bark,  fruit,  etc.,  warm-aromatic  or  pungent. 

2.  HEDEEA.    Flowers  in  panicled  or  clustered  umbels,  greenish ;  petals  valvate  in  the 

bud.    Ovary  5-celled ;  the  5  styles  united  into  a  conical  column.    Leaves  simple, 
palmately  8-5-lobed  or  angled.    Woody  stems  climbing  by  rootlets. 

1.    ARALIA.     (Derivation  obscure.)     11 

§  1.  WILD  SARSAPARILLA,  etc.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  with  both 
fertile  and  sterile  on  the  same  plant ;  umbels  more  than  one ;  fruit  black 
or  dark  purple,  spicy  ;  seeds  or  cells  and  styles  5. 

*  Large  and  leafy-stemmed,  with  very  compound  leaves  sometimes  2°  or 
3°  across  and  with  many  umbels  in  a  large  compound  panicle  ;  flowers 
in  summer. 

A.  spindsa,  Linn.  ANGELICA  TREE,  HERCULES'  CLUB.  River  banks 
from  Penn.  S. ,  and  planted ;  a  shrub  or  low  tree,  of  peculiar  aspect,  the 
simple  stout  trunk  rising  6°-20°  high  and  beset  with  large  prickles,  bearing 
immense  leaves  with  ovate  serrate  leaflets  and  corymbed  or  panicled  umbels. 

A.  racem6sa.  Linn.  SPIKENARD.  Woodlands  in  rich  soil,  with  her- 
baceous stems  3°-5°  high,  from  a  thick  aromatic  root,  not  prickly,  widely 
spreading  branches,  heart-ovate  leaflets  doubly  serrate  and  slightly  downy, 
and  racemed-panicled  umbels. 


DOGWOOD    FAMILY.  205 

*  *  Smaller;  short  stems  scarcely  woody  at  base;  few  umbels ;  flowers 
early  summer. 

A.  hispida,  Vent.  BRISTLY  SARSAPARILLA.  Rocky  places  ;  bristly 
stems  l°-2°  high,  leafy  below,  naked  and  bearing  corymbed  umbels 
above  ;  leaves  twice  pinnate,  the  leaflets  oblong-ovate  and  cut-toothed. 

A.  nudicaulis,  Linn.  COMMON  WILD  S.  Low  ground  ;  the  aromatic, 
horizontal,  slender  roots  running  3°-5°  long,  used  as  a  substitute  for  offi- 
cinal Sarsaparilla ;  the  smooth,  proper  stem  rising  only  2'-4',  bearing  a 
single  long-stalked  leaf  of  5  ovate  or  oval  serrate  leaflets  on  each  of  the  3 
divisions  of  the  petiole,  and  a  short  peduncle  with  2-7  umbels. 

§  2.  GINSENG.  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  usually  on  separate  simple- 
stemmed  plants,  in  a  single  slender-stalked  umbel,  below  it  a  single 
whorl  of  digitate  leaves;  styles  and  cells  of  the  fruit  2  or  3. 

A.  quinquef6lia,  Dec.  &  Planch.  GINSENG.  Root  spindle-shaped, 
warm-aromatic,  4'-9'  long ;  stem  1°  high ;  leaflets  5  at  the  end  of  each 
of  the  3  petioles,  slender-stalked,  thin,  obovate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate ; 
flowers  in  summer  ;  fruit  red.  Rich  woods  N.  Also  cult.  Medicinal. 

A.  trifdlia,  Dec.  &  Planch.  DWARF  G.  or  GROUNDNUT.  Low  woods, 
N.  ;  4'-8'  high,  from  a  deep,  globular,  pungent-tasted  root ;  leaflets  3  or 
sometimes  6  sessile  on  the  end  of  each  of  the  3  petioles,  narrow-oblong 
and  obtuse  ;  flowers  in  spring ;  fruit  orange-yellow. 

2.  HEDERA,  IVY.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.)     Flowers  late  summer. 

H.  Helix,  Linn.  TRUE  or  ENGLISH  IVY.  Woody  climber,  with  ever- 
green, glossy,  rounded  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  and  3-lobed  or  3- 
angled,  often  variegated  leaves,  or  in  some  varieties  more  deeply  3-7-cleft, 
yellowish- green  flowers,  and  blackish  berries  ;  covers  shaded  walls,  etc., 
adhering  by  its  rootlets,  but  scarcely  hardy  N.  Eu. 

LVI.    CORNACE^E,   DOGWOOD  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  one  or  two  mere  herbs,  with  simple  leaves, 
small,  often  imperfect  flowers,  calyx  tube  in  the  perfect  or  pis- 
tillate ones  coherent  with  the  surface  of  the  1-2-celled  ovary, 
which  is  crowned  with  the  small  calyx  teeth  or  minute  cup, 
bearing  the  petals  (valvate  in  the  bud),  and  stamens  of  the 
same  number ;  style  and  stigma  single ;  ovule  and  seed  solitary 
in  the  cells,  hanging  from  the  summit;  fruit  a  small  drupe 
or  berry.  Petals  sometimes  0. 

*  Flowers  perfect,  in  cymes,  close  clusters,  or  heads. 

\.  CORNUS.  Minute  teeth  of  the  calyx,  petals,  and  stamens  4.  Style  slender ;  stigma  ter- 
minal. Berry-like  little  drupe  with  a  2-celled,  2-seeded  stone.  Leaves  entire,  opposite 
except  in  one  species,  deciduous.  Bark  very  bitter,  tonic.  Flower  cluster  often 
subtended  by  a  corolla-like  involucre. 

*  »  Floivers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in  axillary  clusters  or  solitary. 

t.  AUCUBA.  Flowers  dioecious,  dull  purple.  Teeth  or  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  petals  4. 
Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  4,  with  short  filaments  and  oblong  anthers.  Fertile 
flowers  with  a  1 -celled  ovary,  becoming  an  oblong,  red  berry  in  fruit ;  style  short ; 
stigma  capitate.  Leaves  opposite,  coriaceous  and  glossy,  evergreen,  smooth,  more  or 
less  toothed. 


206  DOGWOOD   FAMILY. 

8.  NYSSA.  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  greenish  ;  the  sterile  ones  numerous,  the 
fertile  2-8  in  a  bracted  cluster,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  of  5  or  more  lobes  or  teeth. 
Petals  small  and  narrow,  or  minute,  or  none.  Style  slender  or  awl-shaped,  bearing  a 
stigma  down  the  whole  length  of  one  side,  revolute.  Ovary  and  stone  of  the  drupe 
1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Trees  with  deciduous  alternate  leaves,  either  entire,  angled,  or 
few-toothed. 

1.  CORNUS,  CORNEL  or  DOGWOOD.  (Latin  :  cornu,  horn,  from 
the  hardness  of  the  wood.)  Flowers  late  spring  and  early  summer. 

»  Flowers  greenish,  in  a  head  or  close  cluster  surrounded  by  a  showy, 
corolla-like,  (white  or  rarely  pinkish)  ^-leaved  involucre;  fruit  bright 
red. 

C.  Canade"nsis,  Linn.  DWARF  CORNEL,  BUNCHBERRY.  Damp  woods 
N.  ;  a  low  herb,  the  stems  from  creeping,  subterranean  shoots  which  are 
slightly  woody,  bearing  4-6  ovate  or  oval  leaves  at  the  summit  below  the 
stalked  flower  head  ;  petal-like  leaves  of  the  involucre  ovate  ;  fruits 
globular,  in  a  cluster,  edible. 

C.  fl6rida,  Linn.  FLOWERING  DOGWOOD.  Rocky  woods  ;  also  planted 
for  ornament.  Tree  12°-30°  high,  with  ovate  pointed  leaves,  petal-like 
leaves  of  the  whitish  (or  in  a  cult,  variety  red)  involucre  (li;  long)  ob- 
cordate  or  obovate  and  notched,  and  oval  fruits  in  a  head. 

*  *  Flowers  yellow  (earlier  than  the  leaves),  in  a  small  umbel,  sur- 
rounded by  a  small  and  dull-colored  involucre  of  4  scales;  fruit 
bright  red. 

C.  Mas,  Linn.  CORNELIAN  CHERRY.  A  tall  shrub  or  low  tree,  with 
oval,  pointed  (often  variegated)  leaves  and  handsome  oblong  fruit,  the 
pulp  pleasantly  acid  ;  planted  from  Eu. 

»  *  *  Flowers  white  in  open  and  flat  cymes,  without  involucre;  fruit 
small,  globular,  inedible,  blue,  white,  or  black. 

->-  Leaves  alternate. 

C.  altemif61ia,  Linn.f.  Shrub  or  tree,  8°-25°  high,  with  streaked 
branches,  ovate  or  oblong  taper-pointed  leaves  acute  at  base  and  only 
minutely  pubescent  beneath,  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  cymes 
large  and  flat  ;  fruit  bright  blue  on  reddish  stalks.  Hillsides  and  banks 
of  streams. 


•«•  Branches  of  the  previous  year  red  or  purple,  at  least  in  spring  (rarely 
yellow  in  C.  stolonifera). 

=  Leaves  with  lower  surface  more  or  less  soft-pubescent  (rarely  smoothish 
in  C.  Baileyi). 

C.  serlcea,  Linn.  KINNIKINIC  (the  dry  bark  smoked  by  the  Indians 
W.).  In  wet  places  N.  and  S.;  has  dull-red  branches,  the  shoots,  cymes, 
and  lower  face  of  the  narrow-ovate  or  oblong  pointed  leaves  silky  -downy  ; 
fruit  bluish  ;  stone  irregular  and  furrowed,  generally  broader  than  long. 

C.  Baileyi,  Coult.  &  Evans.  An  erect  shrub,  with  purple-red  branches  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  ;  flowers  white,  in  small  cymes,  often 
continuing  all  summer,  and  followed  by  pearly-white  berries  ;  stone  much 
compressed  and  prominently  furrowed  on  the  edge,  broader  than  long. 
Along  the  Great  Lakes  and  far  W. 

=  =  Leaves  smooth  (although  often  whitish)  below,  or  the  pubescence,  if 
any,  oppressed. 

C,  stolonifera,  Michx.  WILD  RED  OSIER.  Shrub  3°-6°  high,  in  wet 
places  N.,  spreading  by  prostrate  or  subterranean  running  shoots,  smooth, 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY.  207 

with  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  leaves,  small  cymes,  and  lead-colored  fruit ; 
stone  scarcely  compressed,  longer  than  broad. 

C.  sanguined,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  RED  OSIER.  Erect,  with  ovate 
(sometimes  variegated)  leaves  rather  downy  beneath,  and  black  or  dark 
purple  fruit ;  planted  from  Eu. 

++•  -w  Branches  brownish,  gray,  or  green-streaked. 
=  Leaves  loosely  pubescent  below. 

C.  asperif61ia,  Michx.  Shrub  3°-5°  high,  with  branches  and  small 
oblong  or  ovate  leaves  pubescent,  upper  face  of  the  latter  rough,  the 
lower  downy  ;  cymes  small  and  flat ;  fruit  bluish.  Dry  soil,  Lake  Erie 
W.  and  S. 

C.  circinata,  L'Her.  Shrub  3°-10°  high,  with  warty-dotted  branches  • 
rather  large  round-oval  and  short-pointed  leaves  downy  beneath ;  small 
flat  cymes,  and  light^blue  fruit.  Wooded  hillsides,  Va.  and  Mo.,  N. 

=  =  Leaves  scarcely  pubescent  below. 

C.  strlcta,  Lam.  Shrub  8°-15°  high,  with  ovate  or  lance-ovate  taper- 
pointed  leaves,  smooth  and  green  both  sides  ;  loose  flat  cymes,  and  pale 
blue  fruit.  Wet  grounds  S. 

C.  paniculata,  L'Her.  Shrub  3°-8°  high,  much  branched,  smooth, 
with  ash-colored  bark,  lance-ovate  pointed  leaves,  acute  at  base  and 
whitish  beneath,  and  proportionally  large  and  numerous  convex  cymes, 
often  panicled  ;  fruit  white.  Roadsides  and  copses,  N. 

2.  AUCUBA.     (Japanese  name  of  the  species  cultivated  as  a  house- 
plant.) 

A.  Japdnica,  Thunb.  Shrub,  with  large  ovate-oblong  leaves  bright 
green  and  usually  marbled  with  yellow ;  the  flowers  inconspicuous,  but 
the  red  berries  (when  formed)  handsome. 

3.  NYSSA,  TUPELO,  PEPPERIDGE,  SOUR  GUM  TREE.     (Greek 
name  of  a  nymph,  the  trees  growing  in  wet  places.)    Dowers  spring. 

*  Sterile  flowers  in  loose  clusters  ;  fruit  blue,  not  edible. 

N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.  COMMON  TUPELO,  SOUR  GUM,  PEPPERIDGE. 
In  swamps  or  rich  woods,  N.  and  S.  ;  tree  30°-50°  high,  with  horizontal 
branches  and  Beech-like  spray  ;  ovate  or  obovate  leaves  entire  and  smooth 
or  glossy  when  old ;  fertile  flowers  3-8  on  the  slender  peduncle ;  dark- 
blue  oval  fruit  £'  long,  and  ovoid  scarcely  ridged  stone  ;  wood  tough ; 
leaves  changing  to  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

N.  bifl6ra,  Walt.  WATER  TUPELO.  In  pine-barren  swamps,  N.  J., 
S.  ;  smaller  leaves  than  in  the  preceding  (lf-2'  long)  and  varying  from 
lance-oblong  to  roundish ;  short  peduncles,  the  fertile  1-2-flowered ; 
smaller  oval  fruit  and  a  flattened  ridged  stone. 

N.  unifl6ra,  Wang.  LARGE  TUPELO,  WILD  OLIVE.  In  water,  from 
Va.  and  111.,  S. ;  large  tree,  with  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  often 
with  a  few  sharp  teeth,  4'-6'  long,  on  slender  petioles,  downy  beneath ; 
fertile  peduncles  long  and  1-flowered ;  fruit  oblong,  about  1'  long  ;  stone 
flattened,  with  very  sharp  ridges ;  wood  soft ;  roots  very  spongy,  used 
for  corks. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  in  a  head;  oblong  fruit  red  and  edible. 

N.  Ogfcche,  Marsh.  OGEECHEE  LIME  or  WILD  LIME,  so  called  from 
the  acid  fruit  (!'  or  more  long)  ;  in  swamps  far  S. ;  a  small  tree,  with 
oblong  or  obovate  leaves  (3'-5'  long)  downy  beneath  ;  fertile  flowers  soli- 
tary on  very  short  peduncles. 


208  HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY. 


II.    MONOPETALOUS   DIVISION. 

Includes  the  families  which  have  both  calyx  and  corolla, 
and  the  latter  in  one  piece  ;  that  is,  the  petals  united  more 
or  less  into  one  body.  Yet  in  some  plants,  especially  the 
compositse,  the  calyx  is  so  much  reduced  or  modified  as  to 
appear  to  be  wanting ;  and  in  a  few  others,  as  some  of  the 
Ericaceae,  the  petals  are  separate. 

LVH.    CAPRIFOLIACE.E,  HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  calyx  adherent  to  the  2-5- 
celled  ovary  (the  teeth  or  limb  above  it  sometimes  nearly 
obsolete  or  obscure),  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  (or  in  Adoxa  twice  as  many,  and  in  Linnaea  one  fewer) 
and  borne  on  its  tube,  and  opposite  leaves  without  stipules. 
In  some  species  of  Viburnum  there  are  little  appendages 
on  the  base  of  the  petiole  imitating  stipules.  Fruit  a  drupe 
or  berry,  or  sometimes  a  pod.  Seeds  with  a  small  embryo  in 
fleshy  albumen. 

*  Corolla  shallow,  wheel-shaped  or  urn-shaped ;  stigmas  8-5  (sometimes  1  in  Vibur- 
num).   Fruit  a  dryish  or  fleshy  drupe. 
+-  Herbs  ;  flowers  capitate. 

1.  ADOXA.    Low,  with  a  single  pair  of  ternate,  cauline  leaves.    A  pair  of  separate  or 

united  stamens  with  1-celled  anthers  in  each  sinus  of  the  4-6-cleft,  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish, small  corolla.  Fruit  dry,  with  3-6  nutlets. 

+-  +-  Shrubs  or  some  low  trees,  with  small  flowers  in  broad  cymes,  and  berry-like  fruit, 
containing  1-3  seeds  or  rather  seed-like  stones.  Calyx-teeth  on  the  ovary  very 
short  or  obscure  ;  stamens  5. 

2.  VIBURNUM.    Leaves  simple.    Fruit  containing  a  single  flat  or  flattish  stone. 

8.  SAMBUCUS.  Leaves  pinnate,  and  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaflets  serrate.  Fruit  con- 
taining 3  seeds  or  rather  small,  seed-like  stones. 

*  *    Corolla  longer  or  tubular,  frequently  irregular,  sometimes  1-lipped ;  stigma  \. 
+-  Perennial  herbs,  with  prominent  awl  shaped  or  linear  lobes  to  the  calyx,  and  axil- 
lary flowers. 

4.  LINN^EA.    A  pair  of  flowers  nodding  on  the  summit  of  a  slender,  scape-like  peduncle. 

Corolla  narrow,  bell-shaped,  with  5  almost  equal,  rounded  lobes.  Stamens  4,  two  of 
them  shorter.  Ovary  and  small  pod  3-celled,  but  perfecting  a  seed  in  only  one  cell. 
Creeping  evergreen  herb. 

5.  TKIOSTEUM.    Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  single  or  in  a  cluster.    Corolla 

oblong-tubular,  with  5  short,  almost  equal  lobes,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaf-like  lobes 
of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  equal.  Fruit  fleshy,  orange  or  red,  crowned  with  the  per- 
sistent calyx-lobes,  containing  3  bony  seeds  or  rather  nutlets.  Erect  and  coarse,  leafy 
herbs  ;  their  leaves  narrowed  at  base,  but  united  around  the  simple  stem. 


HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.  XUV 

+-  -t-  Shrubby,  with  cymose  or  axillary  flowers. 

++  Teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short  on  the  '2-A-celled  ovary  ;  fruit  a  berry  ;  leaves  simple, 
entire  or  rarely  wavy  or  lobed  on  some  rigorous  young  shoots. 

6.  SYMPHORICAIiPUS.    Flowers  small,  in  close  clusters  or  interrupted  spikes.    Corolla 

bell-shaped,  with  4  or  5  equal  roundish  lobes  and  as  many  short  stamens  in  the 
throat.  Ovary  4-celled,  but  the  berry  only  2-seeded,  two  cells  being  empty.  Low 
upright  shrubs,  with  oval,  short-petioled  leaves. 

7.  LONICEKA.    Corolla  tubular,  funnel-form,  or  oblong,  more  or  less  irregular,  being 

gibbous  or  bulging  on  one  side  at  base,  and  the  5  lobes  not  all  alike,  but  in  one  species 

nearly  so.    Stamens  5.    Ovary  2-3-celled,  becoming  a  several-seeded  berry.    Twining 

or  upright  shrubs. 
•H-  ++  Teeth  or  lobes  of  the  calyx  slender,  on  the  summit  of  the  slender  or  taper-pointed 

ovary  which  becomes  a  many-seeded,  1-valvedpod;  leaves  simple,  serrate. 
&  DIERVILLA.    Corolla  funnel-form,  almost  regular,  5-lobed.    Stamens  5.    Ovary  narrow, 

sometimes  linear  and  stalk-like.    Low  upright  shrubs,  with  flowers  in  terminal  or 

axillary  loose  clusters  or  cymes. 

1.  ADOXA.     (Greek:  obscure}.     TJ. 

A.  Moschat^llina,  Linn.  Radical  leaves  1-3-ternate,  the  stem  leaves 
cleft  or  parted  ;  leaflets  obovate  ;  head  of  flowers  on  a  slender  peduncle. 
Wis.,  W.andN. 

2.  VIBURNUM,    ARROWWOOD.      (Ancient    name,   of    uncertain 
meaning.)     Flowers  white,  or  nearly  so,  in  spring  or  early  summer. 

*  Flowers  all  alike,  small,  and  perfect. 

t~  Leaves  not  lobed  nor  coarsely  toothed,  smooth  or  with  some  scurf;  fruit 
black,  or  with  a  bluish  bloom. 

*+  Leaves  glossy,  finely  and  evenly  serrate  with  very  sharp  teeth. 

V.  Lentago,  Linn.  SWEET  V.,  SHEEPBERRT.  Tree  10°-30°  high, 
common  in  moist  grounds,  chiefly  N.;  leaves  ovate,  conspicuously  pointed, 
on  long-margined  petioles ;  cyme  broad,  sessile ;  fruit  oval,  £'  or  more 
long,  sweet,  edible. 

V.  prunifblium,  Linn.  BLACK  HAW.  Hardly  so  tall  as  the  preced- 
ing, with  smaller  and  oval  mostly  blunt  leaves.  Dry  soil,  from  Conn, 
to  Kans.  and  S. 

•tt-  tt-  Leaves  thick  and  rugose,  dull,  finely  serrate. 

V.  Lantana,  Linn.  WAYFARING  TREE.  Tall  shrub,  with  short  ovate- 
cordate  leaves,  the  lower  surface  and  petioles  and  cymes  scurfy-pubes- 
cent; fruit  red,  becoming  black.  Eu.  Cult,  here  under  the  name  of 

V.  RUG6SUM. 

•M.  -M-  -M.  Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  wavy  or  crenate  small  teeth,  thickish. 

=  Cyme  more  or  less  peduncled. 

||  Leaf  edges  ciliate. 

V.  Tlnus,  Linn.  LAURESTINUS.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu.,  with  evergreen 
smooth  entire  leaves  ;  not  hardy  N.;  a  common  house  plant,  winter-flower- 
ing, or  planted  out  in  summer  ;  leaves  oblong ;  fruit  dark  purple. 

||  ||  Leaf  edges  not  ciliate. 

V.  cassinoldes.  Linn.  WITHE-ROD.  Leaves  thickish  and  dull, 
ovate-oblong,  the  point  bluntish,  obscurely  veiny  and  often  irregularly 
crenate-denticulate ;  peduncle  short  and  leafy ;  shoots  scurfy.  Wet 
grounds,  N. 

GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  HOT.  — 14 


210  HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY. 

V.  nudum,  Linn.  Much  like  the  last,  but  leaves  more  veiny  and 
shining  above,  less  scurfy,  the  peduncle  generally  as  long  as  the  cyme ; 
flowers  later.  N.  J.,  S. 

=  =  Cyme  sessile,  small. 

V.  obovatum,  Walt.  In  swamps,  Va.  and  S.,  growing  8°  high  ;  leaves 
small,  obovate,  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  entire  or  denticulate  and  thickish. 

t-  •«-  Leaves  coarsely  toothed,  strongly  feather-veined ;  the  veins  promi- 
nently marked,  straight  and  simple,  or  nearly  so;  fruit  small;  cyme 
peduncled.  ^  Leaves  slender-petioled  ;  stone  sulcate. 

V.  dentatum,  Linn.  ARROWWOOD  (the  stems  having  been  used  by 
the  Indians  to  make  arrows) .  Common  in  wet  soil ;  5°-10°  high  ;  smooth, 
with  ash-colored  bark,  pale  and  broadly  ovate,  evenly  sharp-toothed 
leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  bright  blue  fruit. 

V.  mdlle,  Michx.  Soft-downy,  with  less  sharply  toothed  oval  or 
obovate  leaves,  and  blue  oily  fruit.  N.  Eng.  to  Tex. 

•M-  •«•  Leaves  nearly  sessile  ;  stone  flat. 

V.  pub^scens,  Pursh.  A  low  and  straggling  shrub,  with  ovate  or 
oblong  and  acute  or  taper-pointed  leaves,  having  rather  few  coarse 
teeth,  their  lower  surface  and  the  very  short  petioles  soft-downy ;  fruit 
dark  purple.  Canada  to  Ga.  and  W. 

•t-  -i-  -»-  Leaves  both  coarsely  toothed  and  somewhat  3-lobed,  roundish,  3- 
d-ribbed  from  the  base  and  veiny  ;  cymes  slender-peduncled,  small. 

V.  acerif61ium,  Linn.  MAPLE-LEAVED  A.  or  DOCKMACKIE.  Shrub 
3°-6°  high,  in  rocky  woods,  with  3- ribbed  and  3-lobed  leaves  soft-downy 
beneath,  their  pointed  lobes  diverging  ;  stamens  slender  ;  fruit  black. 

V.  paucifl6rum,  Pylaie.  Almost  smooth  leaves  5-ribbed  at  base  and 
3-lobed  at  summit ;  cyme  few-flowered  ;  stamens  shorter  than  corolla ; 
fruit  sour,  red.  Cold  woods,  far  N. 

*  *  Flowers  round  the  margin  of  the  cyme  neutral  (without  stamens 
or  pistils')  and  very  much  larger  than  the  fertile  ones,  Hiidrangea-like 
and  showy  (in  cultivation,  all  becoming  neutral)  ;  petioles  bearing  evi- 
dent appendages  which  imitate  stipules. 

-t-  Leaves  3-lobed. 

V.  Opulus,  Linn.  CRANBERRY  TREE.  Tall  and  nearly  smooth  shrub, 
with  gray  bark,  scaly  buds,  3-5-ribbed  leaves,  the  lobes  pointed  and  com- 
monly few-toothed  ;  cymes  peduncled.  The  wild  form  in  low  grounds  N. 
and  E.  ;  the  juicy  acid  fruit  bright  red,  used  as  a  substitute  for  cran- 
berries (whence  the  name  of  HIGH  BUSH  CRANBERRY).  The  cultivated 
form  from  Eu.,  planted  for  ornament,  under  the  name  of  GUELDER-ROSE 
or  SNOWBALL  TREE,  has  all  the  flowers  changed  into  enlarged  corollas. 

-•-  -f-  Leaves  not  lobed. 

V.  lantanoldes,  Michx.  HOBBLEBCSH  (popular  name  from  the 
straggling  or  reclining  branches  taking  root  at  the  end,  and  forming 
loops).  Cold  moist  woods  N.,  with  naked  buds  ;  large  round-ovate  leaves, 
heart-shaped  at  base  and  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  closely  serrate, 
and  pinnately  many-veined  ;  the  veins  and  netted  veinlets  prominent  under- 
neath and  covered,  like  the  stalks  and  branchlets,  with  rusty  scurf  ;  cymes 
showy,  very  broad,  sessile  ;  fruit  not  edible,  coral-red  turning  crimson. 

¥.  tomentdsum,  Thunb.  (V.  PLICATUM).  JAPANESE  SNOWBALL.  Shrub 
of  medium  size,  with  broad-ovate  or  obovate,  plicate,  shallow-toothed 
leaves ;  axillary  dense  heads  of  sterile  flowers  whiter  and  more  delicate 
than  those  of  the  Common  Snowball.  China  and  Japan. 


HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.  211 

3.  SAMBUCUS,  ELDER.     (From  Greek  name  of  an  ancient  musical 
instrument,  supposed  to  have  been  made  of  Elder  stalks.) 

*  Flowers  in  a  flatfish  cyme. 

S.  CanaddnsiB,  Linn.  COMMON  ELDER.  Stems  woody  only  towards 
the  base,  5°-6°  high,  with  white  pith  ;  7-11  oblong  smooth  or  smoothish 
leaflets,  the  lowermost  often  3-parted  ;  flowers  scentless,  in  early  summer  ; 
fruit  small,  black-purple.  Rich  soils. 

S.  nlgra,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  E.  Taller  and  more  woody  (where  hardy), 
the  leaflets  usually  5,  oblong-oval  or  ovate-lanceolate;  flowers  larger, 
faintly  sweet  scented  ;  fruit  black.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  chiefly  in  the  form  of 
golden-leaved,  variegated,  and  cut-leaved  varieties. 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  pyramidal  panicle  or  thyrse. 

8.  racem6sa,  Linn.  RED  E.  Rocky  woods  chiefly  N.,  with  woody 
stems  and  warty  bark  ;  yellow-brown  pith  ;  few  lanceolate  leaflets  downy 
underneath  ;  berries  bright  red.  Blooms  in  early  spring. 

4.  LINN.2EA,  TWIN  FLOWER.     (Linnaeus.)     11 

L.  borealis,  Gronov.  Stems  creeping,  bearing  round-oval  and  sparingly 
crenate,  somewhat  hairy,  small  leaves,  and  in  early  summer  the  sweet- 
scented  pretty  flowers  ;  corolla  purple  and  whitish,  hairy  inside.  Mossy 
woods  and  cold  bogs  N. 

5.  TRIOSTEUM,   FEVERWORT,  HORSE  GENTIAN.     (Greek  for 
three  bones,  from  the  3  bony  seeds  or  stones.)   The  root  has  been  used  in 
medicine,  and  the  seeds  for  coffee.   In  rich  soil ;  flowering  early  summer. 
T.  perfoliatum,  Linn.      Softly  hairy,   2°-4°  high,  with  oval  leaves 

abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  and  brownish  purple  flowers  in  clusters ;  the 
common  species. 

T.  angustif61iura,  Linn.  Smaller  and  bristly-hairy,  with  narrower 
lanceolate  leaves  more  tapering  at  base,  and  greenish  or  cream-colored 
flowers,  mostly  solitary.  Va.  to  111.,  S.  and  W. 

6.  SYMPHORICARPOS.     (Greek:  crowded  fruits.)     Wild  on  rocky 
banks,  and  cult,  for  the  ornamental,  insipid  berries.     Flowers  white  or 
slightly  rose-color,  produced  all  summer. 

S.  racem6sus.  Michx.  SNOWBERRY.  Clusters  of  flowers  in  inter- 
rupted leafy  spikes  (rather  than  racemes)  terminating  the  branches ; 
corolla  bearded  within ;  style  (as  in  the  next)  glabrous  ;  berries  snow- 
white  in  autumn.  N.  Eng.,  S.  and  W.  Common  in  gardens. 

S.  occidentalis,  Hook.  WOLFBERRT.  Flowers  in  dense  terminal 
and  axillary  spikes  ;  corolla  larger  than  in  the  last,  much  bearded  within  ; 
berries  white.  Mich.,  W. 

S.  vulgaris,  Michx.  CORAL  BERRY,  INDIAN  CURRANT.  Short  clus- 
ters of  flowers  in  the  axils  of  most  of  the  leaves  ;  corolla  slightly  bearded, 
but  style  prominently  so  ;  berries  small,  dark-red.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

7.  LONICERA,  HONEYSUCKLE,  WOODBINE.     (Named  for  an  old 
German  herbalist,  Lonitzer,  latinized  Lonicerus.) 

§  1.  FLY  HONEYSUCKLES,  upright  or  straggling  bushes,  never  twining, 
with  leaves  all  distinct  to  the  base,  and  a  pair  of  flowers  on  the  summit 
of  an  axillary  peduncle,  the  2  berries  sometimes  united  into  1. 
*  Four  large  leafy  bracts  surrounding  2  cylindrical  (£'  long)  yellowish 

flowers. 

L.  involucrata,  Banks.  Wild  from  Lake  Superior  to  Cal.,  and  spar- 
ingly planted  ;  shrub  2°-5°  high,  downy  when  young,  with  ovate  or 


212  HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY. 

oblong  leaves,  3'-5'  long,  on  short  petioles,  clammy  flowers,  and  berries 
quite  separate. 

*  *  The  2  or  4  bracts  under  the  ovaries  small  or  minute,  sometimes 

caducous. 

+-  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

L.  fragrantfssima,  Lindl.  Branches  smooth  ;  flowers  white  or  tinted, 
sessile  at  the  nodes,  strongly  2-lipped,  very  fragrant ;  leaves  thickish  and 
veiny,  short-obovate,  with  cusp  at  tip,  smooth.  China.  Foliage  ever- 
green in  favorable  localities. 

L.  Standlshii,  Hook.  Much  like  the  last,  but  branches  retrorsely  hairy, 
and  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  ciliate  and  more  deciduous.  China. 

•»-  •«-  Flowers  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves. 
•M-  Flowers  nearly  sessile. 

L.  ceerulea,  Linn.  Leaves  oval,  downy  when  young ;  corolla  5-lobed, 
yellowish  ;  bracts  awl-like,  longer  than  the  united  ovaries  ;  double  berry 
blue.  Cold  woods  and  bogs  N.  ;  also  cult. 

-M.  -w.  Flowers  conspicuously  peduncled. 

L.  Tatdrica,  Linn.  TARTARIAN  H.  Strong  growing  tall  shrub,  now 
commonly  planted  from  Asia ;  leaves  cordate-oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  with 
chaste  whitish  or  bluish-red  flowers  in  profusion,  followed  by  united  red 
berries. 

L.  ciliata,  Muhl.  Straggling,  3°-5°  high ;  oval  or  oblong  and  partly 
heart-shaped  leaves,  thin  and  downy  beneath  when  young,  and  ciliate 
on  the  edge  ;  honey-yellow  corolla  (f  long),  with  short,  nearly  equal 
lobes  and  very  unequal-sided  base  ;  berries  red,  separate  ;  flowers  early 
spring.  N. 

L.  oblongif&lia,  Muhl.  Upright,  2°-5°  high  ;  leaves  oblong  ;  pedun- 
cles long  and  slender;  corolla  deeply' 2-lipped  (4'  long)  in  early  summer  ; 
bracts  minute  or  deciduous ;  berries  united,  red  or  purple.  Swamps,  N. 

§  2.   TRUE    HONEYSUCKLES,   with  twining  stems   (in  one  wild  species 

only  slightly  so). 

*  Corolla  with  very  long  tube  and  5  short,  almost  regular  lobes. 
L.  semp^rvirena,  Ait.  TRUMPET  H.  Wild  from  N.  Y.,  S.,  and 
commonly  cult.  Leaves  evergreen  (as  the  name  denotes)  only  at  the  S., 
thickish,  pale  beneath,  the  lower  oblong,  the  uppermost  pairs  united 
round  the  stem  ;  flowers  scentless,  in  spiked  whorls  2'  long,  scarlet  with 
yellow  inside  (also  a  yellow  variety),  produced  all  summer ;  berries  red, 

*  *  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped;  lower  lip  narrow,  upper  one  broad  and 

4-lobed. 

-»-  The  1  to  4  uppermost  pairs  of  leaves  united  round  the  stem  in  the  form 
of  an  oval  or  rounded  disk  or  shallow  cup,  the  flowers  sessile  in  their 
axils,  or  partly  in  leafless  spiked  whorls  beyond  (Lessons,  Fig.  163) ; 
berries  red  or  orange. 

•»-*  Corolla  long  (!'  or  more},  glabrous  within. 

L.  grata,  Ait.  AMERICAN  WOODBINE.  Leaves  smooth,  glaucous 
beneath,  obovate,  the  2  or  3  upper  pairs  united  ;  flowers  white,  with  a 
pink  or  purple  slender  tube,  fading  to  yellowish,  fragrant,  the  corolla  not 
gibbous  at  the  base,  whorled  in  the  upper  axils.  N.  J.  to  Mich.,  S.  and  W.; 
also  cult. 

L  Caprifdlium,  Linn.  Leaves  obovate,  obtuse  or  slightly  acute,  very 
glaucous,  uppermost  2  or  3  pairs  connate  ;  flowers  yellow  with  a  bluish, 
very  slender,  not  gibbous  tube,  in  capitate  whorls.  Cult,  from  Eu. ;  flowers 
only  in  early  summer. 


HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY.  Zld 

**  •*-*•  Corolla  mostly  shorter,  hairy  within. 
=  Foliage  conspicuously  glaucous. 

L.  Sullivantii,  Gray.  Leaves  large,  smooth,  and  oval  or  ovate- oblong, 
sessile,  and  most  of  those  on  the  flowering  stems  connate  (the  uppermost 
forming  a  saucer-like  disk),  very  glaucous ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  very 
slightly  gibbous  below,  in  a  somewhat  loose  cluster ;  filaments  nearly 
glabrous.  Ohio,  W.  and  S.;  also  cult.,  as  L.  FLAVA  and  L.  CAXADEXSIS. 

L.  glauca,  Hill.  Leaves  oblong,  less  glaucous  than  the  last  and 
sometimes  puberulent  beneath,  the  1-4  upper  pairs  connate ;  flowers 
smaller  than  the  last  (£'  or  less  long),  purplish  or  greenish,  in  a  small 
compact  cluster,  more  gibbous  below ;  filaments  hairy.  N.  Eng.  W. 

=  =  Foliage  green  or  very  nearly  so,  hairy. 

L.  hirsuta,  Eaton.  HAIRY  H.  Leaves  large  and  broad-oval,  dull  and 
veiny,  downy  and  somewhat  whitened  below,  about  2  of  the  upper 
pairs  connate  ;  flowers  in  loose  whorls,  orange-yellow  and  clammy  pubes- 
cent ;  the  tube  slightly  gibbous.  Woods,  Me.,  W. 

-f  -i-  Leaves  all  separate  and  short-stalked. 

L.  Periclymenum,  Linn.  (L.  BELGICA.)  Leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  atten- 
uated at  the  base,  sometimes  downy,  glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  red  out- 
side and  buff  within,  ringent,  disposed  in  terminal  heads.  Eu.  Some 
varieties  bloom  throughout  the  summer. 

L.  Jap6nica,  Thunb.  (L.  CONF^SA  ;  also  L.  BRACHYPODA,  L.  FLEXUOSA, 
and  L.  HALLI\NA  of  gardens.)  JAPANESE  H.  Long-trailing  or  climbing 
vine  with  variable  foliage  ;  leaves  (sometimes  variegated)  generally  ovate 
and  blunt,  but  sometimes  acute,  thin  (but  nearly  evergreen  in  favorable 
localities),  and  more  or  less  hairy,  at  least  when  young,  never  glaucous  ; 
slender  stems  hairy;  flowers  long  (2'),  hairy,  white  or  reddish  outside, 
fading  to  yellow,  fragrant  at  nightfall.  Common  ;  from  Japan  and  China. 

8.    DIERVILLA,  BUSH  HONEYSUCKLE,  WEIGELA.     (Named  for 
Dr.  Dierville,  who  took  the  common  species  from  Canada  to  France.) 

*  Corolla  pale  or  honey-yellow,  and  slender  funnel-form,  not  showy  ;  pod 

oblong. 

D.  trifida,  Moench.  Common  N.  ;  l°-4°  high,  with  oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed  leaves  on  distinct  petioles,  mostly  3-flowered  peduncles, 
and  slender,  pointed  pods  ;  flowers  all  summer.  Banks. 

D.  sessilif61ia,  Buckley.  Along  the  Alleghanies  S. ;  has  lance-ovate, 
sessile  leaves,  many-flowered  peduncles,  and  short-pointed  pods. 

*  *  Corolla  shovry,  mostly  rose-colored,  funnel-form,  with  an  abruptly 
narrowed  base ;  very  slender,  stalk-like  ovary  and  linear  pod.     Species 
much  confused,  but  the  following  are  the  sources  of  the  garden  WEIGELAS. 
From  Japan  and  China. 

D.  f!6rida,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Known  under  many  names,  as  WEIGELA  and 
DIERVILLA  ROSEA,  D.  AMABILIS,  W.  ALBA,  W.  ISALIN^E,  etc.  Calyx  teeth 
lanceolate ;  corolla  rose-color ;  seeds  wingless  and  triangular ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  5°-8°.  Common  in  cult. 

D.  Japdnica,  DC.  (D.  HORTENSIS.)  Usually  lower ;  calyx  teeth 
linear ;  corolla  rose-color,  the  tube  broadly  funnel-shaped  ;  seeds  (as  in  the 
two  next)  winged ;  plant  more  or  less  hairy,  the  under  side  of  the  young 
leaves  especially  so  ;  flowers  numerous,  nearly  or  quite  sessile. 

D.  grand/flora,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Larger,  5°-10°  or  sometimes  even  more, 
with  linear  calyx  teeth  ;  plant  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  the  leaves  much 
larger  than  in  the  last ;  the  creamy  (becoming  rose)  flowers  on  com- 


214  MADDER   FAMILY. 

monly  distinct,  more  or  less  elongated  peduncles ;  corolla  tube  broadly 
funnel-shaped. 

D.  floribunda,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  (D.  vERsfcoLOR  and  D.  MULTIFI^RA). 
Calyx  teeth  linear ;  corolla  tube  narrowly  funnel-shaped ;  flowers  brown- 
ish or  at  first  greenish,  becoming  purplish  ;  leaves  villous  ;  ovary  and  calyx 
hairy. 

LVm,    RTTBIACKffi,   MADDER  FAMILY. 

Like  the  preceding  family,  but  with  stipules  between  the 
opposite  (or  sometimes  ternately  whorled)  entire  leaves,  or 
else  (as  in  Galium)  the  leaves  whorled  without  stipules. 
Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry.  An  immense  family  in  the  tropics, 
and  here  represented  by  several  wild  and  a  few  commonly 
cultivated  species.  The  CINCHONA  or  PERUVIAX  BARK  trees 
belong  here ;  also  COFFEE,  of  which  the  best  known  species  is 
COFFEA  ARABICA,  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  cult,  in 
conservatories,  with  smooth  and  glossy  oblong  leaves,  bearing 
fragrant  white  flowers  in  their  axils,  followed  by  the  red 
berries,  containing  the  pair  of  seeds. 

»  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  ;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell. 
+-  Low  herbs. 

1.  HOUSTONIA.    Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  the  4  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud. 

Stamens  4.  Style  1 ;  stigmas  2.  Pod  short,  2-celled,  the  upper  part  rising  more  or 
less  free  from  the  4-lobed  calyx,  opening  across  the  top,  and  ripening  rather  few 
(4-20  in  each  cell)  saucer-shaped  or  thimble-shaped  pitted  seeds.  Stipules  short  and 
entire,  sometimes  a  mere  margin  connecting  the  bases  of  the  opposite  leaves.  Flowers 
more  or  less  dimorphous. 

2.  OLDENLANDIA.    Like  Houstonia,  but  corolla  mostly  wheel-shaped,  and  the  seeds 

angular  and  very  numerous. 

•t-  +-  Shrubs  or  trees. 

8.  PINCKNEYA.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  compound  cyme.  Calyx  with  5  lobes,  4  of 
them  small  and  lanceolate,  the  fifth  often  transformed  into  a  large  bright  rose- 
colored  leaf.  Corolla  hairy,  with  a  slender  tube  and  5  oblong-linear  recurving  lobes. 
Stamens  5,  protruding.  Fruit  a  globular  2-celled  pod,  filled  with  very  many  thin- 
winged  seeds. 

4.  GARDENIA.    Flowers  solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branches  or  nearly  so,  large,  very 

fragrant.  Calyx  with  5  or  more  somewhat  leaf-like  lobes.  Corolla  funnel-shaped  or 
salver-shaped,  with  5  or  more  spreading  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud,  and  as  many 
linear  anthers  sessile  in  its  throat.  Style  1 ;  stigma  of  2  thick  lobes.  Fruit  fleshy, 
surmounted  by  the  calyx  lobes,  ribbed  down  the  sides,  many -seeded. 

5.  BOUVARDIA.    Flowers  in  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches.    Calyx  with  4  slender 

lobes.    Corolla  with  a  long  and  slender  or  somewhat  trumpet-shaped  tube,  and  4 
short,  spreading  lobes,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Anthers  4,  almost  sessile  in  the  throat. 
Style  1 ;  stigma  of  2  flat  lips.    Pod  small,  globular,  2-celled.    Seeds  wing-margined. 
»  »  Leaves  opposite  or  in  3's  or  4's,  with  stipules  ;  ovule  solitary  in  each  cell. 
+-  Low  herbs  or  creepers,  with  narrow  funnel-form  or  salver-form  corolla,  its  lobet 
(valvate  in  the  bud)  and  the  stamens  4. 

6.  DIODIA.    Flowers  1-8,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  narrow  leaves.    Stipules  sheathing, 

dry,  fringed  with  long  bristles.  Ovary  2-  (rarely  8-),  celled,  in  fruit  splitting  into  2 
hard  and  dry  closed  nutlets.  Calyx  teeth  2-5,  often  unequal. 


MADDER    FAMILY.  215 

7.  8PERMACOCE.    Flowers  sessile,  In  axillary  whorls  or  clusters.    Fruit  small  and  dry, 

2-celled,  one  or  both  of  the  carpels  opening  (1  carpel,  in  falling,  usually  carrying  the 
partition  with  it,  leaving  the  other  open).  Calyx  teeth  4. 

8.  MITCHELLA.    Flowers  in  pairs  at  the  end  of  branches,  the  two  ovaries  united  into 

one,  which  in  fruit  forms  a  2-eyed  scarlet  berry.    Corolla  densely  white-bearded 
inside,  white  or  purplish-tinged  outside.    Style  1 ;  stigmas  4,  slender.    Seeds,  or 
rather  little  stones,  4  to  each  of  the  two  flowers.    Stipules  small,  not  fringed, 
-f-  -i-  Shrubs  or  small  trees  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  overlapping  in  the  bud. 

9.  CEPHALANTHU9.    Flowers  many  and  small,  crowded  in  a  close,  round  head,  raised 

on  a  peduncle.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular  with  4  very  short  lobes.  Stamens 
4.  Style  long  and  much  protruded,  tipped  with  a  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  small,  dry 
and  hard,  inversely  pyramidal,  at  length  splitting  into  2  or  4  closed,  1-seeded  por- 
tions. *  »  *  Leaves  whorled,  without  stipules  ;  ovules  solitary. 

10.  GALIUM.  Flowers  small  or  minute,  mostly  in  clusters,  with  a  wheel-shaped,  4-parted 
(or  sometimes  3-parted)  corolla,  and  as  many  short  stamens.  Ovary  2-celled,  form- 
ing a  small  and  twin,  fleshy  or  berry -like,  or  else  dry  and  sometimes  bur-like, 
2-seeded  fruit.  Styles  2.  Calyx  above  the  ovary  obsolete.  Slender  herbs,  with 
square  stems,  their  angles  and  the  edges  of  the  leaves  often  rough  or  almost  prickly. 

1.  HOUSTONIA.      (Dr.    Wm.   Houston,  an  English  physician,  who 
botanized  on  the  coast  of  Mexico,  where  he  died  early.) 

*  Delicate  little  plants,  with  1-flowered  peduncles,  flowering  from  early 
spring  to  summer  ;  corolla  salver-form  ;  pod  somewhat  2-lobed,  its  upper 
half  free  ;  seeds  with  a  deep  hole  occupying  the  face. 

H.  caerillea,  Linn.  COMMON  H.  or  BLUETS.  Moist  banks  and  grassy 
places ;  3'-5'  high,  smooth  and  slender,  erect,  with  oblong  or  spatulate 
leaves  only  3"  or  4"  long,  very  slender  peduncle,  and  light  blue,  purplish, 
or  almost  white  and  yellowish-eyed  corolla,  its  tube  much  longer  than 
the  lobes.  (2) 

H.  minima,  Beck.  Roughish,  l'-4'  high,  at  length  much  branched 
and  spreading ;  leaves  ovate,  spatulate,  or  the  upper  linear ;  earlier  pedun- 
cles slender,  the  rest  short,  and  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla  not  longer 
than  its  lobes  and  those  of  the  calyx.  Dry  hills  from  Mo.,  S.  W.  ©  (f) 

H.  rotundif6lia.  Michx.  Prostrate  and  creeping  leafy  stems  ;  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  roundish  leaves  and  recurved  in  fruit ;  corolla 
white.  Sandy  soil  from  N.  Car.,  S.  y. 

*  *  Erect  leafy-stemmed,  5'-20'  high,  with  flowers  in  terminal  clusters  or 
cymes,  in  summer  ;  corolla  funnel- form  ;  seeds  rather  saucer-shaped.    2Z 

H.  purpiirea,  Linn.  Wooded  or  rocky  banks,  commoner  W. ;  smooth 
or  slightly  downy,  with  ovate  or  lanceolate  3-5-ribbed  leaves ;  pale-purple 
flowers,  and  upper  half  of  globular  pod  free  from  the  calyx.  Variable. 

Var.  ciliolata,  Gray.  3'  high,  with  thick  small  stem  leaves,  and  oval 
or  oblong  ciliate  radical  leaves.  W. 

Var.  longifdlia,  Gray.  The  common  one  N.  ;  slender  or  low,  with  1- 
ribbed  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  varying  from  lance-oblong  to  linear. 

H.  angustif61ia,  Michx.  Stems  tufted  erect ;  narrow-linear  and  acute 
1-ribbed  leaves  ;  crowded  short-pediceled  flowers  with  lobes  of  the  white 
corolla  densely  bearded  inside,  and  only  the  top  of  the  obovate  pod  rising 
above  the  calyx.  Dry  banks  from  111.,  S.  and  W. 

2.  OLDENLA.NDIA.     (H.  B.  Oldenland  was  a  German  botanist  who 
died  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.) 

O.  B6scii,  Chapm.  3'  or  4'  high,  diffuse,  glabrous ;  leaves  linear ; 
flowers  few  or  solitary  ;  calyx  teeth  broadly  subulate,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  capsule.  S.  Car.,  S.  and  W.  2/ 


216  MADDER   FAMILY. 

O.  glomerata,  Michx.  Taller,  erect,  or  becoming  diffuse,  somewhat 
pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong ;  flowers  generally  in  clusters ;  calyx 
lobes  ovate  or  oblong  and  leafy,  longer  than  the  capsule.  N.  Y.,  S.  and 
W.  ® 

3.  PINCKNEYA,  GEORGIA  BARK  or  FEVER   TREE.     (Named 
for  Chas.  C.  Pinckney.) 

P.  pubeiis,  Michx.  The  only  species  ;  a  rather  downy  small  tree  or 
shrub,  in  wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Ga.,  with  large  oval  leaves,  slender 
stipules,  and  purplish  flowers  of  little  beauty,  but  the  great  calyx  leaf 
commonly  produced  is  striking. 

4.  GARDENIA,  CAPE  JESSAMINE.     (Named  for  Dr.   Garden  of 
S.  Car.,  who  corresponded  with  Linnaeus.) 

G.  jasminotdes,  Ellis.  (G.  FLORIDA).  A  house  plant  from  China  and 
Japan  ;  2°-4°  high  ;  leaves  smooth  and  bright-green,  oblong  acute  at  both 
ends ;  large  and  showy,  very  fragrant  flowers  ;  the  white  corolla  5-9-lobed, 
or  full  double  ;  berry  large,  oblong,  orange-colored,  5-6-angled  and  taper- 
ing at  the  base. 

5.  BOUVARDIA.     (Dr.  Chas.  Bouvard,  director  of  the  Paris  Garden 
of  Plants  over  a  century  ago.)     Favorite  conservatory  plants  of  several 
species,  the  following  from  Mexico,  best  known : 

B.  triphylfa,  Salisb.  Shrubby  or  half -shrubby,  blossoming  through  the 
winter,  and  in  grounds  in  summer ;  with  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
smoothish,  in  3's  or  the  upper  in  pairs ;  corolla  scarlet,  minutely  downy 
outside,  nearly  1'  long. 

B.  leidntha,  Benth.  Winter-blooming,  has  more  downy  leaves  and 
smooth,  deep-scarlet  corolla. 

6.  DIODI A,  BUTTONWEED.     (Greek :  a  thoroughfare,  being  humble 
weeds,  often  growing  by  the  wayside.)     Flowers  white  or  whitish. 

D.  Virginiana,  Linn.  Stems  spreading,  l°-2°  long;  leaves  broadly 
lanceolate,  sessile;  corolla  salver-shaped,  ^'  long;  style  2-parted ;  fruit 
oblong,  crowned  with  2  calyx  teeth.  N.  J.,  S.  11 

D.  tferea,  Walt.  Sandy  fields  from  N.  J.  and  111.,  S. ;  with  slender 
stems  3'-9'  long ;  linear  and  rigid  leaves ;  small  corolla  rather  shorter 
than  the  long  bristles  of  the  stipules,  undivided  style,  and  obovate  little 
fruit  crowned  with  the  4  short  calyx  teeth.  (J) 

7.  SPERMACOCE.     (Greek,  referring  to  the  pointed  carpels.)     Sev- 
eral species  far  S. 

S.  glabra,  Michx.  Glabrous  ;  stems  spreading  a  foot  or  two  ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  ;  heads  of  small  whitish  flowers  many-flowered  and 
axillary.  Ohio,  S.  and  W.  11 

8.  MITCHELLA,  PARTRIDGE  BERRY,  SQUAWBERRY.    (Named 
for  Dr.  J.  Mitchell,  an  early  botanist  of  Va.)     11 

M.  r&pens,  Linn.  A  little  herb,  creeping  over  the  ground,  with  the 
small,  evergreen  leaves  round-ovate,  very  smooth  and  glossy,  bright 
green,  sometimes  with  whitish  lines,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  pretty  and 
sweet-scented ;  fruit  scarlet,  remaining  over  winter,  edible.  Woods,  ^. 
andS. 


MADDER   FAMILY.  217 

9.  CEPHALANTHUS,  BUTTONBUSH.     (Greek:  head  and  flower.  ) 
Flowers  summer  and  autumn.     (Lessons,  Fig.  205.) 

C.  occidentalis,  Linn.  A  tall  shrub,  common  along  the  borders  of 
ponds  and  streams,  with  lance-oblong  or  ovate-pointed  leaves  on  peti- 
oles, either  in  pairs  or  3's,  and  with  short  stipules  between  them  ;  the 
head  of  white  flowers  about  1'  in  diameter. 

10.  GALIT7M,  BEDSTRAW,    CLEAVERS  or  CLIVERS.     (Greek: 
milk,  which  some  species  in  Eu.  were  used  to  curdle.)     There  are 
other  species  in  our  region,  some  introduced  from  Eu.      (Lessons, 
Fig.  183.) 


4-  Fruit  smooth;  leaves  with  strong  midrib  but  no  side  ribs  or  nerves,  in 
4's,  5's,  or  6's;  flowers  white,  loosely  clustered  at  the  end  of  spreading 
branches.  11 

G.  asprdUum,  Michx.  Low  thickets  ;  3°-5°  high  ;  the  backwardly 
prickly  -roughened  angles  of  the  stem  and  edges  and  midrib  of  the  lance- 
oblong  pointed  leaves  adhering  to  contiguous  plants  ;  leaves  in  whorls  of 
6  on  the  stem  and  of  4  or  5  on  the  branchlets  ;  flowers  numerous. 

G.  trlfidum,  Linn.  Swamps  and  low  grounds  ;  6'-2°  high  ;  roughish 
or  sometimes  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  oblong,  4-6 
in  the  whorls  ;  flowers  rather  few,  their  parts  often  3. 

•»-  H-  Fruit  smooth  or  slightly  bristly  ;  leaves  3-nerved  ;  flowers  white  in  a 
narrow  and  long  terminal  panicle.     If. 

G.  boreale,  Linn.  l°-2°  high  ;  smooth,  erect,  with  lance-linear  leaves 
in  4's.  Rocky  banks  of  streams  N. 

•»-•»--»-  Fruit  a  little  bur,  being  covered  with  hooked  prickles. 
++  Leaves  mostly  6  or  8  in  a  whorl,  with  midrib  and  no  side  nerves; 
flowers  ichitish  or  greenish  ;  stems  reclining  or  prostrate,  bristly-rough 
backwards  on  the  angles. 

G.  Aparine,  Linn.  CLEAVERS  or  GOOSE  GRASS.  Leaves  in  8's, 
lanceolate,  rough-edged,  l'-2'  long  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-2-flowered  ; 
fruit  large.  Low  grounds.  ® 

G.  trifldrum,  Michx.  Leaves  mostly  in  6's,  lance-oblong,  bristle- 
pointed  ;  peduncles  terminating  the  branches,  3-flowered.  Sweet-scented 
in  drying.  Woodlands,  especially  N.  11 

++  -M-  Leaves  all  in  fours,  more  or  less  3-nerved;  flowers  not  white;  stems 
ascending,  about  1°  high,  rather  simple,  not  prickly-roughened.     11 

G.  pU6sum,  Ait.  Leaves  oval,  dotted,  downy,  1'  long  ;  flowers  brown- 
purple  or  cream-colored,  all  pediceled,  the  peduncle  2-3-times  forked. 
Commonest  S  ,  in  dry  thickets.  Var.  puncticuldsum  is  a  smooth  form  S. 

G.  circsezans,  Michx.  WILD  LIQUORICE,  the  root  being  sweetish  ; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate  ;  peduncles  once  forked,  their  long 
branches  bearing  short-pediceled  dull  or  brownish  flowers  along  the  sides, 
the  fruit  reflexed.  Common. 

G.  lanceolatum.  Torr.  Like  the  preceding,  but  with  lanceolate  or 
lance-ovate  tapering  leaves,  2'  long.  N. 

*  *  Fruit  a  black  berry  ;  the  parts  of  the  white  flower  only  4.     Only  in 
Southern  States,  in  dry,  sandy  soil.     11 

G.  hispidulum,  Michx.  Stems  spreading  l°-2°  long;  leaves  in  4's, 
y  or  less  in  length,  lance-ovate  ;  peduncle  1-3-flowered  ;  berry  roughish. 

G.  unifldrum,  Michx.  Smooth,  slender,  1°  high  ;  leaves  linear  ; 
flowers  mostly  solitary. 


218  VALERIAN  FAMILY. 


LIX.    VALERIANACE^!,   VALERIAN  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  calyx  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  which  has  only  one  fertile,  one-ovuled  cell  but  two 
abortive  or  empty  ones,  and  stamens  always  fewer  than  the 
lobes  of  the  tubular  or  funnel-form  corolla  (1-3,  distinct),  and 
inserted  on  its  tube.  Style  slender ;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  small 
and  dry,  indehiscent;  the  single  hanging  seed  with  a  large 
embryo  and  no  albumen.  Flowers  small,  in  clusters  or  cymes. 

»  Lobes  of  the  calyx  many  and  slender,  but  hardly  seen  when  in  flower,  being  rolled 
up  inwards  around  the  base  of  the  corolla  ;  in  fruit  they  unroll  and  appear  as 
long  plumose  bristles,  resembling  a  pappus,  like  thistle-down. 

1.  VALEEIANA.    Corolla  with  narrow  or  funnel-form  tube  usually  gibbous  at  the  base 

on  one  side,  but  not  spurred,  its  5  spreading  lobes  almost  equal.    Stamens  8.    Akene 
1-celled,  the  minute  empty  cells  early  disappearing.    Root  strong-scented. 

*  *  Lobes  of  the  calyx  of  a  few  short  teeth  or  mostly  hardly  any. 

2.  VALEEIANELLA.    Corolla  funnel-form,  with  5  equal  or  rather  unequal  spreading 

lobes.    Stamens  mostly  8.    Akene-like  fruit  with  one  fertile  and  two  empty  cells,  or 
the  latter  confluent  into  one. 

1.  VALERIANA,   VALERIAN.      (Name  obscure.)      Flowers  early 
summer,  often  dioacious,  white  or  purplish,     2J. 

*  Root  fibrous  or  rhizomatous  ;  leaves  rather  thin. 
•i-  Garden  species  from  Eu.,  producing  the  medicinal  Valerian-root. 

If.  officinalis,  Linn.  The  commonest  in  gardens  ;  2°-3°  high,  a  little 
downy,  with  leaves  of  11  to  21  lanceolate  or  oblong  cut-toothed  leaflets, 
and  rootstocks  not  running. 

V.  Phi),  Linn.  Smooth,  with  root  leaves  simple,  stem  leaves  of  6-7 
entire  leaflets  or  lobes,  and  rootstock  horizontal. 

-i-  f-  Wild  species  N.  and  chiefly  W. ;  all  rather  rare  or  local. 

V.  paucifldra.  Michx.  l°-2°  high,  smooth,  with  thin  ovate  and 
heart-shaped  toothed  root  leaves,  stem  leaves  of  3-7  ovate  leaflets ;  flowers 
rather  few  in  the  crowded  panicled  cyme  ;  corolla  long  and  slender. 
Woodlands,  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.  W. 

V.  sylv£tica,  Banks.  Root  leaves  mostly  ovate  or  oblong  and  entire, 
stem  leaves  with  5-11  lance-oblong  or  ovate  almost  entire  leaflets  ;  corolla 
funnel-form.  Cedar  swamps  N. 

*  *  Boot  a  spindle-shaped  tuber ;  leaves  thickish,  more  simple. 

V.  6dulis,  Nutt.  l°-4°  high,  the  large  root  eaten  by  the  Indians  W.; 
leaves  mostly  from  the  root  and  minutely  woolly  on  the  edges,  those  of 
the  root  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  of  the  stem  cut  into  3-7  long  and  narrow 
divisions.  Alluvial  ground  from  O.  W. 

2.  VALERIANELLA  (or  FEDIA),  CORN  SALAD,  LAMB'S  LET- 
TUCE.    (Diminutive  of   Valeriana.}     Our  species  are  all  very  much 
alike  in  appearance,  smooth,  with  forking  stems  6'-20'  high ;  tender^ 


TEASEL  FAMILY.  219 

oblong  leaves  either  entire  or  cut-lobed  towards  the  base,  and  small 
flowers  in  clusters  or  close  cymes,  with  leafy  bracts,  and  a  short  white 
or  whitish  corolla,  in  early  summer.  ®  ® 

V.  olitdria,  Poll.  CORN  SALAD.  Corolla  bluish ;  fruit  broader  than 
long,  and  a  thick  corky  mass  at  the  back  of  the  fertile  cell.  Eu. ;  cult, 
and  sparingly  naturalized. 

V.  chenopodifdlia,  DC.  Corolla  whitish ;  fruit  ovate-triangular, 
mostly  smooth,  shaped  like  a  grain  of  buckwheat  when  dry,  the  confluent 
empty  cells  occupying  one  angle,  and  much  smaller  than  the  broad  and 
flat  seed.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

V.  radiata.  Dufr.  Corolla  whitish ;  fruit  mostly  downy  and  some- 
what 4-angled,  the  parallel,  narrow,  empty  cells  contiguous,  but  with  a 
broad,  shallow  groove  between  them.  Penn.  and  Mich.  S. 


LX.    DIPSACE.E,   TEASEL   FAMILY. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  family  by  having  the  flowers 
strictly  in  heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre,  as  in  the  next 
family,  —  from  which  it  differs  in  the  separate  stamens,  hang- 
ing seed,  etc.  All  are  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

1.  DIPSACUS.    Coarse  and  stout  herbs,  with  stems  and  midrib  of  leaves  often  prickly, 

and  the  heads  with  rigid  prickly-pointed  bracts  or  chaff  under  each  flower,  under  the 
•whole  a  conspicuous  leafy  involucre.  Each  flower  has  an  involucel  in  the  form  of  a 
little  calyx-like  body  inclosing  the  ovary  and  akene.  Calyx  continued  beyond  the 
ovary  into  a  mere  truncate,  short  cup-like,  border.  Corolla  slender,  with  4  short 
lobes.  Stamens  4.  Style  slender. 

2.  SCABIOSA.    Less  coarse,  not  prickly ;  the  short  heads  surrounded  by  a  softer  green 

involucre ;  a  short  scale  or  soft  bristle  for  a  bract  under  each  flower.  Corolla  funnel- 
form,  4-5-cleft,  oblique  or  irregular ;  the  outer  ones  often  enlarged.  Stamens  4. 
Style  slender.  Involucel  inclosing  the  ovary  and  the  calyx  various. 

1.  DIPSACUS,  TEASEL.     (Greek:  to  thirst;  the  united  bases  of  the 
leaves  in  some  species  catch  rain  water.)     Flowers  summer. 

D.  sylvestris,  Mill.  Stem  4°-5°  high,  prickly,  with  lance-oblong  leaves, 
the  upper  ones  united  round  the  stem  ;  heads  large,  oblong  ;  corollas  pur- 
plish or  lilac ;  slender-pointed,  straight  chaff  under  each  flower.  @ 
Along  roads. 

D.  Fullbnum,  Linn.  FULLER'S  T.  Less  prickly  than  the  other,  with 
involucre  hardly  longer  than  the  flowers,  the  awn-like  tips  of  the  rigid 
chaff  hooked  at  the  end,  which  makes  the  teasel  useful  for  carding 
woollen  cloth  ;  cultivated  in  central  N.  Y.  for  this  purpose,  sometimes 
escaping  into  waste  places  and  roadsides.  @ 

2.  SCABIOSA,  SCABIOUS.     (Latin  name.)     Flowers  summer.     One 
European  species  is  commonly  cultivated  for  ornament,  — 

S.  atropurpurea,  Linn.  SWEET  S.  Or  when  with  dark  purple  or  crimson 
flowers,  called  MOURNING  BRIDE  ;  the  flowers  are  sometimes  rose-colored 
or  even  white  ;  plant  l°-2°  high,  with  obovate  or  spatulate  and  toothed 
root  leaves,  pinnately-parted  stem  leaves,  the  cup  or  involucel  inclosing 
the  ovary  8-grooved,  calyx  proper  with  5  long  bristles  surmounting  the 
akene  :  outer  corollas  enlarged.  (£) 


220  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 


LXI.    COMPOSITE,   COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  a  very  few  shrubs,  known  at  once  by  the  "  com- 
pound flower,"  as  it  was  termed  by  the  older  botanists,  this 
consisting  of  several  or  many  flowers  in  a  head,  surrounded 
by  a  set  of  bracts  (formerly  likened  to  a  calyx)  forming  an 
involucre,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
(almost  always  5)  and  inserted  on  its  tube,  their  anthers 
syngenesious,  i.e.  united  in  a  ring  or  tube  through  which  the 
style  passes.  (Lessons,  Figs.  290,  291.)  Calyx  with  its  tube 
incorporated  with  the  surface  of  the  ovary,  its  limb  or  border 
(named  the  pappus)  consisting  of  bristles,  either  rigid  or 
downy,  or  of  teeth,  awns,  scales,  etc.,  or  of  a  cup  or  crown,  or 
often  none  at  all.  (Lessons,  Figs.  379-384.)  Corollas  either 
tubular  or  funnel-form  and  lobed,  or  strap-shaped  (ligulate), 
or  sometimes  both  sorts  in  the  same  head,  when  the  outermost 
or  marginal  row  has  the  strap-shaped  corollas,  forming  rays 
(which  answered  to  the  corolla  of  the  supposed  compound 
flower),  the  separate  flowers  therefore  called  ray  flowers;  those 
of  the  rest  of  the  head,  or  disk,  called  disk  flowers.  The 
dilated  end  of  the  stalk  or  branch  upon  which  the  flowers  are 
borne  is  called  the  receptacle.  The  bracts,  if  there  are  any, 
on  the  receptacle  (one  behind  each  flower)  are  called  the  chaff 
of  the  receptacle.  The  bracts  or  leaves  of  the  involucre  out- 
side the  flowers  are  commonly  called  scales.  Style  2-cleft  at 
the  apex.  Ovary  1-celled,  containing  a  single  ovule,  erect  from 
its  base,  in  fruit  becoming  an  akene.  Seed  filled  by  the  embryo 
alone.  (For  the  flowers,  and  the  particular  terms  used  in 
describing  them,  see  Lessons,  pp.  93,  94,  Figs.  266-269 ;  for  the 
fruit,  see  p.  121,  Figs.  379-384.) 

The  largest  family  of  Flowering  Plants,  generally  too  diffi- 
cult for  the  beginner ;  but  most  of  the  common  kinds,  both 
wild  and  cultivated,  are  here  briefly  sketched.  For  fuller 
details  as  to  the  wild  ones,  with  all  the  species,  the  student 
will  consult  the  Manual,  and  Chapman's  Southern  Flora.  The 
following  synopsis  is  arranged  to  aid  the  beginner,  but  the 
genera  are  numbered  in  systematic  sequence. 

SERIES  I.  Head  with  only  the  outermost  flowers  strap- 
shaped,  and  these  never  perfect,  i.e.  they  are  either  pistillate 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.  221 

or  neutral,  always  without  stamens ;  or  with  strap-shaped 
corollas  entirely  wanting.  Plants  destitute  of  milky  or  colored 
juice.  (Series  II.,  p.  228.) 

A.   No  strap-shaped  corollas  or  true  rays  ;  i.e.  the  head  discoid.    (B,  p.  224.) 

*  Branches  of  the  style  filiform-subulate  and  rough  all  over  with  minute  bristles  ; 

receptacle  not  chaffy  ;  flowers  not  yellow  (*  *  and  *  *  *  this  page). 

1.  VERNONIA.    Heads  corymbed,  with  an  involucre  of  many  imbricated,  scales,  and  15  to 

30  or  more  rose-purple  flowers.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  slender.  Akenes  cylindrical, 
several-ribbed  ;  pappus  of  copious  hair-like  bristles,  surrounded  at  base  by  an  outer 
set  of  very  short  and  fine  scales  or  scale-like  bristles.  Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender  or  mostly  rather  club-shaped,  obtuse, 

usually  very  minutely  puberulent  under  a  lens,  the  stigmatic  surface  below  the 
middle  ;  receptacle  not  chaffy ;  flowers  not  yellow. 
-*-  Pappus  0 ;  leaves  opposite. 

2.  PIQUERIA.    Heads  very  small,  of  3-5  whitish  flowers,  and  involucre  of  4  or  5  imbri- 

cated scales.    Akene  4-5-angled. 

+-  -i-  Pappus  stiff,  mostly  scale-like  ;  leaves  whorled  or  opposite. 

3.  SCLEROLEPIS.    Heads  many-flowered,   flesh-colored,   the  scales  of  the  involucre 

equal.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Akenes  5-angled.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  5  hard,  oval, 
obtuse  scales.  Leaves  whorled. 

4.  AGEEATUM.    Heads  small  and  few-flowered,  blue  (in  ours  ;  in  others  rose-colored), 

with  a  cup-shaped  involucre  of  imbricated  narrow  bracts ;  receptacle  flattish ;  the 
pappus  of  a  few  chaffy  scales,  mostly  tapering  into  a  slender  stiff  rough  bristle. 
Leaves  opposite. 

•«-  -i-  +-  Pappus  of  slender  bristles  ;  leaves  various. 
•H-  Stem  twining ;  involucral  scales  4. 

5.  MIKANIA.    Heads  of  4  flesh-colored  flowers.    Corolla  5-toothed.    Akenes  5-angled  ; 

pappus  a  row  of  hair-like,  naked  (barely  roughish)  bristles.     Leaves  opposite. 
++  -M-  Stem  erect ;  involucral  scales  more  than  4. 

6.  EUPATORIUM.  Heads  of  3  or  more  flowers,  and  an  involucre  of  several  or  many  scales. 

Corolla  5-toothed.  Receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex.  Akenes  5-angled;  pappus  a  row 
of  hair-like  naked  (rarely  rough)  bristles.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled. 

7.  KUHNIA .   Heads  small,  of  10-25  dull  cream-colored  flowers,  surrounded  by  a  few  lanceo- 

late scales  of  the  involucre.  Corolla  slender,  barely  5-toothed.  Akenes  cylindrical, 
many-striate  ;  pappus  a  row  of  white  plumose  bristles.  Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

8.  LIATRIS.    Heads  of  several  or  many  rose-purple  flowers,  surrounded  by  a  more  or 

less  imbricated  involucre.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rather  long.  Akenes  slender,  about 
10-ribbed ;  pappus  of  many  long  and  slender  bristles,  which  are  plumose  or  else 
beset  with  a  short  beard  or  roughness  for  their  whole  length.  Heads  spicate  or 
racemose.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  often  resinous-dotted. 

*  *  *  Branches  of  the  style  mostly  short,  often  united,  with  obtuse  or  truncate  tips, 

naked  or  sometimes  hairy  appendaged  (or  even  with  a  minute  hairy  tip) ,  the 
stigmatic  surface  either  extending  to  the  tip  or  to  an  appendage;  receptacle 
either  naked  or  chaffy ;  flowers  of  many  colors. 

«-  Thistles  or  TJiistle-like,  the  heads  with  very  many  flowers,  all  alike  and  mostly  perfect. 
Branches  of  the  style  short  or  united,  even  to  the  tip.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
many-ranked,  these  or  the  leaves  commonly  tipped  with  prickly  or  bristly  points. 

•H-  Pappus  of  many  long-plumed  bristles ;  receptacle  with  bristles  between  the  flowers. 

(65)  CNICUS.  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  fleshy -thickened,  prickly-tipped  or  else  merely 
pointed.  Akenes  flattish,  not  ribbed.  Filaments  of  the  stamen*  separate. 


222  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

66.  CYNARA.  Scales  of  the  involucre  of  the  great  heads  thickened  and  fleshy  towards  the 
base,  commonly  notched  at  the  end,  with  or  without  a  prickle.  Akenes  slightly 
ribbed.  Otherwise  much  as  in  the  last. 

•M-  -H-  Pappus  of  naked,  rough,  or  short-barbed  bristles,  or  none. 

64.  ARCTIUM.  Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  abruptly  tipped  with  a  spreading,  slender, 
awl-shaped  appendage,  mostly  hooked  at  its  point.  Receptacle  bristly.  Akenes 
flattened,  wrinkled ;  pappus  of  many  short  and  rough  bristles,  their  bases  not 
united,  deciduous.  Leaves  and  stalks  not  prickly. 

68.  CARTHAMTTS.  Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  leaf-like  and  spreading,  middle  ones  with 
ovate  appendage  fringed  with  spiny  teeth  or  little  spines,  innermost  entire  and 
sharp-pointed.  Receptacle  beset  with  linear  chaff.  Akenes  very  smootk,  4-ribbed  ; 
pappus  none.  Leaves  with  rigid  or  short  spiny  teeth. 

(67)  CENTAUREA  ;  see  «-  +- 

•i-  +-  Thistle-like,  with  many-ranked  imbricated  scales  to  the  involucre,  many  flower s\ 
and  the  two  branches  of  the  style  united  into  one  body  almost  or  quite  to  the  tip, 
as  in  -t-  ;  but  the  outer  flowers  of  the  head  different  from  the  rest  and  sterile 
except  in  a  few  kinds  of  Centaurea.  Receptacle  beset  with  bristles. 

68.  CNICUS.  Outer  flowers  smaller  than  the  rest,  slender-tubular,  sterile.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  tipped  with  a  long,  spine-like  appendage  which  is  spiny-fringed  down  the 
sides.  Akenes  short-cylindrical,  many-ribbed,  and  grooved,  crowned  with  10  short 
and  horny  teeth,  within  which  is  a  pappus  of  10  long  and  rigid  and  10  short  naked 
bristles.  Leaves  prickly-toothed. 

6T.  CENTAUREA.  Outer  flowers  sterile  and  with  corolla  larger  than  the  rest,  often  fun- 
nel-shaped and  with  long,  sometimes  irregular  lobes,  forming  a  kind  of  false  ray ; 
but  these  are  wanting  in  a  few  species.  Involucre  various,  but  the  scales  commonly 
t  with  fringed,  sometimes  with  spiny  tips.  Akenes  flat  or  flattish ;  pappus  of  several 
or  many  bristles  or  narrow  scales,  or  none. 

4-  +•  +-  Bur-like  or  achenium-like  in  the  fruit,  which  is  a  completely  closed  involucre 
containing  only  one  or  two  flowers,  consisting  of  a  pistil  only,  with  barely  a 
rudiment  of  corolla,  therefore  very  different  from  most  plants  of  the  family  ; 
but  the  staminate  flowers  are  several  and  in  a  flat  or  top-shaped  involucre. 
Heads  therefore  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious ;  no  pappus.  Coarse  and 
homely  weeds. 

82.  AMBROSIA.  Heads  of  staminate  flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes  terminating  the  stems 
or  branches,  then-  involucre  of  several  scales  united  in  a  flattish  or  top-shaped  cup  ; 
fertile  flowers  clustered  below  the  staminate,  only  one  inclosed  in  each  small  ache- 
nium-like involucre,  which  is  naked,  or  with  a  few  tubercles  or  strong  points  near 
the  top  in  a  single  row. 

68.  XANTHIUM.  Heads  of  staminate  flowers  In  short  racemes  or  spikes,  their  involucre 
of  several  scales  in  one  row ;  fertile  flowers  below  them,  clustered  in  the  axils,  two 
together  in  a  2-celled  hooked  prickly  bur. 

•i-  -i-  +-  +-  Plants  not  thistle-like,  spiny,  nor  bur-like  in  their  fruits,  heads,  or  herbage. 

•H-  Two  kinds  of  flowers  in  the  same  head,  the  outer  ones  with  pistils  only. 

=  Pappus  none,  or  a  minute  border  or  cup. 

I  No  chaff  among  the  flowers;  scales  of  the  involucre  dry,  often  with  scarious  margins, 
imbricated.  Bitter -aromatic  or  rather  acrid  plants. 

68.  TANACETUM.  Heads  of  many  yellow  flowers ;  the  marginal  ones  with  pistil  only 
and  a  8-5-toothed  corolla.  Akenes  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  flat  top,  crowned  with  a 
cup-like,  toothed  or  lobed  pappus.  Very  strong-scented  herbs,  with  heads  in  a  corymb. 

64.  ARTEMISIA.  Heads  small,  of  few  or  many  yellow  or  dull  purplish  flowers,  some  of 
the  marginal  ones  pistillate  and  fertile,  the  others  perfect,  but  sometimes  not  matur- 
ing the  ovary.  Akenes  obovate  or  club-shaped,  small  at  the  top,  destitute  of  pappus. 
Bitter-aromatic  and  strong-scented  plants,  with  heads  in  panicles. 

(68)  CHRYSANTHEMUM.    One  species,  of  old  yards,  is  discoid  (p.  226). 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  223 

I !  Chaffy  receptacle  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  very  stiff,  in  many  series,  often 

colored. 
68.   XERANTHEMUM.    Heads  large  and  solitary,  long-peduncled.    Involucre  campanu- 

late  or  cylindrical,  the  scales  spreading,  the  outer  ones  shorter.    Akene  slender, 

with  a  minute  crown.     Hoary. 

1 1 1  Chaffy  receptacle;  scales  of  the  involucre  green,  few,  and  rounded. 
81.   IVA.    Heads  small  and  few-several-flowered,  the  outer  1-4  pistillate  and  fertile,  with 

a  small  tubular  corolla  or  0,  the  others  staminate  with  a  funnel-form,  5-toothed  corolla. 

Anthers  nearly  separate.    Akenes  ovoid  or  lenticular.    Pappus  0. 
•=  •=  Pappus  none  at  all  to  the  outer  pistillate  and  fertile  flowers,  but  of  some  slender 

bristles  in  the  central  and  perfect,  yet  seldom  fruit-bearing  flowers  ;  scales  of 

the  involucre  woolly. 
20.  FILAGO.     Heads  small,  crowded  in  close  clusters,  of  many  Inconspicuous  flowers,  each 

fertile  pistillate  flower  in  the  axil  of  a  thin  and  dry  chaffy  scale,  and  with  a  very 

slender,  thread-like  corolla ;  the  central  flowers  with  a  more  expanded  4-6-toothed 

corolla.    Low  herbs,  clothed  with  cottony  wool ;  leaves  entire. 

=  Pappus  of  all  the  flowers  composed  of  bristles  (but  caducous  in  Grindelia);  no 

chaff  among  the  flowers. 
1  Cottony-white  herbs. 

81.  GNAPHALIUM.  Small  heads  (often  clustered)  of  many  whitish  flowers,  surrounded 
by  an  involucre  of  many  ranks  of  dry  and  white  or  otherwise  colored  (not  green) 
searious  and  persistent  scales  woolly  at  base  ;  the  flowers  all  fertile,  the  outer  ones 
with  pistil  and  very  slender  corolla,  the  central  ones  perfect  and  with  more  expanded 
5-toothed  corolla.  Pappus  a  row  of  very  slender  and  roughish  bristles. 

(22)  ANTENNARIA.    Like  Gnaphalium,  but  the  plants  dkecious.    Staminate  flowers  with 

a  simple  style,  but  the  ovary  sterile,  and  their  pappus  of  stouter  bristles  which  are 
thickened  at  the  summit,  and  there  more  or  less  barbed  or  plumed  ;  pappus  of  fer- 
tile flowers  united  and  falling  together. 

28.  ANAPHALIS.  Heads  dioecious  or  nearly  so.  Pappus  not  thickened  or  united.  Fer- 
tile heads  usually  bearing  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  center.  Otherwise 

like  Antennaria. 

I  [  Not  cottony. 

(9)  GRINDELIA,  which  is  sometimes  rayless,  may  be  sought  here  (p.  226). 

25.  HELICHRTSUM.  Heads  rather  large,  terminating  the  branches  singly,  the  pistillate 
flowers  few  and  often  in  a  single  marginal  row.  Involucre  dry  and  chaff-like,  not 
cottony,  the  scales  stiff  and  spreading,  often  colored. 

19.  PLUCHEA.  Heads  many-flowered,  the  central  flowers  perfect  but  sterile,  these  few, 
with  a  5-cleft  corolla ;  all  other  flowers  pistillate  and  fertile,  with  a  thread-shaped  trun- 
cate corolla.  Involucre  imbricated.  Anthers  with  tails.  Akenes  grooved.  Pappus 
in  a  single  row.  Strong-scented  herbs,  near  the  coast. 

61.  ERECHTITES.  Heads  of  many  whitish  flowers,  with  a  cylindrical  involucre  of  many 
narrow  and  naked  scales  in  a  single  row ;  outer  flowers  with  very  slender  corolla : 
inner  with  more  open  tubular  corolla.  Akenes  narrow ;  pappus  of  copious,  very  fine 
and  soft,  naked,  white  hairs.  Bank  coarse  herb. 

f)  ERIGERON.    One  species  has  such  short  and  inconspicuous  rays  that  it  may  b« 
looked  for  here  (p.  225). 

•H.  -H-  Only  one  kind  of  flowers  in  the  head. 

-~  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  papery  or  scarioiis,  often  colored  (i.e.,  not  green], 

not  withering,  in  many  ranks  ;  many  flowers  in  the  head. 
11  Plant  dioecious  :  head  containing  only  staminate  or  pistillate  flowers. 

22.  ANTENNARIA.  Pistillate  flowers  with  very  slender  corollas  and  a  pappus  of  long  and 
very  fine,  hair-like,  naked  bristles ;  the  staminate  (with  a  simple  imperfect  style), 
with  the  pappus  of  thicker  bristles  enlarging  and  somewhat  plumed  or  barbed  at  theii 
summit.  Leaves  and  stems  cottony. 

(23)  ANAPHALIS.    See  above. 


224  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

18.  BACCHARI8.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like ;  of  the 
staminate  flowers,  larger  and  6-lobed.  Anthers  tailless.  Akenes  ribbed.  Pappus 
in  the  fertile  flower  long  and  abundant;  in  the  staminate,  scanty  and  tortuous. 
Smooth  or  glutinous  herbs  near  the  coast. 

1 1  Flowers  perfect. 

24.  HELIPTERUM.  Flowers  with  open  5-toothed  yellowish  corollas.  Involucre  (silvery 
rose-colored),  smooth  obovate,  or  top-shaped.  Akenes  woolly ;  pappus  of  numerous 
plumose  bristles.  Leaves  and  stems  smooth  and  naked. 

26.  AMMOBIUM.  Flowers  with  yellow  5-lobed  corollas,  surrounded  by  a  silvery-white 
involucre.  Chaffy  scales  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers.  Akenes  flattish-4- 
sided ;  pappus  of  4  teeth,  2  of  them  prolonged  into  a  bristle.  Leaves  and  stems 
white-cottony,  the  latter  with  leaf-like  wings. 

(52)  CHRYSANTHEMUM.  One  species  is  sometimes  rayless,  and  with  flowers  all  alike 
from  the  suppression  of  the  ligulate  pistillate  ray  flowers  (p.  226). 

—  —  Scales  of  the  involucre  not  dry  and  scarious  or  papery  (i.e.,  they  wilt)  ;  flowers 
all  perfect. 

I  Flowers  yellow,  with  chaff  between  them;  akenes  flat,  bearing  2-4  awns  or  bristles. 
(43,  44)  COREOPSIS  and  BIDENS  (p.  227).    A  few  species  have  no  ray  flowers. 

I 1  Flowers  yellow,  no  chaff;  akenes  not  flat ;  pappus  of  copious,  very  soft  and  fine, 

down-like  bristles. 

(57)  SENECIO.  One  or  two  species  are  destitute  of  ray  flowers  (p.  225)  ;  also  (11)  SOLI- 
DAGO  (p.  225).  , , !  fiwerg  ^i  yellow  ;  no  chaff. 

59.  EMILIA.    Heads 'rather  small,   but   with  many  orange-red  disk  flowers  in  a  very 

simple  cup-shaped  involucre  with  no  small  outer  scales.  Akenes  with  5  acute  and 
hispid-ciliate  angles.  Very  closely  related  to  Senecio  (p.  225). 

60.  CACALIA.    Heads  corymbed,  with  5-80  white  or  whitish  flowers.    Scales  of  the  in- 

volucre a  single  row,  with  a  few  small  bractlets  at  base.  Corolla  5-cleft.  Branches 
of  the  style  smooth,  with  a  conical  or  flat  usually  minutely  hairy  tip.  Akenes 
oblong,  smooth ;  pappus  of  very  many  fine  and  soft,  down-like,  naked  bristles. 
Leaves  alternate. 

(12)  BELLIS.  A  cultivated  state  with  quilled  (monstrous)  flowers  may  be  sought  here 
(p.  225). 

B.  With  strap-shaped  corollas  or  rays  at  the  margin  of  the  head.  (Discoid  variations 
may  occur, ,) 

*  Herbage,  involucres,  etc.,  dotted  with  large  pellucid  or  colored  glands  or  oil  recep- 
tacles imbedded  in  their  substance,  making  the  plants  strong -scented  ;  involucre 
of  one  row  of  scales  united  into  a  bell-shaped  or  cylindrical  cup;  no  chaff  on 
the  flatfish  receptacle ;  flowers  yellow  or  orange. 

48.  DY8ODIA.    Rays  pistillate,  mostly  short.    Involucre  with  some  loose  bractlets  at  the 

base.  Receptacle  not  chaffy,  but  clothed  with  short  chaffy  bristles.  Akenes  slen- 
der, 4-angled ;  pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  numerous  rough  bristles, 
so  as  to  appear  at  first  sight  as  if  capillary.  Leaves  opposite. 

49.  TAGETES.    Rays  pistillate.     Involucre  without  bractlets  at  base.    Akenes  elongated, 

flat,  somewhat  4-sided ;  pappus  of  two  or  more  unequal  rigid  chaffy  scales,  often 
united  into  a  tube  or  cup,  sometimes  tapering  into  awns.    Herbs,  very  glabrous. 
*  »  Herbage  not  spotted  with  large  translucent  or  colored,  strong- scented  glands. 
+-  Pappus  of  copious  hair-like  bristles  ;  no  chaff  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers. 
+»•  Jtays  yellow,  except  in  one  or  two  species  of  Senecio  and  one  Solidago,  pistillate. 

-=  Anthers  caudate  or  appendaged  at  the  base. 

87.  INTJLA.  Ray  flowers  very  numerous  in  one  row,  with  narrow  ligules.  Outer  scales 
of  the  involucre  leaf-like.  Pappus  of  many  slender  roughish  bristles.  Akenes 
narrow.  Heads  large  and  broad,  the  tubular  perfect  flowers  very  numerous,  their 
anthers  with  two  tails  at  the  base.  Leaves  alternate. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  225 

=  =  Anthers  not  truly  appendaged. 
I  Leaves  all  radical,  appearing  after  the  vernal  flowers. 

55.  TTJSSILAGO.  Ray  flowers  very  numerous  and  in  many  rows,  fertile,  with  narrow 
ligules ;  the  tubular  disk  flowers  few  in  the  center,  and  not  fertile.  Scale  of  the 
involucre  nearly  in  one  row.  Pappus  fine  and  soft.  Head  solitary  on  a  scaly-bracted 
sea?6-  | !  Leafy-stemmed,  later  flowering. 

o  Involucre  imbricated. 

10.  CHKYSOPSIS.    Ray  flowers  numerous  in  one  row.    Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow, 

not  leaf-like.  Pappus  of  many  roughish  slender  bristles,  with  also  an  outer  row  of 
very  short  and  stout  or  chaff-like  bristles.  Akenes  flattened,  hairy.  Heads  single 
or  corymbed.  Leaves  alternate. 

11.  SOLIDAGO.    Ray  flowers  1-8,  or  rarely  10-16,  the  tubular  disk  flowers  several,  rarely 

many.  Involucre  oblong,  its  scales  appressed,  of  unequal  lengths.  Pappus  a  single 
row  of  slender  roughish  bristles.  Akenes  narrow  and  terete,  many-ribbed.  Heads 
in  large  clusters,  panicled  or  corymbed,  small.  Leaves  alternate. 

o  o  Involucre  not  (or  very  slightly)  imbricated. 

66.  ARNICA.  Ray  flowers  several  or  many  in  a  single  row.  Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly 
equal  in  2  rows.  Pappus  a  single  row  of  rough  rather  rigid  bristles.  Akenes  slender. 
Heads  few  and  rather  large.  Leaves  opposite. 

57.  SENECIO.    Ray  flowers  several  in  a  single  row,  or  sometimes  none  ;  the  disk  flowers 

(as  in  the  last  three)  perfect  and  fertile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  row, 
or  often  with  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Pappus  very  fine  and  soft.  Heads  mostly 
in  corymbs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or  compound. 

58.  OTHONXOPSIS.    Ray  flowers  few,  in  one  series.    Disk  flowers  all  sterile.    Involucre 

campanulate  (in  ours),  the  scales  in  one  row,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base.    Akenes  of 

ray  flowers  oblong,  5-10-ribbed,  pubescent,  crowned  with  the  copious  pappus  in  several 

or  many  rows  ;  of  the  disk  flowers  slender,  glabrous,  the  pappus  less.   Leaves  fleshy. 

•H-  -H-  Rays  white,  blue-  or  purple  (at  least  never  yellow) ,  the  flowers  of  the  disk  mostly 

yellow.    Akenes  flatfish.    Leaves  simple  and  alternate. 

14.  CALLISTEPHUS.    Ray  flowers  very  numerous,  usually  in  more  than  one  row,  in  cul- 

tivation often  very  numerous.  Involucre  in  several  rows,  more  or  less  leafy.  Pap- 
pns  of  many  slender  and  roughish  bristles,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  little  cup  or 
crown,  consisting  of  many  little  scales  or  short  stiff  bristles  more  or  less  united. 
Heads  solitary  terminating  leafy  stems  or  branches,  large  and  broad.  Leaves  sessile, 
coarsely  toothed.  Annual. 

15.  8ERICOCARPUS.  Ray  flowers  about  5,  white,  fertile ;  disk  flowers  12-20,  pale  yellow. 

Involucre  cylindrical  or  clavate,  the  scales  loosely  imbricated  in  several  rows,  whitish 
and  appressed,  often  with  greenish  spreading  tips.  Akenes  short  and  obpyramidal, 
very  silky.  Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles.  Perennials,  with  sessile 
leaves  and  mostly  clustered  heads. 

16.  ASTER.    Ray  flowers  more  or  less  numerous,  in  one  row.    Involucre  imbricated. 

Pappus  of  very  numerous  slender  roughish  bristles ;  no  cup  or  crown  of  short 
bristles  outside.  Heads  usually  panicled  or  corymbed.  Usually  perennial. 

17.  ERIGERON.    Ray  flowers  numerous,  narrow,  and  commonly  occupying  more  than 

one  row.    Involucre  more  simple  than  in  Aster,  the  scales  narrower,  appressed, 
mostly  of  equal  length  and  occupying  only  one  or  two  rows,  without  any  leaf-like 
tips ;  and  the  pappus  more  scanty,  often  some  minute  short  and  sometimes  chaff- 
like  bristles  at  the  base  of  the  long  ones.    Annual  or  perennial. 
•*-  -«-  Pappus  not  of  long  hair-like  bristles,  either  a  little  cup  or  crown,  or  of  a  few 

scales,  teeth,  awns,  etc.,  or  none  at  all. 

•H--2V0  chaff  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers,  except  perhaps  in  Achillea  and  Anthe- 
mis  and  in  some  cultivated  and  altered  forms  of  Chrysanthemum.  Leaves 
mostly  alternate. 

-=  Akenes  flat;  rays  (pistillate)  not  yellow,  at  least  in  our  species. 
12.   BELLIS.     Heads   with  numerous  white,  reddish,  or  purple  rays.     Receptacle   high. 
conical.    Akenes  flat,  obovate,  wingless ;  no  pappus.    Low  herbs,  with   solitary 
peduncled  heads,  and  entire  or  merely  toothed  leaves. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  BOX.  — 16 


226  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

IS.  BOLTONIA.  Flowers  resembling  those  of  Aster  and  Erigeron.  Receptacle  conical  or 
hemispherical.  Akenes  very  flat,  obovate  or  obcordate  with  a  callous  margin  or 
wing ;  pappus  of  several  minute  and  short  bristles,  and  commonly  2  or  3  short  awns. 
Leafy-stemmed,  tall,  branching  herbs,  with  pale-green  thickish  and  chiefly  entire 
leaves  often  turned  edgewise. 

61.  ACHILLEA.    Heads  mostly  with  few  and  white  (rarely  rose-red  or  yellow)  rays. 

Receptacle  small,  flattish.  chaffy.    Akenes  oblong,  margined  ;  no  pappus. 

=  =  Akenes  incurved  or  boat-shaped,  rough-tubercled  on  the  back ;  no  pappus  ;  rays 
numerous  in  more  than  one  row  ;  flowers  all  yellow  or  orange. 

62.  CALENDULA.      Heads  showy,  solitary,  terminating  the  branches,   with  the  very 

numerous  rays  pistillate  and  fertile,  expanding  in  sunshine  or  bright  daylight ;  the 
disk  flowers  sometimes  few  in  the  center  and  sterile.  Involucre  of  numerous  short 
green  scales.  Receptacle  flat.  Akenes  (all  that  mature)  belonging  to  the  ray  flowers, 
strongly  incurved,  some  of  them  even  horseshoe-shaped,  or  coiled  into  a  ring,  and 
(especially  the  outer  ones)  with  thickened  margins. 

«=  •=  =  Akenes  not  flat,  nor  boat-shaped  ;  rays  pistillate  and  fertile  except  sometimes 
in  Anthemis  and  Gaillardia,  often  yellow. 

I  Pappus  a  short  crown,  or  none. 

60.  ANTHEMIS.  Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  (or  neutral  in  one),  numerous,  white  or  some- 
times  yellow.  Involucre  of  many  small,  close-pressed  scales.  Receptacle  convex, 
•with  some  slender  chaff,  at  least  at  the  center.  Akenes  terete,  mostly  ribbed. 
Leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnately  divided. 

62.  CHRYSANTHEMUM.  Rays  pistillate  and  fertile,  numerous.  Receptacle  convex  or 
flat,  without  chaff,  except  in  some  double-flowered  varieties.  Disk  flowers  mostly 
with  a  flattened  tube.  Pappus  none.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Anthemis. 

1 1  Pappus  of  5-10  conspicuous  thin  chaffy  scales  with  midrib  more  or  less  extended 
into  a  bristle  or  awn,  or  of  a  few  rigid,  caducous  awns  ;  rays  not  very  numer- 
ous, yellow  or  partly  reddish  or  brmonish-purple,  never  white. 

9.  GRINDELIA.  Heads  large  and  many-flowered,  rarely  rayless.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre in  several  rows  or  series,  the  tips  green  and  more  or  less  spreading,  often 
resinous.  Akenes  short  and  thick,  truncate,  glabrous.  Pappus  of  a  few  rigid  awns, 
caducous.  Leaves  alternate. 

46.  HELENIUM.  Rays  pistillate.  Involucre  of  a  few  small  and  narrow  spreading  or 
reflexed  scales.  Receptacle  globular  or  conical.  Heads  mostly  corymbed.  Akene 
top-shaped  and  ribbed.  Pappus  of  5-8, 1-nerved  and  thin  chafly  scales.  (Lessons, 
Fig.  382.) 

4T.  GAILLARDIA.  Rays  often  neutral,  often  party-colored.  Involucre  of  two  or  more  rows 
of  loose,  leafy-tipped  scales.  Receptacle  convex.  Disk  flowers  often  purple  ;  the  styles 
•with  very  slender  hispid  branches.  Heads  solitary  on  slender  terminal  peduncles. 
Akene  top-shaped  and  5-ribbed,  villous.  Pappus  of  5-10  long  and  thin  scales. 

++  ++  Chaff  on  the  receptacle,  one  bract  behind  each  flower  in  the  head. 

•—  Disk  flowers,  even  if  apparently  perfect,  always  sterile,  only  the  ray  flowers  fertile 
or  maturing  their  akenes  ;  flowers  all  yellow.     Coarse  tall  herbs. 

I  Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish. 

28.  POLTMNIA.  Heads  rather  small  or  middle-sized,  with  about  6  leaf-like  scales  to  the 
Involucre,  and  some  thin  and  small  inner  ones,  few  or  several  ray  flowers  producing 
turgid  obovate  or  partly  triangular  akenes  with  no  pappus.  Herbage  clammy-pubes- 
cent and  rather  strong-scented ;  all  but  the  uppermost  leaves  opposite,  and  their 
petioles  winged  or  dilated  and  stipule-like  at  the  clasping  base. 

89.  SILPHIUM.  Heads  mostly  large,  with  numerous,  somewhat  leafy-tipped  or  green 
scales  to  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows,  numerous  ray  flowers  produc- 
ing very  broad  and  flat  akenes  (parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre),  which 
have  commonly  a  wing-like  margin  and  2  teeth  or  a  notch  at  the  top.  Juice 
resinous. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.  227 

1 1  Flowers  whitish. 

80.  PARTHENTUM.  Heads  small,  many-flowered ;  the  rays  5,  usually  inconspicuous, 
with  very  short  and  broad  obcordate  limbs  not  projecting  beyond  the  woolly  disk. 
Involucre  hemispherical,  with  two  rows  of  short  or  roundish  scales.  Akenes  ob- 
compressed,  with  a  slender  callous  margin,  crowned  with  the  persisting  ray  corolla 
and  the  pappus  of  two  small  chaffy  scales. 

—  •=  Disk  flowers  perfect  and  fertile,  those  of  the  ray  pistillate  and  fertile,  or  neutral. 
( Centaur ea  may  be  sought  here  ;  see  p.  222.) 

|  Akenes  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre  and  chaff  of  the  receptacle, 
or  in  44  sometimes  very  slender.  Leaves  generally  opposite ;  involucre  double, 
the  outer  mostly  leafy  like,  the  inner  of  erect  scales. 

42.  DAHLIA.  Bay  in  the  natural  flowers  neutral  or  in  the  common  species  more  or  less 
pistillate,  but  in  the  gardens  most  or  all  of  the  flowers  are  changed  into  rays.  Inner 
involucre  of  numerous  more  or  less  united  scales.  Akenes  oblong,  obscurely  2- 
horned  or  notched  at  the  apex. 

48.  COREOPSIS.  Rays  usually  8,  neutral,  mostly  yellow,  or  brown-purple  at  base.  In- 
volucre commonly  of  about  8  outer  loose  or  leaf-like  scales  and  as  many  erect  inner 
ones.  Chaff  slender,  deciduous  with  the  flat  akenes,  which  have  mostly  a  pappus 
of  2  teeth  or  awns,  the  latter  not  barbed  downwards. 

44.  BIDENS.    Like  Coreopsis,  but  several  without  rays,  and  some  with  slender  or  needle- 

shaped  akenes ;  all  bear  2  or  more  rigid  persistent  awns,  which  are  barbed  down- 
wards. 

45.  COSMOS.    Differs  from  Bidens  in  having  the  akenes  distinctly  beaked,  and  the  rays 

(in  ours)  purple  or  rose-color. 

1 1  Akenes  flattened  laterally  (if  at  all),  i.e.,  contrary  to  the  scales  of  the  involucre  and 
the  chaff  of  the  receptacle,  the  latter  usually  embracing  or  folded  round  their 
outer  margin. 

o  Rays  deciduous  after  flowering,  usually  yellow;  native. 
x  Receptacle  flat  or  convex, 

89.  HELIANTHUS.  Rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated. 
Receptacle  flat  or  convex.  Akenes  flattish,  but  more  or  less  4-angled  or  lenticular, 
marginless  ;  pappus  of  2  thin  chaffy  scales  corresponding  with  the  outer  and  inner 
angle  of  the  akene,  and  sometimes  with  minute  intermediate  ones,  all  deciduous 
from  the  ripe  fruit.  (Lessons,  Fig.  381.)  Leaves  simple,  entire  or  serrate ;  stems 
not  winged. 

40.  VERBESINA.    Rays  few  (in  ours  1-6),  pistillate.    Involucre  of  few  erect  scales.    Re- 

ceptacle rather  flat.    Akenes  flat,  winged  or  wingless  ;  pappus  of  2  persistent  awns. 
Leaves  simple,  decurrent  into  wings  on  the  stem. 

41.  ACTINOMERIS.    Rays  neutral,  few  or  several.    Involucre  of  several  nearly  equal 

scales.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical.  Akenes  flat,  oval,  wing-margined ;  pappus 
of  2  persistent  smooth  awns.  Leaves  simple,  serrate,  often  decurrent  into  wings  on 
x  x  Receptacle  high  and  columnar. 

88.  LEPACHTS.  Like  Rudbeckia  (next  page),  but  akenes  flattened,  wing-margined  on  the 
inner  and  sometimes  on  the  outer  edge,  1-2-toothed  at  summit.  Disk  grayish.  Chaff 
short  and  truncate.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  compound. 

o  o  Rays  persistent  on  the  fruit,  becoming  dry  and  papery,  broad,  pistillate  and 
fertile,  of  various  colors  ;  exotic. 

84.  ZINNIA.  Rays  several.  Receptacle  conical ;  the  oblong  chaff  not  longer  than  the 
velvety-tipped  disk  corollas.  Akenes  oblong  or  linear,  flattened,  or  those  of  the  ray 
8-sided ;  pappus  of  a  chaffy  awn  or  tooth  on  each  angle,  or  sometimes  hardly  any. 
Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  and  entire.  Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem  or 
branches.  ( j  j  Akenes  not  flattened,  but  angled  or  cornered. 

(50,  51)  ANTHEMIS  and  ACHILLEA,  in  which  the  receptacle  is  sometimes  chaffy,  may  b« 
sought  here  (p.  226). 


228  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

85.  HELIOPSIS.    Rays  10  or  more,  pistillate.    Scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  or  8  rows,  the 

inner  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical.  Akenes  4-angled,  somewhat  cubi- 
cal ;  no  pappus.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  triple-ribbed. 

86.  ECHINACEA.    Rays  numerous,  rather  persistent,  long,  drooping,  pistillate  but  sterile, 

rose-purple.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrow  and  spreading.  Receptacle  conical ; 
the  persistent  and  rigid  spiny-tipped  chaff  longer  than  the  purplish  disk  corollas. 
Akenes  thick  and  short,  4-sided,  and  with  a  toothed  border  for  a  pappus.  Leaves 
chiefly  alternate,  3-5-ribbed. 

87.  RUDBECKIA.    Rays  several  or  numerous,  neutral.    Yellow  scales  of  the  involucre 

in  about  2  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  columnar.  Chaff  soft.  Akenes 
short,  4-angular,  marginless,  flat  at  the  top ;  pappus  none  or  a  short  even  cup  or 
border.  Leaves  alternate. 

SERIES  II.     Head  with  all  the  flowers  strap-shaped  and  per- 
fect.    Juice  milky.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  No  pappus. 

69.  LAMPSANA.    Heads  small,  8-12-flowered,  loosely  panicled.    Involucre  cylindrical, 

with  8  scales  in  a  single  row.    Akene  oblong.    Flowers  yellow. 

*  »  Pappus  of  both  chaff  and  bristles,  or  of  chaffy  scales  alone  which  form  a  crown  or 

cup  on  top  of  the  akene. 

70.  KRIGIA.     Heads  medium  to  large,  terminating  naked  scapes  or  branches,  yellow. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  more  or  less  defined  rows.  Akene  short  and  truncate, 
top-shaped  or  column-like,  terete  or  angled.  Pappus  double,  the  outer  row  of  thin 
chaffy  scales,  the  inner  of  slender  bristles.  Leaves  mostly  radical. 

71.  CICHORIUM.    Head  of  several  blue  flowers.    Involucre  double ;  the  outer  of  5  short 

and  spreading,  the  inner  of  about  10  erect  scales.  Akenes  short,  with  broad  sum- 
mit. Pappus  of  small  chaffy  scales.  Stems  twiggy,  leafy  mostly  towards  the  base. 
(Lessons,  Figs.  266,  267 ;  the  akene,  Fig.  380.) 

»  *  »  Pappus  of  rather  numerous  and  stout  long-plumose  bristles. 

72.  TRAGOPOGON.    Head  large,  of  many  yellow  or  purplish  flowers.    Involucre  of  about 

12  lanceolate  rather  fleshy  scales  in  a  single  row,  somewhat  united  at  the  base. 
Akenes  terete,  slender,  roughish,  tapering  into  a  long  beak,  which  bears  the  rigid 
long-plumed  bristles  of  the  pappua,  5  of  these  longer  and  naked  at  the  summit. 
Stems  leafy ;  leaves  entire,  parallel-veined,  clasping  at  the  base. 

78.  LEONTODON.  Head  rather  small,  of  many  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  of  many 
narrow  equal  erect  scales,  and  a  few  short  bractlets  at  base.  Akenes  spindle-shaped ; 
pappus  a  single  row  of  tawny  plumose  bristles.  Leaves  all  at  the  root,  or  base  of  the 
scapes. 

*  *  *  *  Pappus  many  slender,  but  rather  stiff  and  rough,  tawny,  not  plumose  bristles. 

74.  HIERACIUM.    Heads  small  or  smallish,  of  12  or  more  yellow  flowers.     Scales  of  the 

involucre  unequal  and  in  more  than  one  row.  Akenes  short,  oblong  or  columnar, 
not  beaked ;  the  fragile  bristles  of  the  pappus  not  very  copious.  Stems  naked  or 
leafy. 

75.  PRENANTHES.    Heads  usually  nodding,  of  5-40  greenish-white  or  yellowish,  often 

purple-tinged  flowers.    Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5-15  linear  scales  in  a  single  row 
and  a  few  short  bractlets  at  base.    Akenes  cylindrical ;  pappus  of  very  copious  straw- 
colored  or  brownish  bristles.     Stems  leafy. 
»  »  »  *  »  Pappus  of  extremely  copious,  and  fine,  soft,  hair-like,  not  plumose,  bristles. 

•t-  Mature  akenes  with  the  pappus  raised  on  a  very  slender  (short  in  some  Lactucas) 
stalk  like  beak. 

76.  PTRRHOPAPPUS.    Head  of  yellow  flowers  as  in  the  next ;  but  the  pappus  rusty  red 

and  with  a  minute  ring  of  soft  down  underneath  it.  Stems  branching  and  leafy  near 
the  base,  the  long  peduncles  naked. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  229 

77.  TARAXACUM.    Head  of  very  many  yellow  flowers  on  a  slender,  hollow,  and  wholly 

naked  scape.  Involucre  double,  the  inner  of  numerous  narrow  scales  in  a  single 
row,  the  outer  of  short  loose  scales.  Akenes  terete  or  spindle-shaped,  strongly 
ribbed  and  tubercled  on  the  ribs,  much  shorter  than  its  slender  beak  which  elevates 
at  maturity  the  soft  and  white  pappus.  (Lessons,  Fig.  384.) 

78.  CHONDRILLA.     Heads  few-flowered,  small,  yellow.     Involucre  cylindrical,  of  several 

very  narrow  equal  scales,  and  a  row  of  small  bracts  at  the  base.  Akene  terete,  sev- 
eral-ribbed, rough  above  but  smooth  below.  Pappus  bright  white.  Wand-like  herbs. 

79.  LACTUCA.    Heads  of  several  variously  colored  flowers.     Involucre  of  several  lanceo- 

late or  ovate  imbricated  scales  of  unequal  length.    Akenes  flat,  abruptly  contracted 
into  the  beak  or  neck  which  elevates  the  very  white  soft  pappus.    Stems  leafy. 
+-  +-  Akenes  beakless. 

80.  SONCHUS.    Involucre  as  in  the  last,  or  with  narrow  and  more  equal  scales,  and  tumid 

at  base.  Flowers  yellow.  Akene  flat  and  short,  without  a  beak  to  support  its  very 
soft  whi*e  pappus.  Stems  branching  and  leafy.  (Lessons,  Fig.  883.) 

1.  VERNONIA,  IRONWEED.     (Named  for  a'  Wm.  Vernon,  of  Eng- 
land, who  traveled  in  this  country.)     Flowers  autumn.     ^ 

*  Leaves  slightly  or  not  at  all  scabrous,  not  revolute. 

V.  Noveboracensis,  Willd.  COMMON  IRONWEED.  Near  the  coast 
and  along  rivers  W.  ;  3°-6°  high,  with  lanceolate  serrate  leaves,  crowded 
along  the  whole  height  of  the  stem ;  heads  in  a  broad  cyme  ;  scales  of 
involucre  with  slender  awl-shaped  or  awn-like  tips ;  akene  lightly  hairy. 

V.  altissima,  Nutt.  Tall ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  cyme  loose  ;  scales  close, 
obtuse  or  simply  mucronate  ;  akene  slightly  hairy.  Penn.,  W.  and  S. 

V.  fasciculata,  Michx.   Scales  of  involucre  blunt  and  pointless,  except 
perhaps  some  of  the  lowest ;  akene  smooth.     Ohio,  W.  and  S. 
*  *  Leaves  scabrous  above,  often  revolute. 

V.  angustif6lia,  Michx.  Slender,  l°-3°  high ;  leaves  filiform  to  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  akenes  minutely  hirsute.  N.  C.,  S.  and  W. 

2.  PIQTJERIA.     (Named  for  a  Spanish  botanist,  A.  Piquerio.*). 

P.  trinervia,  Cav.  Mexico ;  cult,  for  winter-blooming ;  smooth,  2°-3° 
high  (also  a  dwarfer  form),  branched,  with  lance-oblong,  3-nerved,  spar- 
ingly serrate  leaves,  and  loose  panicled  corymbs  of  very  small  white- 
flowered  heads  ;  much  used  in  dressing  larger  cut  flowers.  A  form  with 
white- edged  leaves  is  used  for  edgings.  In  gardens  often  known  as 
STEVIA  SERRATA.  2/ 

3.  SCLEROLEPIS.    (Greek :  hard  scale,  referring  to  the  pappus.)    11 
S.  verticillata,  Cass.     Stem  simple,  rooting   in  water  at  the  base ; 

leaves  linear  and  entire,  small,  in  whorls  of  4-6  ;  flowers  rose-purple  or 
flesh-colored  in  a  small  terminal  peduncled  cluster.   Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S. 

4.  AGERATUM.    (Greek :  not  growing  old,  probably  applied  originally 
to  some  sort  of  Everlasting.) 

A.  conyzoldes,  Linn.  Soft-downy,  2°-3°  high;  ovate  or  somewhat 
heart-shaped  petioled  leaves ;  corymbed  heads  of  azure-blue  flowers, 
produced  all  summer  and  autumn.  Known  in  gardens  as  A.  MEXICANUM. 
Tropical  Amer.;  sparingly  nat.  S.  ® 

5.  MIKANIA,   CLIMBING   HEMP  WEED.     (A  Bohemian  botanist, 
Prof.  Mikan.) 

M.  scandens,  Willd.  Rather  handsome  plant,  climbing  over  bushes 
in  low  grounds,  N.  Eng.  S.  and  W.;  leaves  triangular-heart-shaped  or 
halberd-shaped ;  heads  small,  of  purplish  flowers,  in  summer.  2£ 


230  COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

6.  EUPATORIUM,  THOROUGHWORT,  BONESET.  (Dedicated 
to  Eupator  Mithridates,  who  is  said  to  have  used  the  European  species 
in  medicine.)  2/  Following  are  the  commonest. 

§  1.  Receptacle  flat ;  scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  unequal  and  more  or 
less  imbricated. 

*  Leaves  3-6  in  a  whorl ;  heads  5-15-flowered,  cylindrical,  the  purplish 

scales  closely  imbricated  in  several  rows;  flowers  flesh-colored. 

E.  purpfcreum,  Linn.  PURPLE  T.  or  JOE-PYE  WEED.  Stems  simple, 
3°-12°  high,  with  or  without  purplish  spots  or  dots ;  leaves  on  petioles, 
very  veiny,  oblong-ovate,  roughish-toothed  and  pointed  ;  corymbs  dense, 
compound.  Low  grounds. 

*  *  Leaves  alternate  or,  the  lower  opposite,   all   long-petioled ;  corymbs 
compound;  scales  imbricated;  flowers  12-15  in  the  head,  small,  white. 

E.  serdtinum,  Michx.  Low  grounds  from  Maryland  to  Minn,  and 
S.,  minutely  pubescent,  tall  (3°-6°  high),  bushy-branched  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  taper-pointed,  triple-ribbed,  coarsely -toothed,  5'-6'  long ; 
the  involucre  very  downy. 

*  *   *  Leaves  opposite  (or  only  the  uppermost  alternate)  and  sessile; 

heads  corymbed;  the  scales  more  or  less  imbricated;  flowers  white. 

+-  Leaves  separate  at  base  ;  heads  mostly  i>-&-flowered. 
•M-  Base  of  leaves  broad. 

E.  sessilif61ium,  Linn.  Smooth ;  4°-6°  high,  with  lance-ovate  serrate 
leaves  (3'-6'  long)  tapering  from  a  rounded  closely  sessile  base  to  a 
slender  point,  and  small  heads  (with  obtuse  scales)  in  very  compound  flat 
corymbs.  Mass.,  S.  and  W. 

E.  rotundif6lium,  Linn.  Leaves  roundish-ovate,  blunt,  deeply  toothed ; 
heads  in  a  large  and  dense  corymb,  the  scales  acute.  R.  I.,  S. 

E.  teucrif6lium.  Willd.  Low  grounds  near  the  coast;  roughish-pu- 
bescent;  ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong,  veiny,  deeply  few-toothed  leaves 
and  small  corymbs  ;  scales  oblong-lanceolate. 

++  ft-  Base  of  leaves  narrow. 

E.  dlbum,  Linn.  Roughish-hairy,  2°  high ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely  toothed  and  strongly  veiny  ;  heads  crowded  in  the  corymb ; 
the  lanceolate  and  pointed  scales  of  the  involucre  white  above  and  larger 
than  the  flowers.  Sandy  soil,  L.  I.,  S. 

E.  altlssimum,  Linn.  Stout  and  tall,  3°-7°  high,  downy,  with  lanceo- 
late leaves  (resembling  those  of  some  Goldenrods)  tapering  to  both  ends 
and  conspicuously  3-nerved,  either  entire  or  toothed  above  the  middle ; 
corymbs  dense  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  blunt.  Penn.,  W.  and  S. 

E.  hyssopifdlium,  Linn.  l°-2°  high ;  smoothish,  with  narrow  linear 
or  lanceolate  blunt,  1-3-nerved  leaves.  Dry  sterile  soil,  from  Mass.,  S. 

f-  •«-  Leaves  united  at  base  around  the  stem  in  pairs  (connate-perfoliate). 

E.  perfoliatum,  Linn.  THOROUGHWORT  or  BONESET.  Low  grounds 
everywhere  (the  bitter  infusion  used  as  a  popular  medicine);  2°-4°  high, 
hairy ;  the  lanceolate  leaves  taper-pointed,  serrate,  very  veiny,  and  some- 
what wrinkled,  5'-8'  long;  the  very  numerous  heads  crowded  in  a  dense 
corymb,  10-30-flowered. 

*  *  *  »  Leaves  opposite, petioled,  triple-ribbed;  heads  in  corymbs,  8-30- 
flowered,   the  scales  of  the  involucre  equal  and  almost  in  one  row; 
flowers  white. 

E.  ageratoldes,  Linn.  WHITE  SNAKE  ROOT.  Smooth,  2°-3°  high  ; 
broadly  ovate,  long-petioled,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  thin  leaves 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  231 

(4'-5'  long)  ;  heads  of  handsome  pure  white  flowers  in  compound  cor- 
ymbs.    Woods,  N. 

B.  aromaticum,  Linn.  Like  the  preceding,  commoner  S.,  and  only 
near  the  coast  ;  more  slender,  usually  less  smooth,  with  thicker  leaves 
more  bluntly  toothed  on  short  petioles  ;  the  corymbs  usually  less  com- 
pound. 

§  2.  Eeceptacle  hemispherical  or  conical  ;  scales  nearly  equal,  only  slightly 
imbricated. 

E.  ccelestlnum,  Linn.  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  triangular-ovate  or  slightly 
heart-shaped,  coarsely  toothed  ;  corymb  flat  ;  heads  small,  of  blue-  purple 
flowers,  in  autumn.  N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

7.  KUHNIA.     (For  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn  of  Penn.) 

K.  eupatorioldes,  Linn.  A  rather  homely  herb,  2°-3°  high,  with 
lanceolate  leaves,  and  panicled  or  corymbed  small  heads  of  creamy 
flowers.  N.  J.  to  Minn,  and  S.  2/ 

8.  LIATRIS,   BUTTON  SNAKEROOT  or  BLAZING  STAR.     (An 

unexplained  name.)     Chiefly  in  sandy  soil.     Flowers  late  summer  and 
autumn.    Root  tuberous  or  corm-like.     ^ 


,  differing  in  fibrous  root,  not  plumose  pappus,  little  imbricated 
involucre,  and  more  or  less  panicled  heads,  has  two  species  from  Va.,  S. 

*  Bristles  of  the  pappus  plainly  plumose  to  the  naked  eye. 
-i-  Heads  small,  only  4-5-flowered. 

L.  dlegans,  Willd.  Often  hairy  or  downy,  2°  high,  with  compact 
spike  ;  short  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  ;  scales  of  involucre  with  spread- 
ing, rose-purple  tips.  Va.,  S. 

-i-  -i-  Heads  large  and  fewer,  cylindrical,  many-flowered. 

L.  squarrdsa,  Willd.  COMMON  BLAZING  STAR.  l°-5°  high  ;  leaves 
linear  ;  heads  few,  about  1'  long  ;  scales  of  involucre  with  spreading  leaf- 
like  tips.  Penn.,  S.  and  W. 

L.  cylindracea,  Michx.  Smaller  than  the  preceding,  6'-18'  high,  the 
narrow  heads  with  short  and  rounded  appressed  tips.  W.  N.  Y.,  W. 

*  *  Bristles  of  the  pappus  not  plainly  plumose  to  the  naked  eye. 
-t-  Heads  3Q-4Q-flowered,  commonly  an  inch  broad. 

L.  scari6sa,  Willd.  Stem  stout,  2°-5°  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  the 
lower  spatulate-oblong  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  very  numerous,  with 
rounded  tips,  often  scarious  or  purple  on  the  margins.  N.  Eng.,  W. 
and  S. 

t-  -t-  Heads  3-15-flowered,  from  %'-%'  long  ;  stem  2°-5°  high. 

L.  pycnostachya,  Michx.  Leaves  linear  or  lance-linear  ;  spike  very 
dense  of  about  5-flowered  heads  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  recurving 
.purplish  tips.  Prairies,  W. 

L.  spicata,  Willd.  The  commonest  species,  in  low  grounds  ;  heads 
8-12-flowered,  crowded  h?.  a  long  spike,  the.  oblong  and  blunt  scales  of 
involucre  without  any  obvious  tips. 

L.  graminif61ia,  Willd.  Heads  7-12-flowered  in  a  looser  spike  or 
raceme  ;  the  rigid  appressed  scales  bhmt  or  slightly  pointed.  Wet  pine 
barrens  from  N.  J.,  S. 

L.  gracilis,  Pursh.  Leases  spreading,  the  lower  lance-oblong  and 
Jong-petioled,  the  others  linear  and  short;  heads  3-7-flowered,  small. 


232  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

9.  GRINDELIA.     (JET.  Grindel,  a  Russian  botanist.)     (p.  226.) 

G.  squarr6sa,  Dunal.  Branching  leafy  herb,  a  foot  or  two  high,  on 
prairies  from  111.,  W.  ;  also  cult.  Leaves  spatulate-oblong,  or  narrower ; 
involucre  with  strongly  spreading  or  squarrose  bracts  with  short-filiform 
tips  ;  pappus  of  2  or  3  awns.  Usually  2A  There  is  a  ray  less  form. 

10.  CHRYSOPSIS,    GOLDEN    ASTER.      (Greek:    golden  appear- 
ance, from  the  yellow  flowers.)     Low  herbs,  wild  chiefly  S.  and  W.,  in 
dry  and  barren  or  sandy  soil ;    flowers  summer  and  autumn.      2Z 

*  Leaves  and  akenes  linear  or  nearly  so. 

C.  graminifdlia,  Nutt.  Silvery-silky,  with  long,  lance-linear  and  grass- 
like,  shining,  nerved  leaves,  and  single  or  few  heads.  Del.,  S. 

C.  falcata,  Ell.  Only  4'-10'  high,  woolly,  clothed  to  the  top  with  short 
and  linear,  3-nerved,  rigid  leaves,  which  are  often  curved  or  scythe-shaped ; 
heads  small,  corymbed.  On  the  coast  from  Cape  Cod  to  N.  J. 

*  *  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  akenes  obovate,  flattened. 

C.  gossypina,  Nutt.  White-cottony  all  over  (whence  the  name),  with 
oblong,  obtuse,  rarely  toothed  leaves,  and  few  pretty  large  heads.  Va.,  S. 

C.  Mariana,  Nutt.  The  commonest  species,  from  L.  I.,  S. ;  silky,  with 
long  and  weak  hairs,  or  smoothish  when  old,  with  oblong  leaves,  and  a 
few  corymbed  heads  on  glandular  peduncles. 

C.  villdsa,  Nutt.  Coarsely  hairy  and  somewhat  hoary,  leafy  to  the 
top,  with  corymbed  branches  bearing  single  heads  on  short  peduncles, 
and  narrow- oblong  leaves.  Wis.,  S.  and  W. 

11.  SOLIDAGO,    GOLDEN-ROD.     (From    Latin :    to  make  whole, 
from  supposed  healing  qualities.)     2/     Characteristic  plants  of  the 
American  autumn.    The  following  synopsis  includes  the  most  impor- 
tant species.    For  a  fuller  account,  see  the  Manual  and  Chapman's 
Flora  (p.  226). 

*  Heads  sessile  and  small,  in  flat-topped  corymbs;  leaves  linear. 

8.  lanceolata,  Linn.  Leaves  lance-linear,  3-5-nerved  ;  rays  15-20. 
N.  and  S. 

S.  tenuifdlia,  Pursh.  Leaves  linear,  1-nerved,  dotted ;  rays  6-12. 
N.  and  S. 

*  *  Heads  all  more  or  less  pediceled,   usually  larger;   leaves  usually 
broader. 

-i-  Scales  of  involucre  with  green  herbaceous  spreading  tips. 

S.  squarr6sa,  Muhl.  Leaves  large,  oblong,  or  lower  ones  spatulate- 
oval ;  heads  numerous,  with  12-16  rays.  Me.,  W.  and  S. 

S.  petiolaris.  Ait.  Leaves  small,  oval  or  oblong,  mucronate ;  heads 
few,  in  a  wand-like  raceme  or  panicle  ;  rays  about  10.  111.,  S.  and  W. 

•*-  •»-  Scales  not  green,  nor  conspicuously  spreading. 

•«•  Heads  in  small  clusters  in  the  leaf-axils  (or  the  uppermost  sometimes 
becoming  glomerate-spiked). 

=  Akenes  pubescent. 

8.  cassia.  Linn.  Stem  cylindrical,  glaucous;  leaves  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, sessile  ;  clusters  very  short,  in  upper  axils,  sometimes  racemose  on 
the  branches.  N.  and  S. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  233 

3.  latifdlia,  Linn.  Stem  angled  and  zigzag ;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
strongly  serrate,  pointed  both  ends  ;  rays  3-4.  N.  and  S. 

S.  Curtisii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  angled ;  leaves  oblong  or  long- 
lanceolate,  with  narrow,  entire  base,  toothed  above ;  clusters  loose  ;  rays 

4-7 '    Va''  S'  =  =  Akenes  glabrous. 

S.  bicolor,  Linn.  Gray-hairy,  strict ;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptic,  some- 
what serrate  ;  upper  clusters  spicate  or  nearly  panicled  ;  involucral  scales 
very  obtuse  ;  rays  5-14,  cream-color.  N.  and  S. 

S.  monticola,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  oblong-ovate 
or  narrower,  the  lower  sparingly  serrate ;  scales  acutish ;  rays  yellow, 
5-6.  Md.,  S. 

++  *+  Heads  in  a  compound  terminal  corymb,  not  at  all  axillary  or 
racemose. 

=  Leaves  folded  and  recurved. 

S.  Ridd^llii,  Frank.  Smooth,  2°-4°,  very  leafy  ;  leaves  long  linear- 
lanceolate,  those  on  the  stem  mostly  clasping  ;  heads  20-30-flowered,  very 
numerous.  Grassy  lands,  Ohio,  W.  and  S. 

=  =  Leaves  flat. 

S.  rlgida,  Linn.  Rough,  somewhat  hoary,  2°-50,  very  leafy ;  leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  thick ;  heads  large,  30-  or  more-flowered  ;  rays  7-10.  N. 
Eng.,  S.  and  W. 

S.  Ohioe'nsis,  Riddell.  Very  smooth,  2°-3°,  leafy ;  stem  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  radical  ones  elongated  and  with  margined  petioles  ; 
head  16-20-flowered  ;  rays  6-7.  W.  N.  Y.,  W. 

.M.  ++  4-».  Heads  in  a  terminal  panicle,  or  sometimes  in  a  thyrse,  small  or 
middle-sized. 

=  Leaves  painly  3-ribbed;  heads  in  1-sided  sprays. 

U  Both  stem  and  leaves  smooth  and  glabrous   (or  stem  roughish  only 
above) . 

o  Leaves  firm,  thickish  :  outer  involucral  scales  short  and  ovate,  the  inner 
oblong-linear,  all  obtuse. 

S.  Missouri(£nsis,  Nutt.  Smooth,  l°-3° ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or 
the  lower  broader ;  clusters  of  heads  racemose  in  a  short  and  broad, 
rather  open  panicle  ;  akenes  nearly  glabrous.  Wis.,  S.  and  W. 

S-  Sh6rtii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Roughish  above ;  leaves  oblong-lance- 
olate ;  panicle  short  and  crowded  ;  akenes  pubescent.  S.  O.  and  S.  W. 

o  o  Leaves  thinnish ;  scales  linear,  obtuse. 

S.  Leavenwdrthii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Strict  and  rigid,  2°-4°,  scabrous 
or  puberulent  above  ;  leaves  mostly  linear,  sharply  and  finely  serrate ; 
panicle  long  and  open  ;  rays  10-12,  small.  S.  C.,  S. 

S.  serdtina,  Ait.  Stout,  2°-7°,  smooth  and  sometimes  glaucous ; 
leaves  lanceolate  and  taper-pointed,  serrate  and  ciliate,  smooth ;  rays 
7-14,  rather  long.  N.  and  S. 

Var.  gigantea.  Gray.  Leaves  pubescent,  the  lateral  ribs  more  promi- 
nent. Same  range. 

||  ||  Stem  and  generally  the  leaves  prominently  pubescent  or  scabrous  (S. 
serotina,  var.  gigantea,  above,  may  be  sought  here). 

o  Plant  green. 

S.  Canadensis.  Linn.  Rough-hairy,  stout,  3°-6°  ;  leaves  lanceolate 
and  pointed,  serrate  or  sometimes  almost  entire,  pubescent  beneath  and 


234  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

rough  above  ;  heads  small  and  rays  very  short.    Common  and  variable. 
N.  and  S. 

S.  radula,  Nutt.  Stem  and  leaves  very  rough ;  leaves  oblong  or 
obovate-spatulate.  111.,  W.  and  S. 

o  o  Plant  ashy-canescent. 

S.  nemoralis.  Ait.  Pubescence  close ;  stem  nearly  simple,  less  than 
3° ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  the  lower  obscurely  crenate  ; 
panicle  becoming  secund  or  one-sided;  rays  6-9,  light-colored.  Sterile 
soil,  N.  and  S. 

=  =  Leaves  either  not  at  all  3-ribbed,  or  very  obscurely  triplinerved. 
II  Leaves  all  perfectly  entire. 

S.  sempe'rvirens,  Linn.  Smooth  and  stout,  l°-8° ;  leaves  lanceolate 
and  slightly  clasping,  very  smooth,  the  lowest  ones  obscurely  3-nerved ; 
heads  rather  large  and  showy,  the  7-10  rays  golden.  Seashore,  N.  B.  to 
Fla.  Flowers  early. 

S.  oddra,  Ait.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  2°-3°,  the  stem  slender  and 
sometimes  reclined  ;  leaves  not  3-nerved,  linear-lanceolate,  shining  and 
pellucid-dotted ;  heads  very  small ;  rays  3-4,  rather  large.  Canada  to  Fla. 

II  ||  Some  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  crenulate  or  serrate  {except  sometimes 
the  first). 

o  Panicle  thyrsoid,  pyramidal  or  long-virgate. 
x  Scales  thin,  acute. 

B.  strfcta.  Ait.  Very  smooth,  with  small,  appressed,  entire,  lance- 
oblong,  thickish  leaves,  the  upper  ones  mere  bracts  ;  heads  in  a  narrow 
spicate  raceme  ;  rays  5-7.  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S. 

S.  pub^rula,  Nutt.  Minutely  hoary  ;  leaves  lanceolate-acute  ;  heads 
very  numerous  in  short  racemes  which  form  a  long  dense  panicle  ;  rays 
about  10.  Me.,S.  ^  Scales  firm,  obtuse. 

S.  uligin6sa,  Nutt.  Smooth,  2°-3° ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  into 
a  winged  petiole  ;  racemes  much  crowded  into  a  dense  wand-like  panicle  ; 
rays  5-6,  small.  Bogs,  N. 

S.  speci6sa,  Nutt.  Smooth,  3°-6° ;  leaves  rather  thick,  rough-mar- 
gined, oval  or  ovate,  or  the  uppermost  oblong-lanceolate  ;  heads  in 
numerous  erect  racemes,  which  form  a  pyramidal  panicle  ;  rays  about  5, 
large.  Can.  to  N.  C.  and  W. 

o  o  Panicle  short  and  broad  or  racemose.  • 

x  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  sessile  (on  the  stem"),  obscurely  veiny; 
heads  in  a  short  and  broad  panicle  of  secund  clusters. 

S.  tortif6lia,  Ell.  Stem  2°-3°,  scabrous-pubescent;  leaves  linear, 
generally  twisted  ;  rays  very  short.  Va.,  S. 

S.  pi!6sa,  Walt.  Stout,  3°-7°,  with  spreading  hairs ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  hairy  beneath ;  rays  7-10,  very  short. 
Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S. 

x  x  Leaves  broad  or  ample,  veiny  ;  heads  racemosely  paniculate. 
+  Foliage  rugose-veiny,  pubescent  or  scabrous  above  or  below. 

S.  patula,  Muhl.  Stem  strongly  angled,  smooth,  2°-4°  ;  leaves  ovate, 
very  rough  above,  smooth  and  veiny  beneath  ;  racemes  rather  short  and 
numerous.  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

S.  amplexicaulis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Slender,  l°-3°,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  scabrous  above  and  soft-pubescent  beneath, 
clasping ;  rays  about  3  (sometimes  0).  Fla.,  W. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.  235 

3.  rug6sa,  Mill.  Very  leafy,  l°-6°,  rough-hairy ;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate or  oblong,  firm,  very  rugose,  often  scabrous  above  and  hirsute  on 
the  veins  beneath ;  rays  6-9.  Can.  to  Tex. 

S.  ulmifdlia,  Muhl.  Stem  smooth  ;  leaves  thinner,  elliptic  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  soft-hairy  beneath  ;  rays  about  4.  Me.,  W.  and  S. 

+  +  Foliage  inconspicuously  reticulated,  not  scabrous  above,  and  com- 
monly smooth  and  glabrous  beneath. 

—  Very  leafy  to  the  top. 

S.  Ellidttii,  Torn  &  Gray.  Smooth,  stout,  l°-3°  ;  leaves  very  numer- 
ous, elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  veined,  thick,  shining 
above  ;  heads  in  dense  spreading  racemes  of  a  crowded,  often  pyramidal 
panicle.  Mass,  to  Ga. 

—  Leaves  becoming  few  and  small  towards  the  top  of  the  stem. 

S.  neglecta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth,  stout,  2°-4°;  upper  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  and  nearly  entire,  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong  and  sharply  serrate  ;  racemes  short  and  dense,  becoming  spread- 
ing ;  akenes  nearly  glabrous.  Bogs,  Can.  to  Md.,  W. 

S.  Bodttii,  Hook.  From  smooth  to  pubescent,  slender,  2°-5° ;  leaves 
ovate-  to  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  serrate ;  heads  loosely  racemose ; 
rays  1-5  (or  0);  akenes  pubescent.  Va.,  S. 

S.  argfcta,  Ait.  Stem  angled,  smooth,  2°-4° ;  leaves  large  and  thin, 
ovate,  strongly  sharp-serrate ;  racemes  pubescent,  spreading,  in  an 
elongated  open  panicle ;  rays  large,  6-7 ;  akene  generally  glabrous. 
N.  Eng.  to  Ohio  and  Va. 

S.  jtincea,  Ait.  Smooth  ;  stem  rigid  and  mostly  simple,  l°-3°  ;  stem 
leaves  elliptic  or  lance-oval,  sharply  serrate,  pointed,  the  radical  ones 
lanceolate  or  narrow-oblong ;  racemes  dense  and  naked,  becoming  elon- 
gated and  recurved,  forming  a  handsome  corymbose  panicle  ;  rays  small, 
8-12.  Common,  Can.  to  Tenn. 

12.  BELLIS,   DAISY.    (Latin:  bellus,  pretty.)    Flowers  spring  and 

summer  (p.  225). 

B.  integrif61ia,  Michx.  In  open  grounds  from  Ky.,  S.  W. ;  stems 
branching,  spreading,  4'-10'  long,  bearing  some  lanceolate-oblong  or 
spatulate  leaves,  and  terminal,  slender-peduncled  heads  with  pale  blue- 
purple  rays.  ©  ® 

B.  perennis,  Linn.  TRUE  or  ENGLISH  DAISY.  Cult,  from  W.  Eu., 
mostly  in  double-flowered  varieties,  i.e.,  with  many  or  all  the  disk  flowers 
changed  into  rays,  or,  hi  the  common  quilled  form,  all  into  tubes  (pink 
or  white) ;  in  the  natural  state  the  center  is  yellow,  the  rays  white  and 
more  or  less  purplish  or  crimson-tipped  underneath  ;  head  solitary,  on  a 
short  scape  ;  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  all  clustered  at  the  root.  y. 

13.  BOLTONIA.     (Named  for  James  Bolton,  an  English  botanist.) 
Wild  plants  of  low  grounds  S.  and  W.,  resembling  Asters  except  in  the 
akenes  and  pappus ;   ray  flowers  blue-purple  or  nearly  white ;  disk 
flowers  yellow  ;  in  autumn.     2/     (p.  226.) 

B.  diffusa,  L'Her.  Heads  small,  loosely  panicled  on  the  slender,  open 
branches,  which  bear  small,  awl-shaped  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  lance- 
linear  ;  pappus  of  several  bristles  and  2  short  awns.  111.  and  S. 

B.  asteroldes,  L'Her.  Heads  fewer  and  larger,  in  corymbs;  leaves 
lanceolate ;  pappus  of  minute  bristles  and  2  (or  0)  awns.  Perm. ,  S. 
and  W. 


236  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

14.  CALLISTEPHUS,  CHINA  ASTER.     (Greek  :  beautiful  crown.) 
®     (p.  225.) 

C.  hortensis,  Cass.  (or  C.  CHINENSIS).  The  well-known  GARDEN  or 
CHINA  ASTER,  of  the  gardens,  a  native  of  China  and  Japan,  has  numerous 
varieties  of  various  forms  and  colors,  the  finest  full-double. 

15.  SERICOCARPUS.     (Greek:  silky  fruit.)     11     (p.  225.) 

*  Pappus  rusty  ;  leaves  serrate. 

S.  conyzoldes,  Nees.  Pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the 
lower  spatulate,  ciliate.  Me.,  S.  and  W. 

*  *  Pappus  white;  leaves  entire. 

S.  solidaglneus,  Nees.  Smooth ;  leaves  linear  and  rigid,  obtuse,  the 
margins  rough.  N.  Eng.,  S. 

16.  ASTER,    ASTEE,    STAR  WORT.      (Aster,   a  star.)      This  vast 
genus  is  too  difficult  for  beginners,  and  those  who  are  prepared  for  its 
study  will  use  the  Manual  for  the  northern  species,  and  Chapman's 
Southern  Flora  for  the  few  that  are  peculiarly  southern.     Common  and 
characteristic  plants  of  the  autumn  flora  (p.  225). 

*  Pappus  double,  i.e.  in  two  rows. 

A.  umbellatus.  Mill.  Smooth  and  stout,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  leaves 
long-lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  heads  very  many,  in  compound  flat 
corymbs ;  rays  rather  few,  white.  Common  and  variable. 

A.  inffrmus,  Michx.  Slender,  only  moderately  leafy  ;  leaves  obovate 
or  oblong- lanceolate,  ciliate ;  heads  few  on  spreading  peduncles,  white. 
Mass.,  S. 

A.  linariiidlius,  Linn.  Leaves  linear  and  rigid,  rough-margined ; 
heads  with  violet  (rarely  white)  rays,  solitary  on  simple  branches ;  plant 
10-2°.  Common.  **  Pappus  simple. 

•*-  Scales  mostly  closely  imbricated,  the  tips  not  conspicuously  herbaceous 
or  spreading. 

f*  Leaves  lanceolate,  or  narrower. 

A.  iiemoralis,  Ait.  Minutely  pubescent,  slender,  l°-2° ;  leaves  small 
and  rather  rigid,  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  the  margins  revolute  ;  invo- 
lucre obconical,  the  scales  linear-lanceolate  or  the  outer  awl-like ;  rays 
long,  dark  lilac.  Bogs,  N. 

A.  acuminatus,  Michx.  Somewhat  hairy,  the  stem  simple  (1°)  and 
often  zigzag ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  toothed,  not  revo- 
lute ;  scales  few  and  loosish,  linear-lanceolate  ;  heads  not  numerous,  the 
rays  white  or  violet.  N.  Eng.  and  S.  in  the  Mts. 

A.  ptarmicoldes,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  the  stems 
simple  (8'-2°)  and  clustered ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  and  rigid,  entire, 
not  revolute,  rough-margined;  heads  small,  white  (rarely  yellowish  W.) 
in  a  flat  corymb  ;  scales  thickish  and  obtuse.  Rocks,  N. 

+•*•  •>-»•  Leaves  cordate,  stalked  and  coarsely  serrate. 

A.  corymb6sus,  Ait.  Slender  and  often  zigzag,  2°  ;  leaves  thin  and 
nearly  or  quite  smooth,  taper-pointed,  the  teeth  unequal  and  spreading, 
on  marginless  petioles  ;  rays  white,  6-9.  Woods,  Can.  to  Ga. 

A.  macrophyllus.  Linn.  Larger  and  stouter,  witli  thickish,  rough, 
closely-serrate  and  abrupt-pointed  leaves  ;  heads  larger,  white  or  bluish , 
the  rays  10-15.  Like  range. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  237 

t-  •>-  Scales  variously  imbricated,  the  tips  herbaceous  (green')  and  spread- 
ing, or  the.  outer  ones  wholly  leaf-like. 

•w-  Leaves  silvery-silky  both  sides,  and  sessile  and  entire. 
A.  serlceua,   Vent.     Slender,    l°-2° ;    leaves  lanceolate   or  oblong, 
spreading ;  involucre  globular  with  spreading  scales ;  heads  mostly  soli- 
tary, showy,  violet.     Dry  soil,  Wis.,  W.  and  S. 

A.  cdncolor,  Linn.  Leaves  crowded  and  appressed,  as  are  the  scales 
of  the  obovoid  involucre  ;  heads  in  a  compound  wand-like  raceme,  violet. 
Near  the  coast,  R.  I.,  S. 

•«•  f*  Leaves  not  silvery-silky,  various. 

=  Stem  leaves  all  (or  at  least  the  lowest}  cordate  and  petioled ;  radical 
leaves  all  prominently  cordate. 

||  Bays  about  40  ;  involucral  scales  squarrose. 

A.  andmalus,  Engelm.  Pubescent-  and  roughish,  2°-4°  ;  upper  leaves 
small  and  nearly  or  quite  sessile  ;  heads  rather  large,  bright  violet.  El., 
W.  and  S. 

||  ||  Hays  10-20,  light-blue  or  white  ;  scales  not  squarrose. 

o  All  or  part  of  the  petioles  wing-margined. 

A.  undulatus,  Linn.  Leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  the  margins  wavy 
or  slightly  toothed,  roughish  above  and  downy  beneath,  the  uppermost 
with  clasping  petioles.  Common. 

A.  sagittifdlius,  Willd.  Rigid  and  erect,  2°-3°,  with  ascending 
branches ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  cordate  and  on  margined 
petioles,  the  upper  becoming  narrower ;  involucre  oblong,  the  scales 
narrow-tapering  and  loose.  Common,  N.  and  S. 

o  o  Petioles  not  wing-margined  (except  occasionally  in  the  first). 

A.  cordif61ius,  Linn.  Stem  much  branched,  the  branches  diverging 
and  bearing  very  numerous  panicled  heads  ;  lower  stem  leaves  all  pro- 
minently heart-shaped,  the  petioles  ciliate  and  only  slightly  or  not  at  all 
margined ;  involucre  obconical,  with  short  and  nearly  obtuse,  appressed 
tips.  Common,  Can.  to  Ga.,  and  W.  Variable. 

A.  aztireus,  Lindl.  Heads  larger  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
rough,  the  petioles  usually  long  and  hairy,  the  uppermost  becoming 
nearly  linear  and  sessile,  or  on  the  branches  even  awl-like ;  involucre 
obconical,  slightly  pubescent.  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W. 

=  =  Stem   leaves  clasping  or  sessile  (or  if  short-stalked,  not  cordate), 
various. 

o  Leaves  broadish,  prominently  cordate-clasping  or  with  a  winged- 
petiole-like  base.  (Forms  of  A.  Novi-Belgii  and  A.  oblongifolius, 
below,  may  be  sought  here.) 

x  Leaves  entire  (rarely  very  obscurely  toothed  in  first  two). 
A.  laevis,  Linn.     Smooth  and  glabrous,  often  glaucous,  2°-4° ;  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate  or  broader,  the  upper  auriculate,  or  cordate,  clasp- 
ing ;  involucre  hemispherical,  with  abrupt  green  tips ;  rays  blue.     Com- 
mon and  handsome. 

A.  patens,  Ait.  Rough-pubescent,  l°-3°,  the  branches  loose  and 
widely  spreading ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  longer,  rough  above  and  on  the 
margins  ;  involucre  ovoid,  scales  with  pointed  spreading  tips  ;  rays  purple. 
N.  and  S. 

A.  N6vae-Angli£e,  Linn.  Tall  and  stout,  3°-8°,  hairy,  very  leafy ; 
leaves  lanceolate  and  acute,  pubescent ;  scales  nearly  equal  and  loose, 
awl-like,  glandular-viscid  ;  flowers  large,  rose  or  purple.  Can.  to  S.  C., 
and  W.  ;  also  cult. 


238  COMPOSITE  FAMILY. 

x  x  Leaves  with  few  or  many  prominent  teeth. 
+  Leaf  base  distinctly  clasping. 

A.  prenantholdes,  Muhl.  l°-3°,  hairy  above  in  lines  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rough  above  and  smooth  beneath,  narrowed  into  a  long  entire 
portion  which  is  suddenly  dilated  into  an  auricled  base  ;  heads  on  short 
divergent  peduncles,  pale  violet  or  whitish.  Along  streams,  N. 

A.  puniceus.  Linn.  Tall  and  stout,  3°-7°,  rough-hairy  all  over  (or  in 
some  forms  smoothish  below)  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  but  little 
narrowed  at  the  base  ;  heads  subsessile,  in  a  panicle  or  thyrse  ;  flowers 
large,  purple  to  white.  Variable.  N.;S.  toGa. 

+  +  Leaf  base  wing-petiole-like,  not  auriculate. 

A.  patulus,  Lam.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  l°-4°  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-  lanceolate,  serrate  in  middle,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  the  lower 
ones  into  a  winged  petiole  ;  heads  loosely  panicled,  violet  or  white  ;  scales 
unequal.  N.  Eng. 

A.  Blli6ttii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  (2°-3°)  minutely  pubescent  ;  leaves 
thickish,  oblong-lanceolate,  appressed-toothed,  tapering  into  a  narrow, 
petiole-like  contraction  ;  heads  numerous,  corymbose-paniculate,  purple  ; 
scales  nearly  equal.  S.  C.  to  Fla. 

o  o  Leaves  (mostly  narrower)  not  cordate-clasping,  nor  with  wing-sessile 
bases. 

x  Involucre  and  branchlets  viscid  or  glandular. 
+  Leaves  rigid  and  obtuse. 

A.  grandifl6rus,  Nutt.  Slender,  hispid,  l°-3°;  leaves  very  small, 
linear  ;  rays  violet,  long.  Handsome.  Va.  ,  S. 

+  +  Leaves  soft  and  acute. 

A.  oblongif  61iu3,  Nutt.  Minutely  glandular-puberulent,  l°-2°  ;  leaves 
narrow-oblong  or  lanceolate,  mucronate,  somewhat  clasping  ;  flowers 
rather  small,  purple.  Banks,  N. 

A.  spectabilis,  Ait.  Roughish,  stout,  l°-2°,  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
or  spatulate-oblong,  mostly  entire  ;  heads  few,  large  and  showy  (purple), 
the  scales  with  the  upper  half  herbaceous  and  spreading.  Near  the  coast, 
Mass,  to  Del. 

x  x  Not  viscid  or  glandular  (except,  perhaps,  in  A.  surculosus). 

+  Radical  leaves  tapering  into  margined  petioles. 

—  Leaves  entire  or  obscurely  serrate. 

A.  8urcul6sus,  Michx.  Low  (1°  or  less),  with  filiform  rootstocks; 
leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  rigid  ;  heads  medium-sized,  few  or  solitary, 
light  purple.  Near  coast,  N.  J.,  S. 

A.  gracilis.  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  small  ;  scales  coria- 
ceous and  whitish,  with  short-ovate  green  tips  ;  heads  few.  Pine  barrens, 
N.  J.,  S.  and  W. 


A.  radula,  Ait.  Smooth  or  lightly  hairy,  leafy,  l°-3°  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  rugose,  rough  both  sides,  very  closely  sessile  ;  scales 
with  short,  spreading  green  tips  ;  flowers  light-violet.  N.  Eng.  to  Del. 

+  +  Eadical  leaves  not  with  margined  petioles. 

—  Involucral  scales  squnrrose  or  with  prominently  spreading  green  tiptf 
leaves  small,  linear  and  entire  ;  heads  small  and  racemose. 

A.  amethystinus,  Nutt.  Tall  and  erect,  2°-5°,  somewhat  hirsute, 
branchy  ;  leaves  lax  ;  scales  with  only  the  tips  spreading  ;  rays  light  blue. 
Mass,  to  la, 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  239 

A.  multifldrus,  Ait.  Pale-  or  hoary -pubescent,  l°-2°,  bushy-branched ; 
leaves  rigici  and  crowded,  with  rough  margins  ;  rays  white  (rarely  bluish). 
Common  in  dry  ground. 

—  Scales  generally  oppressed, 
i— i  Plant  very  smooth,  pale  and  glaucescent. 

A.  turbin^llus,  Lindl.  Slender,  3°,  paniculately  branching ;  leaves 
oblong  or  narrow-lanceolate,  with  roughish  margins  ;  scales  linear,  with 
blunt  and  short  green  tips  ;  flowers  violet.  111.,  S.  W. 

A.  virgatus,  Ell.  Strict  and  simple,  with  the  branches  terminated  by 
single  heads ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  the  lower  ones  long ;  scales 
acutish  ;  flowers  violet.  Va.,  S. 

i— 1 1—1  Plant  variously  scabrous  or  hirsute,  not  glaucescent  (except  forms  of 
the  first). 

^  Leaves  firm  in  texture,  often  thickish ;  heads  rather  large  and  showy, 
the  scales  icith  loosish  green  tips. 

A.  N6vi-B(Slgii,  Linn.  Short,  6'-2£°,  some  forms  wholly  smooth, 
others  with  sparse  pubescence ;  leaves  from  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate, 
usually  entire,  the  upper  somewhat  auriculate-clasping,  the  salt-marsh 
forms  nearly  fleshy ;  flowers  blue  or  violet.  Very  common,  in  many 
forms,  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  but  reaching  111.  Flowers  late. 

^  ^  Leaves  of  ordinary  texture ;  heads  mostly  smaller,  with  less  prom* 
inently  green-tipped  scales. 

^  Heads  scattered,  borne  on  the  ends  of  slender  bracteate  branchlets. 

A.  dum6sus,  Linn.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  l°-3°,  loosely  branched ; 
leaves  linear  or  somewhat  broader  towards  the  top  of  the  plant,  crowded 
and  entire,  rough-margined ;  involucre  bell-shaped,  with  abruptly  green- 
tipped  scales  ;  rays  violet  or  blue.  Common. 

'-s  /^  Heads  in  lax  or  racemose  1-sided  sprays. 

A.  racem6sus,  Ell.  Scabrous-pubescent  on  the  erect  or  ascending 
slender  branches  ;  leaves  linear  and  rigid,  small,  acute,  entire ;  flowers 
small,  purplish,  the  scales  very  narrow  and  acute.  S.  C.,  S. 

A.  vimineus,  Lam.  Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  2°-60,  very  bushy  ; 
leaves  small  and  stiffish,  linear  or  narrow-lanceolate  and  rather  long,  the 
larger  ones  sparsely  serrate ;  scales  narrow-linear,  mostly  acute  ;  heads 
very  numerous,  white.  Very  common. 

A.  diffusus,  Ait.  Pubescent,  branchy ;  leaves  large,  thin  and  lax, 
lanceolate  or  broader,  sharply  serrate  ;  scales  linear,  obtuse  or  acutish ; 
flowers  white  or  violet.  Very  common  and  variable. 

<~\  s-\  ^  Heads  (in  mature  plants)  paniculate  or  thyrsoid. 
C  Scales  subitlately  green-tipped;  rays  commonly  pure  white. 

A.  ericoldes,  Linn.  Smooth  or  sparsely  hairy,  l°-3° ;  heads  often 
tending  rather  to  be  racemose  than  paniculate,  and  borne  on  the  ends  of 
erect,  much-bracted  branchlets ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  (or  the  lowest 
oblong-spatulate) ,  becoming  awl-like  and  stiffish  above.  Dry  grounds. 
Variable. 

A.  polyphyllus,  "Willd.  Tall,  4°-5°,  with  twiggy  branches  ;  leaves 
4'  or  5'  long,  linear-lanceolate ;  flowers  rather  large,  early.  N.,  and  S. 

C  O  Scales  not  awl-tipped  ;  rays  violet  to  white. 
()  Scales  of  several  lengths. 

A.  Tradescanti,  Linn.  Much  branched,  2°-4°,  the  heads  small  and 
numerous ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  tapering  to  a  slender  point,  the 


240  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

lower  and  larger  somewhat  serrate ;  scales  linear,  green  at  the  tip  and 
down  the  back  ;  rays  small,  white  or  violet.     Common. 

A.  paniculatus,  Lam.  Often  taller,  generally  more  strict,  profusely 
paniculate-branched ;  leaves  thin,  oblong  or  narrow-linear,  the  lower 
sharply  serrate,  upper  entire ;  heads  larger,  in  loose  and  leafy  panicles ; 
scales  narrow-linear  with  green  tips  and  the  outer  ones  green  the  whole 
length  ;  flowers  violet  or  nearly  white.  Common. 

A.  salicif6lius.  Ait.  Leaves  shorter  and  firmer  than  in  the  last,  often 
scabrous,  mostly  entire ;  scales  more  imbricated,  firmer,  linear,  with 
acutish  green  tips ;  heads  (rarely  white)  tending  to  be  raceinosely  clus- 
tered. Common. 

()  ()  Beetles  nearly  equal. 

A.  junceus,  Ait.  Slender  and  nearly  simple,  l°-3° ;  leaves  long- 
linear  (3'-5'),  all  (or  all  but  the  lower  most)  entire  ;  heads  comparatively 
few,  light-purple,  the  outer  scales  a  little  shorter  than  the  inner.  Bogs,  X. 

A.  Iongif61ius,  Lam.  More  branched ;  leaves  broader,  entire  or 
sparsely  serrulate ;  heads  larger,  the  scales  about  equal  and  little  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  violet  to  almost  white.  Far  N. 

17.  ERIGERON,  FLEABANE.  (Greek  words  for  spring  and  old  man, 
suggested  probably  by  the  hoary  appearance  of  some  vernal  species.) 
(p.  225.) 

*  Hays  conspicuous;  heads  more  or  less  corymbed;  stem  erect. 
-H-  Hays  purple  or  purplish,  very  numerous  (50-150)  ;  pappus  simple.     2/ 

E.  Philad^lphicus,  Linn.  Rather  hairy,  2°  high  ;  stem  leaves  oblong, 
mostly  entire,  and  partly  clasping ;  spatulate  and  toothed  root  leaves,  and 
several  heads  ;  rays  very  many  and  narrow,  pale  reddish-purple ;  flowers 
summer.  Common. 

E.  bellidifdlius,  Muhl.  ROBIN'S  PLANTAIN.  Soft-hairy,  l°-2°  high, 
with  a  cluster  of  rather  large  roundish  root  leaves  lying  flat  on  the 
ground ;  stem  leaves  rather  few  and  small  ;  heads  1-9  and  long-pedun- 
cled,  rather  large,  with  about  50  linear,  light  bluish-purple  rays  ;  flowers 
late  spring.  Common. 

•»-  •*-  Hays  white,  only  about  30,  rather  broad  ;  pappus  simple.     11 

E.  nudicatilis,  Michx.  Smooth,  with  oval  or  spatulate  leaves  all  at 
the  root ;  slender  scape  l°-2°  high,  with  a  few  small  heads ;  flowers 
spring.  Low  grounds,  Va.,  S. 

-»-  •*-  -i-  Rays  white  or  nearly  so,  50  or  more,  narrow ;  pappus  double,  the 
outer  of  a  row  of  minute  chaffy  bristles  or  little  scales.     ®    (D 

E.  strigdsus,  Muhl.  2°-4°  high,  smoothish,  or  roughish,  with  minute 
close-pressed  hairs  ;  leaves  entire,  the  lower  spatulate  and  slender-petioled, 
the  upper  lanceolate  ;  rays  rather  long ;  flowers  all  summer.  Fields. 

E.  annuus,  Pers.  3°-5c  high,  branched  above,  roughish,  with  spread- 
ing hairs ;  leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  the  lower  ones  coarsely  toothed ; 
rays  rather  short,  often  tinged  with  purple ;  flowers  all  summer.  Fields 
and  waste  places. 

*  *  Rays  inconspicuous,  scarcely  longer  than  the  cylindrical,  bell-shaped, 
involucre  and  the  simple  pappus,  numerous,  in  more  than  one  row. 

E.  Canadensis.  Linn.  HORSEWEED,  BCTTERWEED,  MARE'S-TAIL.  A 
common  weed,  with  strong  odor,  in  waste  or  cult,  ground  ;  bristly  hairy  ; 
stem  erect,  strict,  l°-5°  high ;  leaves  linear,  only  the  lowest  ones  cut- 
lobed  ;  heads  of  whitish  flowers  very  small,  panicled  ;  all  summer.  (J) 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  241 

18.  B  ACCHARIS.     (Dedicated  to  Bacchus.')    Shrubby  seaside  or  pine- 
barren  plants,     (p.  224.) 

B.  halimitolia,  Linn.  Smooth,  somewhat  scurfy,  6°-12°,  the  branches 
angled ;  leaves  obovate,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed  or  the  upper  ones 
entire  ;  heads  of  whitish  or  yellowish  flowers  scattered  or  in  leafy  pani- 
cles. Mass.,  S. 

19.  FLUCHEA.     (The  Abbe  Pluche,  a  naturalist  of  a  century  ago.) 
(p.  223.) 

P.  blfrons,  DC.  Leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  closely  sessile  or  clasp- 
ing, veiny,  2'-3'  long.  2°-3°.  2J[  Cape  May,  S. 

P.  camphorata,  DC.  Pale ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  thick- 
ish  and  only  obscurely  veiny,  the  larger  ones  short-petioled.  Taller.  ® 
Salt  marshes,  Mass.,  S. 

20.  FILAGO,    COTTON  ROSE.      (Latin:  filum,  a  thread,  from  the 
cottony  hairs.)     (p.  223.) 

F.  Germdnica,  Linn.    HERBA  IMPIA  of  the  old  herbalists  —  the  branches 
with  a  new  generation  of  clustered  heads  rising  out  of  the  parent  cluster 
at  the  top  of  the  stem  (as  if  undutifully  exalting  themselves)  ;  stems  5'- 
10'  high,  crowded  with  the  lanceolate,  erect,  and  entire  cottony  leaves. 
Old  dry  fields  from  N.  Y.,  S.  ;  flowers  summer  and  autumn.    ® 

21.  GNAPHALIUM,  EVERLASTING,  CUDWEED.     (Greek:  lock 
of  wool.)     (p.  223.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  white  or  yellowish-white ;  stem  erect,  l°-2°  high*; 

heads  many,  corymbed.     Common  in  old  fields,  copses,  etc. 

G.  polyce"phalum,  Michx.     Leaves  lanceolate,  with  narrowed  base 
and  wavy  margins,  the  upper  surface  nearly  naked  ;  the  perfect  flowers 
few  in  the  center  of  each  head.     ® 

G.  deciirrens,  Ives.  Common  from  N.  J.  to  Mich,  and  N. ;  leaves 
lance-linear,  cottony  both  sides,  the  base  partly  clasping  and  extending 
down  on  the  stem  ;  many  perfect  flowers  in  the  center  of  each  head.  34 

*  *  Scales  of  the  involucre  tawny-purplish  or  whitish,  not  at  all  showy  or 
petal-like  ;  heads  small,  crowded  in  sessile  clusters  ;  stems  spreading  or 
ascending,  3'-20'  high.    ® 

G.  uligin6sum,  Linn.  An  insignificant  little  weed  in  wet  places,  espe- 
cially roadsides,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  and  inconspicuous  heads 
in  terminal  clusters. 

G.  purpureum,  Linn.  Taller,  with  oblong-spatulate  or  lanceolate 
leaves  green  above  and  white-cottony  beneath,  and  purplish  heads  in 
axillary  clusters,  or  spiked  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem ;  pappus 
plumes  united  at  the  base,  and  all  falling  off  together.  Coast  of  Me.,  S. 

22.  ANTENNARIA,    EVERLASTING.     (Name  from  the  pappus  of 
the  staminate  flowers,  which  resembles  the  antennae  of  certain  insects.) 
2/     (p.  223.) 

A.  plantaginif6lia,  Hook.  Growing  in  patches,  spreading  by  runners 
and  offsets  ;  the  root  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate  and  tufted  ;  flowering 
stems  4'-8'  high,  with  few  and  small  lanceolate  leaves  ;  heads  in  a  small 
corymb,  the  fertile  ones  (pointed,  with  pinkish  styles)  with  narrow  and 
acutish,  the  staminate  (flat-topped)  with  white  and  rounded  scales. 
Sterile  soil ;  common. 

GRATIS  F.    F.  &  G.    BOX.  16 


242  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

23.  ANAPHALIS,    EVERLASTING.      (Greek,   of  no  application.) 
11     (p.  223.) 

A.  margaritacea.  Benth.  &  Hook.  Stem  about  2°  high,  leafy  to  the 
top ;  the  leaves  lance-linear ;  heads  in  a  broad  corymb,  the  fertile  ones 
with  a  few  imperfect  staminate  flowers  in  the  center ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre pearly  white,  rounded.  Dry  soil ;  common. 

24.  HELIPTERUM,  EVERLASTING,  IMMORTELLE.    (Greek  :  sun 
and  wing,  referring  to  the  light  plumed  pappus.)     Also  known  as 
RHODANTHE.     (p.  224.) 

H.  Mangles/'/,  F.  Muell.  Cult,  in  gardens  for  ornament,  from  Aus- 
tralia ;  a  low  smooth  herb,  with  oblong  and  alternate  clasping  entire 
leaves,  and  loosely  corymbed,  showy,  nodding  heads  of  yellow  flowers, 
the  pearly  involucre  obovate  or  obconical,  smooth,  rose  or  white,  very 
ornamental,  in  summer. 

25.  HELICHRYSUM,   EVERLASTING,    IMMORTELLE.     (Greek, 
referring  to  the  golden  flower  heads.)     (p.  223.) 

H.  bracteatum,  Andr.  or  (H.  MACRANTHUM).  From  Australia ;  tall, 
smoothish  or  slightly  downy,  with  lanceolate  leaves ;  large  heads  termi- 
nating the  branches  and  with  some  leaf-like  bracts  on  the  peduncle,  the 
permanent  and  very  numerous  scales  of  the  involucre  very  showy  and 
petal-like,  spreading  in  many  ranks,  golden  yellow,  and  with  white  vari- 
eties. (D  ® 

26.  AMMOBIUM,  EVERLASTING,  IMMORTELLE.  (Greek  :  mean- 
9  ing  living  in  sand.)     ®     (p.  224.) 

A.  alatum,  R.  Br.  l°-3°  high,  rather  cottony  ;  root  leaves  oblong  and 
tapering  downwards  into  a  petiole  ;  stem  leaves  small  and  lanceolate,  and 
extended  down  the  branches  and  stems  in  the  form  of  leaf-like  wings ; 
heads  solitary,  with  pearly  white  involucre  surrounding  yellow  flowers. 
Cult,  from  Australia. 

27.  INULA,  ELECAMPANE.     (Ancient  Latin  name.)     11     (p.  224.) 
/.  Helen/urn,  Linn.     COMMON  ELECAMPANE.    A  stout  herb,  with  stems 

3°-5c  high,  from  a  thick  mucilaginous  root  (used  in  medicine)  ;  leaves 
large,  entire,  woolly  beneath,  those  from  the  root  ovate  and  petioled,  the 
others  partly  clasping ;  heads  large,  but  the  rays  very  narrow.  In  old 
gardens  and  natural  from  Eu.  by  roadsides. 

28.  POLYMNIA,  LEAFCUP.     (The  muse,  Polyhymnia,  the  dedica- 
tion for  no  obvious  reason.)     2/     (P-  226.) 

P.  Canadensis,  Linn.  3°-5°  high,  clammy-hairy ;  leaves  thin,  the 
lower  pinnatifid,  the  upper  3-5-lobed  or  angled  ;  rays  of  the  small  heads 
shorter  than  the  involucre,  few,  pale-yellow  and  broad.  Moist  woods. 

P.  Uvedalia,  Linn.  Roughish-hairy,  stout,  4°-10°  high  ;  leaves  large, 
ovate  and  angled  or  lobed,  the  upper  ones  sessile  ;  rays  of  the  large  head 
10-15,  bright  yellow,  longer  than  the  involucre.  Rich  soil,  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W. 

29.  SILPHIUM,  ROSIN  PLANT.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)     Flowers 
summer  and  autumn,     y.     (p.  226. ) 

*  Leaves  alternate,  large,  most  of  them  petioled. 

+-  The  stout  and  rough  flowering  stems  (3°-6°  high)  leafy  up  to  the  few  large 
heads;  scales  of  involucre  ovate,  with  tapering  and  spreading  rigid  tips. 
S.    laciniatum,    Linn.      ROSINWEED    or    COMPASS    PLANT,    of    prai- 
ries, from  Mich.  W.  and  S.,  so  called  because  the  rough-hairy,  deeply 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.  243 

pinnatifid  root  leaves  (of  ovate  outline)  incline  to  present  their  edges  N. 

and  S. 

•i-  4-  The  slender  smooth  flowering  stems  (4°-10°  high}   leafy  only  near 
the  base,  dividing  above  into  a  panicle  of  many  smaller  heads. 

S.  terebinthinaceum,  Linn.  PRAIRIE  DOCK,  so  called  from  the 
appearance  of  the  large  root  leaves,  which  are  ovate  or  heart-oblong  and 
l°-2°  long,  besides  the  slender  petiole,  the  margins  somewhat  toothed. 
Ohio,  W. 

S.  compdsitum,  Michx.  More  slender  and  smaller,  with  round  heart- 
shaped  leaves  either  toothed  or  cut,  or  divided.  N.  C.,  S. 

*  *  Leaves,  or  many  of  them,  in  whorls  of  3  or  4  along  the  terete  stems, 
rather  small,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed. 

8.  trifoliatum,  Linn.  Stem  smooth,  often  glaucous,  4°-6°  high  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  and  entire  or  nearly  so,  roughish  ;  heads  small.  S.  and  W. 

S.  Asterfscus,  Linn.  Rough-hairy  ;  leaves  usually  coarsely  toothed ; 
heads  fewer  and  larger.  Va.,  S. 

*  *  #  Leaves  opposite  and  clasping  or  connate  ;  stems  leafy  to  the  top. 

8.  integrifdlium,  Michx.  Roughish,  2°-4°  high,  with  terete  stem  and 
lance-ovate,  partly  heart-shaped,  and  entire,  distinct  leaves.  Mich.  W. 
and  S. 

8.  perfoliatum,  Linn.  COP  PLANT.  Very  smooth  square  stems  4°-9° 
high,  around  which  the  ovate,  coarsely  toothed  leaves  are  connate  into  cups 
which  hold  water  from  the  rains.  Mich.,  W.  and  S. 

30.  PARTHENIUM.     (Greek:   virgin,  of    no  application.)      "U     (p. 

227.) 

P.  integrif6lium,  Linn.  A  coarse,  rough  plant,  l°-4°  high,  with 
alternate,  oblong  or  oval,  crenate-toothed  leaves  (the  lower  cut-lobed), 
and  small  whitish  heads  in  a  flat  and  dense  corymb.  Dry  soil,  Md.  to 
Minn,  and  S. 

31.  IV A,  MARSH  ELDER.     (Name  unexplained.)      (p.  223.)     Our 
commonest  species  is 

I.  frut^scens,  Linn.  Nearly  smooth,  shrubby  at  the  base,  3°-8° ; 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  fleshy  ;  greenish-white  heads 
axillary  and  forming  a  leafy  panicled  raceme.  Salt  coast  marshes, 
Mass.,  S. 

32.  AMBROSIA,    RAGWEED.      (The    classical    name.)     (p.  222.) 
Flowers  greenish,  all  summer  and  autumn. 

*  Leaves  all  opposite. 

A.  trffida,  Linn.  Tall,  coarse  herb  along  low  borders  of  streams; 
4°-10°  high,  rough  ;  leaves  deeply  3-lobed  on  margined  petioles,  the 
lobes  lance-ovate  and  serrate ;  staminate  heads  in  racemes,  their  in- 
volucres 3-ribbed  on  one  side,  the  fertile  one  or  fruit  obovate  and  with  6 
or  6  ribs  ending  in  a  tubercle  or  spiny  point.  ® 

*    *  Some  or  all  the  leaves  alternate. 

A.  bidentata,  Michx.  Hairy,  l°-3°  high,  very  leafy;  leaves  alter- 
nate, closely  sessile,  lanceolate,  and  with  a  short  lobe  or  tooth  on  one 
side  near  the  base  ;  heads  in  a  dense  spike,  the  top-shaped  involucre  of 
the  sterile  ones  with  a  large  lanceolate  appendage  on  one  side.  Prairies, 
111.,  S.  and  W. 


244  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

A.  artemisiaef61ia,  Linn.  ROMAN  WORMWOOD,  HOGWEED,  RAGWEED, 
or  BITTERWEED.  Waste  places  and  roadsides ;  l°-3°  high,  hairy  or  rough- 
ish  ;  twice  pinnatifid  leaves,  either  opposite  or  alternate,  pale  or  hoary  be- 
neath ;  staininate  heads  in  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  the  small,  roundish 
fruit  with  about  6  little  teeth  or  spines. 

33.  XANTHIUM,   COCKLEBUR,  CLOTBUR.     (Greek  :  yellow,   the 
plants  said  to  yield  that  color.)     Coarse  and  vile  weeds,  with  stout  and 
low  branching  stems,  alternate  and  petioled,  merely  toothed  or  lobed 
leaves,    and    obscure    greenish    flowers,    produced    all    summer.      ® 
(p.  222.)         #  Triple  spines  in  the  axils  Oj-  the  ieaves. 

X-  spindsum,  Linn.  Stems  slender  and  hoary,  l°-2°  ;  leaves  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  lobed  or  cut ;  fruit  invo- 
lucre ^'  long,  with  1  beak.  Waste  places,  E.  Tropics. 

*  *  No  spines  in  the  axils. 

X.  strumarium,  Linn.  Leaves  cordate  or  ovate,  dentate,  often  lobed ; 
fruit  involucre  £'-§'  long,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  with  nearly  straight 
beaks  and  slender  spines.  Plant  l°-2°.  Waste  places.  Old  World. 

X.  Canade'nse,  Mill.  Stouter ;  fruit  1'  long,  densely  prickly  and 
hispid,  the  beaks  usually  hooked  or  strongly  curved.  Waste  places. 

34.  ZINNIA.      (J.  G.  Zinn,  a  German  botanist.)     Commonly  culti- 
vated for  ornament,     (p.  227.) 

Z.  elegans,  Jacq.  GARDEN  ZINNIA.  Leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped,  half- 
clasping  ;  heads  very  large,  rose-colored,  purple,  violet,  red,  or  white, 
2'-3'  in  diameter,  also  full-double  like  a  small  Dahlia  ;  chaff  of  receptacle 
crested-toothed  at  tip  ;  akenes  barely  2-toothed  at  summit.  Mexico.  ® 
Cult,  in  many  forms  and  under  many  names. 

Z.  pauciflbra,  Linn,  (or  Z.  MULTIFLORA).  Less  common  in  gardens,  being 
less  showy  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  peduncle  hollow,  much  enlarged 
under  the  head ;  rays  obovate,  red- purple  ;  chaff  blunt,  entire ;  akenes 
1-awned.  Mexico.  ® 

Z.  angustifdlia,  HBK.  (Cult,  as  Z.  AtiREA),  from  Mexico;  is  widely 
and  copiously  branched,  rough-hairy,  with  lanceolate  leaves  ;  many  small 
heads  ;  oval  orange-yellow  rays,  and  conspicuously  pointed  chaff. 

35.  HELIOPSIS,   OXEYE.     (Greek-made  name,   from  the  likeness 
to  Sunflower.)     ^     (p.  228.) 

H.  lee  vis,  Pers.  Resembles  a  Sunflower,  but  has  pistillate  rays  and 
4-sided  akenes,  sometimes  without  pappus  ;  l°-4°  high,  smooth  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  lance-ovate,  triple-ribbed,  petioled,  serrate ;  head  of  golden- 
yellow  flowers  (with  linear  rays)  terminating  the  branches,  in  summer ; 
pappus  of  2-4  minute  teeth,  or  0.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

H.  scabra,  Dunal.  Roughish,  particularly  the  leaves,  which  are  more 
narrowly  pointed,  and  the  upper  ones  sometimes  entire ;  rays  broader ; 
pappus  of  2  or  3  conspicuous  teeth.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

36.  ECHINACEA,  PURPLE  CONE-FLOWER.     (Greek;  hedgehog, 
viz.,  receptacle  with  prickly  pointed  chaff.)     2/     (p.  228.) 

E.  purpfcrea,  Moench.  Stems  (usually  smooth)  l°-2°  high,  from  a 
thick  and  black,  pungent-tasted  root  (called  Black  Samson  by  quack- 
doctors),  bearing  ovate  or  lanceolate,  5-nerved  and  veiny  leaves,  the  lower 
long-petioled,  and  terminated  by  a  large  head;  rays  15-20,  dull  rose- 
purple.  Penn.,  W  and  S. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  245 

E.  angu8tif61ia,  DC.  From  Wis.  S.,  is  a  more  slender  form,  bristly- 
hairy,  with  narrow,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  entire  leaves,  and  12-15  brighter- 
colored  rays. 

37.  RUDBECKIA,    CONE-FLOWER.     (Named  for  Hudbeck,  father 
and  son,  Swedish  botanists.)     (p.  228.) 

*  Disk  oblong,  or  in  fruit  cylindrical  and  1'  long,  greenish  yellow,  the 
chaff  very  blunt  and  downy  at  the  end  ;  leaves  all  compound  or  cleft.    11 

R.  laciniata,  Linn.  3°-7°  high,  smooth,  branching  above ;  lowest 
leaves  pinnate  with  5-7  cut  or  cleft  leaflets,  upper  ones  3-5-parted,  or 
the  uppermost  undivided;  heads  long-peduncled,  with  linear  drooping 
rays  l'-2'  long.  Thickets  ;  common. 

*  *  Disk  conical,  dark-purple,  the  chaff  awn-pointed;  lower  leaves  often 

pinnately  parted  or  3-cleft.     ® 

R.  triloba,  Linn.  Hairy,  2°-5°  high,  much  branched ;  upper  leaves 
lance-ovate  and  toothed,  and  the  numerous  small  heads  with  only  about 
8  rays.  Penn.  to  Mo.  and  S. 

*  *  *  Disk  globular,  pale  dull  brownish  (receptacle  sweet-scented),  the 

chaff  blunt  and  downy  at  the  end;  lower  leaves  3-parted.     11 

R.  subtoment6sa,  Pursh.  Somewhat  downy,  with  leafy  stems  3°-5° 
high,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  serrate  upper  leaves  and  short-peduncled  heads. 
Prairies,  Wis.,  W. 

*  *  *  *  Disk  broadly  conical,  dark-colored,  the  soft  chaff  not  pointed; 
rough-hairy  plants  l°-2°  high,  leafy  below,  the  naked  summit  of  the 
stems  or  branches  bearing  single  showy  heads  ;  leaves  simple.     It 

R.  specidsa,  Wend.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  3-5-nerved,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut.  Penn.,  W. 
and  S. 

R.  hfrta,  Linn.  Stems  stout  and  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  nearly  entire, 
triple-ribbed,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  spatulate,  the  upper  sessile. 
N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.;  introduced  into  meadows  E. 

38.  LEPACHYS.    (Greek :  thick  and  scale.)    Receptacle  anise-scented 
when  crushed.     2/     (P-  227.) 

L.  pinnata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Minutely  roughish  and  slightly  hoary ; 
the  slender  leafy  stems  3°-5°  high,  bearing  leaves  of  3-7  lanceolate  leaf- 
lets, and  somewhat  corymbed  heads  with  the  oval  or  oblong  disk  much 
shorter  than  the  oblong,  drooping  yellow  rays  ;  akenes  scarcely  2-toothed, 
flattish,  the  inner  edge  hardly  wing-margined.  Dry  soil,  W.  N.  Y.,  W. 
and  S. 

L.  columnaris,  Torr.  &  Gray.  l°-2°  high,  with  single  or  few  long- 
peduncled  heads,  their  cylindrical  disk  often  becoming  2'  long,  and  longer 
than  the  5-8  broad  drooping  rays,  these  either  yellow,  or  var.  pulche'r- 
rima,  with  the  base  or  lower  half  brown-purple  ;  akenes  1-2-toothed  at 
top  and  winged  down  one  edge.  Prairies,  W. ;  also  cult. 

39.  HELIANTHUS,    SUNFLOWER    (which    the    name    means    in 
Greek).    The  following  are  the  commonest  of  the  numerous  species, 
many  of  which  are  difficult  of  study.     (Lessons,  Fig.  381.)     (p.  227.) 

*  ®  Eeceptacle  flat  and  very  broad;  disk  brownish;   leaves  generally 
alternate,  broad  and  triple-ribbed,  petioled ;  flowers  summer.     Cult,  for 
ornament;  wild  only  far  W.  and  S.  W.  ;  flowers  all  summer. 

H.  animus,  Linn.  COMMON  SUNFLOWER  of  the  gardens,  with  huge 
heads  ;  leaves  green,  roughish,  not  hoary. 


246  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

H.  argophyllus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Texas,  cult,  for  its  hoary-white  foliage  ; 
heads  smaller. 

*  *  2/  Receptacle  and  disk  convex ;  heads  middle-sized  or  rather  small, 
the  disk  various;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate;  flowering  throughout 
late  summer  and  autumn. 

•*-  Disk  dark-purple  or  brown,  contrasting  with  the  yellow  rays. 

++ Leaves  long   and  linear,  l-nerved,   entire,  sessile;  heads  small  and 
mostly  corymbed;  involucre  of  leaf-like  spreading  scales. 

H.  angustifdlius.  Linn.  Slender  rough  stems  2°-6°  high  ;  lower  leaves 
opposite  and  rough,  revolute.  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S. 

H.  orgyalis,  DC.  Stems  (6°-10°  high);  leaves  crowded,  very  narrow, 
alternate,  smooth  ;  flowers  late.  W.  of  the  Miss.  Cult,  for  its  tall  strict 
habit. 

•«-«•  •<-*•  Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  opposite  ;  stems  l°-3°  high,  bearing  solitary 

or  few  long-peduncled,  rather  large  heads;  involucre  of  short,  close 

scales. 

H.  heterophyllus,  Nutt.  Rather  hairy,  with  lowest  leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  upper  ones  lance-linear  and  few ;  scales  of  involucre  lanceolate. 
Low  pine  barrens,  Ga.,  S. 

H.  rigidus,  Desf.  Dry  prairies  W.  and  S.;  rough,  with  thick  firm 
leaves  lance-oblong  or  the  lower  oval ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate  or 
oblong,  blunt. 

•<-  •*-  Disk  yellow  as  well  as  the  rays,  or  hardly  dingy-brownish. 

•w-  Scales  of  the  involucre  short  and  broadly  lanceolate,  regularly  imbri- 
cated, without  leaf-like  tips;  leaves  nearly  all  opposite  and  nearly 
entire. 

H.  occidentals,  Riddell.  Somewhat  hairy,  with  slender  simple  stems 
l°-3°  high,  sending  off  runners  from  base,  naked  above,  bearing  1-5 
heads  ;  lowest  leaves  ovate  or  lance-ovate  ;  upper  ones  narrow,  small  and 
distant.  Ohio,  W.  and  S. 

H.  mdllis,  Lam.  Soft  white-woolly  all  over,  2°-4°  high,  leafy  to  the 
top,  the  leaves  heart-ovate  and  partly  clasping.  Ohio,  W.  and  S. 

•"•  ++  Scales  of  the  involucre  looser  and  leafy-tipped ;  stems  leafy  to  the 
top. 

=  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  not  triple-ribbed. 

H.  gr6sse-serratus,  Martens.  Smooth  and  glaucous,  6°-10° ;  leaves 
long-lanceolate,  petioled,  serrate.  Ohio,  W.  and  S. 

H.  gigant&us,  Linn.  Rough  and  rather  hairy,  3°-10°  high,  with  lance- 
olate serrate,  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  pale-yellow  rays.  Common  in  low 
grounds. 

=  =  Leaves  mainly  opposite,  except  in  the  last,  3-ribbed  at  base  or  triple- 
ribbed.     (Several  species,  the 'following  the  most  important.) 

||  Sessile  or  short-petiolate,  entire,  or  serrulate. 

H.  divaricatus,  Linn.  Common  in  dry  sterile  soil ;  stem  smooth, 
l°-3°  high ;  leaves  rough  ovate -lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  and 
3-nerved  at  the  rounded  sessile  base. 

H.  hirsutus,  Raf.  Differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  rough-hairy  stem 
l°-2°  high,  and  leaves  with  narrower  base  more  or  less  petioled.  Ohio,  W. 

H.  strum6sus,  Linn.  Stems  mostly  smooth,  3°-4°  high  ;  leaves  broadly 
lanceolate  or  lance-ovate,  rough  above  and  whitish  or  white-downy  be- 
neath, their  margins  beset  with  fine  appressed  teeth,  and  petioles  short 
and  margined.  Common. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  247 

II  ||  Leaves  longer-petioled,  coarsely  serrate. 

H.  decape'talus,  Linn.  So  named  because  (like  the  preceding)  it 
commonly  has  10  rays ;  stems  branching,  3°-6°  high ;  leaves  thin  and 
bright-green,  smoothish,  ovate,  coarsely  toothed  and  abruptly  contracted 
into  margined  petioles  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  long  and  loose. 

H.  MULTIFLOKUS,  Linn,  of  gardens,  unknown  wild,  is  probably  a 
modified  form  of  the  last.  The  heads  are  2'-4'  across  and  double  ;  i.e.  all 
the  disk  flowers  ligulate. 

H.  tuber&sus,  Linn.  JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE  (i.e.  Girasole  or  Sun- 
flower in  Italian,  corrupted  in  England  into  Jerusalem);  cult,  for  the 
tubers,  and  run  wild  in  fence  rows  ;  also  native,  Penn.  W.  and  S. ;  5°-7° 
high,  with  triple-ribbed  ovate  petioled  leaves,  rough-hairy  as  well  as  the 
stems,  all  the  upper  ones  alternate,  the  running  rootstocks  ending  in 
ovate  or  oblong  edible  tubers.  (Lessons,  Fig.  101.) 

40.  VERBESINA,   CROWN-BEARD.     (Name    obscure.)     Ours  are 
tall  (4°-7°  high)  branching  herbs,  in  rich  soil,  with  compound  corymbs 
of  small  heads.     11     (p.  227.) 

V.  occidentalis,  Walt.  Stems  4-winged  ;  leaves  smoothish,  large  and 
thin,  ovate  and  opposite  pointed,  at  both  ends ;  flowers  yellow ;  akenes 
wingless.  Penn.  to  111.  and  S. 

V.  Virginica,  Linn.  Of  like  range,  has  stem  less  winged,  smaller 
lance- ovate  alternate  leaves  soft-downy  beneath,  white  flowers,  and 
narrowly  winged  akenes. 

41.  ACTINO'MERIS.     (Greek :  alluding  to  the  irregularity  of  the  rays 
in  the  commonest  species.)     2/     (p.  227.) 

A.  squarr6sa,  Nutt.  Stems  branching,  4°-8°  high ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends ;  heads  numerous,  corymbed ;  spreading 
involucre  ;  4-10  irregular  rays,  and  broadly  winged  akenes  ;  flowers  Sept. 
N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

42.  DAHLIA.     (Named  for  a  Swedish  professor,  Dahl,  contemporary 
with  Linnaeus.)     ^     (p.  227.) 

D.  vari&bilis,  Desf.  COMMON  DAHLIA.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  ovate 
serrate  leaflets ;  heads  large,  much  increased  in  size  and  altered,  of  all 
colors ;  the  ray  flowers  pistillate  ;  roots  fascicled  and  tuberous  (Lessons, 
Fig.  87).  Mexico. 

D.  coccinea,  Cav.  Ray  flowers  scarlet  and  neutral ;  the  disk  flowers 
yellow  ;  outer  involucral  bracts  5,  reflexed.  Mexico. 

43.  COREOPSIS,  TICKSEED.     (From  Greek  for  bug,  from  the  shape 
of  the  akenes.)     Many  wild  species ;  several  cult,  for  ornament,  being 
known  as  CALLIOPSIS.    (See  Lessons,  Figs.  268,  269,  290, 291.)    (p.  227.) 

§  1.  Bays  broad,  coarsely  3-5-toothed;  outer  involucre  not  longer  than 
the  inner;  akenes  orbicular  or  oval,  incurved  when  mature.  Chiefly 
cultivated. 

*  ®  @  Disk  flowers  and  lower  part  of  the  rays  dark-colored  or  brown- 
purple  ;  akenes  in  these  species  wingless  and  nearly  naked  at  top  ;  leaves 
compound. 

C.  tinctdria,  Nutt.  The  commonest  species  of  country  gardens ;  smooth, 
with  lower  leaves  twice-pinnately  divided  into  narrow  leaflets,  numerous 
heads,  and  lower  half  or  sometimes  almost  the  whole  of  rays  brown- 
purple  ;  in  one  variety  they  are  changed  to  tubes.  Minn.,  S. 


248  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

C.  Drumm6ndii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low  and  spreading,  rather  hairy,  with 
leaves  of  3-7  oval  leaflets,  or  some  of  them  simple  ;  heads  on  long  pedun- 
cles ;  very  broad  rays  golden-yellow,  with  small  dark  spot  at  base.  Tex. 
Common  in  gardens. 

*  *  ®  Disk  flowers  yellow;  rays  yellow,  with  a  darker  and  purplish- 

streaked  spot  near  the  base  ;  akenes  winged  and  2-toothed. 

C.  coronata,  Hook.  Low,  with  slender-petioled  leaves  —  oblong  or  spatu- 
late,  or  some  of  them  3-5-parted  —  and  very  long  peduncle ;  rays  broad 
and  handsome.  Tex.  Cult. 

*  *  *  2i  Disk  flowers  and  rays  (!'  long")  entirely  yellow ;  akenes  orbicu- 
lar, much  incurved  and  broadly  winged  when  ripe,  crowned  with  2  little 
teeth  or  scales. 

C.  lanceolata,  Linn.  Wild  W.  and  S.,  and  cult.  ;  l°-2°  high,  smooth 
or  sometimes  downy,  in  tufts,  with  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  entire  leaves, 
mostly  crowded  at  the  base,  and  long  slender  peduncles  ;  flowers  in  early 
summer. 

C.  auriculata,  Linn.  Wild  W.  and  S.,  and  in  some  gardens ;  taller, 
sometimes  with  runners  or  suckers  at  base,  leafy  to  near  the  top  ;  upper 
leaves  oblong,  lower  roundish  and  sometimes  auricled  at  base  or  with  3-6 
lobes  or  leaflets. 

§  2.  Says  entire  or  nearly  so,  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  akenes  oblong,  with 
a  very  narrow  wing  or  border,  not  incurved,  and  obscurely  if  at  all  2- 
toothed  at  the  apex;  scales  of  outer  involucre  narrow  and  entire;  heads 
rather  small,  the  flowers  all  yellow.  11 

*  Low,  l°-3°  Ugh,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  leaves  really  opposite  and  sessile,  but 
divided  into  3  leaflets,  thus  seeming  to  be  6  in  a  whorl.     Wild  chiefly  in 
S.  States;  all  but  the  first  are  cult,  in  gardens. 

C.  senifdlia,  Michx.  Seemingly  6  lance-ovate  and  entire  leaflets  in  a 
whorl  (i.e.  two,  but  each  3-divided),  smooth  or  downy. 

C.  verticillata,  Linn.  The  pair  of  leaves  cut  into  once  or  twice  pin- 
nate almost  thread-shaped  divisions,  smooth. 

C.  delphinif61ia,  Lam.  Very  like  the  last,  but  with  fewer  lance- 
linear  divisions. 

*  *  Tall,  leafy  to  the  top,  with  evidently  opposite  petioled  leaves. 

C.  trlpteris,  Linn.  Stems  simple,  4°-9°  high ;  leaves  of  3-5  lanceo- 
late entire  leaflets ;  heads  corymbed ;  very  short  outer  involucre,  and 
blunt  rays.  Kich  ground,  W.  and  S. 

§  3.  Says  oval  or  oblong,  golden  yellow,  slightly  notched ;  akenes  wing- 
less, not  incurved,  bearing  2  awns  or  teeth  for  a  pappus  ;  outer  involucre 
conspicuous  and  resembling  leaves;  branching  plants  of  wet  grounds, 
with  thin  leaves  mostly  of  3-7  pinnate  toothed  or  cut  veiny  leaflets;  re- 
sembling the  next  genus,  but  the  awns  not  doicmcardly  barbed.  ®  (D 

C.  trichosp^nna,  Michx.  Swamps  mostly  near  the  coast ;  l°-2°  high, 
with  3-7  lanceolate  or  linear  cut-toothed  leaflets  or  divisions ;  numerous 
heads,  and  narrow-oblong  or  linear  wedge-shaped  marginless  akenes  with 
2  stout  teeth. 

C.  aiirea,  Ait.  Upper  leaves  often  simple,  lower  nearly  as  in  the  fore- 
going, and  shorter  wedge-obovate  akenes  with  2  or  4  short,  chaff-like 
teeth.  Va.,  S. 

C.  arist6sa.  Michx.  Leaves  more  compound,  with  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, often  pinnatifid  leaflets,  and  broad-obovate,  very  flat  akenes  slightly 
margined  and  bristly  ciliate,  the  pappus  of  2  Ions;  and  slender  awns,  or 
sometimes  3  or  4,  or  in  one  variety  none  at  all.  Mich.,  W.  and  S. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  249 

44.  BIDENS,  BUR  MARIGOLD,  BEGGAR'S  TICKS,  PITCHFORKS. 

(Latin :  two-toothed,  from  the  usually  2  awns  of  the  pappus.)  Our 
species  (J)  or  (g).  The  akenes  adhere  to  the  dress  or  to  the  fleece  of 
animals  by  their  barbed  awns.  (p.  227. ) 

*  Akenes  broad  and  flat,  with  bristly  ciliate  margins. 
H-  Coarse  and  very  homely  weeds,  commonly  without  any  rays. 

B.  fronddsa,  Linn.  COMMON  BEGGAR'S  TICKS.  Coarse  weed  in  low  or 
manured  grounds ;  2°-6°  high,  branched,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  3-6 
broad  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  leaflets,  outer  involucre  much  longer 
than  the  head,  and  wedge-obovate  akenes  ciliate  with  upturned  bristles, 
and  2-awned. 

B.  connata,  Muhl.  Smooth,  l°-2°  high,  with  simple  lanceolate  and 
taper-pointed  leaves,  or  the  lower  3-divided  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole ; 
smaller  heads  ;  narrow  wedge-shaped  akenes,  minutely  and  downwardly 
ciliate  and  bearing  about  3  awns.  Low  grounds. 

•»-  •*-  Low  smooth  herbs,  with  showy  golden  rays  1'  long. 

B.  chrysanthemoldes,  Michx.  Shallow  water  or  wet  places ;  6'-30' 
high,  with  simple,  lanceolate,  sessile,  serrate  leaves,  outer  involucre 
shorter  than  the  rays,  and  wedge-shaped  akenes  with  almost  prickly, 
downwardly  barbed  margins  and  2-4  awns. 

*  *  Akenes  linear  or  needle-shaped. 

B.  B^ckii,  Torr.  Immersed  in  water,  N.  and  W.,  the  single,  short- 
peduncled  heads  rising  above  the  surface,  and  with  showy  rays ;  leaves 
cut  into  very  numerous,  fine,  hair-like  divisions  ;  awns  of  the  stout  akenes 
4-6,  barbed  near  the  tip. 

B.  bipinnata,  Linn.     l°-3°  high,  branched,  with  1-3-pinnately  parted, 
petioled  leaves  ;  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  ;  small  heads ;  short,  pale-yellow 
rays,  and  slender  akenes  with  3-4  barbed  awns.     Dry  soil,  R.  I.,  S. 
and  W. 

45.  COSMOS.     (Greek:  an  ornament.)     Tall  plants  with  handsome, 
fine,  foliage  and  very  late  flowers.     Cult.     (p.  227.) 

C.  bipinndtus,  Cav.     Leaves  pinnately  divided  into  narrowly  linear  or 
almost  filiform  lobes ;  outer  involucral  scales  ovate-lanceolate  and  acumi- 
nate ;  rays  l'-2'  long,  rose-color,    (i)    Mexico. 

C.  tenuifdlius,  Lindl.  Rather  lower,  the  foliage  still  more  finely  cut ; 
outer  scales  less  acuminate ;  rays  rich  or  dark  purple.  ®  Mexico. 

46.  HELENIUM,  SNEEZEWEED.     (Old  Greek  name.)     (p.  226.) 

H.  autumnale,  Linn.  The  commonest  species,  wild  in  low  grounds  ; 
l°-4°  high,  with  lanceolate,  toothed  leaves,  their  base  often  decurrent  on 
the  stem,  and  a  corymb  of  showy  yellow-flowered  heads,  the  rays  often 
drooping,  in  autumn.  2Z 

47.  GAILLARDIA.     (Gaillard  de  Merentonneau,  a  French  botanist.) 

(p.  226.) 

G.  lanceolata,  Michx.  Leaves  narrow  (mostly  entire),  lanceolate; 
rays  commonly  small  and  few,  yellow,  and  purple  disk  flowers.  S.  Car., 
W.  and  S.  @  2i 

G.  pulch^lla,  Foug.  Wild  from  La.,  W.,  and  cult,  for  ornament  (one 
form  called  G.  pfcxA),  has  broader  leaves,  some  of  them  cut-toothed  or 
lobed,  and  showy  heads  with  the  large  rays  mostly  brownish  crimson- 
purple  with  yellow  tips.  (J) 


250  COMPOSITE  FAMILY. 

Q.  aristata,  Pursh.  More  downy  than  the  last,  less  branched,  with 
large  showy  rays  yellow  throughout,  or  their  base  brown-purple.  In  cul- 
tivation known  as  G.  GRANDIFLORA.  ^  Dak.,  S.  and  W. 

48.  DYSODIA,  FETID  MAEIGOLD.     (Greek :  denoting  ill-scent  of 
the  plant.)     (p.  224.) 

D.  chrysanthemoldes,  Lag.  A  low  weed,  nearly  smooth,  with  spread- 
ing branches,  opposite  pinnately  parted  and  finely  cut  leaves,  and  few 
yellow  rays  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  Roadsides,  W.  and  S.  (D 

49.  TAGETES,    FRENCH    or    AFRICAN    MARIGOLD,   but  from 
South  America  and  Mexico.     (Mythological  name.)     Plants  strong- 
scented;  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  cut-toothed.     ©     (p.  224.) 

T.  erticta,  Linn.  LARGE  AFRICAN  M.  Leaflets  lanceolate,  inflated 
club-shaped  peduncles,  and  heads  of  orange  or  lemon-colored  flowers, 
often  full-double. 

T.  pdtula,  Linn.  FRENCH  M.  With  finer  lance-linear  leaflets,  cylin- 
drical peduncles,  and  narrower  heads,  the  rays  orange  or  with  darker 
stripes. 

7".  signata,  Bartl.  More  delicate,  low,  much-branched  species,  with 
finely  cut  leaves,  slender  peduncles,  and  smaller  heads,  the  5  rays  purple- 
spotted  or  spotted  and  striped  with  darker  orange  at  base. 

50.  ANTHEMIS,   CHAMOMILE.     (Ancient  Greek  name,  from  the 
profusion  of  flowers.)     Natives  of  Old  World.     Peduncles  bearing 
solitary  or  very  few  heads,     (p.  226.) 

*  Says  neutral. 

A.  Cdtufa,  MAYWEED.  Roadsides,  especially  E. ;  low,  strong-scented 
and  acrid,  with  leaves  thrice  pinnately  divided  into  slender  leaflets  or 
lobes,  rather  small  heads  terminating  the  branches,  with  white  rays  and 
yellow  center ;  all  summer.  ®  (Lessons,  Fig.  379.) 

*  *  Says  pistillate. 

A.  arvensis,  Linn.  Resembles  Mayweed  and  grows  in  similar  places, 
but  less  common ;  not  unpleasantly  scented,  has  fertile  rays  and  a  minute 
border  of  pappus.  ®  (f) 

A.  ndbilis,  Linn.  Yields  the  Chamomile-flowers  of  the  apothecaries ; 
spreads  over  the  ground,  very  finely  divided  foliage  pleasantly  strong- 
scented  ;  rays  white  ;  pappus  none.  ^ 

A.  tinctdria,  Linn.  Cult,  for  ornament ;  2°-3°  high,  with  pinnately 
divided  and  again  pinnatifid  or  cut- toothed  leaves  and  heads  as  large  as 
those  of  Oxeye  Daisy,  with  golden-yellow  flowers,  or  the  rays  some- 
times white.  11 

51.  ACHILLEA,     YARROW,      SNEEZEWORT.       (Named      after 
Achilles.}    Leafy -stemmed,  with  small  heads  in  corymbs.    ^    (p.  226.) 

A.  Millef6lium,  Linn.  COMMON  Y.  or  MILFOIL,  abounds  over  fields 
and  hills ;  KX-20'  high,  with  leaves  twice  pinnately  parted  into  very 
slender  and  crowded  linear  3-5-cleft  divisions,  heads  crowded  in  a  close 
flat  corymb,  with  4  or  5  short  rays,  white  (sometimes  rose-colored). 

A.  Ptdrmica,  Linn.  SNEEZEWORT.  Run  wild  from  Eu.  in  a  few  places, 
cult,  in  gardens,  especially  a  full-double  variety ;  leaves  simple,  lance- 
linear,  sharply  cut-serrate ;  heads  in  a  loose  corymb,  with  8-12  or  more 
rather  long  bright  white  rays. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  251 

52.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  including  LEUCANTHEMUM  and  PYRE- 
THRUM.  (Golden  flower  in  Greek;  but  they  are  of  various  colors.) 
All  natives  of  Old  World,  (p.  226.) 

*  Akenes  of  disk  and  ray  flowers  similar,  angled  or  striate,  but  not 
winged. — PYRETHRUMS.     5l 

•*-  Leaves  pinnatisect  or  compound. 

C.  coccineum,  Willd.  (PYRETHRUM  R&SEUM  of  gardens).  A  handsome 
plant  from  Persia,  cult,  in  many  varieties,  the  terminal  solitary  large 
flowers  in  various  colors,  but  chiefly  in  shades  of  red,  and  often  double 
(i.e.,  disk  flowers  radiate);  leaves  finely  pinnatisect,  the  lobes  linear. 
Plant  l°-3°,  smooth,  the  lower  leaves  petioled,  the  upper  sessile.  This 
(with  C.  CINERARKEF6LIUM,  Vis.,  which  has  stem  and  lower  surface  of 
broader-lobed  leaves  canescent)  is  a  source  of  commercial  Pyrethrum 
or  Persian  insect  powder. 

C.  Parthenium,  Bernh.  FEVERFEW.  Smooth,  with  branching,  leafy, 
striate  or  grooved  stems  l°-3° ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  in  outline, 
twice  pinnately  divided  into  coarse  ovate  cut  divisions  ;  flowers  £'  across, 
whitish,  in  corymbs,  the  peduncles  leafy  or  bracted,  the  rays  twice  larger 
than  the  involucre  ;  short  pappus  dentate.  Common  in  old  gardens,  and 
escaped.  Eu. 

C.prce6ltum,Vent.  (PYRETHRUM  PARTHENir6LiuM  of  gardens).  GOLDEN 
FEATHER.  Pubescent,  or  becoming  nearly  smooth,  the  stems  terete ; 
leaves  very  much  cut,  the  segments  oblong ;  peduncles  naked  ;  rays 
thrice  longer  than  the  involucre  ;  short  pappus  entire.  A  yellow-leaved 
form  is  used  for  carpet-bedding.  Asia. 

•*-  -t-  Leaves  toothed  or  sometimes  jagged,  but  not  pinnatisect. 

C.  Leuc&nthemum,  Linn.  OXEYE  DAISY,  WHITEWEED.  Stem  nearly 
simple  and  erect,  smooth,  l°-2° ;  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  sharply  pinna- 
tifid-toothed,  those  on  the  stem  sessile  and  passing  into  bracts  or  wanting 
near  the  top ;  heads  large  and  white,  solitary  and  terminal.  An  abun- 
dant weed  E.  Eu. 

C.  uligindsum,  Pers.  Tall  and  strong,  2°-4°,  very  finely  pubescent; 
leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  sessile,  very  sharply  toothed; 
large  (2'-3'  across)  white  flowers  in  a  terminal  corymb.  Cult.  E.  Eu. 

C.  Bals6mita,  Linn.,  var.  tanacetoldes,  Boiss.  COSTMARY,  MINT  GERA- 
NIUM, LAVENDER  (erroneously).  Tall  grayish-canescent  (at  least  above) 
plant  with  sweet-scented  herbage  ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  long-petioled, 
obtusely  serrate  ;  heads  small  and  yellowish  in  the  common  rayless  form 
(rays  white  when  they  appear,  when  the  plant  is  known  as  C.  BALSAMITA), 
in  a  terminal  cluster.  Asia. 

*  *  Akenes  of  disk  and  ray  flowers  unlike,  those  of  the  rays  winged. 
•*-  Leaves  twice-pinnatifld  or  pinnatisect. 

C.  frutescens,  Linn.  MARGUERITE,  PARIS  DAISY.  Bushy  and  erect, 
woody  at  the  base,  generally  smooth,  slightly  glaucous ;  leaf  segments 
linear,  or  the  uppermost  leaves  reduced  to  trifid  bracts ;  flowers  white 
(rarely  yellowish),  large  (2'-3'  across),  with  spreading  daisy-like  rays, 
all  on  long  naked  peduncles.  Common  in  conservatories.  Canaries.  2Z 

C.  corondrium,  Linn.  SUMMER  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  with  yellow  or  some- 
times whitish  flowers,  cult,  from  Mediterranean  region  ;  smooth,  with 
diffuse  stems ;  leaves  with  auricled  and  clasping  base,  and  lanceolate  or 
linear  cut-toothed  divisions  ;  the  involucre  of  broad  and  scarious  scales.  ® 

*-  •»-  Leaves  lobed,  but  not  pinnatifld.  —  GARDEN  CHRYSANTHEMUMS.     %. 

C.  Sinense,  Sabine.  Canescent  above,  2°-4° ;  the  leaves  ovate  and 
long-petioled,  sinuate-cut  and  lobed,  firm  in  texture,  somewhat  glaucous ; 


252  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

heads  very  large,  immensely  varied  under  cultivation ;  the  scales  of  the 
involucre  with  narrow  scarious  margins,  and  the  tubular  disk  flowers  sub- 
tended by  chaffy  scales.  Japan  ;  parent  of  the  greater  number  of  garden 
forms., 

C.  Indicum,  Linn.  Leaves  more  sharply  cut,  thinner  and  green  ;  invo- 
lucral  scales  with  wide  scarious  margins ;  no  chaff  with  the  tubular  disk 
flowers ;  heads  smaller,  yellow  rays  predominating.  Japan. 

53.  TANACETUM,  TANSY.     (Old  name.)     1).     (p.  222.) 

T.  vulgare,  Linn.  COMMON  TANSY.  Eu.  ;  cult,  in  old  gardens,  and  a 
roadside  weed,  2°-4°  high,  smooth,  strong-scented,  and  acrid,  with  deep 
green  1-3-pinnately  compound  leaves ;  the  leaflets  and  winged  margins  of 
the  petiole  cut-toothed  ;  var.  cafspuM,  leaves  more  cut  and  crisped. 

54.  ARTEMISIA,  WORMWOOD.     (Dedicated  to  Artemis,  the  Greek 
Diana.)     (p.  222.) 

*  Leaves  (and  whole  plant}  smooth  and  green,  or  nearly  so. 

•t-  Very  fine  thread-like  or  capillary  divisions  to  the  1-3-pinnately  divided 
leaves  ;  heads  loosely  panicled. 

A.  Abr6tanum,  Linn.  SOUTHERNWOOD.  From  S.  Eu. ;  cult,  in  gardens 
for  the  pleasant-scented  foliage,  3°-5°  high,  woody-stemmed,  strict.  H 

A.  caudata,  Michx.  Heads  small,  racemed  in  a  wand-like  panicle. 
Sandy  coast  and  lake  shores.  @ 

•<-  -i-  Leaves  not  very  fine  or  finely  cut. 

A.  bie"nnis,  Willd.  Gravelly  banks  and  shores  W.,  becoming  a  weed  E. ; 
l°-3°  high,  with  small  greenish  heads,  much  crowded  in  the  axils  ;  the  once 
or  twice  pinnatifid  leaves  with  their  lobes  linear,  in  the  lower  cut-toothed. 

®  ®        *  *  Leaves  hoary  or  cottony,  at  least  underneath.     11 

A.  Absinthium,  Linn.  WORMWOOD.  Old  gardens  and  a  roadside  weed ; 
strong-scented,  silky-hoary,  with  sterns  2°-4°  high  and  rather  woody  at 
base,  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  parted  leaves  with  lanceolate  lobes,  and 
nodding  hemispherical  heads.  Eu. 

A.  vulgaris,  Linn.  MCGWORT.  Old  gardens  and  roadsides,  from  Eu. ; 
leaves  pinnatifid,  green  above  and  cottony-white  beneath,  their  lance- 
linear  divisions  mostly  cut  and  cleft ;  heads  small,  in  open  panicles. 

A.  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.  Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  cottony-white  on 
both  sides,  many  of  them  entire  or  merely  toothed  ;  heads  larger  in  nar- 
row or  spike-like  panicles.  Mich.,  W.  and  S.  W. 

55.  TUSSILAGO,   COLTSFOOT.     (Latin :   tussis,  a  cough,  for  which 
the  plant  is  a  reputed  remedy.)     11     (p.  225.) 

T.  Fdrfara,  Linn.  Spreading  by  its  creeping  (mucilaginous  and  bitter) 
rootstocks,  which  send  up,  in  earliest  spring,  scaly-bracted  scapes,  3'-6' 
high,  bearing  a  single  Dandelion-like  head,  followed  by  the  rounded  and 
somewhat  angled  or  toothed  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped  leaves,  which 
are  cottony  beneath  when  young.  A  weed  from  Eu.,  common  E. 

56.  ARNICA.     (Old  name,  thought  to  be  a  corruption  of  Ptarmica.} 
The  common  European  species  is  used  in  medicine.     11     (p.  225.) 

A.  midicaulis,  Nutt.  Stem  naked,  bearing  only  1  or  2  pairs  of  small 
leaves,  although  l°-3°  high,  the  main  leaves  being  clustered  at  the  root, 
thickish,  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  3-5-nerved,  mostly  entire,  hairy  ;  heads 
several,  loosely  corymbed,  pretty  large  and  showy,  in  spring.  Low  pine 
barrens,  S.  Penn.,  S. 


COMPOSITE   FAMILY.  253 

57.    SENECIO,   GROUNDSEL.     (Latin :  senex,  an  old  man,  referring 
to  the  hoary  hairs  of  many  species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the  pappus.) 

'P'        ''  *  No  ray  flowers  ;  plant  not  climbing. 

S.  vulgaris,  Linn.  COMMON  GROUNDSEL.  A  low  weed  in  waste  or 
cultivated  grounds  E. ;  corymbose,  nearly  smooth,  with  pinnatifid  and 
toothed  leaves  ;  flowers  yellow.  Eu.  ® 

*  *  Heads  with  no  rays  and  only  6-12  disk  flowers,  small,  yellow ;  stem 

extensively  climbing,  more  or  less  twining. 

S.  sc&ndens,  DC.  Cult,  as  house  plant  under  the  name  of  GERMAN 
IVY,  but  it  is  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  resembles  Ivy  only  in  the 
leaves,  which  are  round  heart-shaped  or  angled  and  with  3-7  pointed  lobes, 
soft  and  tender  in  texture,  and  very  smooth ;  the  flowers  seldom  pro- 
duced, y. 

*  *  *  With  ray  flowers,  native  herbs;  flowers  spring  and  early  summer. 

S.  lob^tus,  Pers.  BUTTERWEED.  Very  smooth,  l°-3°  high,  with 
tender  lyrate-pinnatifid  or  pinnate  and  variously  lobed  leaves ;  small 
heads  in  naked  corymbs,  and  about  12  conspicuous  rays.  N.  Car.,  W. 
and  S. 

S.  aiireus,  Linn.  GOLDEN  KAGWORT,  SQDAWWEED.  Cottony  when 
young,  becoming  smooth  with  age,  sometimes  quite  smooth  when  young, 
with  simple  stems  l°-3°  high  ;  root  leaves  simple  and  in  different  varie- 
ties either  round,  obovate,  heart-shaped,  oblong,  or  spatulate,  crenate  or 
cut-toothed  on  slender  petioles,  lower  stem  leaves  lyrate,  upper  ones  ses- 
sile or  clasping  and  cut-pinnatifid  ;  corymb  umbel-like ;  rays  8-12.  Com- 
mon in  low  grounds,  and  very  variable,  y. 

*  *  *  *  Heads  with  rays  and  numerous  disk  flowers ;  cult,  for  ornament. 

•i-  Flowers  all  yellow,     "ty. 

S.  Cineraria,  DC.  (or  CINERARIA  MAR^TIMA),  of  Mediterranean  coast, 
an  old-fashioned  house  plant,  ash-white  all  over  (whence  the  name  Cine- 
raria and  the  popular  one  of  DUSTY  MILLER),  with  a  woolly  coating; 
the  branching  stems  somewhat  woody  at  base  ;  leaves  pinnately  parted 
and  the  divisions  mostly  sinuate-lobed  ;  the  small  heads  in  a  dense 
corymb. 

S.  Kcempferi,  DC.  (or  FARFUGIUM  GRANDE).  Cult,  in  greenhouses, 
where  it  hardly  ever  flowers  ;  it  is  grown  for  the  foliage,  the  thick  and 
smooth  rounded  and  angled  rather  kidney-shaped  root  leaves  blotched 
with  white ;  some  of  the  flowers  more  or  less  2-lipped.  China  and 
Japan. 

•«-  -»-  Ray  flowers  purple,  violet,  blue,  or  varying  to  white,  those  of  the 
disk  of  similar  colors  or  sometimes  yellow. 

S.  cruentus,  DC.  COMMON  CINERARIA  of  the  greenhouses,  from  Tene- 
riffe ;  herbaceous,  smoothish,  with  the  heart-shaped  and  angled  more  or 
less  cut-toothed  leaves  green  above  and  usually  crimson  or  purple  on  the 
veins  underneath,  the  lower  with  wing-margined  petioles  dilated  into 
clasping  auricles  at  the  base  ;  heads  numerous  in  a  flat  corymb,  the  hand- 
some flowers  purple,  crimson,  blue,  white,  or  party-colored.  2Z 

S.  elegans,  Linn.  PURPLE  RAGWORT.  Smooth  herb,  with  deeply  pin- 
natifid leaves,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  with  half-clasping  base ;  the 
lobes  oblong  and  often  sinuate-toothed  ;  heads  corymbed,  with  yellow  or 
purple  disk  flowers  and  purple  or  rarely  white  rays.  (I)  And  a  full- 
double  variety,  having  the  disk  flowers  turned  into  rays.  11  Cape  of 
Good  Hope. 


254  COMPOSITE  FAMILY. 

58.  OTHONNOFSIS.    (Like  Othonna,  an  allied  genus.)    2    (p.  225.) 

0.  cheirfdlia,  Jaub.  &  Spach.  Succulent  prostrate  herb,  known  in 
this  country  by  the  form  grown  in  window  baskets  as  OTHONNA  CKASSI- 
F6LIA.  Leaves  alternate  and  cylindrical ;  small  terminal  heads  of  yellow 
flowers  on  long  and  slender  pedicels.  A  pretty  hanging- plant.  N.  Africa. 

59.  EMILIA,   TASSEL  FLOWER.     (Name  unexplained.) 
Cultivated  under  the  name  of  CACALIA.     (p.  224.) 

E.  sonchifblia,  DC.  Cult,  as  a  summer  annual,  from  the  Old  World 
tropics  ;  very  smooth  or  a  little  bristly,  pale  or  glaucous,  l°-2°  high,  with 
root  leaves  obovate  and  petioled  ;  stem-leaves  sagittate  and  partly  clasp- 
ing, and  rather  showy  orange-red  heads  in  a  naked  corymb,  in  summer. 

60.  CACALIA,  INDIAN  PLANTAIN.     (Ancient  name. )     Natives  of 
rich  soil.     11     (p.  224.) 

*  Receptacle  flat ;  involucre  with  some  bracts  at  the  base. 

C.  suavfeolens,  Linn.  3°-5°  high,  with  halberd-shaped  serrate  leaves 
on  winged  petioles,  and  rather  large  heads  of  10-30  flowers.  Conn,  to 
la.,  and  S. 

*  *  Receptacle  pointed  in  the  middle ;  involucre  b-flowered,  of  5  scales, 
naked. 

C.  renifdrmis,  Muhl.  N.  J.  to  111.  and  S.  along  the  mountains  ;  4°-9° 
high,  with  large  and  green  repand-toothed  petioled  leaves,  the  lower 
kidney-shaped,  the  upper  fan-shaped. 

C.  atriplicifdlia,  Linn.  Pale  or  glaucous,  with  coarsely  toothed  or 
angled  leaves,  the  lower  almost  kidney-shaped,  the  upper  wedge-shaped. 
N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

C.  tuberdsa,  Nutt.  Wet  prairies,  Ohio,  W. ;  stem  angled  ;  leaves  green, 
thickish,  5-7-nerved,  mostly  entire,  the  lower  lance-oval  and  tapering 
into  long  petioles,  the  upper  short-petioled.  Flowers  in  early  summer. 

61.  ERECHTITES,  FIREWEED.     (An  ancient  name.)     ®    (p.  223.) 

E.  hieracif&lia,  Raf.  One  of  the  plants  called  FIREWEED,  because 
springing  up  where  woods  have  been  cleared  and  ground  burned  over, 
especially  N. ;  very  rank  and  coarse  herb,  with  strong  odor,  often  hairy, 
l°-5°  high,  with  lanceolate  or  oblong  cut-toothed  leaves,  the  upper  with 
auricled  clasping  base,  and  panicled  or  corymbed  heads  of  dull  white 
flowers,  in  fruit  with  copious  white  and  very  soft  downy  pappus. 

62.  CALENDULA,  MARIGOLD.     (Latin  calendce  or  calends;  flower- 
ing through  the  months.)     (p.  226.) 

C.  officinalis,  Linn.  POT  MARIGOLD.  Of  the  Old  World;  cult,  in 
country  gardens,  chiefly  for  the  showy  flowers,  but  the  heads  also  some- 
times dried  and  used  in  culinary  preparations ;  1°  high,  spreading,  with 
green  and  succulent  oblong  and  entire  sessile  leaves,  rather  unpleasantly 
scented,  and  large  head  of  yellow  flowers,  produced  all  summer,  some- 
times nearly  full-double,  most  of  the  corollas  being  strap-shaped.  ® 

63.  XERANTHEMUM,  EVERLASTING,  IMMORTELLE.     (Greek: 
dry  flower.)     (p.  223.) 

X.  dnnuum,  Linn.  Leaves  linear  or  oblong,  revolute  ;  heads  purplish, 
the  scales  dry  and  persistent  and  very  glabrous  ;  2°-3°.  S.  Eu. 


COMPOSITE    FAMILY.  255 

64.  ARCTITTM,  BURDOCK.     (Probably  Greek,  bear,  from  the  spiny 
involucre.)     (p.  222.) 

A.  Ldppa,  Linn.  COMMON  B.  Leaves  large,  loosely  cottony  beneath, 
or  somewhat  naked,  the  lower  heart-shaped,  upper  ovate ;  common  in 
manured  soil  and  barnyards.  Var.  minor  is  smaller  and  smoother,  with 
leaves  tapering  at  the  base,  often  cut-toothed  or  cleft.  Flowers  mostly 
purple,  all  summer  and  autumn.  @  @ 

65.  CNICUS,   THISTLE.      (Old  name.)      Flowers  purple  or  pink, 

•  occasionally  yellow  or  white,  in  summer.     @    2/     (PP-  221,  222.) 

*  All  the  scales  of  the  head  armed  with  spreading  prickly  tips. 

C.  lanceolatus,  Hoffm.  COMMON  or  BULL  T.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  pastures ; 
the  base  of  the  rough,  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves  running  down  the  stem  in 
lobed  prickly  wings  ;  flowers  purple.  (2) 

*  *  All  or  most  of  the  scales  of  the  head  oppressed,  the  innermost  not 

prickly-pointed,  the  outer  with  a  short  prickle  or  point,  or  none. 

••-  Leaves  green  both  sides  or  a  little  cottony  or  cobwebby  underneath. 

C.  arvensis,  Hoffm.  CANADA  T.  A  vile  pest  in  fields  and  meadows 
N.,  nat.  from  Eu. ;  spreading  by  deep,  running  roots  as  well  as  by  seed  ; 
numerous  short-peduncled  heads  only  1'  long,  with  rose-purple  flowers ; 
leaves  moderately  pinnatifid,  weak-prickly.  2/ 

C.  horridulus,  Pursh.  YELLOW  T.  Leaves  very  prickly,  rather  large 
heads  surrounded  at  base  by  an  involucre  or  whorl  of  leaf-like  very 
prickly  bracts  ;  flowers  yellowish  or  purplish.  Sandy  fields  near  the 
coast,  Mass.,  S. 

C.  pumilus,  Torr.  l°-3°  high,  with  lance-oblong  pinnatifid  leaves, 
single  very  large  heads  (almost  2'  across)  of  fragrant  (purple  or  rarely 
white)  flowers,  sometimes  leafy-bracted  at  base.  Me.  to  Pa.  (D 

C.  mtiticus,  Pursh.  Swamps  and  low  ground;  3°-8°  high,  with 
deeply  divided  leaves,  few  or  no  prickles,  and  rather  large  naked  heads, 
most  of  the  scales  pointless ;  flowers  purple.  2Z 

t-  -i-  Leaves  white-cottony  underneath  ;  flowers  purple,  rarely  white. 

C.  altissimua,  Willd.  3°-10°  high,  branching,  leafy  up  to  the  rather 
small  heads,  the  oblong  leaves  wavy  or  only  slightly  pinnatifid,  except  the 
lowest.  @)  y.  Mass,  to  Minn.,  S. 

Var.  discolor,  Gray.  3°-6°  high,  branching  and  leafy,  with  rather 
small  heads,  and  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves,  green  above,  white  beneath, 
their  lobes  narrow  and  prickly  pointed.  @ 

C.  Virginianus,  Pursh.  Stems  rather  simple,  l°-3°  high,  ending  in  a 
long  naked  peduncle ;  leaves  lanceolate  and  slightly  or  not  at  all  pinnati- 
fid ;  head  small.  2/  Plains  and  barrens,  Va.,  W.  and  S. 

66.  CYNARA,  ARTICHOKE.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)     11    (p.  222.) 

C.  Cardunculus,  Linn.  CARDOON.  Leaves  deeply  and  compoundly 
divided  and  prickly,  the  less  fleshy  scales  of  the  head  prickly-tipped  ;  the 
fleshy  leafstalks  and  midrib  eaten  after  being  blanched  in  the  manner  of 
celery.  Strong  thistle-like  plants,  4°-6°.  Eu. 

C.  SCOLYMCS,  ARTICHOKE,  has  less  compound  leaves,  the  ovate  and 
usually  pointless  scales  of  the  involucre  and  the  receptacle  of  the  young 
flower  heads  fleshy,  and  edible  when  cooked.  A  modification  of  the 
above. 


256  COMPOSITE  FAMILY. 

67.  CENTAURilA,  CENTAUREA  or  STAR   THISTLE.     (Chiron 
the  Centaur.)     (p.  222.) 

*  Flowers  all  alike  in  the  head,  the  marginal  ones  not  enlarged  and  ray- 
like  ;  pappus  of  very  short  bristles ;  scales  of  head  with  dark-fringed 
appendage. 

C.  nlgra,  Linn.  KNAPWEED.  A  coarse  weed,  in  fields  and  waste  places 
E.,  nat.  from  Eu. ;  stem  2°  high;  leaves  roughish,  lance-oblong,  the 
lower  with  some  coarse  teeth  ;  flowers  purple.  ^ 

*  *  Marginal  flowers  more  or  less  enlarged,  forming  a  kind  of  false  ray, 
and  sterile;  pappus  of  bristles;  scales  of  head  with  fringed  appendage. 

C.  Cineraria,  Linn,  (or  C.  CANDID^SSIMA).  A  low  species,  cult,  from  S. 
Eu.,  with  very  white-woolly  twice-pinnatifid  leaves,  and  purple  flowers, 
the  outermost  little  enlarged  ;  not  hardy  N.  2£ 

C.  Cyanus,  Linn.  BLUEBOTTLE,  CORNFLOWER,  BACHELOR'S  BUTTON. 
In  gardens,  from  Eu.,  sparingly  running  wild  ;  loosely  cottony,  with 
stem  leaves  linear  and  mostly  entire,  solitary  long-stalked  head,  the  outei 
flowers  very  large  and  blue,  with  white  or  rose-colored  varieties.  ®  (2) 

*  *  *  Marginal  sterile  flowers  many ;  pappus  of  narrow  chaff,  or  none , 

scales  of  head  naked  and  smooth.     Cult,  for  ornament,  from  Asia. 

C.  moschata,  Linn,  (or  C.  SUAVEOLENS  ;  AMBERsdA  MOSCH\TA  and  A, 
ODORATA).  SWEET  SULTAN.  Smooth,  with  mostly  pinnatifid  leaves, 
long-stalked  head  of  yellow,  rose  or  white  fragrant  flowers,  the  outer 
ranks  enlarged,  and  chaffy-bristled  pappus  or  0.  (J) 

68.  CARTHAMUS,   SAFFLOWER,   FALSE    SAFFRON.     (Arabic 
name,  from  the  properties  of  the  orange-colored  flowers,  which  are 
used  in  dyeing  or  coloring  yellow,  as  a  substitute  for  true  Saffron.) 
(p.  222.) 

C.  tinctdrius,  Linn.  Cult,  in  country  gardens,  from  the  Orient ;  smooth, 
6'-12'  high,  with  ovate-oblong  leaves  and  large  head,  in  summer.  ® 

69.  LAMPSANA,   NIPPLEWORT.     (Old  Greek  name.)     (p.  228.) 

L.  commOnis,  Linn.  Homely  weed  E.,  from  Eu. ;  l°-2°,  nearly  smooth, 
slender ;  lower  leaves  ovate  and  somewhat  lyrate  ;  heads  yellow,  small, 
in  loose  panicles.  ® 

70.  KRIGIA,    DWARF    DANDELION.     (David  Krieg,  a  German 
botanical  collector  in  Md.  and  Del.) 

»  ®  Pappus  o/5-7  bristles,  alternating  with  a  like  number  of  roundish 
scales. 

K.  Virglnica,  Willd.  Stems  several-flowered,  2'-12'  high,  branching 
as  they  mature  ;  early  leaves  roundish  and  entire,  the  later  ones  narrow 
and  often  pinnatifid.  N.  and  S. 

*  *  2/  Pappus  of  15-20  bristles,  and  fewer  oblong  scales. 

K.  Dandelion,  Nutt.  Scape  leafless,  6'-18'  high;  leaves  spatulate- 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  few  lobed  ;  root  tuberiferous.  Md.,  S. 

K.  amplexicafclis,  Nutt.  Scape  bearing  1-3  oblong  or  oval  clasping, 
mostly  entire  leaves ;  radical  leaves  toothed  or  lobed,  \ving-petioled.  N. 
andS. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.  257 

71.  CICHORIUM,  SUCCORY,  CICHORY,  or  CHICORY.     (Arabic 
name  of  the  plant. ) 

C.  Intybus,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  Nat.  from  Eu.  by  roadsides,  mainly  E. ; 
leaves  runciuate,  rough-hairy  on  the  midrib,  or  the  upper  ones  on  flower- 
ing stems,  small  and  bract-like,  entire  ;  showy  blue  flowers  opening  only 
in  the  morning  and  in  cloudy  weather ;  root  used  as  substitute  for  coffee. 
Young  shoots  often  grown  as  a  blanched  vegetable.  11  (Lessons,  Figs. 
266,  267,  381.) 

C.  Endivia,  Linn.  ENDIVE.  Leaves  smooth,  slightly  or  deeply  toothed, 
or  much  cut  and  crisped  ;  flowering  stems  leafy,  with  pink-blue  flowers  ; 
spreading  root  leaves  used  as  a  salad.  Old  World.  (D  © 

72.  TRAGOFOGON,  GOAT'S  BEARD.     (Greek:  goafs  beard,  from 
the  pappus.) 

T.  porrifolius,  Linn.  SALSIFY,  OYSTER  PLANT.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  the 
edible  tap-root,  sometimes  running  wild ;  smooth  and  pale,  2°-4°  high, 
branching,  with  long  leaves  tapering  from  a  clasping  base  to  a  slender 
apex,  very  large  heads  on  hollow  peduncle  much  thickened  upwards,  and 
deep  violet-purple  flowers.  (D 

T.  pratensis,  Linn.  Leaves  broader  at  the  base,  and  peduncle  scarcely 
thickened  ;  flowers  yellow.  Nat.  from  Eu.  @ 

73.  LEONTODON,    HAWKBIT.     (Greek:  lion-tooth,  from  the  run- 
cinate  leaves  of  some  species.) 

L.  autumnale,  Linn.  FALL  DANDELION.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  meadows 
and  lawns  E. ;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  laciniate  ;  scapes  slender,  8'-12'  high, 
branching  ;  peduncles  thickish  and  scaly-bracted  next  the  small  head ; 
flowers  summer  and  autumn.  11 

74.  HIERACIUM,  HAWKWEED  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek). 
Flowers  mostly  yellow.     11 

*  Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  with  no  distinct  calyculate  bracts  at  its 

base  ;  pappus  copious,  in  a  single  series. 

H.  aurantlacum,  Linn.  Low,  the  stems  hirsute  and  glandular;  invo- 
lucre with  dark  hairs ;  scape  simple,  with  the  leaves  clustered  near  its 
base ;  flowers  deep  orange  or  orange-red ;  akenes  oblong  and  truncate. 
Eu.  In  gardens,  and  escaped. 

*  *  Involucre  distinctly  imbricated,  or  else  with  calyculate  bracts  at  the 

base;  pappus  scant  (except  in  the  first),  unequal. 

•+-  Heads  large ;  involucre  imbricated. 

H.  Canadense,  Michx.  Stems  simple,  l°-3°  high  and  leafy  up  to  the 
corymbed  summit ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute,  with  a  few  coarse 
teeth ;  heads  rather  large,  with  loose  imbricated  involucre.  N. 

•t-  -t-  Heads  small ;  involucre  little  imbricated,  but  calyculate. 
f*  Akenes  not  tapering  upward;  panicle  rather  broad  (or  not  virgate). 

H.  paniculatum,  Linn.  Stems  slender  and  branching,  leafy,  2°-3° 
high ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  toothed ;  panicle  loose,  of  very  small 
12-20-flowered  heads  on  slender  peduncles,  the  involucre  very  simple. 
N.  and  S. 

H.  vendsum,  Linn.  RATTLESNAKE  WEED.  Very  smooth  or  with  a 
few  hairs;  leaves  chiefly  at  the  root,  obovate  or  oblong,  thin,  purple- 
tinged  beneath  and  purple-veiny  above;  scape  slender,  l°-2°  high,  fork- 
GBAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  EOT.  — 17 


258  COMPOSITE   FAMILY. 

ing  into  2-7  slender  peduncles  bearing  small  about  20-flowered  heads ; 
akenes  linear.     N.,  S.  to  Ga. 

H.  scabrum,  Michx.  Roughish-hairy,  with  rather  stout  simple  stem 
(2°-3°  high),  bearing  obovate  or  oval  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  a  narrow 
panicle  of  many  small  heads,  the  40-50-flowered  involucre  and  stiff 
peduncles  thickly  beset  with  dark  glandular  bristles.  N.,  S.  to  Ga. 

•w-  ++  Akenes  tapering  at  the  top  ;  panicle  narrow  or  virgate. 

H.  longfpilum,  Torr.  So  named  from  the  exceedingly  long  (often  1') 
straight  bristly  hairs  of  the  stem  ;  leaves  narrow-oblong,  entire  ;  panicle 
and  20-30-flowered  involucre  between  the  last  and  the  next.  Mich. ,  W. 
andS. 

H.  Gron6vii,  Linn.  Stems  slender,  leafy,  and  very  hairy  below ; 
leaves  oblong  or  obovate ;  heads  small ;  slender  peduncles  and  20-30- 
flowered  involucre  sparingly  glandular-bristly.  N.  and  S. 

75.  FRENANTHES    (or    NABALUS),     RATTLESNAKE    ROOT. 
(Greek:  drooping  blossom.) 

*  Peduncles  and  V2-AQ-flowered  heads  hairy. 

P.  racemdsa,  Michx.  Smooth  wand-like  stem  2°-5°  high;  leaves 
lance-oblong,  slightly  toothed,  the  upper  ones  partly  clasping;  narrow 
spiked  panicle  of  about  12-flowered  heads.  N. 

P.  aspera,  Michx.  Similar,  but  rough-pubescent,  the  upper  leaves 
not  clasping  and  the  12-14-flowered  heads  mostly  erect  and  larger.  Ohio, 
W.  and  S. 

P.  crepidfnea,  Michx.  Smoother,  with  stout  stem  5°-8°  high,  wide- 
corymbed  panicles  of  20-40-flowered  heads,  brown  pappus,  and  broad 
leaves  6'-12'  long  on  winged  petioles.  Penn.,  W.  and  S. 

*  *  Peduncles  and  5-12-Jlowered  heads  smooth ;  leaves  very  variable. 

P.  altissima,  Linn.  TALL  R.  or  WHITE  LETTUCE.  Rich  woods  N., 
3°-6°  high,  with  long  and  narrow  leafy  panicle,  petioled  leaves  inclined 
to  be  ovate-triangular  ;  heads  5-6-flowered  ;  pappus  dirty  white. 

P.  alba.  Linn.  COMMON  WHITE  LETTUCE,  in  open  woods,  chiefly  N. 
and  W. ;  glaucous,  with  more  corymbed  panicles  of  8-12-flowered  heads, 
usually  more  cut  or  divided  leaves,  and  cinnamon-colored  pappus. 

P.  serpentaria,  Pursh.  LION'S  FOOT,  or  GALL  OF  THE  EARTH.  Com- 
monest in  dry  soil  E.  and  S. ;  l°-4°  high,  with  narrow-corymbed  panicles 
of  8-12-flowered  heads,  and  pappus  dull  straw-color. 

76.  PYRRHOPAPPTTS,    FALSE    DANDELION.      (Greek:   flame- 
colored  pappus ;  this  and  the  leafy  stems  distinguish  this  genus  from 
the  next.)     (£)  © 

P.  Carolinianus,  DC.  l°-2°  high,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves 
often  pinnatifid  or  cut,  the  upper  partly  clasping ;  flowers  spring  and 
summer.  Sandy  fields  from  Md.,  S. 

77.  TARAXACUM,  DANDELION.    (Greek  name  referring  to  medici- 
nal properties  of  the  root. )     @  H     (Lessons,  Fig.  384.) 

T.  officinate,  Weber.  COMMON  D.  In  all  fields,  from  spring  to  autumn. 
Inner  involucre  closes  after  blossoming  till  the  akenes  mature  and  the 
beak  lengthens  and  elevates  the  pappus ;  then  the  involucre  is  reflexed, 
the  pappus  spreads,  and  with  the  fruit  is  blown  away  by  the  wind.  Very 
variable.  Eu. 


COMPOSITE  FAMILY.  259 

78.  CHONDRILLA.     (Ancient  name.) 

C.  juncea,  Linn.  Branching  herb,  smooth  above  but  bristly  below, 
l°-3c,  with  wand-like  stems  ;  root  leaves  runcinate  ;  stem  leaves  few  and 
small,  linear ;  small  yellow  heads  scattered  on  the  nearly  leafless  branches. 
Weed  E.  Eu.  (§) 

79.  LACTUCA,   LETTUCE.     (Latin :  milk,  from  the  juice.)    © 

*  Akenes  very  flat,  with  a  long  filiform  beak.    Flowers  mostly 
yellowish. 

L.  Scariola,  Linn.  PRICKLY  LETTUCE.  Tall  (3°-5°)  and  coarse  weed 
from  Eu. ;  stem  sparsely  prickly  or  bristly  below,  as  also  the  mid-rib 
on  the  under  surface  of  the  oblong  spinulose  leaves ;  heads  small  and 
yellow. 

L.  safiva,  Linn.  GARDEN  LETTUCE.  Supposed  to  be  derived  from  the 
above  ;  the  broad  and  tender  root  leaves  used  for  salad  ;  stem  leaves,  as 
in  the  above  species,  standing  edgewise,  often  exhibiting  polarity. 

L.  Canade"nsis,  Linn.  WILD  LETTUCE.  Tall  and  very  leafy  (4°-9°), 
smooth  or  very  nearly  so  and  glaucous ;  leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the 
upper  lanceolate  and  entire  ;  yellow  heads  in  a  long  panicle.  Common, 
N.  and  S. 

L.  integrif61ia,  Bigel.  Rather  lower  and  less  leafy ;  leaves  undivided, 
oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  entire  or  denticulate ;  heads  yellow  or 
purplish.  N.  and  S. 

L.  hirsuta,  Muhl.  Stems  generally  reddish,  2°-4°,  hirsute  below,  not 
very  leafy ;  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  more  or  less  hirsute ;  heads 
purplish-yellow  or  rarely  whitish.  N.  and  S. 

*  *  Akenes  oblong  and  thickish,  contracted  into  a  short  and  thick  neck; 
flowers  mostly  blue. 

L.  acuminata,  Gray.  3°-6°  high,  with  ovate  or  lance-ovate  barely 
serrate  leaves  on  winged  petioles,  blue  flowers,  and  bright  white  pappus. 
N.  and  S. 

L.  Floridana,  Gaertn.  Penn.  W.  and  S.;  like  the  last,  but  with  all 
the  leaves  or  the  lower  ones  lyrate  or  runcinate,  uppermost  partly  clasp- 
ing. 

L.  leucopheea,  Gray.  Resembles  Wild  Lettuce,  and  with  equally 
variable  lanceolate  or  oblong  often  irregularly  pinnatifld  leaves,  very 
compound  panicle  of  pale  blue  or  bluish-white  flowers,  and  tawny  pappus. 
Low  grounds. 

80.  SONCHTTS,   SOW  THISTLE.     (Ancient  Greek  name.)     Coarse 
weeds,  with  soft-spiny-toothed  runcinate-pinnatifid  leaves;  nat.  from 
Eu.     (Lessons,  Fig.  383.) 

*  ®  Heads  pale  yellow. 

S.  oleraceus,  Linn.  In  manured  soil  and  damp  waste  places ;  l°-5° 
high,  with  acute  auricles  to  the  clasping  base  of  the  leaves,  pale  yellow 
flowers,  and  akenes  wrinkled  transversely. 

S.  dsper,  Vill.  Like  the  last,  but  the  leaves  less  divided  and  more 
spiny- toothed,  the  auricles  of  their  clasping  base  rounded,  and  akenes 
smooth  with  3  nerves  on  each  side. 

*  *  2/  Heads  larger,  bright  yellow. 

S.  arvfnsis,  Linn.;  l°-2°  high  from  creeping  rootstocks,  with  bristly 
peduncles  and  involucre. 


260  LOBELIA   FAMILY. 


LXTT.   LOBELIACE.fi,   LOBELIA  FAMILY, 

Plants  with  milky,  acrid  juice,  alternate,  simple  leaves,  and 
scattered,  racemed  or  panicled  flowers ;  the  calyx  tube  adherent 
to  the  many-seeded  ovary  and  pod;  the  corolla  irregularly 
5-lobed  and  mostly  split  down,  as  it  were,  011  the  upper  side ; 
the  5  stamens  united  into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  filaments 
and  always  by  their  anthers ;  style  only  one. 

1.  LOBELIA.  (Named  after  the  herbalist  De  V  Obel  or  Lobel.)  Tube 
of  the  calyx  and  2-celled  pod  short.  Corolla  split  down  on  one  side, 
the  5  lobes  more  or  less  irregular  or  unequal.  Two  or  all  5  anthers 
bearded  at  top.  (Lessons,  Fig.  285.) 

*  Corolla  normally  deep  red;  stems  tall  and  simple. 

L.  cardinalis,  Linn.  CARDINAL  FLOWER.  Leaves  lance-oblong  ;  ra- 
ceme erect,  of  large  and  showy  flowers,  which  are  very  rarely  rose-colored 
or  even  white.  @  11  Cult. 

*  *  Flowers  blue  or  with  some  white  in  the  throat. 
•«-  Stems  very  diffuse,  almost  trailing. 

L.  Ertnus,  Linn.  The  common  low  and  spreading  little  Lobelia  of 
conservatories  and  summer  gardens,  variable,  grown  under  many  names  ; 
flowers  abundant,  small,  azure-blue,  usually  white  in  the  throat ;  upper 
leaves  narrow,  toothed,  the  lowest  spatulate.  ®  -Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

-»-  -i-  Stems  strict. 
•M-  Flowers  rather  large  (2'  or  more  long}  ;  stems  always  leafy. 

L.  syphilitica,  Linn.  Slightly  hairy,  l°-3°  high,  leafy,  with  ovate- 
oblong  irregularly  toothed  leaves,  dense  leafy  raceme,  hairy  calyx,  and 
corolla  (sometimes  whitish)  almost  1'  long.  Low  grounds.  TJ. 

L.  pub^rula,  Michx.  Minutely  soft-downy,  with  blunter  and  finer- 
toothed  leaves,  and  rather  1-sided  spike  of  smaller  deeper-blue  flowers. 
N.  J.,  S.  and  W.  11 

++  -w  Flowers  small ;  stems  bracteate  or  only  sparingly  leafy. 

L.  spicata,  Lam.  Smoothish,  with  long  and  wand-like  stems  l°-3° 
high,  lowest  leaves  obovate,  upper  ones  narrow  and  small  and  close, 
naked  raceme  of  very  small  flowers.  Common.  (2)  11 

L.  Kalmii.  Linn.  Smooth,  with  branching  stems  5'-12'  high,  obovate 
root-leaves,  few  and  lanceolate  or  linear  stem-leaves,  a  loose  raceme  of 
slender-pediceled,  small,  but  handsome,  bright-blue  flowers,  and  obo- 
vate pods.  (2)  11  Wet  banks  N. 

L.  inflata.  Linn.  INDIAN  TOBACCO.  Somewhat  hairy,  9'-18'  high, 
much  branched,  with  ovate  toothed  leaves,  and  spike-like  leafy  racemes 
of  small  flowers,  the  pale  blue  corolla  only  2"  long,  and  pod  inflated.  ® 
Common  in  fields ;  a  noted  quack  medicine. 

L.  palud6sa.  Nutt.  Stem  slender  and  scape-like,  with  one  or  two 
bracts  ;  leaves  fleshy  and  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  narrow-spatu- 
late,  the  margins  glandular ;  flowers  azure  or  nearly  white,  the  lower  lip 
bearded.  In  water,  Del.,  S. 


CAMPANULA  FAMILY.  261 


LXTTT.    CAMPANTTLACK41,    CAMPANULA  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,,  and  scattered 
flowers,  with  regular  5-lobed  (blue  or  white)  corolla  and  5 
stamens  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx  tube  which  is  adhe- 
rent to  the  2-5-celled,  many-seeded  ovary  and  pod ;  style  1 ; 
stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  separate 
in  all  our  plants  of  the  order,  which  by  this  and  by  the  regular 
corolla  (valvate  in  the  bud)  are  distinguished  from  the 
preceding. 

1.  SPECULAEIA.  Corolla  nearly  wheel-shaped.   Stigmas  3.  Pod  linear  or  narrow  oblong, 

opening  by  a  lateral  valve  or  short  cleft  into  each  cell.    Otherwise  as  in  the  next. 

2.  CAMPANULA.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  or  of  various  shapes.    Stigmas  and  cells  of  the 

short  pod  3-5,  each  cell  of  the  latter  opening  by  a  lateral  valve  or  short  cleft. 

1.  SPECULARIA,  VENUS'S  LOOKING-GLASS.     (Old  Latin  name 
of  European  species  is  Speculum  Veneris.)     © 

S.  Speculum,  DC.  GARDEN  V.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for  ornament,  is  a  low 
herb,  with  oblong  leaves,  pretty  blue  flowers  terminating  the  spreading 
branches,  and  linear  triangular  pod. 

S.  perfoliata,  DC.  Weedy  plant  in  sterile  or  sandy  ground,  with 
simple  stems  3'-20'  high,  furnished  throughout  with  round-heart-shaped 
clasping  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  their  axils,  only  the  later  ones  ex- 
panding a  small  blue  corolla  ;  pod  oblong. 

2.  CAMPANULA,   BELLFLOWER  or  HAREBELL.      (Diminutive 
of  Italian  or  late  Latin  name  for  bell.)     Flowers  summer.     (Lessons, 
Fig.  254.) 

*  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  pod  5 ;  calyx  with  reftexed  leafy  appendages. 

C.  Medium,  Linn.  CANTERBURY  BELLS.  Erect,  branching,  hairy,  with 
coarse  toothed  leaves,  and  oblong  bell-shaped  flowers  2'-3'  long,  often 
double.  Cult.  Eu,  (I)  (2) 

*  *  Stigmas  and  cells  3. 
•H-  Stem  leaves  all  linear  or  lance-linear. 

C.  aparinoldes,  Pursh.  Delicate  weak  stems  8'-20'  high,  and  rough 
backward  on  the  angles,  bearing  small  lance-linear  leaves  and  a  few  small 
whitish  flowers  on  diverging  peduncles,  the  bell-shaped  corolla  3"-4" 
long.  Grassy  wet  places.  2Z 

C.  rotundifdlia,  Linn.  COMMON  HAREBELL.  Tufted  spreading  slender 
stems  o'^12'  high ;  round  or  heart-shaped  root  leaves,  dying  early,  but 
narrow  mostly  linear  stem  leaves  (the  specific  name  therefore  unfortu- 
nate) ;  flowers  few,  slender-peduncled,  the  blue  bell-shaped  corolla  6"-8" 
long,  handsome.  Rocks  N.  2Z 

-*-  -»-  Stem  leaves  lance-ovate  or  broader  ;  flowers  normally  blue. 
•w-  Flowers  paniculate  or  scattered,  long-peduncled. 

C.  Carp&tica,  Jacq.  Smooth,  tufted,  6'-10'  high,  with  roundish  or 
ovate  petioled  small  leaves,  slender  1-flowered  peduncles,  and  open  bell- 
shaped  corolla  about  1'  long. 


262  HEATH   FAMILY. 

**  -M-  Flowers  spicate  or  racemose. 

=  Style  strongly  declined  and  upwardly  curved  ;  corolla  shallow. 
C.   Americana,  Linn.     Rich  moist  ground  especially  W.  ;  stem  3°-6° 
high,  thin,  lance-avate,  taper-pointed,  serrate  leaves,  and  long  loose  spike 
of  flowers,  the  almost  wheel-shaped,  light-blue  corolla  1'  broad,  and  long 
curved  style.    (D  @ 

=  =  Style  straight;  corolla  deep. 

C.  rapunculoldes,  Linn.  Spreading  inveterately  by  the  root,  sparsely 
hairy,  the  erect  leafy  stems  l°-2°  high,  with  lowest  leaves  heart-shaped 
and  petioled,  upper  lance-ovate  and  sessile,  nodding  flowers  in  the  axil 
of  bracts  forming  a  leafy  raceme,  and  tubular-bell-shaped  corolla  1'  long. 
Cult,  and  escaped.  Eu.  2£ 

C.  Trachelium,  Linn.  Roughish-hairy,  2°-3°  high,  with  more  coarsely 
toothed  and  broader  leaves  than  the  last,  and  rattier  larger  bell-shaped 
corolla.  Gardens.  Eu.  2£ 

C.  persicifdlia,  Linn.  Smooth,  with  upright  stems  l°-2i°  high,  and 
bearing  small  lance-linear  leaves,  root  leaves  broader,  all  beset  with 
minute,  close  teeth  ;  the  flowers  nearly  sessile  and  erect,  rather  few  in  a 
sort  of  raceme,  the  open  bell-shaped  corolla  l£'-2'  long,  sometimes  double. 
Cult.  Eu,  H 


LXIV.    ERICACEAE,   HEATH  FAMILY. 

A  very  large  family,  of  shrubs,  herbs,  or  even  small  trees, 
difficult  to  define  as  a  whole  ;  the  leaves  are  simple  and  mostly 
alternate  (sometimes  reduced  to  white  or  colored  scales)  ;  the 
flowers  almost  all  regular,  and  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
stamens  as  there  are  petals  or  lobes  of  the  corolla;  their 
anthers  2-celled,  each  cell  more  commonly  opening  by  a  pore 
or  hole  at  the  end  ;  ovary  mostly  with  as  many  cells  as  there 
are  lobes  to  the  corolla  ;  style  only  one,  and  seeds  small.  The 
HEATH  and  HEATHEB  (the  former  cult,  in  some  greenhouses 
in  several  species,  and  the  latter  sparingly  wild  E.)  belong  to 
this  family,  and  are  distinguished  by  small  or  needle-like  ever- 
green leaves,  the  corolla  becoming  dry  and  persisting,  its  lobes, 
and  those  of  the  calyx,  4  ;  stamens  8. 

I.  WHORTLEBEEEY  SUBFAMILY,  known  by  having 
the  tube  of  the  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  on  which  the 
monopetalous  corolla  and  the  stamens  are  therefore  mounted. 
All  are  shrubs,  with  scaly  buds.  Fruit  a  berry  or  berry-like. 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA.    Stamens  10  ;  anthers  with  the  cells  opening  by  a  chink  at  the  blunt 

or  tapering  top.  Ovary  10-celled  with  one  ovule  in  each  cell,  forming  a  berry  -like 
fruit  containing  10  apparent  seeds,  or  properly  little  stones.  Flowe.-s  in  lateral  ra- 
cemes ;  branchlets  and  leaves  beset  with  resinous  or  clammy  dota. 

2.  VACCINIUM.    Stamens  10  or  8  ;  anthers  tapering  up  into  a  tube  with  a  hole  at  the 

top.  Ovary  with  several  or  many  ovules  in  each  cell,  forming  a  pulpy  many-seeded 
(rarely  rather  few-seeded)  berry. 


HEATH  FAMILY.  263 

8.  CHIOGENES.  Stamens  8 ;  anthers  with  short  cella  minutely  2-pointed,  and  opening 
by  a  large  chink  down  to  the  middle.  Ovary  4-oelled,  in  fruit  a  white  many-seeded 
berry. 

II.   HEATH  SUBFAMILY  PROPER  ;  shrubs  or  small  trees 
with  calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

*  Monopetalous  (or  in  one  of  No.  12  with  two  of  the  petals  nearly  separate). 
+-  Fruit  berry-like,  containing  5-8  seeds  or  very  small  stones. 

4.  AECTOSTAPHYLOS.     Corolla   urn-shaped,    6-toothed,  inclosing  the  10  stamens; 

their  anthers  opening  at  the  top,  and  2-awned  on  the  back.  Drupe  5-10-seeded. 
Calyx  dry  underneath.  Leaves  alternate. 

5.  GAULTHERIA.    Corolla  oblong  or  shortHcylindrical,  5-toothed.    Anthers  10,  4-awned 

or  4-pointed  at  top,  opening  only  there.  Fruit  a  dry  and  many-seeded  pod,  but 
inclosed  in  the  calyx  which  becomes  thick  and  fleshy,  so  that  the  fruit  imitates  a 
berry,  but  has  a  dry  pod  inside.  (Lessons,  Figs.  866,  36T.)  Leaves  alternate,  broad, 
often  spicy-aromatic,  evergreen. 

•i-  -i-  Fruit  dry,  not  berry-like  ;  calyx  separate  from  the  pod, 
++  Corolla  salver-shaped,  5-lobed;  anthers  opening  lengthwise,  not  appendagtd. 

6.  EPIG^EA.    Sepals  5,  thin  and  scale-like,  ovate-lanceolate,  style  slender.    Leaves  ever. 

green,  reticulated,  roundish. 

•H-  ++  Corolla  cylindrical,  urn-shaped,  ovate,  or  globular,  very  rarely  bell-shaped,  the 
orifice  b-toothed ;  anthers  opening  wholly  or  mainly  at  the  top. 

7.  ANDROMEDA.    Calyx  valvate  in  the  early  bud ;  no  brackets.    Corolla  various.    Pod 

globular  or  short-ovate,  5-valved,  loculicidaL    Shrubs. 

8.  OXYDEXDRUM.    Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud ;  no  bractlets.    Corolla  ovate.    Anthers 

awnless.    Pod  conical  or  pyramidal,  5-valved,  loculicidal.    Tree. 

9.  LEUCOTHOE.    Calyx  of  5  almost  separate  sepals  a  little  overlapping  in  the  bud. 

Corolla  ovate-oblong  or  almost  cylindrical.  Anthers  without  tubular  tips.  Pod 
flattish  from  above,  5-valved,  loculicidal.  Shrubs. 

10.  CASSANDRA.    Calyx  of  5  ovate  and  acute  rigid  sepals  overlapping  in  the  bud,  and  a 

pair  of  similar  bractlets  at  its  base.  Corolla  almost  cylindrical.  Anthers  with  tubular 
tips  to  the  cells,  and  no  awns  on  the  back.  Pod  flattish  from  above,  when  ripe  split- 
ting into  an  outer  layer  of  5  valves  and  an  inner  cartilaginous  one  of  10  valves. 
Shrub,  with  leaves  rather  scurfy. 

•H-  -H-  -H-  Corolla  (usually  large)  open  bell-shaped,  saucer-shaped,  funnel-form,  etc., 
5-lobed  or  cleft ;  anthers  short,  without  awns  or  other  appendages,  opening  only 
by  holes  at  the  top  ;  filaments  long  and  slender,  as  is  also  the  style  ;  pod  septi- 
cidal;  leaves  entire. 

-=  No  scaly  buds;  bracts  green,  firm  and  persistent. 

11.  KALMIA.    Corolla  broadly  open,  slightly  5-lobed,  and  with  10  pouches  in  which  the 

10  anthers  are  lodged  until  extricated  by  insects,  when  the  bent  elastic  filaments  fly 
up  and  discharge  the  pollen.  Pod  globular.  Leaves  evergreen.  Flowers  in  umbels 
or  corymb-like  clusters. 

—  =  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  from  large,  scaly,  terminal  buds,  their  thin  scale- 
like  bracts  or  bud  scales  falling  as  the  blossoms  are  developed.  Calyx  often 
minute  or  obsolete. 

1?.  RHODODENDRON.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  or  various,  in  one  species 
strongly  irregular,  the  upper  part  3-lobed,  the  lower  of  2  almost  or  quite  separate 
petals.  Stamens  5-10,  often  curved  to  the  lower  side.  Leaves  evergreen,  or 
deciduous.  Pod  mostly  oblong. 


264  HEATH   FAMILY. 

*  »  Polypetalotis  or  nearly  so;  the  (white)  corolla  of  5  equal  petals,  widely  spreading, 
oval  or  obovate;  leaves  evergreen  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  umbel. 

18.  LEDUM.  Stamens  5-10 ;  anthers  opening  by  holes  at  top.  Pod  5-celled.  Leaves 
alternate,  thinnish,  rusty-woolly  underneath.  Flowers  from  scaly  terminal  buds,  as 
in  Rhododendron. 

14.  LEIOPHYLLUM.    Stamens  10 ;  anthers  opening  lengthwise.    Pod  2-5-ceUed.    Leaves 

email,  smooth  both  sides,  glossy,  mostly  opposite. 

IIL  PYKOLA  SUBFAMILY.  Shrubs,  or  evergreen  herbs, 
with  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  corolla  of  separate  petals, 
anthers  turned  outwards  in  the  bud,  soon  inverted,  when  the 
holes  by  which  they  open  are  at  top  (or  at  bottom  in  Clethra). 
Seeds  innumerable,  with  a  loose  cellular  coat. 

»   Shrubs  ;  leaves  deciduous  ;  flowers  in  hoary  racemes  ;  capsule  3-celled. 

15.  CLETHRA.    Sepals  and  obovate-oblong  petals  5.    Stamens  10 ;  anthers  arrow-shaped 

and  reflexed  in  the  bud,  the  hole  at  the  top  of  each  cell  then  at  the  bottom.  Style 
8-cleft  at  the  apex.  Pod  inclosed  in  the  calyx.  Leaves  alternate,  serrate,  feather- 
veined,  deciduous. 

•  *  Herbs,  or  very  nearly  so,  low  ;  leaves  evergreen  ;  capsule  4-5-celled. 

16.  CHIMAPHILA.    Flowers  several  in  a  corymb  or  umbel,  with  orbicular,  widely  spread- 

ing petals,  2-horned  anthers  on  filaments  enlarged  and  hairy  in  the  middle.  Very 
short,  top-shaped  style  covered  by  a  broad,  orbicular,  stigma,  and  valves  of  pod 
smooth  on  the  edges.  Stems  leafy  below ;  leaves  narrow,  smooth,  and  glossy. 

17.  MONESES.     Flower  solitary,  with  orbicular  widely   spreading  (sometimes  only  4) 

petals,  conspicuously  2-horned  anthers,  large,  5-rayed  stigma  on  a  straight  style, 
and  pod  as  in  the  last  genus  ;  otherwise  like  Pyrola. 

18.  PYROLA.    Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  scape  which  bears  rounded  leaves  at  base. 

Petals  roundish,  more  or  less  concave.  Stamens  10,  with  awl-shaped  filaments. 
Style  long.  Valves  of  pod  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 

IV.  INDIAN  PIPE  SUBFAMILY.  Herbs  destitute  of 
green  foliage,  parasitic  on  roots  of  other  plants ;  flowers  much 
as  in  III. ;  commonly  represented  by  one  genus. 

19.  MONOTROPA.    Calyx  of  2  or  more  deciduous  bract-like  scales.    Corolla  of  4  or  5 

erect  spatnlate  or  wedge-shaped  petals,  resembling  the  scales  of  the  stem.  Stamens 
8  or  10 ;  anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top ;  style  stout ;  stigma 
depressed.  Pod  4-5-celled,  seeds  innumerable,  minute,  resembling  fine  sawdust. 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA,  HUCKLEBERRY.  (Named  for  the  French 
chemist,  Gay-Lussac.*)  Flowers  white  tinged  with  reddish,  in  late 
spring ;  the  edihle  fruit  ripe  late  in  summer,  that  of  the  last  species 
sometimes  gathered  from  the  market.  HUCKLEBERRY  is  a  name  of 
indefinite  application.  It  is  generally  applied  to  the  black-fruited 
species  of  this  genus  and  the  next ;  while  BLUEBERRY  is  used  for  the 
glaucous-blue  species. 

O.  dum&sa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  DWARF  H.  Rather  hairy  or  bristly, 
with  thickish,  rather  shining,  oblong  leaves,  long  racemes,  leaf-like  oval 
bracts  to  the  pedicels,  bell-shaped  corolla,  and  insipid  black  fruit.  Sandy 
soil  near  the  coast. 


HEATH   FAMILY.  265 

G.    fronddsa,    Torr.    &    Gray.      BLUE    TANGLE    or    DANGLEBERRY. 

Branches  diverging,  slender ;  leaves  pale,  white  beneath  ;  racemes  and 
pedicels  slender ;  corolla  short ;  sweet  blue-black  fruit  with  a  bloom.  N. 
Eng.,  S. 

G.  resindsa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  COMMON  or  BLACK  H.  l°-3°  high, 
clammy-resinous  when  young,  with  rigid  branches,  oval  leaves,  short  one- 
sided racemes  in  clusters,  rather  cylindrical  corolla,  and  black  fruit  with- 
out a  bloom.  Woods. 

2.  VACCINIUM,  BLUEBERRY,  CRANBERRY,  &c.     (Ancient  Latin 
name,  of  obscure  meaning.)     (Lessons,  Fig.  274.) 

*  FARKLEBERRY  and  DEERBERRY  ;  erect  shrubs  with  single  axillary  or 
racemed  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  early  summer,  open  bell-shaped 
corolla,  10  stamens,  anthers  with  very  slender  tubes,  and  2  awns  on  the 
back,  and  insipid  berries  ripening  late,  each  of  their  5  cells  divided  in  2, 
and  maturing  few  seeds. 

V.  arb6reum,  Marsh.  FARKLEBERRY.  Open  woods  from  Va.  and  S. 
HI.  S.;  8°-15°  high,  evergreen  far  S.,  with  oval,  glossy  leaves,  anthers 
included  in  the  5-toothed,  white  corolla,  and  black  inealy  berries. 

V.  stamineum,  Linn.  DEERBERRY  or  SQUAW  HUCKLEBERRY.  2°-3° 
high,  rather  downy,  with  dull  and  pale  ovate  or  oval  leaves,  anthers  much 
longer  than  the  greenish  or  whitish  5-cleft  corolla,  and  large  greenish 
berries.  Me.,  W.  and  S. 

*  *  EVERGREEN  BLUEBERRIES  of  the  South,  in  low  pine  barrens,  pro- 

cumbent or  only  l°-2°  high,  with  5-toothed  corolla  and  10  stamens. 

V.  Myrsinltes,  Lam.  Stems  6'-25'  high ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance- 
obovate  £'-!'  long  and  mostly  pale  beneath  ;  berries  black  or  blue. 

V.  crassif61ium,  Andr.  Stems  procumbent,  slender  ;  thick  and  shin- 
ing oval  or  oblong  leaves  $'  or  less  in  length,  their  margins  revolute ; 
globular-bell-shaped  corolla";  berries  black. 

*  *  *  BLUEBERRIES,  beyond  New  England  commonly  called  HUCKLE- 
BERRIES, with  leaves  deciduous  at  least  in  the  Northern  States;  flowers 
in  spring  in  chisters  from  scaly  buds  separate  from  and  rather  earlier 
than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  oblong  or  short  cylindrical,  5-toothed,  inclosing 
the  10  anthers;  berries  ripe  in  summer,  sweet,blue  or  black  with  a  bloom, 
each  of  the  5  many-seeded  cells  divided  into  two. 

V.  virgatum,  Ait.  Low,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  cuneate-oblong, 
acute  and  minutely  serrulate ;  flower  clusters  on  naked  branches  ;  corolla 
rose-color;  berry  black.  S.  Car.,  S. 

Var.  tenellum.  Gray.  Low  grounds  from  Va.  S. ;  small-leaved,  with 
smaller  nearly  white  flowers  in  shorter  clusters. 

V.  Fennsylvanicum,  Lam.  DWARF  EARLY  BLUEBERRY.  Dry  or 
barely  moist  grounds  N. ;  6'-lo'  high,  with  green,  angular  branches, 
mostly  lance-oblong  leaves,  bristly-serrulate  and  smooth  and  shining  both 
sides,  the  sweet  berries  earliest  to  ripen. 

V.  Canad^nse,  Kalm.  Taller,  l°-2°  high,  the  broader  entire  leaves 
and  branchlets  downy.  N. 

V.  vacfllans,  Solander.  Low  PALE  B.  Dry  woodlands,  N.,  and  S. 
to  N.  C.;  l°-3°  high,  with  yellowish  branches,  smooth  and  pale  or  glau- 
cous leaves  obovate  or  oval  and  entire,  and  berries  ripening  later  than  V. 
Pennsylvanicum.  Fruit  much  prized. 

V.  corymb6sum,  Linn.  COMMON  SWAMP  B.  3°-10°  high,  with  oval 
or  oblong  leaves,  either  smooth  or  downy,  pale  or  green,  and  sweetish 
berries  ripening  in  late  summer  ;  in  one  downy-leaved  variety,  pure  black 
without  a  bloom.  Swamps.  Much  gathered  for  market.  Very  variable. 


266  HEATH   FAMILY. 

*  *  *  *  CRANBERRY  ;  creeping  or  trailing,  very  slender,  hardly  woody 
plants,  with  small  evergreen  leaves  whitish  beneath,  single  flowers  in 
summer,  borne  on  slender  erect  pedicels,  pale  rose  corolla,  deeply  parted 
into  4  narrow  reflexed  divisions,  8  anthers  with  very  long  tubes,  but  no 
awns  on  the  back,  and  acid  red  berry  ^-celled,  ripe  in  autumn.  (Lessons, 
Fig.  274.) 

V.  Oxycdccus,  Linn.  SMALL  C.  Cold  peat  bogs  N.  and  E.  ;  a 
delicate  little  plant,  flowering  at  the  end  of  the  stems,  the  ovate  acute 
leaves  (only  J'  long)  with  strongly  revolute  margins ;  berry  only  half  as 
large  as  in  the  next,  often  speckled  with  white,  seldom  gathered  for  market. 
V.  macrocdrpon,  Ait.  LARGE  or  AMERICAN  C.  Stems  1°  to  3° 
long,  growing  on  so  that  the  flowers  become  lateral,  oblong  obtuse  leaves 
sometimes  £'  long,  and  with  less  revolute  margins,  and  berries  £'  or  more 
long ;  largely  cultivated  for  the  market.  Bogs  from  N.  C.,  N.  (Lessons, 
Fig.  371.) 

3.  CHIOGENES.      (Greek-made  name,   alluding  to  the  snow-white 
berries.)     2Z 

C.  serpyllif6lia,  Salisb.  CREEPING  SNOWBERRY.  Peat  bogs  and  mossy 
woods  N.,  and  S.  to  N.  C.  in  Mts.  ;  nearly  herbaceous,  slender,  creeping 
stems,  very  small,  ovate,  pointed  evergreen  leaves,  their  lower  surface 
and  the  branchlets  beset  with  rusty  bristles,  minute  axillary  flowers  in 
late  spring,  and  white  berries  ripe  in  summer ;  these  and  the  foliage  have 
the  flavor  of  Wintergreen. 

4.  ARCTOSTAFHYLOS,  BEARBERRY  (the  name  in  Greek).     2/ 

A.  Uva-TTrsi,  Spreng.  Trailing  over  rocks  and  bare  hills  N.,  forming 
mats,  with  thick,  smooth,  and  entire  obovate  and  spatulate  evergreen 
leaves,  and  small  scaly-bracted  nearly  white  flowers  in  a  short  raceme, 
in  early  spring,  followed  by  the  red  austere  berries.  Leaves  used  in 
medicine,  astringent  and  somewhat  mucilaginous. 

5.  GAULTHERIA,    WINTERGREEN.      (Named  for  Dr.   Gaulthier 
of  Quebec.)     (Lessons,  Figs.  366,  367.)     ^ 

Q.  procdmbens,  Linn.  CREEPING  W.,  BOXBERRY,  CHECKERBERRY, 
etc. ;  common  in  evergreen  and  low  woods,  spreading  by  long  and  slender 
mostly  subterranean  runners,  sending  up  stems  3'-5'  high,  bearing  at 
summit  a  few  obovate  or  oval  leaves  and  in  summer  one  or  two  nodding 
white  flowers  in  the  axils,  the  edible  red  "berries"  lasting  over  winter; 
these  and  the  foliage  familiar  for  their  spicy  flavor,  yielding  the  oil  of 
wintergreen. 

6.  EPIG-2BA.     (Greek:  on  the  ground,  from  the  growth.)     ^ 

E.  r&pens,  Linn.  TRAILING  ARBUTUS  (pronounced  Ar'butus),  GROUND 
LAUREL,  or,  in  N.  Eng.,  MAYFLOWER.  Sandy  or  rocky  woods,  chiefly 
E.,  under  pines,  etc. ;  prostrate,  with  rusty-bristly  shoots,  somewhat 
heart-shaped  leaves,  slender-petioled,  and  small  clusters  of  rose-colored 
or  almost  white  spicy-fragrant  flowers  (which  are  dimorphous)  in  early 
spring. 

7.  ANDROMEDA.      (Mythological  name.)      Flowers  white,    rarely 
tinged  with  rose,  mostly  in  spring. 

*  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  ;  leaves  evergreen;  anthers  2-awned. 

A.  polif6lia,  Linn.  Cold  wet  bogs  N.  ;  6'-18'  high,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;  lanceolate  entire  revolute  leaves  white  beneath  :  flowers  in  a  simple 
terminal  umbel,  the  corolla  almost  globular. 


HEATH  FAMILY.  267 

A.  nltida,  Bartr.  Low  pine  barrens,  N.  C.,  S.;  2°-4°  high,  very  smooth, 
with  3-angled  branchlets,  ovate  or  oblong,  and  entire  glossy  leaves,  abun- 
dant honey-scented  flowers  in  numerous  axillary  clusters,  and  ovate- 
cylindrical  corolla. 

*  *  Flowers  in  naked  one-sided  racemes  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  formed  in  summer  and  opening  early  the  next  spring  ;  leaves 
evergreen;  anthers  awned. 

A.  floribiinda,  Pursh.  3°-10°  high,  very  leafy,  the  lance-oblong  acute 
leaves  serrulate,  with  very  fine  bristly  teeth,  abundance  of  handsome 
flowers,  the  ovate-urn-shaped  corolla  strongly  5-angled ;  along  the  Alle- 
ghanies  S. ,  and  planted. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  on  wood  of  the  previous  year,  in  late 
spring  or  early  summer;  leaves  mostly  deciduous,  but  often  thickish  or 
coriaceous ;  pods  b-angled  by  a  prominent  rib  or  ridge  at  the  lines  of 
opening. 

•*-  Flowers  |  or  more  long,  nodding,  smooth,  clustered  mostly  on  leafless 
shoots:  stamens  2-awned,  or  toothed.  Smooth  ornamental  shrubs, 
2°-4°  high. 

A.  speci6sa,  Michx.  Low  barrens  S.,  barely  hardy  N.  in  cultivation  ; 
with  oval  or  oblong  blunt  and  serrate  leaves,  often  mealy-whitened ; 
corolla  open  bell-shaped. 

A.  Mariana,  Linn.  STAGGBRBUSH  (the  foliage,  said  to  poison  lambs 
and  calves).  Low  grounds  E.  and  S. ;  with  glossy  oval  or  oblong  entire 
veiny  leaves,  and  leaf-like  lanceolate  sepals,  half  the  length  of  the  almost 
cylindrical  corolla. 

•*-  -i-  Flowers  very  small,  with  globular  and  scurfy-pubescent  corolla,' 
stamens  awnless.     Busty  pubescent  or  scurfy  shrubs,  4°-10°  high. 

A.  fermglnea,  Walt.  Low  sandy  grounds  S.  C.,  S.,  with  thick  and 
rigid  mostly  evergreen,  rusty,  obovate  leaves,  the  margins  revolute. 

A.  ligustrina,  Muhl.  Leaves  thin  and  green,  obovate-oblong ;  panicled 
clusters  of  small  flowers.  Can.,  S. 

8.  OXYDENDRUM,    SOREEL    TREE,    SOURWOOD.      (Both  the 

Greek-made  and  English  names  refer  to  the  sour-tasted  leaves. ) 

O.  arbdreum,  DC.  Rich  woods,  Penn.  to  Ind.,  and  S. ;  tree  15°-40° 
high,  smooth,  with  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrulate  leaves  (resem- 
bling those  of  the  Peach),  on  slender  petioles,  and  white  flowers  in  long 
one-sided  racemes  clustered  in  a  loose  panicle  at  the  end  of  the  branches 
of  the  season,  in  early  summer. 

9.  LEUCOTHOE.     (Mythological  name.)     Flowers  white,   in  naked 
scaly-bracted  racemes  or  spikes,  which  are  formed  in  summer  and 
open  the  next  year. 

*  Evergreens  on  moist  banks  of  streams,  with  very  smooth  and  glossy, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate  leaves;  the  rather  catkin-like  dense  racemes 
sessile  in  their  axils  ;  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  short  pedicels  ;  flowers 
in  spring,  exhaling  the  scent  of  Chestnut  blossoms. 

L.  Catesbsei,  Gray.  Abounds  from  Va.  S.,  along  and  near  the  moun- 
tains ;  has  long  recurving  branches,  ovate-lanceolate  and  very  taper- 
pointed  leaves  on  conspicuous  petioles,  and  narrowish  sepals. 

L.  axillaris,  Don.  Broader,  less  pointed  leaves,  on  very  short  petioles, 
and  broad-ovate  sepals.  Low  country  S. ;  flowers  very  early. 


268  HEATH  FAMILY. 

*  #  Deciduous-leaved,  with  one-sided  looser  racemes  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches  ;  flowering  in  late  spring  or  summer  after  the  membranaceous 
leaves  are  developed;  bractlets  close  to  the  calyx,  acute. 

L.  racem6sa,  Gray.  Erect,  4°-8°  high,  with  oblong,  acute,  serrulate 
leaves  a  little  downy  beneath,  long  and  upright  racemes,  and  4-awned 
anthers.  Mass.,  S. 

10.  CASSANDRA,   LEATHERLEAF.     (A  mythological  name.) 

C.  calyculata,  Don.  Wet  bogs  N.  and  mostly  E.;  low,  much-branched 
shrub,  with  small  and  nearly  evergreen  dull  oblong  leaves  sprinkled  with 
some  fine  scurf  or  scaly  atoms,  and  small  white  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves,  forming  one-sided  leafy  racemes,  in  early  spring.  Common. 

11.  KALMIA,  AMERICAN  or  MOUNTAIN  LAUREL.    (Named  for 
Peter  Kalm,  pupil  of  Linnaeus,  who  traveled  in  this  country  before  the 
middle  of  the  last  century.)     Ornamental  shrubs,  scarcely  found  W. 
Flowers  spring  and  early  summer. 

K.  latifdlia,  Linn.  LARGE  MOUNTAIN  L. ;  also  CALICO  BUSH,  SPOOX- 
WOOD,  etc.,  in  Middle  States.  Common  N.  in  damp  grounds  and  along 
the  mountains  S. ,  where  it  forms  very  dense  thickets,  4°-10°  or  even  20° 
high,  with  mostly  alternate  lance-ovate  leaves,  bright  green  both  sides ; 
the  large  and  showy  clusters  of  rose-color  or  white  or  crimson-spotted 
flowers  terminal  and  clammy,  in  early  summer.  Planted. 

K.  aiigustifdlia,  Linn.  SHEEP  L.,  LAMBKILL.  2°-3°  high,  with  narrow- 
oblong,  short-petioled  leaves  opposite  or  in  threes  and  pale  beneath,  and 
corymbs  of  smaller  crimson-purple  flowers  lateral  (in  late  spring),  their 
pedicels  recurved  hi  fruit.  N.,  S.  to  Ga. 

K.  glafcca,  Ait.  Cold  bogs  N.  ;  l°-2°  high,  with  2-edged  branches, 
opposite,  sessile,  oblong  or  linear  leaves  white  beneath  and  with  revolute 
margins,  the  corymbs  of  lilac-purple  flowers  terminal,  in  spring. 

12.  RHODODENDRON,    ROSEBAY,    AZALEA.      (The    name    In 
Greek  means  rose  tree.)    Very  ornamental  shrubs  or  small  trees,  the 
fancy  varieties  much  confused  as  to  species. 

*  TRUE  AZALEAS  or  FALSE  HONEYSUCKLES,  with  deciduous  leaves,  slen- 
der cylindrical  tube  to  the  corolla,  the  chiefly  5  stamens  and  the  style 
long  and  protruded  ;  hardy  ornamental  shrubs. 

i-  Flowers  developed  later  than  the  leaves,  in  summer,  very  fragrant. 

H.  viscdsum,  Torr.  WHITE  SWAMP  HONEYSUCKLE.  4°-10°  high, 
with  bristly  branchlets,  oblong-obovate,  mostly  smooth  leaves  commonly 
pale  or  whitish  beneath,  often  glossy  above,  and  white  or  rosy-tinged 
very  clammy  flowers.  Swamps  E.  and  S. 

t-  t-  Flowers  developed  with  or  rather  before  the  thin  and  veiny  mostly 
,  pubescent  leaves,  in  late  spring. 

R.  nudifldrum,  Torr.  PURPLE  A.  or  PINKSTER  FLOWER.  Swamps  and 
woods,  chiefly  E.  and  S.,  also  cult. ;  3°-6°  high,  with  oblong  or  obovate 
leaves ;  branchlets  and  narrow  tube  of  the  rose  or  pink-red  corolla  rather 
glandular-pubescent,  and  calyx  very  small ;  slightly  fragrant. 

R.  calendulaceum,  Torr.  In  and  near  the  Alleghanies,  especially  S., 
and  cult. ;  has  yellow  or  flame-colored  corolla  and  larger  calyx  lobes  than 
the  preceding ;  not  fragrant. 

R.  flavum,  Don.  (AZ\LEA  P6NTICA.)  Planted  from  the  Old  World,  a 
native  of  the  Caucasus ;  has  large  (2'  or  more  broad)  golden  or  orange- 


HEATH  FAMILY.  269 

yellow  flowers,  terminating  naked  branches,  the  tube  clammy-downy ; 
leaves  large  and  oblong-obovate.  Less  cult,  in  this  country  than  the  next. 
R.  Sinense,  Sweet.  GARDEN  AZALEA.  Bushy  shrub,  with  clusters  of 
mostly  shorter  red  or  yellow  flowers  on  leafy  branches  ;  leaves  smaller, 
oval  or  elliptic.  Two  types  are  in  cultivation.  One,  the  GHENT  AZALEA, 
commonly  called  AZ\LEA  SINENSIS  by  gardeners,  has  flowers  with  narrow 
corolla  tube  which  appear  with  the  leaves.  The  other  type,  called 
A.  MOLLIS,  has  broader  flowers  which  appear  in  advance  of  the  leaves. 

*  *  RHODORA.     Leaves  deciduous;  corolla  strongly  irregular,  the  upper 
pcrrt  S-lobed,  the  lower  of  2  nearly  or  quite  separate  pieces;  10  stamens 
and  the  style  protruded. 

R.  Rhoddra,  Don.  Cold  wet  grounds,  from  Penn.  N.  and  E.  ;  low 
shrub,  with  handsome  rose-pink  flowers  in  spring,  somewhat  earlier  than 
the  pale,  rather  hairy  leaves. 

*  *  *  CHINESE  AZALEAS,  with  thickish  almost  or  quite  evergreen  leaves, 
rather  leafy  calyx,  short-tubed  corolla  approaching  to  bell-shaped,  and 
often  10  stamens,  the  latter  and  the  style  scarcely  or  not  at  all  exserted. 

R.  Indicum,  Sweet  (or  AZALEA  INDICA).  Cult,  from  China  and 
Japan,  etc.;  is  however  the  AZALEA  of  florists,  flowering  in  late  winter 
and  early  spring  in  conservatories,  with  red,  purple,  pink,  white,  or  varie- 
gated showy  flowers,  green  rather  shining  leaves,  and  shoots  beset  with 
appressed  awl- shaped  rusty  bristles. 

*  *  *  *  RHODODENDRON  PROPER.     Leaves  thick  and  usually  persistent ; 
stamens  generally  10,  which,  like  the  style,  are  somewhat  declined  or 
equally  spreading,  but  rarely  exserted. 

•H-  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  smooth ;  branches  stiff  and  erect ;  flowers 
in  early  summer  from  very  large  terminal  buds ;  corolla  broadly  bell- 
shaped. 

R.  maximum,  Linn.  GREAT  R.  or  WILD  LAUREL.  Mountain  sides, 
abundant  through  the  Alleghanies,  and  K,  sparingly  to  Me.  and  Can.  ; 
6°-20°  high,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  (4'-10'  long)  narrowish  below, 
clammy  pedicels,  and  pale  rose  or  nearly  white  corolla  (!'  broad),  greenish 
in  the  throat,  on  the  upper  side  more  or  less  spotted  with  yellow  or  red- 
dish ;  flowers  midsummer. 

R.  Catawbiense,  Michx.  High  Alleghanies  from  Va.  S.,  and  planted  ; 
3°-6°  high,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves  rounded  at  both  ends  and  pale 
beneath  (3'-5'  long),  usually  rusty  pedicels,  and  large,  light  purple  or  lilac 
corolla ;  flowers  early  Summer.  This,  hybridized  with  other  less  hardy 
species,  especially  with  the  next,  and  with  the  tender  R.  arbdreum, 
Smith,  of  the  Himalayas  (cult,  in  conservatories),  gives  rise  to  most  of 
the  various  Rhododendrons  of  ornamental  grounds.  The  forms  partaking 
most  largely  of  Catawbiense  characteristics  are  distinguished  by  broad  and 
flat,  slightly  obovate  and  broad-pointed,  glossy  leaves,  and  by  mauve  or 
light  blue-purple  flowers. 

R.  Pdnticum,  Linn.  From  Asia  Minor,  hardy  when  planted  N.  only 
as  a  low  shrub,  has  obovate-lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  the  base,  and 
a  very  open  bell-shaped  dark  purple  corolla,  in  late  spring.  Ponticum 
varieties  have  narrow  leaves  with  narrow  points,  with  a  tendency  to 
become  revolute  and  less  glossy  than  the  Catawbiense  type,  and  by  less 
pronounced  lilac  or  mauve  tints. 

•»-  •*-  Leaves  evergreen,  but  thinnish  ;  branches  slender  and  spreading  or 
drooping,  roughish ;  flowers  in  early  summer. 

R.  punctatum.  Andr.  Along  the  mountains  from  N.  C.,  S.,  and  spar- 
ingly planted ;  4°-6°  high,  with  oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaves  acute  at 


270  HEATH   FAMILY. 

both  ends,  2'-4'  long,  and  sprinkled,  like  the  branchlets  and  outside  of 
the  rather  small,  short,  funnel-shaped,  rose-colored  corolla,  with  rusty  dots 
or  atoms. 

13.  LEDUM,   LABRADOR  TEA.     (An  old  Greek  name.)    Flowers 
early  summer. 

L.  latifdlium.  Ait.     Low  and  damp  or  wet  grounds  from  Penn.  N. ; 
2°-5°  high,  with  oblong  leaves,  usually  5  stamens,  and  oblong  pods. 

14.  LEIOFHYLIiUM,    SAND   MYRTLE.      (Name  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  smooth  leaf.) 

L.    buxif61ium,    Ell.     Evergreen  shrub    a    few   inches    high,   much 
branched,  with  oval  or  oblong  Myrtle-like  leaves  (from  £'  to  nearly  £' 
),  and  umbels  of  small  white  flowers  in  late  spring.     In  sand,  from 


long),  an 
N.  J.,  S. 


15.  CLETHRA,    WHITE  ALDER.     (Old  Greek  name  of  alder,  from 
some  resemblance  in  the  foliage.)     Flowers  in  summer. 

C.  alnif6lia,  Linn.  Low  grounds ;  3°-10°  high  with  wedge- obovate, 
sharply  serrate,  straight-veined  leaves,  and  pretty,  upright  panicled 
racemes  of  fragrant,  small  flowers. 

16.  CHIMAPHILA,   PIPSISSEWA  or  PRINCE'S   PINE.      (Name 
from  Greek,  means  lover  of  winter,  i.e.  Wintergreen.)     Plants  of  dry 
or  moist  woods,  branched  at  base,  3'-10'  high,  with  fragrant,  wax-like, 
mostly  flesh-colored  flowers,  in  early  summer.     2/ 

C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  not 
spotted ;  flowers  4-7,  with  violet-colored  anthers. 

C.  maculata,  Pursh.  Lower,  3'-6'  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate,  remotely 
toothed  leaves,  blotched  with  white,  and  1-5  flowers. 

17.  MONESES.    ONE-FLOWERED    PYROLA.      (Name    from    the 
Greek,  refers  to  the  solitary  flower. )     Flowering  in  early  summer.     2i 

M.  grandifldra,  Salisb.  Cold  woods  N.  E. ;  with  roundish  and  serrate 
veiny  leaves  about  i'  long,  scape  2'-4'  high,  and  rather  large  white  or 
rose-colored  flower. 

18.  PYROLA,  WINTERGREEN,  SHIN  LEAF.     (Old  name,  diminu- 
tive of  Pyrus,  the  Pear  tree,  the  application  not  obvious.)     Flowers 
mostly  greenish-white,  in  summer.     2/     (Lessons,  Fig.  307.) 

#  Flowers  all  turned  to   one  side,  rather  spreading  than  nodding,  the 
petals  conniving  ;  stamens  and  style  straight ;  stigma  large  and  5-rayed. 

P.  seciinda,  Linn.  Rich  woods  N.  and  E.  ;  slender,  3Mi'  high,  with 
thin,  ovate  leaves  and  dense,  spike-like  raceme. 

*  *  Flowers  nodding,  the  petals  partly  expanding,  the  hanging  style  more 

or  less  curved,  tipped  with  a  narrow  stigma,  and  stamens  ascending. 

P.  chlorantha,  Swartz.  Scape  5'-6'  high,  with  a  few  greenish-white 
flowers,  thick  but  dull  roundish  leaves  only  1'  long,  and  anthers  short- 
horned.  Open  woods  N. 

P.  elliptica.  Nutt.  SHIN  LEAF.  Taller ;  leaves  thinnish  and  dull, 
upright,  on  rather  long  and  margined  petioles ;  the  greenish- white  flowers 
nearly  as  in  the  following.  Md.,  N.  and  W. 


LEADWORT   FAMILY.  271 

P.  rotundif&lia,  Linn.  Damp  or  sandy  woods  ;  has  thick  and  shining 
round  leaves  on  short  petioles,  many-flowered  raceme,  and  blunt  anthers ; 
a  variety  in  bogs  has  rose-purple  flowers.  Very  variable  in  shape  of  leaves. 

19.  MONOTROPA,  INDIAN  PIPE.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  refers 
to  the  flower  or  summit  of  the  stem  turned  over  to  one  side  or  hanging ; 
in  fruit  it  straightens.)  Flowers  summer.  Parasitic  on  the  roots  of  trees. 

M.  unifldra,  Linn.  COMMON  INDIAN  PIPE  or  CORPSE  PLANT.  Rich 
woods ;  smooth,  waxy -white  all  over  (turning  black  in  drying) ,  3'-6' 
high,  with  one  rather  large  nodding  flower  of  5  petals  and  10  stamens. 

M.  Hypdpitys,  Linn.  PINESAP  or  FALSE  BEECH  DROPS.  In  Oak 
and  Pine  woods;  rather  downy,  tawny  or  reddish,  fragrant,  4'-12'  high, 
with  several  smallish  flowers  in  a  scaly  raceme,  having  4  petals  and  8 
stamens,  or  the  uppermost  5  petals  and  10  stamens. 


LXV.   DIAPENSIACKE,   DIAPENSIA  FAMILY. 

Low  and  prostrate  or  tufted  plants,  herbaceous  or  soft-woody, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  small  and  simple,  without  sti- 
pules ;  flowers  regular,  all  the  parts  in  5's,  except  the  ovary, 
which  is  3-celled  and  with  a  single  3-lobed  style ;  stamens  ad- 
nate  to  the  corolla  and  sometimes  united  together,  and  those 
opposite  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (if  any)  reduced  to  staminodia. 

1.  PYXIDANTHEKA.    Staminodia  absent.    Flowers  solitary  and  sessile  on  short,  leafy 

branchlets.    Calyx  conspicuously  bracteate. 

2.  GALAX.    Staminodia  present.    Flowers  in  a  narrow  spike  on  a  slender,  naked  scape. 

Calyx  minutely  2-bracteolate. 

1.  FYXID  ANTHER  A.     (Greek:  small  6ox,  anther.}     24 

P.  barbulata,  Michx.  PIXY,  FLOWERING  Moss.  A  handsome,  trail- 
ing little  plant  in  the  sandy  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  and  S.,  flowering  in 
early  spring ;  leaves  small  and  linear-oblanceolate,  sharp-pointed  ;  flowers 
(appearing  as  if  clustered,  from  the  shortness  of  the  branchlets)  very 
numerous,  white  or  blush ;  anther  cells  awn-pointed  at  the  base,  opening 
by  a  transverse  line. 

2.  GALAX.     (Greek  :  milk,  of  no  application.)     1L 

G.  aphylla,  Linn.  Leaves  Pyrola-like,  round-heart-shaped  and  cre- 
nate,  tufted  from  scaly  creeping  rootstocks  ;  scape  l°-2°,  bearing  a  wand- 
like  raceme  or  spike  of  small  white  flowers ;  in  open  woods,  Va.,  S. 

LXVI.   PLTJMBAGINACEJ1,   LEADWORT  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  flowers  with  parts  five  throughout,  viz.  5- 
lobed  plaited  calyx,  5  stamens  opposite  as  many  petals  or  lobes 
of  the  corolla  and  almost  separate  from  them,  5  styles  or  5 
stigmas,  and  the  free  ovary  1-celled,  containing  a  single  ovule 
hanging  on  a  slender  stalk  which  rises  from  its  base ;  the  fruit 
a  small  utricle. 


272  LEAD  WORT   FAMILY. 

§  1.  Low  hardy  herbs,  with  leaves  all  from  the  root,  and  flowers  on  scapes,  having  n 
funnel-shaped  scarious  calyx,  nearly  or  quite  separate  petals  tapering  at  base, 
and  5  almost  or  quite  separate  styles. 

1.  ABMERIA.    Tufted  plants  with  evergreen,  very  narrow  and  entire  leaves,  simple 

scapes  bearing  a  head  of  rose-colored  flowers,  and  styles  plumose-hairy  towards  the 
base. 

2.  8TATICE.    Broadish-leaved  herbs,  with  scapes  branching  into  a  panicle,  bearing  3- 

bracted  flowers  or  clusters ;  styles  smooth. 

§  2.  Plants  of  warm  regions,  with  branching,  mostly  woody  stems,  bearing  alternate, 
entire  leaves,  and  bracted  spikes  of  handsome  flowers,  having  a  tubular  calyx 
and  corolla,  and  one  style  bearing  5  stigmas. 

3.  PLUMBAGO.    Calyx  5-toothed  at  the  apex,  glandular  along  the  5  ribs  or  angles. 

Corolla  salver-form,  with  long  tube.    Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

4.  CERATOSTIGMA.    Calyx  strongly  5-toothed,  10-ribbed  at  the  base,  glandless.  Stamens 

adnate  to  the  corolla  tube  at  its  middle. 

1.  ARMERIA,  THRIFT.     (Old  name.)    Flowers  summer.     11 

A.  elongata,  Hoffm.  (or  A.  VULGARIS  ;  also  called  A.  MAR^TIMA). 
COMMON  THRIFT.  Wild  on  shores  of  Eu.  and  Arctic  America,  cult,  in 
gardens  for  edgings,  etc.,  with  short,  spreading,  grass-like  leaves  and  scape 
3'-6'  high. 

2.  STATICE.     (Ancient  Greek  :  meaning  astringent,  the  roots  used  as 
such  in  popular  medicine.)     A  few  species  of  the  Old  World  are  cult, 
in  choice  gardens,  but  not  commonly.     11 

S.  Lim6nium,  Linn.  SEA  LAVENDER  or  MARSH  ROSEMARY.  Along 
the  coast  in  salt  marshes  in  several  varieties,  with  oblong  or  spatulate 
thick  and  pale  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  scapes  l°-2°  high,  bearing 
lavender-colored  flowers  all  summer. 

S.  sinuata,  Linn.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu.;  leaves  runcinate  or  sinuate-lobed 
and  hairy ;  scape  dichotomously  branched,  strongly  winged,  as  are  also 
the  peduncles  of  the  clusters  of  handsome  lilac  flowers. 

3.  PLUMBAGO,    LEADWORT   (which   the    Latin  name  denotes.) 
The  following  are  cult,  in  conservatories,  or  turned  out  to  flower  all 
summer.  ,  piowers  ^iue  or  vioi^ 

P.  Capensis,  Thunb.  Stems  somewhat  climbing,  angled  ;  leaves  oblong- 
spatulate,  entire;  corolla  large,  pale  or  lead-blue,  the  tube  li'  long;  calyx 
tube  glandular-hispid.  S.  Africa. 

*  *  Flowers  red. 

P.  cocclnea,  DC.  Herbaceous  ;  leaves  large,  oblong,  the  showy  flowers 
in  terminal  or  axillary  spikes.  E.  Indies. 

*  *  *  Flowers  white. 

P.  Zeyldnica,  Linn.  Stem  somewhat  climbing,  angled ;  leaves  ovate 
or  oblong;  flowers  in  long  spikes,  the  calyx  tube  glabrous  or  minutely 
glandular.  E.  Indies. 

4.  CERATOSTIGMA.     (Greek :  horn,  stigma.-)     11 

C.  plumbaginoldes,  Bunge  (or  PLUMBAGO  LARPENT^E).  Stem  slen- 
der and  zigzag,  somewhat  hairy  and  scaly  ;  leaves  firm,  obovate,  finely 
serrate  ;  flowers  violet,  in  close  terminal  clusters.  Houses  and  borders, 
not  yet  common.  China. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.  273 


LXVH   PRIMULACE2E,   PRIMKOSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  regular  perfect  flowers,  the  stamens  borne  on 
the  corolla  and  as  many  as  its  divisions  and  opposite  them, 
one  style  and  stigma,  and  many  or  sometimes  few  ovules  on  a 
free  central  placenta  of  the  one-celled  ovary,  in  fruit  a  pod. 

*  Plant  with  hollow,  inflated,  leafy  stems  ;  the  leaves  whorled  or  scattered,  the  lower 
onet  pinnately  parted  ;  parts  of  the  flower  5. 

1.  HOTTONIA.    Calyx  6-parted.    Corolla  short  salver-shaped,  stamens  included.    Pod 

opening  by  5  clefts  down  the  side,  many-seeded.  Flowers  small,  in  whorls  along  the 
upper  part  of  the  stem  and  branches. 

*  *  Plant  with  leaves  all  from  the  root  and  simple  ;  the  flowers  on  a  scape. 
•«-  Fibrous-rooted  or  rhizomalous. 

2.  PRIMULA.    Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  often  angled.    Corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel- 

shaped,  with  5  spreading  lobes ;  the  stamens  included  In  its  tube.  Pod  opening  by 
valves  or  teeth  at  the  top.  Flowers  in  an  umbel,  which  is  sessile  in  one  species,  but 
usually  raised  on  a  scape. 

8.  DODECATHEON.  Calyx  6-parted,  reflexed.  Corolla  5-parted;  the  divisions  lanceo- 
late, strongly  reflexed.  Stamens  conniving  in  a  long  slender  cone,  the  linear  anthers 
very  much  longer  than  the  short  partly  monadelphous  filaments.  Pod  splitting  into 
5  valves.  Flowers  in  an  umbel. 

•»-  -i-  Plant  with  depressed  or  biscuit -shaped  fleshy  corn. 

4.  CYCLAMEN.    Flower  resembling  that  of  Dodecatheon,  but  only  one  on  a  scape  or 

stalk.    Anthers  sessile,  pointed. 

»  *  *  Plant  with  leafy  stems,  the  leaves  simple  and  chiefly  entire. 
•»-  Leaves  in  one  whorl  at  the  summit  of  the  slender  stem  ;  parts  of  the  flower  7. 

5.  TEIENTALIS.    Calyx  and  corolla  wheel-shaped,  of  mostly  7  divisions  united  only  at 

base,  those  of  the  former  linear-lanceolate,  of  the  latter  oblong,  of  both  pointed.    Fila- 
ments united  in  a  ring  at  base ;  anthers  oblong,  curving  when  old.    Flowers  white. 
+-  +-  Leaves  generally  in  pairs  or  whorls  along  the  stems  ;  parts  of  the  flower  mostly  5. 
++  Flowers  yellow  (or  in  7  with  purple  dots). 

6.  STEIRONEMA.    Calyx  5-parted.    Staminodia  6,  subulate,  alternating  with  the  fila- 

ments, which  are  distinct  or  nearly  so  on  a  ring  at  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Capsule 
10-20-seeded.  Leaves  opposite,  but  often  seeming  to  be  whorled,  not  dotted. 

7.  LYSIMACHIA.    Calyx  5-6-parted.    Staminodia  0.    Filaments  usually  united  at  the 

base.  Capsule  few-several-seeded.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  (or  even  imper- 
fectly alternate),  dotted. 

•H-  -H-  Corolla  red,  blue,  or  white. 

8.  ANAGALLIS.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  the  5  divisions  broad.    Filaments  bearded.    Pod 

(a  pyxis)  open  by  a  transverse  division,  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid,  many-seeded. 
•»-•«-••-  Leaves  alternate  along  the  branching  stems ;  base  of  calyx  and  ovary  coherent. 

9.  8AMOLUS.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  with  a  little  body  like  a  sterile 

filament  in  the  clefts.  Stamens  included.  Pod  many-seeded,  splitting  into  5  valves. 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  racemes. 

1.    HOTTONIA,    WATER  VIOLET  or  FEATHER-FOIL.     (Named 
for  Prof.  Hotton  of  Holland.)     Flowers  summer.     2/ 

H.   inflita,  Ell.    A  singular  plant  in  pools  and  ditches,  Mass.,  S.  ; 
smooth,  with  stems  and  branches  much  inflated  except  at  the  joints,  bear- 
ing finely  cut  pectinate  leaves  ;  flowers  white. 
GRAY'S  F.  p.  &  G.  BOX.  —  18 


274  PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

2.  PRIMULA,  PRIMROSE,   COWSLIP,  etc.     (Name  from  primus, 
spring,  from  the  flowering  time  of  true  Primrose. )     1J.    Two  small 
species  are  scarce  along  our  northern  borders  (see  Manual)  ;  the  fol- 
lowing are  the  common  ones  cult,  for  ornament. 

*  Calyx  large  and  loose,  either  much  inflated  or  shallow-cup-shaped. 

P.  Sinensis,  Sabine.  CHINESE  PRIMROSE.  A  downy  plant,  with  often 
proliferous  umbels  of  large  and  showy  flowers,  purple,  rose,  or  white, 
sometimes  double,  in  one  variety  cut-fringed ;  tender  house  plant,  with 
inflated  conical  calyx,  and  round  heart-shaped  7-9-lobed  and  variously 
cut  or  even  crisped  leaves. 

P.  obcdnica,  Hance.  A  pretty  pot  plant,  with  leaves  all  radical  and 
ovate-cordate  (the  sharp  hairs  irritating-poisonous  to  some  people), 
and  slender  scapes  6'-12' ;  flowers  blush-lilac  or  purple,  often  drooping, 
the  obconical  petals  deeply  notched,  the  tube  twice  longer  than  the  almost 
saucer-shaped  green  and  shallow  calyx.  China. 

*  *  Calyx  ordinary,  neither  truly  inflated  (but  often  loose)  nor  shallow- 
spreading. 

•»-  Hardy,  or  nearly  so,  from  Eu.,  with  large  tubular  or  oblong-bell- 
shaped  angled  calyx  about  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube,  and  wrin- 
kled-veiny, oblong-cordate,  or  spatulate  leaves  tapering  into  short 
wing-margined  petioles  ;  flowers  naturally  yellow,  in  spring. 

P.  grand/flora,  Lam.  (or  P.  VULGA.RIS  and  P.  ACADLIS).  TRUE  PRIM- 
ROSE, has  leaves  somewhat  hairy  beneath,  and  the  large  flowers  rising  on 
slender  pedicels  from  their  axils,  the  proper  scapes  not  developed  ;  corolla 
flat,  sulphur-yellow. 

P.  officinalis,  Jacq.  (or  P.  VERIS).  ENGLISH  COWSLIP.  Somewhat 
pubescent  with  minute,  pale  down,  scapes  bearing  the  umbels  above  the 
leaves,  much  smaller  flowers  of  deeper  color,  and  the  limb  of  corolla 
rather  concave  or  cup-like,  the  throat  commonly  orange.  The  sorts  of 
POLYANTHUS  are  cultivated  varieties,  with  flowers  enlarged,  of  various 
colors,  or  party-colored,  often  more  or  less  double. 

+-  i-  Hardy  or  half  hardy,  with  small  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  and  smaller  leaves. 

**  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  hairy. 

P.  cortusoJdes,  Linn.  Leaves  soft,  with  doubly  dentate  margins ; 
scapes  tall  (8'-16')  and  hairy,  bearing  an  umbel  of  deep  rose-colored 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels  1'  or  2'  long,  the  flowers  Phlox-like,  with 
broadly  obcordate  petals.  Russia  to  Japan. 

**  •"•  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  not  hairy. 

P.  denticulate,  Smith.  Low,  with  a  cluster  of  radical  tongue-shaped  or 
spatulate  denticulate  or  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  a  capitate  cluster  of 
small,  bright  lilac  flowers,  the  narrow  petals  deeply  notched.  China  and 
India. 

P.  Auricula,  Linn.  AURICULA.  Of  S.  Eu.  ;  low,  with  sessile  leaves, 
and  scape  bearing  a  few  fragrant  flowers,  these  pale  yellow,  with  varie- 
ties white,  purple,  or  of  various  hues,  sometimes  full  double,  and  smooth 
and  thick  obovate  leaves,  mostly  covered  with  some  fine  mealiness  ;  petals 
broad,  obcordate.  Well-known  garden  plant,  scarcely  hardy  N. 

3.  DODECATHEON.    (Fanciful  name,  from  Greek  for  twelve  gods.)   H 

D.  Meadia,  Linn.  SHOOTING  STAR,  AMERICAN  COWSLIP.  In  rich 
open  woods  from  Penn.,  S.,  and  especially  W.,  and  cult,  for  ornament; 


PRIMROSE   FAMILY.  275 

smooth,  with  a  cluster  of  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves  around  the  base  of  a 
simple  scape,  6'-2°  high,  which  has  an  umbel  of  several  or  many  hand- 
some rose-purple  or  often  white  flowers  nodding  on  the  slender  pedicels, 
becoming  erect  in  fruit ;  flowers  late  spring. 

4.  CYCLAMEN.     (Classical  name  for  the  wild  plant  of  Eu.  called 
SOWBREAD.)     Cult,  in  this  country  as  house  plants  for  winter  flower- 
ing.   Flowers  rose-colored,  pink,  or  white,  nodding  on  the  apex  of  the 
sfcalk,  the  reflexed  lobes  turned  upwards.     ^ 

C.  Europium,  Linn.  Conn  l'-2'  in  diameter,  sending  up  heart-shaped, 
thick,  sometimes  angled  leaves,  often  marked  with  white  above  and  crim- 
son-purple or  violet  beneath,  on  slender  petioles,  and  fragrant  flowers  with 
open  throat  and  oval  or  oblong  divisions,  the  flower  stalks  coiled  up  after 
flowering  so  as  to  bring  the  pod  to  the  ground  to  ripen. 

C.  latifdlium,  Sibth.  &  Smith  (or  C.  PERSICUM),  is  more  tender  and 
not  fragrant,  with  longer  and  lanceolate  divisions  and  less  open  throat  to 
the  corolla,  the  flower  stalks  not  coiling  after  blossoming. 

5.  TRIENTALIS,  CHICKWEED   WINTERGREEN.     (From    Latin 
for    the    third   part  of    a  foot,   the  usual    height  of    the  European 
species.)     2Z 

T.  Americana,  Pursh.  AMERICAN  C.  or  STAR  FLOWER.  In  open  low 
woods,  especially  N.  ;  a  pretty  plant,  the  stem  bearing  a  few  scales  below, 
and  at  top  a  whorl  of  long,  lanceolate  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends  ;  also 
2  or  3  slender-stalked  delicate  flowers  with  taper-pointed  petals,  in  spring. 

6.  STEIRONEMA.     (Greek :  sterile  thread,  in  reference  to  the  stami- 
nodia.)     Leafy-stemmed,  flowering  in  summer.     2/ 

*  Leaves  broad,  ovate,  or  lance-ovate. 

S.  ciliatum,  Raf.  Low  thickets  ;  with  erect  stems  2°-3°  high,  oppo- 
site dotless  leaves  lance-ovate  with  rounded  or  heart-shaped  ciliate  base 
and  on  fringed  petioles,  flowers  nodding  on  slender  peduncles  from  the 
upper  axils,  light-yellow  corolla  not  streaked  or  dotted,  the  lobes  round- 
ovate  and  wavy  margined  or  denticulate,  little  longer  than  the  sepals. 

S.  radicans,  Gray,  resembles  the  foregoing,  but  stems  or  branches 
reclined  and  rooting,  and  leaves  and  flowers  smaller  by  half.  Va.,  S.  W. 

*  *  Leaves  lanceolate  or  narrower. 

3.  lanceolatum,  Gray.  Commonest  W.  and  S.,  has  oblong  or  linear 
leaves,  mostly  narrowed  into  short  and  margined  petioles. 

3.  longifdlium,  Gray.  From  W.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.,  has  similar  but 
deeper  yellow  flowers,  and  sessile  linear  blunt  stem  leaves  of  thicker 
texture. 

7.  LYSIMACHIA,    LOOSESTRIFE    (which    the    name    means    in 
Greek).     Flowers  summer.     2Z     Low  grounds. 

*  Plant  erect. 
•«-  Flowers  in  an  ample  terminal  leafy  panicle  ;  the  corolla  not  dotted. 

L.  vulgar! Si  Linn.  A  rather  stout  downy  plant,  2°-3°  high,  with 
oblong  or  lance-ovate  leaves,  3  or  4  in  a  whorl ;  flowers  in  panicles,  and 
monadelphous  filaments.  European  species  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds. 


276  SAPODILLA   FAMILY. 

•*-  1-  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike-like  raceme;    the  corolla  blackish- 
streaked. 

L.  stricta,  Ait.  Common  N.  and  S.  in  bogs  ;  smooth,  very  leafy, 
branching,  with  mostly  opposite  lanceolate,  sessile,  dark-dotted  leaves 
tapering  to  each  end ;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  a  terminal  long 
raceme  leafy  at  base,  unequal  filaments  monadelphous,  and  lance-oblong 
corolla  lobes. 

•«-  -i-  -t-  Flowers  on  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  • 
the  corolla  dark-streaked. 

L.  quadrif6lia,  Linn.  Sandy  moist  ground  ;  rather  hairy,  with  ovate- 
lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  4  (or  3-6)  in  a  whorl,  and  ovate-oblong  corolla 
lobes. 

•«-  -t-  •<-  •*-  Flowers   in    axillary  spike-like  short  clusters;   the  corolla 
purplish-dotted. 

L.  thyrsifldra,  Linn.  Wet  swamps,  N.  ;  smooth,  with  simple  stem, 
leafless  at  base,  above  with  lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  in  the  axils  of  1  or 
2  of  them  a  short^peduncled  oblong  spike  or  cluster  of  small  flowers, 
having  slender  filaments  and  lance-linear  mostly  separate  petals,  and  as 
many  little  teeth  between  them. 

*  *  Plant  trailing. 

L.  nummularia,  Linn.  MONEYWORT.  Creeping  in  damp  garden  grounds, 
or  running  wild  sometimes ;  smooth,  with  opposite  small  round  leaves, 
and  solitary  pretty  yellow  flowers  in  their  axils  on  short  peduncles. 
(Lessons,  Fig.  199.) 

8.  ANAGALLIS,  PIMPERNEL.     (Old  Greek  name,  meaning  delight- 
ful.}    Low  herbs  of  the  Old  World,  flowering  all  summer. 

A.  arv6nsis,  Linn.  COMMON  P.  or  POOR  MAN'S  WEATHER  GLASS. 
The  small  (red,  purple,  or  white)  flowers  said  to  close  at  the  approach  of 
rain ;  in  gardens  and  running  wild  in  sandy  fields ;  spreading  on  the 
ground,  with  pale  ovate  leaves,  shorter  than  the  peduncles,  and  rounded 
petals  fringed  with  minute  glandular  teeth.  ® 

A.  c^RtJLEA  of  the  gardens  is  a  tender,  mostly  larger  form  of  the  pre- 
ceding, with  larger  blue  flowers. 

9.  SAMOLUS,  WATER  PIMPERNEL,  BROOKWEED.    (Old  name, 
of  unknown  meaning.)     Flowers  late  summer.     ®  11 

S.  Valerdndi,  Linn.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray.  Along  rills  and  wet 
places  ;  spreading,  6'-10'  high,  with  obovate  leaves,  and  very  small  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels,  which  bear  a  bractlet  at  the  middle,  but  no  bract  at 


LXVIII.   SAPOTACE^l,   SAPODILLA  FAMILY. 

Mainly  tropical  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  wood.  Simple 
and  entire  alternate  leaves,  mostly  with  milky  juice,  small  and 
perfect  regular  flowers,  anthers  turned  outwards,  erect  ovules, 
and  bony-coated  seeds.  Eepresented  S.  by  a  few  species  of 

1.  BUMELIA.  (Ancient  name  of  an  Ash.)  Flowers  small,  white,  or 
whitish,  in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla 
6-cleft,  and  with  a  pair  of  internal  appendages  between  the  lobea,  5 


STORAX   FAMILY.  277 

good  stamens  before  them,  and  as  many  petal-like  sterile  ones  or  scales 
alternating;  ovary  5-celled,  hairy;  style  1,  pointed;  fruit  cherry -like, 
containing  a  single,  large,  stony-coated  seed ;  small  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
branches  often  spiny,  and  deciduous  but  thickish  leaves,  entire.  Flow- 
ers summer  ;  fruit  purple  or  blackish.  Natives  of  river  banks,  etc. 

B.  lycioldes,  Pers.  SOUTHERN  BUCKTHORN.  Smooth,  with  obovate- 
oblong  or  lance-wedge-shaped  leaves,  2'-4'  long,  and  greenish  flowers. 
Va.,  S.  and  W. 

B.  tdnax,  Willd.  Still  more  southern,  has  smaller  leaves  brown-silky 
underneath,  and  a  shorter  white  corolla. 

B.  Ianugin6sa,  Pers.  Dry  soil  from  S.  Illinois,  S. ;  has  leaves  rusty- 
hairy  or  woolly  beneath,  and  white  corolla. 


LXIX.   EBENACKE,   EBONY  FAMILY. 

Trees,  with  hard  wood,  no  milky  juice,  alternate  entire 
leaves,  from-  2  to  4  times  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  lobes 
to  the  corolla,  several-celled  ovary,  with  a  single  ovule  hang- 
ing in  each  cell,  and  edible  berry  with  large,  hard-coated  seeds. 

1.  DIOSPYROS,  PERSIMMON,  DATE  PLUM.  (Greek:  Jove's 
grain  or  fruit.}  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  the  fertile  ones 
single  in  axils  of  leaves,  the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered ;  calyx 
and  corolla  each  4-6-lobed  ;  stamens  about  16  in  the  sterile,  8  imper- 
fect ones  in  the  fertile  flowers,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla ; 
anthers  turned  inwards  ;  fruit  edible  when  very  ripe,  plum-like,  globu- 
lar, surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent  thickish  calyx.  Flowers  early 


D.  Virgintena,  Linn.  COMMON  P.  S.  N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  S.  ;  tree 
20°-60°  high,  with  very  hard  blackish  wood ;  nearly  smooth,  thickish,  ovate 
leaves ;  very  short  peduncles ;  4-parted  calyx ;  pale-yellow,  4-cleft  corolla ; 
4  styles,  2-lobed  at  tip  ;  8-celled  ovary,  and  plum-like  fruit,  green  and  very 
acerb,  but  yellow,  sweet,  and  eatable  after  frost. 

D.  K&ki,  Linn.  f.  KAKI,  JAPANESE  P.  Tree  reaching  40°  in  height, 
upright  at  first,  but  becoming  spreading  and  crooked  with  age  ;  leaves 
large,  ovate-elliptic  and  acuminate,  shining ;  flowers  small,  greenish- 
yellow  ;  fruit  mostly  very  large,  variable  in  shape  and  color.  The  chief 
tree  fruit  of  Japan,  and  now  planted  in  the  S.  States. 


LXX.   STYRACACKE,   STORAX  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  perfect  flowers 
with  4-8  petals  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  and  bearing 
twice  as  many  or  indefinitely  numerous  partly  monadelphous 
or  polyadelphous  stamens,  only  one  style,  and  a  1-5-celled  1- 
5-seeded  fruit.  Ovules  as  many  as  2  in  each  cell.  Calyx  in 
ours  coherent  more  or  less  with  the  2-4-celled  ovary. 


278  STORAX   FAMILY. 

t.  8TTEAX.  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  white,  showy,  on  drooping  peduncles. 
Calyx  scarcely  5-toothed,  its  base  cohersnt  merely  with  the  base  of  the  3-celled  many, 
ovnled  ovary.  Corolla  open  bell-shaped,  mostly  5-parted,  rather  downy  outside. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  with  flat  filaments  monadelphous 
at  base,  and  linear  anthers.  Fruit  dry,  1-celled,  with  usually  only  one  globular  hard- 
coated  seed  at  its  base. 

2.  HALESIA..  Flowers  in  fascicles  on  hanging  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  the  deciduous 
leaves  of  the  preceding  year,  white,  showy.  Calyx  4-toothed,  the  tube  wholly  cohe- 
rent with  the  2-^-ceUed  ovary.  Petals  4,  or  united  into  a  bell-shaped  corolla.  Sta- 
mens &-16 ;  filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base ;  anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovules  4  in 
each  cell.  Fruit  large  and  dry,  2-4-winged,  within  bony  or  woody,  and  1-4-celled,  a 
single  seed  filling  each  slender  cell. 

8.  SYMPLOCOS.  Flowers  yellow,  in  the  axils  of  the  thickish  leaves,  not  drooping. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  8-celled  ovary.  Petals  5,  broad, 
nearly  separate.  Stamens  very  many  in  5  clusters,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each 
petal ;  filaments  very  slender ;  anthers  very  shprt.  Fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded,  small 
and  dry. 

1.  STYRAX,   STORAX.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.)     Leaves,  etc., 
with  some  scurf  or  starry  down.     Shrubs,  in  low  pine  woods  or  bar- 
rens, from  Va.,  S. ;  flowers  late  spring. 

*  Leaves  prominently  scurfy  or  tomentose  beneath. 

3.  grandif61ia,  Ait.  Leaves  obovate  (2'-6'  long),  white  downy  be- 
neath ;  flowers  mostly  numerous  in  racemes. 

S.  pulverul^nta,  Michx.  Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  less  than  2'  long, 
their  lower  face  scurfy-downy ;  flowers  fragrant,  few  together  or  single. 

*  *  Leaves  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  beneath. 

3.  Americana,  Lam.  Leaves  oblong,  almost  glabrous,  acute  at  both 
ends ;  flowers  2-4  together  or  single. 

S.  Japdnica,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Handsome  small  tree  from  Japan,  now 
planted,  with  waxy  white  bell-like  flowers  in  loose  racemes  1-4-flowered, 
on  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  leaves  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  very  acute,  at 
maturity  perfectly  glabrous. 

2.  HALESIA.    SNOWDROP    or    SILVER-BELL    TREE.      (Named 
for   Stephan   Hales,  early  writer  of  essays  in  vegetable  physiology.) 
Handsome  tall  shrubs  or  small  trees,  flowering  in  spring  just  as  the 
leaves -appear. 

H.  tetraptera,  Linn.  FOUR-WINGED  H.  Along  streams  from  Va. 
and  111.,  S.,  planted  for  ornament  and  hardy  N.  ;  tall,  smoothish,  with 
oblong,  finely  serrate  leaves ;  4-lobed  corolla ;  12-16  strongly  monadel- 
phous stamens,  and  4-winged  fruit. 

H.  diptera,  Linn.  TWO-WINGED  H.  Low  country,  Ga.,  S.  ;  has 
coarsely  serrate  more  downy  oval  leaves ;  4  nearly  distinct  petals  (!' 
long)  ;  8-12  nearly  distinct  stamens,  and  2-winged  fruit. 

3.  SYMPLOCOS.     (Greek:   growing  together,  the  stamens  united.) 

3.  tinctdria,  L'Her.  SWEET  LEAF,  HORSE  SUGAR.  Shrub  or  small 
tree,  in  rich  ground,  Del.,  S.,  with  coriaceous,  oblong,  nearly  entire, 
almost  evergreen  leaves,  pale  beneath,  and  small  odorous  flowers  in 
close  sessile  bracted  clusters.  Leaves  sweet-tasted,  greedily  eaten  by 
cattle. 


OLIVE   FAMILY.  279 


LXXI.   OLEACKffi.   OLIVE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  smooth,  without  milky  juice,  dis- 
tinguished among  monopetalous  plants  with  free  ovary  by  the 
regular  flowers  having  stamens  almost  always  2,  and  always 
fewer  than  the  4  (sometimes  5  or  more)  divisions  of  the 
corolla,  the  ovary  2-celled  and  (except  in  Jasminum  and  For- 
sythia)  with  one  pair  of  ovules  in  each  cell;  style,  if  any, 
only  one,  rarely  2-cleft.  A  few  are  nearly  or  quite  polypetal- 
ous;  others  apetalous.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  or  pinnate. 

*  Calyx  and  corolla  with  5-8  lobes  ;  a  single  erect  ovule  and  seed  in  each  cell. 

1.  JASMINUM.    Corolla  salver-shaped,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.    Stamens  2,  In- 

cluded in  the  tube.    Ovary  and  the  berry-like  fruit  2-lobed,  2-seeded. 

»  *  Calyx  and  corolla  with  the  parts  in  fours,  or  sometimes  (in  Fraxinns)  one  or  both 
wanting.  Ovules  hanging,  usually  a  pair  in  each  cell,  many  in  No.  2.  Leaves 
opposite,  except  accidentally. 

-i-  Leaves  simple  (trifoliolate  in  one  of  No.  2)  ,•  flowers  perfect  and  complete. 
•H-  Ovules  and  seeds  numerous,  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary  and  pod. 

2.  FORSYTHIA.    Corolla  golden  yellow,  bell-shaped,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the 

bad.    The  2  stamens  and  style  short.    Pod  ovate.    Leaves  deciduous. 

•H-  -H-  Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell,  but  the  seeds  of  ten  fewer. 
=  Fruit  a  dry  pod. 

8.  SYRINGA.  Corolla  salver-form,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  tube  mostly  much 
longer  than  the  4-toothed  calyx.  Pod  4-seeded,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  parti- 
tion, 2-valved,  the  valves  almost  conduplicate.  Seeds  slightly  wing-margined.  Leaves 
deciduous.  _  ^  Fruitfleshyt  berry.uke, 

4.  LIGUSTRUM.    Corolla  short  funnel-form,  with  spreading  ovate  obtuse  lobes,  valvate 

In  the  bud,  white.  Fruit  a  1^-seeded  black  berry.  Leaves  firm  and  thickish,  but 
deciduous. 

5.  OLEA.    Corolla  white,  short,  bell-shaped,  or  deeply  cleft  into  4  spreading  lobes,  which 

are  valvate  in  the  bud.  Fruit  a  drupe,  the  hard  stone  often  becoming  1-celled  and 
1-seeded.  Leaves  evergreen. 

6.  OSMANTHUS.    Distinguished  from  Olea  chiefly  by  the  imbricated  aestivation  of  the 

corolla.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  fascicles  or  racemes.  Stigma  small.  Leaves 
mostly  deciduous. 

7.  CHIOXANTHUS.    Corolla  white,  4-parted,  or  of  4  very  long  and  narrow  linear  petals 

slightly  or  scarcely  united  at  their  base  ;  to  which  the  2  (rarely  3  or  even  4  in  cultiva- 
tion) very  short  stamens  barely  adhere.  Fruit  a  fleshy  and  globular  drupe,  the  stone 
becoming  1-celled  and  commonly  1-seeded.  Leaves  deciduous. 

+•  -t-  Leaves  pinnate ;  flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in  most  species  apetalous,  ap- 
pearing in  advance  of  the  foliage. 

8.  FRAXIHTJS.    Calyx  small,  sometimes  obsolete  or  wholly  wanting.    Petals  4,  2,  or 

none.  Anthers  large.  Fruit  a  simple  samara  or  key  (Lessons,  Fig.  389),  usually 
becoming  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Leaves  deciduous. 


280  OLIVE  FAMILY. 

1.  JASMINUM,    JESSAMINE.     (From  the  Arabic  name.)     Culti- 
vated for  ornament,  from  the  Old  World,  all  tender  and  house  plants 
except  at  the  South.     Flowers  fragrant. 

*  Flowers  yellow  ;  leaves  commonly  alternate  and  compound. 

J.  odoratissimum,  Linn.  COMMON  SWEET  YELLOW  J.,  from  Madeira ; 
smooth,  twining ;  leaflets  3  or  5,  ovate ;  peduncles  terminal,  few- 
flowered. 

J.  hum  He,  Linn,  (or  J.  REVoLtrruM),  from  S.  Asia;  not  twining,  has 
mostly  3-7  leaflets,  and  more  numerous  and  fragrant  flowers,  !£'  wide. 

*  *  Flowers  yellow;  leaves  opposite,  but  usually  falling  before  the  flowers 
appear. 

J.  nudifldrum,  Lindl.  Branches  green  and  angled ;  leaves  small  and 
ternate,  falling  in  autumn,  after  which  the  yellow  scentless  flowers 
appear.  China. 

*  *  *  Flowers  white ;  leaves  opposite. 

J.  officinale,  Linn.  COMMON  WHITE  J.  From  the  East ;  has  striate- 
angled  branches  scarcely  twining,  about  7  oblong  or  lance-ovate  leaflets, 
a  terminal  cyme  of  very  fragrant  flowers,  and  calyx  teeth  slender. 

J.  grandiflbrum,  Linn.  From  India  ;  has  7  or  9  oval  leaflets,  the  upper- 
most confluent,  larger  and  fewer  flowers  than  the  foregoing,  reddish 
outside. 

J.  S6mbac,  Sol.  From  tropical  India;  scarcely  climbing,  pubescent; 
leaves  simple,  ovate,  or  heart-shaped  ;  flowers  in  small  close  clusters ; 
calyx  teeth  about  8,  slender,  the  rounded  lobes  of  the  corolla  as  many  ; 
flowers  simple  or  double,  very  fragrant,  especially  at  evening. 

2.  FORSYTHIA.     (Named  for  W.  A.  Forsyth,  an  English  botanist.) 
Ornamental  shrubs,  from  China  and  Japan,  with  flowers  from  separate 
lateral  buds,  preceding  the  serrate  leaves,  in  early  spring. 

F.  viridissima,  Lindl.  A  vigorous  shrub,  with  strong  and  mostly  erect 
yellowish  angled  green  branches,  covered  in  early  spring  with  abundant 
showy  yellow  flowers  ;  calyx  lobes  half  the  length  of  the  corolla  tube  ; 
lobes  of  the  corolla  narrow-oblong  and  widely  spreading ;  style  as  long  as 
the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens ;  leaves  all 
simple,  lance-oblong,  deep  green. 

F.  suspensa,  Vahl.  (F.  FoRTtNi).  Shrub  with  long  and  slender,  weak, 
nearly  terete  branches,  some  of  them  reclining ;  flowers  yellow,  with 
corolla  lobes  longer,  wider,  more  obtuse,  and  more  spreading  than  in 
the  preceding;  style  half  shorter  than  the  corolla  tube  and  stamens; 
leaves  simple  and  trifoliolate,  often  on  the  same  bush  (if  compound, 
the  lateral  leaflets  small),  broadly  ovate.  Branches  bearing  corky  dot- 
like  elevations.  Often  treated  as  a  climber.  Less  common  than  the 
other. 

3.  SYRINGA,  LILAC.     (From  Greek  word  for  tube,  alluding  either  to 
the  tubular  corolla  or  to  the  twigs,  used  for  pipe-stems.)     Familiar 
ornamental  tall  shrubs,  from  the  Old  World,  with  scaly  buds  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  but  hardly  ever  a  terminal  one  (so  that  there  is  only 
a  pair  at  the  tip  of  a  branch),  entire  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and 
crowded  compound  panicles  or  thyrsus  of  mostly  fragrant  flowers,  hi 
spring.     The  name  Syringa  is  often  applied  to  the  Philadelphus  (see 
p.  168). 


OLIVE   FAMILY.  281 

*  Tube  of  the  corolla  long  and  slender ;  flowers  normally  purple,   but 

running  into  white  varieties. 

+-  Leaves  green  on  both  sides. 
*+  Base  of  leaves  broad,  cordate  or  deltoid. 

S.  vulgaris,  Linn.  COMMON  L.  Common  bush,  with  ovate  and  more 
or  less  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  lobes  of  corolla  moderately  spreading  and 
concave  or  boat-shaped  ;  flowers  lilac  or  pale- violet  (and  a  white  variety), 
appearing  after  the  leaves.  Nurserymen  offer  many  forms.  E.  Eu. 

5.  oblata,  Lindl.  Stout  hardy  shrub,  with  thick  leaves,  flowering  a 
week  or  more  before  the  last ;  leaves  broadly  cordate  or  deltoid,  sharply 
acuminate  ;  flower  cluster  short  and  broad,  the  flowers  large  and  appear- 
ing as  the  leaves  unfold  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  round  and  flat.  China,  but 
unknown  wild  ;  possibly  an  offshoot  of  the  preceding. 

*-*  f*  Base  of  the  leaves  narrower  or  tapering. 

S.  ChinSnsis,  Willd.  (S.  ROTHOMAGENSIS).  ROUEN  L.  Apparently  a 
hybrid  between  the  first  and  the  next;  cult,  in  China,  whence  it  may 
have  been  derived ;  leaves  ovate,  contracted  at  the  base  (or  occasionally 
rounded)  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obtuse  and  sometimes  mucronate,  spread- 
ing, the  margins  inflexed  ;  lax  clusters  of  reddish  (or  white)  flowers  very 
large  and  numerous.  A  hardy  and  showy  plant. 

S.  Persica,  Linn.  PERSIAN  L.  Slender  and  open  in  habit,  with  lance- 
ovate  leaves,  and  loose  clusters  of  lilac-purple,  or  paler,  or  sometimes 
white  flowers,  border  of  the  corolla  with  ovate  slightly  spreading  inflexed 
lobes,  the  tube  very  slender ;  pods  linear.  Later  than  the  common  Lilac. 
W.  Asia.  ^_  ^  Leaves  whitish  beneath. 

S.  K/7/dscr,  Vahl.  Vigorous  and  hardy  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  contracted  into  a  short  and  stout  grooved  petiole,  with  rough 
margins  and  prominent  veins,  the  underside  (especially  the  veins)  fur- 
nished with  scattering  long  hairs  ;  thyrse  long  and  often  interrupted  ; 
tube  of  the  pale  corolla  4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  corolla  lobes 
erect  or  spreading,  with  inflexed  margins.  Blooms  two  weeks  later  than 
the  common  Lilac,  but  less  fragrant.  N.  China. 

S.  Josikcea,  Jacq.  JOSIKA  L.  Leaves  mostly  narrower  than  in  the 
last,  and  not  villous  below.  Now  commonly  cult,  for  its  vigorous  growth, 
handsome  shining  foliage,  and  late  lilac  flowers,  but  unknown  wild  (all 

Slants  in  cultivation  having  sprung  from  a  plant  discovered  in  Hungary 
y  Baroness  von  Josika),  and  perhaps  derived  from  the  last. 

*  *  Tube  of  the  corolla  very  short;  flowers  white. 

S.  Amurensis,  Rupr.  (S.  LIGUSTRINA  and  S.  PEKINENSIS).  Hardy 
shrub,  with  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  and  either  obtuse  or  acuminate,  con- 
tracted into  a  long  grooved  petiole,  pale  but  smooth  beneath ;  thyrse 
compact ;  tube  of  the  corolla  included  in  the  smooth  calyx,  the  lobes 
obtuse  ;  fragrant.  Also  a  weeping  variety.  Mandshuria  and  Japan. 

S.  Japdnica,  Maxim.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  and  sharply  acuminate, 
dark  green  and  glossy,  leathery,  rounded  or  slightly  cuneate  at  the  base, 
villous  beneath  ;  calyx  slightly  pubescent,  including  the  tube  of  the 
creamy-white  corolla.  Flowers  very  late.  Japan. 

4.  LIGUSTRUM,  PRIVET  or  PRIM.  (Classical  Latin  name.)  Shrubs 
of  Old  World,  planted  for  ornament,  with  short-petioled  entire  leaves 
and  panicles  of  small  flowers,  in  early  summer. 

*  Inflorescence  spiciform  on  the  ends  of  lateral  branchlets ;  calyx  hairy. 
L.  Ibbta,  Sieb.  (L.  AMURENSE).    Japan  and  China.    Flowers  white, 

slender,  the  tube  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx ;    leaves  elliptic  or 


282  OLIVE   FAMILY. 

ovate-elliptic,  the  midrib  below  (like  the  branchlets  and  pedicels)  hairy  ; 
fruit  shining  black. 

*  *  Inflorescence    thyrsoid  or  paniculate  and  mostly   terminal;   calyx 

smooth,  or  nearly  so. 

L  vu/gare,  Linn.  PRIVET,  PRIM.  Flowers  white  (fading  reddish)  in 
an  ordinary  Lilac-like  thyrse ;  the  corolla  tube  flaring  and  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  small  calyx  ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  ;  fruit  black.  Much 
used  for  low  hedges  and  run  wild  E.  Eu. 

L.  Japdnicum,  Thunb.  (L.  CALIFORNICUM,  L.  ovALiF6nuM,  and 
CALIFORNIAN  PRIVET).  Strong  hardy  shrub  from  Japan  and  China; 
cult,  for  its  handsome  long-persistent  foliage  and  abundant  white  flow- 
ers ;  leaves  oval ;  flowers  several  to  many  on  slender  short  branchlets  of 
an  elongated  panicle  ;  the  corolla  tube  slender  and  3  or  4  times  as  long 
as  the  rather  loose  truncate  calyx. 

5.  OLEA,  OLIVE.    (The  classical  Latin  name.)    Flowers  small,  and 
in  small  panicles  or  corymbs,  in  spring. 

0.  Europcea,  Linn.  OLIVE  of  the  Levant,  planted  far  S.  and  on  the 
Pacific  coast ;  tree  with  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  pale  entire  leaves, 
whitish-scurfy  beneath,  and  oblong  edible  oily  fruit. 

6.  OSMANTHUS.     (Greek  :  perfume  and  flower.) 

0.  fragrans,  Lour.  Cult,  in  greenhouses  from  China,  under  the  name 
of  OLEA  FRA.GRANS  ;  shrub  with  very  fragrant  white  flowers,  and  thickish 
ovate  or  obovate  veiny,  often  denticulate,  smooth  leaves. 

O.  Americinua,  Benth.  &  Hook.  DEVILWOOD.  Wild  along  the 
coast  from  N.  Car.,  S. ;  small  tree,  with  lance-oblong  and  entire  very 
smooth  green  leaves  (3'-6'  long),  and  spherical  dark-purple  fruit. 

7.  CHIONANTHUS,  FRINGE  TREE.     (Name  of  the  Greek  words 
for  snow  and  blossom,  from  the  very  light  and  loose  panicles  of  droop- 
ing snow-white  flowers.) 

C.  Virglnica,  Linn.  River  banks  from  Penn.,  S.,  and  planted  for 
ornament ;  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  entire,  oval,  or  obovate  leaves  (3'-5' 
long),  the  lower  surface  often  rather  downy  ;  loose  panicles  of  flowers  in 
late  spring  or  early  summer;  petals  1'  long,  and  fruit  blue-purple  with 
a  bloom. 

8.  FRAXINUS,  ASH.     (Classical  Latin  name.)    Timber  trees,  with 
light  and  tough  wood,  dark-colored  buds,  and  small  insignificant  flow- 
ers appearing  in  spring  with  or  rather  before  the  leaves  of  the  season, 
from  separate  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  preceding  year. 

*  Petals  present ;  flowers  polygamous. 

F.  O'rnus,  Linn.  FLOWERING  ASH  of  S.  Eu.,  the  tree  which  furnishes 
manna,  not  hardy  N.,  sometimes  planted  S. ;  petals  4,  either  distinct  or 
slightly  united,  or  sometimes  only  2,  narrow,  greenish  ;  leaflets  5-9, 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  small. 

*  *  Petals  wanting  ;  flowers  generally  dioecious  (or  polygamous  in  the  last). 

t-  Lateral  leaflets  stalked ;  calyx  evident. 

*+  Fruit  terete  at  the  base,  winged  from  the  other  end  (Lessons,  Fig.  389)  ; 
leaflets  7-9,  or  sometimes  5,  either  sparingly  toothed  or  entire. 

F.  Americana,  Linn.  WHITE  ASH.  Large  forest  tree  of  low  grounds, 
furnishing  valuable  timber ;  with  ash-gray  branches,  smooth  stalks,  ovate 


DOGBANE  FAMILY.  283 

or  lance-oblong  pointed  leaflets,  either  pale  or  downy  beneath  ;  and  rather 
short  fruit  with  a  terete  marginless  body  and  a  "lanceolate  or  wedge-linear 
wing. 

F.  pubescens.  Lam.  RED  ASH.  Common  E.  and  S.  ;  known  by  its 
velvety-pubescent  young  shoots  and  leafstalks,  and  fruit  with  its  flattish 
2-edged  seed-bearing  body  acute  at  the  base,  the  edges  gradually  dilated 
into  the  lance-linear  or  oblanceolate  wing. 

F.  viridis,  Michx.  GREEN  ASH.  Glabrous  throughout,  with  leaves 
bright  green  on  both  sides ;  fruit  much  as  in  the  last ;  a  small  tree,  most 
common  W.  and  S. 

**  *+  Fruit  flat  and  winged  all  round ;  leaflets  mostly  green  both  sides  and 
serrate. 

F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.  BLUE  ASH.  Large  forest  tree  W.,  yield- 
ing valuable  wood  ;  with  square  branchlete,  5-9  ovate  veiny  leaflets  on 
short  stalks,  and  narrowly  oblong  fruits. 

F.  platycarpa,  Michx.  CAROLINA  WATER  ASH.  River  swamps,  Va., 
S. ;  small  tree,  with  terete  branchlets,  5-7  ovate  or  oblong  short-stalked 
leaflets  acute  at  both  ends,  and  broadly  winged  (sometimes  3-winged) 
fruits,  oblong  with  a  tapering  base. 

-i-  -i-  Lateral  leaflets  sessile  ;  calyx  absent ;  fruit  winged  all  round. 

F.  sambucifblia,  Lam.  BLACK  ASH.  Small  tree  in  swamps  N.,  S. 
to  Va.  and  Mo.,  with  tough  wood  separable  in  layers,  used  for  hoops  and 
coarse  baskets ;  the  bruised  leaves  with  the  scent  of  Elder ;  smooth  ; 
leaflets  7-11,  sessile  on  the  main  stalk,  oblong-lanceolate  tapering  to  a 
point ;  calyx  none,  at  least  in  the  fertile  flowers ;  fruits  linear-oblong. 

F.  excelsior,  Linn.  ENGLISH  or  EUROPEAN  ASH.  Hardy  fine  tree, 
with  bright  green,  lance-oblong,  serrate  leaflets  ;  fruit  flat,  linear-oblong. 
The  WEEPING  ASH  is  a  variety  or  sport  of  this. 


LXXII.    APOCYNACKE,   DOGBANE  FAMILY. 

Herbaceous  or  woody  plants,  known  mainly  by  the  milky 
acrid  juice,  opposite  (sometimes  whorled)  simple  and  entire 
leaves,  without  stipules,  and  regular  monopetalous  flowers 
with  5's  in  the  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in  the  bud,  the  anthers  conniving 
around  the  stigma  or  often  adhering  somewhat  to  it,  ordinary 
pollen,  filaments  separate,  the  2  free  ovaries  commonly  sepa- 
rate, but  often  the  styles  and  always  the  stigmas,  united  into 
one.  The  ovaries  also  are  often  united  into  one,  the  juice  in 
several  (as  of  Periwinkle  and  Oleander)  is  not  at  all  or  slightly 
milky,  and  one  of  our  genera  has  alternate  leaves.  Some  are 
ornamental  in  cultivation ;  many  are  acrid  poisonous.  There 
is  commonly  a  ring,  membrane,  or  other  appendage  on  the 
style  below  the  stigma,  to  which  the  anthers  are  apt  to  adhere. 

»  Shrubs  cult,  for  ornament,  natives  of  warm  climates ;  leaves  often  whorled. 
1.   ALLAMANDA.   Corolla  large,  yellow,  with  short  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  cylindrical 
bell-shaped  or  funnel-form,  the  5  lobes  broad  and  rounded.    Stamens  at  the  summit 


284  DOGBANE   FAMILY. 

of  the  proper  tube  or  throat,  alternate  and  conniving  with  as  many  2-parted  narrow 
scales.  Ovary  one  and  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  becoming  a  prickly  pod. 
Style  slender.  Seeds  naked. 

2.  NERIUM.  Corolla  salver-form  or  the  long  tube  narrow  funnel-form,  the  throat  crowned 
with  5  slender-toothed  scales.  Stamens  on  the  middle  of  the  tube ;  anthers  2-tailed 
at  base  and  tapering  at  the  apex  into  a  long  hairy,  twisted,  awn-like  appendage.  Style 
1.  Ovaries  2,  forming  pods.  Seeds  tufted. 

*  *  Herbs  or  scarcely  woody  plants,  not  twiners  ;  bark  usually  abounding  with  tough 
fibers  ;  ovaries  2,  becoming  many-seeded  pods  in  fruit. 

+-  Leaves  alternate,  very  numerous. 

8,  AMSONIA.  Corolla  salver-shaped  or  the  slender  tube  somewhat  funnel-form,  bearded 
inside,  without  appendages  at  the  throat,  the  lobes  long  and  linear.  Stamens  inserted 
on  and  included  in  the  tube ;  anthers  blunt  at  both  ends.  Style  1,  slender.  Pods 
long  (4 '-6  )  and  slender.  Seeds  cylindrical,  abrupt  at  both  ends,  with  no  tuft.  Up- 
right herbs,  with  terminal  panided  cymes  of  bluish  flowers. 


4.  VTNCA.    Corolla  salver-shaped,  or  the  tube  funnel-form,  the  throat  narrow  and  naked. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  upper  part  or  middle  of  the  tube  ;  filaments  short.  Style  1, 
slender.  Pods  rather  short.  Seeds  abrupt  at  each  end,  naked,  rough.  The  hardy 
species  trail  or  creep. 

5.  APOCYNUM.   Corolla  bell-shaped,  crowned  with  5  triangular  appendages  in  the  throat. 

Stamens  attached  to  the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  Style  none.  A  large  ovate  stigma 
unites  the  tips  of  the  2  ovaries,  which  in  fruit  form  long  and  slender  pods.  Seeds 
with  a  long  tuft  of  silky  down  at  one  end.  Upright  or  ascending  herbs,  with  small 
pale  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or  corymbs,  and  very  tough  fibrous  bark. 

*  *  *  More  or  less  woody-stemmed  twiners,  with  opposite  leaves. 

6.  MANDEVILLA.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  naked  in  the  throat.    Filaments 

very  short  Style  1.  Ovaries  2,  becoming  2  long  terete  pods.  Seeds  with  a  downy 
tuft.  Flowers  large  and  showy. 

7.  TBACHELOSPERMUM.    Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  as  in  Mandevffla,  but  the  flower 

small,  and  filaments  slender. 

1.  ALLAMANDA.     (Named  for  Dr.  F.  Allemand,  who  discovered 
the  common  species  in  Guiana.)    Greenhouses,  often  half -climbing. 

*  Corolla  tube  contracted  below  into  a  long  stem-like  base. 

A.  cathartica,  Linn.  A  showy  shrub  of  the  conservatory,  with  bright 
green,  oblong,  thinnish  and  acute  glabrous  leaves  on  very  short  petioles 
and  in  whorls  of  4,  and  golden-yellow  flowers  2.J'-3'  long.  Guiana. 

A.  ndbilis,  Moore.  Flowers  very  large  (4'-5'  across)  and  rich,  clear 
yellow,  the  limb  circular  in  outline;  leaves  in  3's  or  4's,  large  and 
abruptly  acuminate,  on  very  short  petioles,  hairy  on  both  sides  or  at 
least  on  the  midrib  beneath.  Brazil. 

A.  Hendersdni,  Bull.  Flowers  large  and  pale  yellow,  with  darker 
veins;  leaves  large,  elliptic-obovate,  shining  and  glabrous,  thick  and 
leathery,  in  4's.  Guiana. 

A.  Schdttii,  Pohl.  Flowers  large  and  yellow,  the  throat  striped 
with  dark  brown ;  leaves  oblong  and  glabrous,  in  4's.  Tall,  suited  to 
roofs.  Brazil. 

*  *  Corolla  with  a  short  club-shaped  or  bulb-like  base. 

A.  neriifdfia,  Hook.  Erect,  glabrous  shnib,  with  oblong  or  elliptic 
sharply  acuminate,  nearly  sessile  leaves,  in  3's-5's  ;  flowers  rather  small, 
funnel-bell-shaped,  golden-yellow,  and  streaked  with  orange.  S.  Amer. 


DOGBANE  FAMILY.  285 

2.  NEHIUM,    OLEANDER.     (The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name.) 
Leaves  coriaceous,   rigid,   closely  and  transversely  veiny.      Flowers 
showy,  in  terminal  cymes,  in  summer,  deep  rose-color,  or  with  white 
varieties,  either  single  or  double. 

M.  Oleander,  Linn.  The  OLEANDER  of  common  house  culture,  from 
the  Levant  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  appendage  surmounting  the  anthers 
scarcely  protruding  ;  flowers  large,  scentless,  with  trifid  or  cuspidate 
segments  to  the  crown. 

N.  oddrum,  Soland.  SWEET  0.  Less  cult.,  from  India,  more  tender  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  appendage  of  the  anthers  protruding  ;  flowers 
fragrant,  with  multifid  crown  segments. 

3.  AMSONIA.      (Named  for  Mr.   Charles  Amson.)     Low  grounds 
chiefly  S.;  very  leafy,  2°-3°  high,  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy,  with 
rather  small  flowers,  in  late  spring.     2Z 

A.  Tabernaemontana,  Walt.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  pale  beneath.  Ind.  and  HI.,  S. 

A.  angustif6lia,  Michx.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  mar- 
gins and  mostly  the  stems  beset  with  some  scattered  bristles.  N.  C.,  S. 

4.  VINCA,   PERIWINKLE.     (Lathi  name,  of  obscure  meaning.)     # 

§  1.  TRUE  PERIWINKLES,  cult,  from  Europe,  hardy  or  nearly  so,  smooth, 
trailing  over  the  ground  or  creeping,  only  the  short-flowering  stems  as- 
cending, with  blue  (or  by  variation  white)  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils, 
in  spring  or  early  summer. 

V.  minor,  Linn.  COMMON  PERIWINKLE.  In  all  country  gardens,  and 
running  wild  in  cemeteries  and  shady  places  ;  spreading  freely  by  the 
creeping  sterile  stems,  evergreen,  with  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  shining 
leaves,  barely  \\<  long,  and  almost  truncate  wedge-shaped  lobes  to  the 
corolla;  flowers  "early  spring.  Many  horticultural  varieties,  some  with 
variegated  foliage.  Sometimes,  but  erroneously,  called  MYRTLE. 

V.  major,  Linn.  Not  quite  hardy  N.,  a  variety  with  variegated  leaves 
much  cultivated  in  greenhouses  ;  larger  than  the  first  species  and  leaves 
cordate-ovate  and  (like  the  calyx)  ciliate  ;  lobes  of  corolla  obovate. 

V.  herbacea,  Wald.  &  Kit.  Less  evergreen  than  the  first  ;  stems  reclin- 
ing and  rooting  ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  revolute  ;  lobes  of  the  more  purple- 
blue  corolla  oblong-obovate  ;  flowers  late  spring. 

§  2.    Tropical  erect,  somewhat  woody  at  base  ;  flowers  produced  all  the 
season. 

V.  rdsea.  Linn.  House  and  bedding  plant  from  West  Indies,  and 
also  growing  in  S.  Fla.,  where  it  is  possibly  native  ;  leaves  oblong-petioled, 
veiny  ;  showy  corolla  with  slender  tube  and  very  narrow  orifice,  rose- 
purple,  or  white,  with  or  without  a  pink  eye. 

5.  APOCYNTJM,   DOGBANE  (to  which  the  name  in  Greek  refers), 
INDIAN  HEMP,  from  the  use  made  of  the  bark.  Flowers  summer.   % 

A.  androseemif6lium,  Linn.  Along  thickets,  mostly  N.;  branches 
forking  and  widely  spreading  ;  leaves  ovate,  petioled  ;  corolla  open, 
bell-shaped,  with  revolute  lobes,  the  tube  much  longer  than  the  ovate 
calyx  lobes. 

A.  cannabinum,  Linn.  COMMON  INDIAN  HEMP.  Gravelly  or  wet 
banks  of  streams  ;  branches  more  erect  ;  leaves  oblong,  lance-oblong, 
ovate,  or  slightly  heart-shaped;  flowers  more  crowded  and  erect;  lobes 
of  the  corolla  little  spreading,  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  lanceolate 
calyx  lobes. 


/ 
* 


286  MILKWEED   FAMILY. 

6.  MANDEVILLA.     (H.  J.  Mandeville,  British  minister  at  Buenos 
Ayres.)     Plants  from  the  warm  parts  of  America,  one  not  rare  as  a 
conservatory  climber. 

M.  suaveolens,  Lindl.  (EcnlxEs  SUAVEOLENS.)  CHILE  JESSAMINE. 
Slender,  woody-stemmed,  tall  twiner,  with  thin,  oblong  or  ovate  heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  opposite  leaves,  and  slender  peduncles  bearing  a  few 
racemed  very  fragrant  flowers,  the  white  corolla  with  ample  5-lobed 
border,  2'  broad. 

7.  TRACHELOSFERMUM.     (Greek:  neck,  seed.}     1}. 

T.  diftdrme,  Gray.  Low  grounds  from  Va.  S.  and  W.,  is  a  barely 
woody  twiner,  the  flowering  branches  herbaceous  and  downy ;  leaves 
thin,  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  sometimes  linear,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ; 
flowers  £'  long,  in  cymes,  greenish-yellow,  all  summer. 

7".  (or  RHYNCHOSPERMUM)  jasminoldes,  Lem.  Handsome  greenhouse 
climber  from  China ;  leaves  thick,  ovate,  acute  and  entire  and  often  revo- 
lute;  flowers  white  and  very  fragrant,  in  a  straggling  cyme  or  panicle. 


LXXm.    ASCLEPIADACKffi,  MILKWEED  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  milky  juice,  leaves,  pistils,  fruits,  and  seeds 
nearly  as  in  the  preceding  family ;  but  the  anthers  more  con- 
nected with  the  stigma,  their  pollen  collected  into  firm  waxy 
or  granular  masses  (mostly  10),  the  short  filaments  (monadel- 
phous  except  in  the  last  genus)  commonly  bearing  curious 
appendages  behind  the  anthers,  forming  what  is  called  a  crown, 
and  the  corolla  more  commonly  valvate  in  the  bud.  The  flowers 
are  rather  too  difficult  for  the  beginner  readily  to  understand 
throughout.  For  a  particular  study  of  them  the  Manual  must 
be  used. 

§  1.  Erect  herbs,  with  ordinary  foliage,  and  deeply  5-parted  calyx  and  corolla,.  Flowers 
in  simple  umbels.  Fruit  a  pair  of  pods  (foihcles)  containing  numerous  flat 
seeds  furnished  with  a  coma  (Lessons,  Fig.  417)  or  long  tuft  of  soft  down  at  one 
end. 

1.  ASCLEPIA8.    Corolla  reflexed.    Stamens  with  their  short  filaments  monadelphous  In 

a  ring  or  tube,  bearing  behind  each  anther  a  curious  erect  and  hood-like  or  ear-like 
appendage,  with  a  horn  projecting  out  of  the  inside  of  it ;  the  5  broad  anthers  closely 
surrounding  and  partly  adhering  to  the  very  thick  stigma,  a  membranous  appendage 
at  their  tip  inflected  over  it  Each  of  the  2  cells  of  the  anther  has  a  firm  waxy  pear- 
shaped  pollen  mass  in  it ;  and  the  two  adjacent  masses  from  two  contiguous  anthers 
are  suspended  by  a  stalk  from  a  dark  gland  ;  these  5  glands,  borne  on  the  margin  of 
the  flat  top  of  the  stigma,  stick  to  the  legs  of  insects,  and  are  carried  off,  each  gland 
taking  with  it  2  pollen  masses,  the  whole  somewhat  resembling  a  pair  of  saddle  bags. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

2.  A8CLEPIODORA.    Differs  from  Asclepias  in  having  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  ascending 

or  spreading,  and  the  hoods  without  horns  and  widely  spreading  and  somewhat  in- 
curved and  slipper-shaped,  the  cavity  divided  at  the  apex  by  a  crest-like  partition. 
Leaves  alternate. 

8.  ACKEATE8.  Like  Asclepias,  but  no  horn  or  crest  in  the  hoods  or  ear-like  appendages, 
and  the  flowers  always  greenish.  Leaves  generally  alternate. 


MILKWEED   FAMILY.  287 

$  2.    Twining  or  half-scandent  plants  with  ordinary  foliage  ;  pod»  and  seeds  nearly  as 

in  Asclepias. 

»  Anthers  with  their  hanging  pollen  masses  nearly  as  Asclepias ;  pods  smooth  and 
even. 

4.  ENSLENIA.    Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted,  the  divisions  lance-ovate  and  nearly  erect. 

The  5  appendages  of  the  filaments  are  in  the  form  of  membranaceous  leaflets,  each 
bearing  a  pair  of  awns  on  their  truncate  tip.  Herb. 

5.  VINCETOXICUM.    Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped.    A  flat  and  fleshy  5-10-lobed  disk 

or  crown  in  place  of  the  hoods  of  Asclepias.    Herbs. 

6.  CYNANCHUM.    Differs  from  the  above  chiefly  in  having  5  scales  or  ligules  in  the 

sinuses  of  the  crown. 
*  *  The  10  pollen  masses  horizontal,  fixed  in  pairs  to  5  glands  of  the  stigma. 

7.  GONOLOBUS.    Corolla  wheel-shaped ;  a  fleshy  and  wavy-lobed  ring  or  crown  in  Its 

throat. 

*  *  *  The  10  short  pollen  masses  fixed  by  their  base  in  pairs  to  the  5  glands  of  the 
stigma,  and  erect.    Shrubby  plants,  of  tropical  regions. 

8.  HOTA.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed,  thick  and  wax-like  in  appearance.    Crown  of 

5  thick  and  depressed  fleshy  appendages  radiating  from  the  central  column. 

9.  8TEPHANOTIS.    Corolla  salver-shaped,  the  tube  including  the  stamens,  crown,  etc., 

In  its  somewhat  swollen  base,  the  5  ovate  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Crown  of  5 
thin  erect  appendages.  Stigma  conical. 

»  »  »  *  Anthers  distinct,  the  5  pollen  masses  each  composed  of  4  small  granular  masses 
united,  and  applied  directly  to  the  glands  of  the  stigma  without  any  stalk. 
Shrubby  twiners. 

10.  PEEIPLOCA.    Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped,  the  divisions  hairy  on  the  upper  face; 

alternate  with  them  are  the  5  small,  thick  scales,  each  bearing  a  bristle-shaped  ap- 
pendage. Filaments  distinct,  bearing  anthers  of  more  ordinary  appearance  than  in 
the  rest  of  this  family.  Stigma  hemispherical.  Pods  smooth. 

§  3.  Fleshy  low  plants,  Cactus-like,  with  only  small  fleshy  scales  or  teeth  in  place  of 
leaves,  on  the  angles  of  the  thickened  stems  or  branches. 

11.  8TAPELIA.    Flowers  large,  lurid,  solitary,  lateral.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  5-cleft, 

wheel-shaped ;  within  is  a  crown  formed  of  two  rings  of  short  appendages  or  lobes. 
Masses  of  waxy  pollen  10,  erect. 

1.    ASCLEPIAS,   MILKWEED,    SILKWEED.     (The  Greek  name  of 
jEsculapias,  father  of  medicine. )    Flowering  in  summer.     2Z 

*  flowers  bright  orange  or  red  ;  pods  naked. 
•»-  Leaves  irregularly  alternate. 

A.  tuberdsa,  Linn.  BUTTERFLY  WEED,  PLEURISY  ROOT.  Dry  hills  ; 
milky  juice  hardly  any ;  stems  and  mostly  scattered  linear  or  lance-oblong 
leaves  hairy  ;  flowers  bright  orange. 

•*-  •«-  Leaves  opposite. 

A.  Curassavica,  Linn.  Wild  far  S.,  and  sparingly  cult,  from  S.  Amer., 
as  a  house  and  bedding  plant ;  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  umbels 
long-peduncled ;  corolla  scarlet-red,  the  hoods  orange. 

A.  paupe'rcula,  Michx.  Wet  barrens  from  N.  J.,  S.  ;  tall,  smooth, 
with  long  lance-linear  leaves,  one  or  more  few-flowered  umbels  raised  on 
long  peduncle,  and  red  corolla  with  bright  orange  hoods. 

A.  rubra,  Linn.  Smooth,  with  lance-ovate,  gradually  taper-pointed 
leaves,  a  few  many-flowered  umbels  on  a  long  naked  peduncle,  and 
purple-red  flowers.  Low  barrens  from  N.  J.,  S. 


288  MILKWEED   FAMILY. 

*  *  Flowers  pink  or  light  rose-purple ;  leaves  all  opposite  ;  pods  naked. 
A.  incarnata,  Linn.  Wet  grounds ;  very  leafy,  branching  stems, 
lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  acute  leaves,  often  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the 
base ;  smooth  or  smoothish,  or  in  var.  pulchra,  pubescent  and  the  leaves 
very  short-petioled. 

*  *  *  Flowers  dull  purplish,  greenish,  or  white. 

•»-  Stems  branching,  almost  woody  at  base;  leaves  all  opposite;  pods 
naked. 

A.  per^nnis,  Walt.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate, 
slender-petioled ;  flowers  small,  white;  seeds  mostly  without  a  tuft. 
S.  Ind.  and  S. 

t-  -i-  Stems  simple  ;  leaves  all  opposite  and  closely  sessile  or  clasping  by  a 
heart-shaped  base,  the  apex  rounded  or  notched;  plants  smooth, pale  or 
glaucous  ;  pods  naked. 

A.  obtusiffclia,  Michx.  2°-3°  high,  the  rather  remote,  broadly  oblong 
leaves  wavy ;  umbel  mostly  solitary,  long-peduncled ;  flowers  pretty 
large,  greenish-purplish.  Sandy  soils. 

A.  amplexicafclis,  Michx.  Dry  barrens  N.  Car.,  S.;  stems  reclining, 
l°-2°  high,  very  leafy ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped ;  umbels  several,  short- 
peduncled  ;  corolla  ash-colored,  the  hoods  white. 

•*-  ••-  H-  Stems  simple  or  nearly  so,  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  all  opposite, 
ovate,  oval,  or  oblong,  pretty  large,  short-petf  jled  ;  umbels  lateral  and 
terminal ;  flowers  $'  long  or  nearly  so. 

++  Pods  beset  with  soft  prickle-shaped  or  warty  projections. 

A.  Cornuti,  Decaisne.  COMMON  MILKWEED  of  fields  and  low  grounds 
N.  ;  downy,  or  the  large  pale  leaves  soon  smooth  above ;  flowers  dull 
greenish-purplish. 

•M-  -M-  Pods  even,  but  usually  minutely  downy. 

A.  phytolaccoldes,  Pursh.  POKE  MILKWEED.  Moist  grounds  N.  and 
W.,  S.  to  Ga. ;  smooth  or  smoothish,  3°-5°  high  ;  leaves  large,  pointed  or 
acute  at  both  ends  ;  umbels  loose,  the  long  pedicels  (l'-3')  equaling  the 
peduncle  ;  corolla  greenish,  but  the  more  conspicuous  hoods  white. 

A.  purpurascens,  Linn.  l°-3°  high ,  leaves  downy  beneath,  smooth 
above,  the  upper  taper-pointed  ;  pedicels  of  the  rather  loose  umbel  shorter 
than  the  peduncle ;  corolla  dark  dull  purple.  Dry  ground,  N.  Eng.  W. 
andS. 

A.  variegata,  Linn.  l°-2°  high,  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  oval  or  obo- 
vate,  slightly  wavy ;  peduncle  and  crowded  pedicels  short  and  downy ; 
corolla  white,  the  hoods  purplish.  Dry  woods,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

*-•»-•«-••-  Stems  simple  or  rarely  branched,  slender;  most  of  the  leaves 
in  whorls;  pods  slender  and  naked;  flowers  small,  white  or  whitish. 

A.  quadrifdlia,  Linn.  Stems  l°-2°  high,  nearly  smooth,  naked  below, 
bearing  about  the  middle  one  or  two  whorls  of  4  ovate  or  lance-ovate 
taper-pointed  petioled  leaves,  and  beneath  or  above  them  usually  a  pair 
of  smaller  ones ;  pedicels  slender ;  corolla  mostly  tinged  with  pink,  the 
hoods  white.  Woods  and  lulls,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

A.  verticillata,  Linn.  Dry  ground ;  l°-2°  high,  smoothish ;  stems 
very  leafy  throughout ;  leaves  very  narrow,  linear  or  thread-shaped,  in 
whorls  of  3-6  ;  flowers  greenish-white. 

2.    ASCLEPIODORA     (Name  made  from  Asclepias. )     # 

A.  viridis,  Gray.  Smoothish,  1°  high ;  leaves  alternate,  oblong  or 
lance-oblong ;  flowers  1'  broad,  green,  the  hoods  purplish,  in  loose  ter- 


MILKWEED   FAMILY.  2«9 

minal  and  solitary  or  corymbed  umbels ;  pods  thick,  often  with  some  soft 
tubercle-like  projections.  Prairies,  111.  to  Tex.  and  S.  C. 

3.  ACERATES,    GREEN    MILKWEED.      (Name  from  the  Greek, 
means  without  a  horn,  i.e.  none  to  the  hood-like  appendages,  in  which 
it  differs  from  Asclepias.)     Flowers  green  or  greenish,  in  summer.     2/ 
A.  viridifldra,  Ell.   Dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil ;  soft-downy  or  smooth- 

ish,  l°-2°  high ;  leaves  varying  from  oval  to  linear,  mostly  opposite ; 
globular  umbels  nearly  sessile ;  flowers  short-pediceled,  nearly  *-'  long 
when  open ;  hoods  not  elevated  above  the  base  of  the  corolla. 

A.  longifdlia,  Ell.  Low  barrens  Ohio,  W.  and  S.;  rather  hairy  or 
roughish,  l°-3°  high,  with  very  numerous,  mostly  alternate,  linear  leaves  ; 
flowers  smaller  and  on  slender  pedicels,  the  umbel  peduncled ;  hoods  ele- 
vated on  a  short  ring  of  filaments  above  the  tase  of  the  corolla. 

4.  ENSLENIA.     (Named  for  A.  Enslen,  an  Austrian  traveler.)     2Z 
E.  albida,  Nutt.   Climbing,  8°-12°  ;  smooth,  with  opposite,  heart-ovate, 

long-petioled  leaves,  and  small,  whitish  flowers,  in  raceme-like  clusters  on 
axillary  peduncles,  all  late  summer.  River  banks,  Penn. ,  S.  and  W. 

5.  VINCETOXICUM.     (Latin :  binding,  poison.)     11 

V.  nig  rum,  Moench.  A  low-twining,  smooth  weed  from  Eu.,  escaping 
from  gardens  E.;  leaves  ovate  and  lance-ovate;  flowers  small,  brown- 
purple,  rather  few  in  axillary  umbels,  in  summer. 

6.  CYNANCHUM.     (Greek,  meaning  dog  poison.) 

C.  acuminatifolium,  Hemsley  (or  VINCETOXICUM  ACUMINATUM).  MOS- 
QUITO PLANT,  so  called,  because  small  insects  are  stuck  fast  in  the  clefts 
of  the  crown ;  flowers  white  and  pretty,  in  axillary  clusters ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and  acuminate ;  2°-30,  with  a  twining 
tendency.  Japan.  ^ 

7.  GONOLOBUS.     (Greek:   angled  pod.)     Ours  are  twining  herbs, 
along  river   banks,  with  opposite,  heart-shaped,  petioled  leaves,  and 
corymbs  or  umbels  of  dark  or  dull -colored  small  flowers,  on  peduncles 
between  the  petioles.    The  f  ollowing  are  the  commonest.     2/ 

G.  Isevis,  Michx.  Smooth  or  only  sparingly  hairy,  the  yellowish-green 
flowers  and  the  longitudinally  ribbed  pods  smooth.  Va.,  S.  and  W. 

G.  obliquua,  R.  Br.  Hairy,  somewhat  clammy ;  flowers  minutely 
downy  outside,  long  and  narrow  in  the  bud,  dull  crimson-purple  within, 
the  strap-shaped  or  lanceolate  divisions  £'  long;  pods  ribless,  warty. 
Penn.,  S.  and  W. 

G.  hirstitus,  Michx.  Differs  from  the  last  in  its  short-ovate  flower 
buds,  the  oval  or  oblong  divisions  of  corolla  only  about  V  long.  Va.,  S. 
and  W. 

8.  HOYA,    WAX  PLANT.     ( Thomas  Hoy,  an  English  gardener.)    2/ 
H.  carnosa,  R.  Br.    Well-known  house  plant  from  India ;  with  rooting 

stems,  thick  and  fleshy  oval  leaves,  umbels  of  numerous  flesh-colored  or 
almost  white  flowers,  the  upper  surface  of  corolla  clothed  with  minute 
papillae. 

9.  STEPHANOTIS.     (Greek :  crown  and  ear,  referring  to  the  appen- 
dages of  the  stamens.)     U. 

S.  floribunda,  Brong.    MADAGASCAR  JASMINE.    A  fine  hothouse  twiner, 
Tery  smooth,  with  opposite,  oval  or  oblong,  thickish  leaves,  and  lateral 
GRAY'S  r.  F.  &  G.  EOT.  — 19 


290  LOGANIA   FAMILY. 

umbels  of  very  showy  fragrant  flowers,  the  pure  white  corolla  1^'  in  dia- 
meter, the  tube  1'  long,  and  egg-shaped,  naked  fruit.     Madagascar. 

10.  PERIPLOCA.    (A  Greek  name,  implying  that  the  plant  twines.)   2£ 

P.  Grceca,  Linn.  S.  Eu.,  cult,  as  an  ornamental  twiner,  hardy  through 
the  Middle  States ;  smooth,  with  opposite  ovate,  mostly  pointed  leaves, 
on  short  petioles,  and  lateral  cymes  of  rather  small  flowers,  the  corolla 
greenish-yellow,  with  the  upper  face  of  the  oblong  lobes  brownish-purple  ; 
in  summer. 

11.  STAPELIA.     (Named  for  a  Dutch  naturalist,  Dr.  Van  Stapel.) 
Strange-looking,  fleshy  plants  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  cult,  in  con- 
servatories along  with  Cactuses.     Many  species  are  cult. ;  one  of  the 
commonest  is 

S.  hirsuta,  Linn.  Stems  or  branches  6'-10'  high,  with  concave  sides, 
pale  and  obscurely  downy  ;  flower  3'-4'  in  diameter,  dull  purple  and 
yellowish,  with  darker  transverse  stripes,  beset  with  purple,  very  long 
hairs,  and  with  denser  hairiness  towards  the  center,  exhaling  a  most  dis- 
gusting odor,  not  unlike  that  of  putrid  meat. 


LXXIV.    LOGANIACEJ1,  LOGANIA  FAMILY. 

Known  among  monopetalous  plants  by  having  opposite 
leaves  with  stipules  or  a  stipular  line  between  their  bases, 
along  with  a  free  ovary;  the  4-5-merous  flower  regular  or 
nearly  so,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  them,  and  the  ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  Herbs, 
shrubs,  or  trees,  often  united  to  Rubiacese. 

*  Woody  twining  climber,  with  evergreen  leaves  and  showy  flowers. 

1.  GEL8EMIUM.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  open  funnel  form,  the  5  lobes  broad  and  Im- 

bricated in  the  bud.  Stamens  5 ;  anthers  sagittate.  Style  slender ;  stigmas  2,  each 
2-parted,  lobes  linear ;  ovary  2-celled.  Pod  oval,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition, 
2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  winged. 

*  *  Herbs,  not  climbing. 

2.  SPIGELIA.    Calyx  5-parteTl,  the  lobes  narrow.    Corolla  tubular  and  somewhat  funnel 

form,  the  5  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.    Stamens  5 ;  anthers  linear.     Style  1,  slender, 
hairy  above,  jointed  near  the  middle.   Pod  short,  twin,  2-celled,  few-seeded,  when  ripe 
separating  across  near  the  base  which  is  left  behind,  and  splitting  into  2  or  4  valves. 
MITEEOLA,  of  the  South,  comprises  two  inconspicuous  weeds,  and 
POLTPREMUM,  also  8.,  is  a  common  weedy  plant ; — both  wholly  insignificant,  as  well 
in  the  herbage  as  in  the  minute  white  flowers. 

1.  QELSEMIUM,  YELLOW  JESSAMINE  of  the  South,  the  name 
an  Italian  one  for  Jessamine,  but  of  a  different  order  from  true  Jessa- 
mine. 

G.  sempe'rvirens,  Ait.  Climbing  on  trees,  bearing  shining,  lance- 
ovate,  small  leaves  (evergreen  far  S.),  and  a  profusion  of  axillaiy  clus- 
ters of  bright  yellow,  very  fragrant,  handsome  flowers  (!'  or  more  long), 
in  early  spring.  Va.,  S. 


GENTIAN   FAMILY.  291 

2.   SPIQELIA,   PINKKOOT,  WORM  GKASS.     (Named  for  Adrian 
Spiegel,  Latinized  Spigelius.)     Flowers  summer.     ^ 

S.  Marildndica,  Linn.  Rich  woods,  from  N.  J.f  W.  and  S.;  nearly 
smooth,  6'-18'  high  ;  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate,  acute  ;  flowers  in  simple 
or  forked  spike-like  clusters,  terminating  the  stem  or  branches ;  corolla 
\\'  long,  slender,  handsome,  red  outside,  yellow  within,  the  lobes  lance- 
olate. Root  used  as  a  vermifuge. 


LXXV.    GENTIANACRE,   GENTIAN  FAMILY. 

Known  generally  from  the  other  monopetalous  plants  with 
free  ovary  by  the  1-celled  ovary  and  pod  with  2  parietal  pla- 
centae covered  with  small  seeds,  along  with  regular  flowers, 
having  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  them,  and  the  leaves  opposite,  simple,  entire,  and  sessile, 
without  stipules.  The  exceptions  are  that  in  some  cases  the 
ovules  cover  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  ovary,  and  in  one 
group  the  leaves  are  alternate  and  even  compound.  They  are 
nearly  all  very  smooth  and  bitter-tonic  plants,  with  colorless 
juice,  the  calyx  persistent.  Ours  herbs,  none  in  common 
cultivation. 

»  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  and  entire,  sessile.    Corolla  toith  the  lobes  mostly  con- 
volute in  the  bud,  sometimes  also  plaited  in  the  sinuses. 
-K  Style  slender,  deciduous  from  the  pod;  anthers  soon  curving. 

1.  8ABBATIA.    Calyx  5-12-parted,  the  divisions  slender.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-12- 

parted.    Style  2-parted.    Pod  globular,  many-seeded.    Slender  herbs. 
•«-  -H  Stout  style  (if  any)  and  stigmas  persistent  on  the  pod,-  anthers  remaining 

straight. 
•H-  Corolla  lobes  mostly  bearing  an  appendage  or  a  plait  in  the  sinus. 

2.  FKASERA.    Calyx  and  corolla  deeply  4-parted,  wheel-shaped ;  divisions  of  the  latter 

with  a  glandular  and  fringed  spot  or  pit  on  their  middle.  Pod  oval,  flattened,  rather 
few-seeded ;  seeds  large  and  flat,  wing-margined.  Large  thick-rooted  herbs,  with 
whorled  leaves  and  panicled  flowers. 

8.  GENTIANA.  Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  often  with  teeth  or  salient  folds  at 
the  sinuses,  usual'y  withering  persistent.  Style  short  or  none  ;  stigmas  2,  persistent. 
Pod  oblong,  containing  innumerable  small  seeds  with  loose  cellular  or  winged  coat. 
Flowers  solitary  or  clustered,  mostly  showy. 

•H-  ++  No  appendages. 

4.  BARTONIA.    Calyx  4-parted.    Corolla  deeply  4-cleft.     Style  none.    Pod  oblong,  flat- 

tish,  the  minute  innumerable  seeds  covering  its  whole  inner  face.  Flowers  very 
small.  Leaves  reduced  to  little  awl-shaped  scales. 

5.  OBOLARIA.    Calyx  of  2  leafy  sepals.    Corolla  persistent  after  withering,  4-cleft,  the 

lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  short  and  persistent,  the  stigma  2-lipped.  Sta- 
mens short,  Inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla.  Low  half-fleshy  herbs  with  wedge- 
obovate  opposite  small  leaves. 

»  »  Leaves  alternate,  long  petioled.  Corolla  vrith  the  lobes  valvate  and  the  edges 
turned  inwards  in  the  bud.  Seeds  many  or  few,  with  a  hard  or  bony  coat. 

6.  MENYANTHES.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  very  short  funnel  form,  5-lobed,   white- 

bearded  over  the  whole  upper  face.    Style  slender,  persistent ;  stigma  2-lobed.     Pod 


292  GENTIAN   FAMILY. 

globular,  with  many  smooth  and  shining  seeds.  Flowers  racemed  on  a  stout  scape ; 
one  or  more  long  petioles  sheathing  its  base,  and  bearing  3  oval  or  oblong  leaflets. 
7.  LIMNANTHEMUM.  Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted ;  the  oval  divisions  of  the  latter  with 
a  yellowish  crest  at  their  base,  and  in  our  species  otherwise  naked.  Style  short  or 
none.  Pod  several-seeded.  Water-plants,  bearing  the  flowers  in  an  umbel  on  the 
long  slender  petiole  of  the  floating,  round-heart-shaped  leaves. 

1.  SABBATIA,  AMERICAN   CENTAURY.     (L.  Sabbati,  an  Italian 
botanist.)     Chiefly  in  sandy  and  low  or  wet  grounds,  along  the  coast 
(with  one  or  two  exceptions);  flowers  white  or  pink,  usually  handsome, 
hi  summer.     0  (g) 

*  Flowers  white,  b-parted,  numerous  in  cymes  or  corymbs,  seldom  over 

y  broad. 

S.  paniculata,  Pursh.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  with  4  sharp  wing-like 
angles ;  leaves  linear  or  oblong,  mostly  1-uerved ;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
little  longer  than  the  narrow-linear  calyx  lobes.  Va.,  S. 

S.  lanceolata.  Torr.  &  Gray.  Taller,  larger-flowered,  with  lance- 
ovate,  3-nerved  leaves,  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  and  distant,  acute  ; 
lobes  of  corolla  much  exceeding  the  thread-shaped  calyx  lobes.  N.  J.,  S. 

S.  macrophylla,  Hook.  Glaucous,  with  terete  stem,  2°-3°  high; 
lance-ovate  3-6-nerved  leaves  thickish,  and  lobes  of  smaller  corolla  very 
much  exceeding  the  bristle-like  calyx  lobes.  Ga.,  S. 

*  *  Floioers  rose-pink,  rarely  white,  icith  yellowish  or  greenish  eye,  5- 
parted,  in  panicled  clusters,  1'  or  more  broad.    In  rather  dry  ground, 
much  branched  above,  l°-3°  high. 

3.  brachiata,  Ell.  Stem  slightly  angled ;  leaves  linear  or  narrow- 
oblong  ;  flowers  few,  only  1'  broad.  Ind.,  W.  and  S. 

3.  angularis,  Pursh.  Wing-like  angles  to  the  stem,  cvate  or  heart- 
shaped,  5-nerved  leaves,  and  corolla  13'  broad.  Ontario,  W.  and  S. 

*  *  *  Flowers  rose-purple  or  white,  5-G-parted,  1'  or  less  broad,  scattered 
singly  on  long  peduncles  ;  stems  slender,  5'-20'  high,  commonly  forking, 
scarcely  angled.    All  grow  in  salt  marshes  or  near  the  coast. 

3.  calycdsa,  Pursh.  Leaves  oblong,  pale,  narrowed  at  base ;  calyx 
lobes  lance-spatulate,  longer  than  the  mostly  white  corolla.  Va.,  S. 

S.  stellaris,  Pursh.  Has  lance-oblong  leaves  or  the  upper  linear,  and 
linear  calyx  lobes  shorter  than  the  rose-purple  yellowish  eyed  corolla. 
Mass.,  S. 

3.  gracilis,  Salisb.  Very  slender,  with  linear  or  almost  thread-like 
leaves,  thread-shaped  calyx  lobes  as  long  as  corolla ;  otherwise  like  pre- 
ceding. Mass.,  S. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  bright  rose-color  or  with  white  varieties,  7-12-parted, 
very  handsome,  li'-2'  broad;  stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  1°- 
2°  high. 

3.  chloroldes,  Pursh.  Along  sandy  ponds,  from  Mass.,  S.;  leaves 
lanceolate  ;  peduncles  1-flowered,  slender ;  calyx  lobes  linear. 

S.  gentianoldes,  Ell.  Stem  leaves  linear ;  flowers  short-peduncled  or 
sessile,  clustered.  Wet  barrens,  Ga.,  S. 

2.  FRASERA,  AMERICAN  CALUMBA.     (John  Fraser,   who  col- 
lected in  this  country  a  century  ago.) 

F.  Carolin^nsis,  Walt.  Rich  wooded  ground  X.  Y.  to  Wis.,  and  S. ; 
root  very  large  and  deep,  bitter  (used  in  medicine  as  a  substitute  for 


GENTIAN   FAMILY.  293 

Calumba);  stem  3°-8°  high  ;  leaves  mostly  in  fonts,  lance-oblong,  or  the 
lowest  spatulate  ;  corolla  1'  wide,  greenish-yellow  or  whitish,  and  dark- 
dotted.  @  11 

3.  GENTIANA,  GENTIAN.  (Old  name,  from  Gentius,  king  of 
Illyria.)  Chiefly  in  woods  and  damp  ground;  flowering  chiefly  in 
autumn,  a  few  in  summer. 

*  Corolla  without  plaits  at  the  sinuses ;  anthers  separate ;  seeds  wing- 

less.   ® 

«-  Corolla  lobes  fringed  or  erase. 

G.  crinita,  FroeL  FRINGED  GENTIAN.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  broader, 
with  rounded  or  heart-shaped  base ;  flowers  solitary  on  long  peduncles 
terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches ;  calyx  with  4  unequal  lobes ; 
corolla  sky-blue,  showy,  2'  long,  funnel  form,  the  4  wedge-obovate  lobes 
with  margins  cut  into  a  long  and  delicate  fringe.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

G.  serrata,  Gunner.  Has  linear  leaves  and  less  fringe  to  the  corolla, 
often  none  at  the  top  of  the  lobes.  N.  Y.,  W. 

•«-  1-  Corolla  lobes  entire. 

G.  quinquefldra,  Lam.  Branching ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  slightly 
heart-shaped  at  base ;  flowers  panicled,  hardly  1'  long,  the  5  lobes  of  the 
pale  blue  corolla  triangular-ovate,  bristle-pointed.  Me.,  S.  and  W.,  in 

several  varieties. 

*  *  Corolla  naked,  li'-2'  long,  with  plaits  at  the  sinuses,  which  project 
more  or  less  into  teeth  or  thin  intermediate  lobes;  pod  stalked  in  the 
corolla,    y. 

f-  Stems  l°-2°  high,  bearing  clustered  or  rarely  solitary  2-bracted  flowers 
at  the  summit  of  the  leafy  stem,  and  often  in  the  upper  axils  also. 

•"•  Corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  short  funnel  form  or  obconical,  mostly 
open,  icith  ovate  lobes  exceeding  the  usually  toothed  appendages  of 
the  plaits. 

=  Leaves  and  calyx  lobes  ciliate  or  rough-margined. 

G.  Saponaria,  Linn.  SOAPWOKT  G.  Low  woods,  chiefly  N.  and 
along  the  Alleghanies ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate,  narrowed 
at  base  ;  calyx  lobes  linear  or  spatulate  ;  corolla  light  blue  or  verging  to 
white,  little  open,  its  short  and  broad  lobes  longer  than  the  conspicuous 
2-cleft  intermediate  appendages ;  anthers  conniving  or  united ;  seeds 
narro  wly-winged. 

G.  pu'be'rula,  Michx.  Dry  barrens  and  prairies  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.;  low, 
roughish,  or  minutely  pubescent,  with  lance-oblong,  ovate,  or  linear 
rough-margined  leaves  only  l'-2'  long ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate ;  corolla 
bright  blue,  open,  its  spreading  ovate  lobes  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the 
cut-toothed  intermediate  appendages  ;  seeds  not  covering  the  walls  of  the 
pod,  as  they  do  in  the  related  species. 

=  =  Leaves  and  calyx  lobes  smooth  or  very  nearly  so. 

G.  alba,  Muhl.  Leaves  lance-ovate  from  a  partly  heart-shaped  base, 
tapering  thence  to  a  point ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  short ;  corolla  yellowish- 
white,  with  short  and  broad  lobes ;  anthers  conniving ;  seeds  broadly 
winged.  Ontario,  W.  and  S.,  flowering  at  midsummer. 

G.  linearis,  FroeL  Grows  from  Md.,  N.,  in  several  forms  ;  stem  slen- 
der and  strict,  l°-2° ;  leaves  linear  or  narrow-lanceolate,  somewhat  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  ;  calyx  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate  ;  flowers  blue,  narrow, 
1-5  in  a  terminal  cluster,  the  roundish  lobes  little  longer  than  the  acute 
appendages  ;  seeds  winged.  Bracts  sometimes  finely  scabrous. 


294  GENTIAN   FAMILY. 

G.  ochroletica,  Froel.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong,  narrowed 
at  the  base  ;  calyx  lobes  linear ;  corolla  greenish-white,  with  greener  and 
purplish  stripes  inside,  somewhat  bell-shaped ;  anthers  separate ;  seeds 
wingless.  Penn.,  S. 

+*  •**•  Corolla  more  club-shaped  and  seldom  open,  truncate,  icith  no  proper 
lobes. 

G.  Andrews!!,  Griseb.  CLOSED  G.  Leaves  lance-ovate  or  lance- 
oblong,  with  a  narrowed  base  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  short ;  corolla 
blue  (rarely  a  white  variety),  its  proper  lobes  if  any  shorter  than  the 
broad  and  more  conspicuous  fringe-toothed  and  notched  appendages, 
which  terminate  the  folds ;  anthers  connected  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 
N.  Eng.,  N.  and  S. 

+-  •«-  Stems  low,  bearing  1-3  slender-peduncled flowers;  seeds  wingless. 

G.  angustif&lia,  Michx.  Pine  barrens  from  N.  J.,  S. ;  6'-15'  high, 
with  linear  leaves,  and  open  funnel-form  azure-blue  corolla  2'  long,  its 
lobes  ovate  ;  anthers  separate. 

4.  BARTONIA.     (Named  for  Prof.  B.  8.  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.) 
Insignificant  herbs,  with   awl-shaped  scales  for  leaves,   and  a  few 
peduncled  white  flowers.    ®  (g) 

B.  ten&la,  Muhl.  5'-10'  high,  with  branches  or  peduncles  1-3-flow- 
ered  ;  lobes  of  corolla  oblong,  acutish  ;  ovary  4-angled  ;  flowers  summer. 
N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

B.  v^rna,  Muhl.  Smaller,  less  branched,  1-few-flowered ;  flowers 
larger,  in  early  spring ;  lobes  of  corolla  spatulate,  obtuse ;  ovary  flat. 
Va.,  S. 

5.  OBOLARIA.     (Named  for  a  Greek  coin,  in  allusion  to  the  thick 
rounded  leaves.)     2/ 

O.  Virglnica,  Linn.  Smooth  and  purplish,  rather  fleshy  plant,  3'-8', 
with  a  nearly  or  quite  simple  stem,  and  dull  white  or  purplish  flowers 
either  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  3.  N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

6.  MENYANTHES,  BUCK  BEAN.     (Greek:  month  and  flower ;  ap- 
plication not  obvious.    The  popular  name  from  the  leaves,  somewhat 
resembling  those  of  the  Horsebean. ) 

M.  trifoliata,  Linn.  Cold  wet  bogs  N.;  flowers  late  spring;  corolla 
white  or  tinged  with  pink,  pretty  ;  scape  hardly  1°  high.  # 

7.  LIMNANTHEMUM,   FLOATING  HEART.      (Greek  for  swamp 
and  blossom.)     Our  species  grow  in  water,  and  produce  through  the 
summer    the    small  white  flowers,    accompanied  by  spur-like,  thick 
bodies,  probably  of  the  nature  of  roots.     2Z 

L.  lacundsum,  Griseb.  Common  E.  and  S.;  leaves  l'-2'  long,  on  very 
slender  petioles,  entire  ;  lobes  of  corolla  broadly  oval ;  seeds  smooth  and 
even. 

L.  trachyspe'nnum,  Gray.  In  deeper  water,  from  Md.  S. ;  leaves 
rounder,  2'-6'  broad,  wavy-margined,  roughish  or  dark-pitted  beneath  ; 
petioles  stouter ;  seeds  roughened. 


PHLOX   FAMILY.  295 


LXXVI.     POLEMONIACE^E,    POLEMONIUM    or    PHLOX 
FAMILY. 

Ours  mostly  herbs,  with  regular  flowers,  persistent  5-cleft 
calyx,  the  5  lobes  of  the  monopetalous  corolla  convolute  in 
the  bud,  3-lobed  style,  3-celled  ovary  and  pod ;  the  single,  few, 
or  many  seeds  in  each  cell  borne  on  the  thick  axis.  Embryo 
straight  in  the  axis  of  albumen.  Insipid  and  innocent  plants, 
the  juice  watery.  Nearly  all  are  K  American  plants,  many 
cult,  for  ornament. 

»  Erect  or  diffuse  herbs,  not  climbing,  and  with  nothing  resembling  stipules. 
+-  Stamens  unequally  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

1.  PHLOX.    Calyx  narrow,  prismatic  or  plaited,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.    Corolla  salver- 

shaped,  with  a  long  tube  (Lessons,  Fig.  255),  in  which  the  5  short  and  unequally 
inserted  stamens  are  included.  Ovary  often  with  2  ovules,  but  the  short  pod  with 
only  one  seed  in  each  celL  Leaves  entire  and  mostly  sessile,  the  lower  all  opposite, 
upper  often  alternate. 

•H  +-  Stamens  equally  inserted  in  the  corolla. 

2.  LO3SELIA.    Corolla  tubular  or  funnel  form,  more  or  less  irregular  from  the  limb  being 

unequally  cleft.    Filaments  naked  and  declined. 

8.  GILIA.  Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Corolla  of  various  shapes.  Stamens 
equally  inserted  and  projecting  from  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  not  declined,  generally 
naked.  Ovules  and  seeds  several  in  each  cell.  Leaves  either  entire,  cut,  or  divided. 

4.  POLEMONIUM.    Calyx  bell-shaped.    Corolla  open-bell-shaped  or  short  funnel  form. 

Stamens  slender,  like  those  of  Gilia,  but  declined,  hairy-appendaged  at  the  base. 
Leaves  pinnate,  alternate. 

»  *  Tall-climbing  by  compound  tendrils  on  the  pinnate  leaves  ;  lowest  leaflets  close  to 
the  stem,  unlike  the  others,  imitating  stipules. 

5.  COBjEA.  Calyx  of  5  large  leaf-like  divisions,  the  margins  of  which,  applied  each  to  each, 

appear  like  5  winged  angles.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  short  and  broad  spreading 
lobes.  Stamens  declined.  A  fleshy  disk  around  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Seeds 
numerous  In  each  cell  of  the  pod,  winged.  Peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  leafy- 
bracted  near  the  base,  naked  above.  Leaves  alternate. 

1.  PHLOX.  (Greek  for  flame,  anciently  applied  to  Lychnis,  and  trans- 
ferred to  these  North  American  plants.) 

*  2/  Wild  in  mostly  dry  or  rocky  ground,  some  common  in  gardens. 

+-  Stems  erect;  flowers  in  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicle,  with  short  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  ;  lobes  of  corolla  entire,  pink-purple,  and  with  white 
varieties;  leaves  flat,  not  subulate  (mostly  rather  broad) .  Wild  from 
Penn.,  S.  and  W. ;  flowers  summer. 

P.  paniculata,  Linn.  Generally  roughish  or  soft  hairy,  2°-4°  high, 
stout ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  and  mostly  with  tapering  base  ; 
panicle  broad  ;  calyx  teeth  sharp-pointed.  The  commonest  perennial 
phlox  of  the  gardens,  cult,  in  many  named  varieties.  Often  known  as 
P.  DECCSSATA. 

P.  maculata,  Linn.  Very  smooth  ;  stem  slender,  l°-2°  high,  purple- 
spotted  ;  lower  leaves  narrower,  and  thickish,  lanceolate,  upper  lance-ovate 


296  PHLOX  FAMILY. 

from  a  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  base ;  panicle  long  and  narrow, 
leafy  below;  calyx  teeth  less  pointed.  Cult.,  and  perhaps  hybridized 
with  the  preceding,  but  less  frequent  in  gardens. 

•»-  *-  Stems  ascending  or  erect,  but  often  with  a  prostrate  base,  l°-3°  high  ; 
whole  plant  smooth,  not  clammy  or  glandular;  flowers  corymbed; 
lobes  of  corolla  round  and  entire. 

P.  ovata,  Linn,  (or  P.  CAROLINA).  Leaves  varying  from  lanceolate 
to  ovate,  or  the  upper  heart-shaped ;  flowers  crowded,  short-peduncled, 
pink;  calyx  teeth  acute.  Perm,  to  Ala. 

P.  glaberrima,  Linn.  Slender ;  leaves  often  linear-lanceolate,  3'-4' 
long ;  flowers  fewer  and  loose,  pink  or  whitish ;  calyx  teeth  sharp- 
pointed.  Va.,  N.  W.  and  S. 

1-  •«-•«-  Flowering  stems  ascending,  or  in  the  first  erect,  low,  terminated 
by  a  loose  corymb,  which  is  clammy-pubescent  more  or  less,  as  well  as 
the  thinnish  leaves  ;  flowers  mostly  pediceled  ;  calyx  teeth  very  slender  ; 
flowers  late  spring. 

P.  pil6sa,  Linn.  Mostly  hairy ;  stems  erect  1°  or  so  high ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear,  and  tapering  to  a  point  (l'-2i'  long)  ;  flowers  loose, 
with  spreading,  awn-pointed  calyx  teeth ;  lobes  of  pink,  rose,  or  rarely 
white  corolla  obovate  and  entire.  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.  ;  variable. 

P.  amoena,  Sims.  Pubescent,  spreading  from  the  base,  6'-l°  high  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  or  broadly  oblong  or  ovate  on  sterile  shoots,  short ; 
flowers  in  a  crowded,  leafy-bracted  corymb,  with  straight,  hardly  awn- 
pointed  calyx  teeth ;  corolla  purple,  pink,  or  nearly  white.  Barrens, 
Va.  and  Ky.,  S. 

P.  divaricata,  Linn.  Moist  woods  from  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.;  soft-pubes- 
cent ;  stems  loosely  spreading ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  broad-lanceolate 
(l'-2'  long)  ;  flowers  loosely  corymbed  and  peduncled ;  corolla  large, 
pale  lilac,  bluish,  or  lead-colored,  the  lobes  wedge-obovate  or  commonly 
inversely  heart-shaped  and  as  long  as  the  tube.  Sometimes  called  WILD 
SWEET  WILLIAM. 

P.  reptans,  Michx.  Spreading  by  long  runners,  which  bear  round- 
obovate,  often  smoothish  leaves,  those  of  the  low  flowering  stems  oblong 
or  ovate  (about  .]'  long)  ;  flowers  few  but  crowded;  lobes  of  the  deep 
pink-purple  corolla  round-obovate,  large  (!'  broad).  Penn.  and  Ky.,  S. 

•t-  t-  •)-  -»-  Stems  all  diffuse  and  branching  (but  not  creeping},  rising 
3M>' ;  flowers  peduncled  and  scattered  or  in  small  loose  clusters. 

P.  bffida,  Beck.  Minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  l'-2'  long  and  linear, 
nearly  glabrous  ;  corolla  violet-purple,  the  lobes  2-  or  3-cleft  to  or  below 
the  middle,  the  divisions  nearly  linear  and  diverging.  Prairies,  111.,  Mo. 
Cult. 

•»-•«-  -i-  -i-  1-  Stems  creeping  and  tufted,  rising  little  above  the  ground, 
almost  woody,  persistent,  as  are  the  rigid  and  crowded  glandular-pubes- 
cent leaves;  flowers  few  in  the  depressed  clusters,  in  early  spring. 

P.  subulata,  Linn.  GROUND  or  Moss  PINK.  Wild  on  rocky  hills 
W.  and  S.  of  N.  Eng.,  and  common  in  gardens,  forming  broad  mats ; 
leaves  awl-shaped  or  lanceolate,  at  most  .V  long;  corolla  pink-purple, 
rose  with  a  darker  eye,  or  varying  to  white,  the  wedge-obovate  lobes 
generally  notched  at  the  end.  /ariable. 

»  *  ®  Cultivated  for  ornament  from  Texas;  flowers  all  summer. 

P.  Drummdndii,  Hook.  From  this  come  all  the  annual  phloxes  of  the 
gardens  ;  rather  low,  branching  and  spreading,  somewhat  clammy-pubes- 
cent, with  corymbs  of  purple,  crimson,  rose-colored,  buff  and  white, 
showy  flowers.  There  are  forms  with  fringed  corollas. 


PHLOX   FAMILY.  297 

2.  LCESELIA.     (John  Lcesel  was  author  of  a  flora  of  Prussia.)     If. 

L  cocdnea,  Don.  A  Mexican  shrub,  cult,  in  greenhouses  for  its  long- 
funnel-form  scarlet  flowers,  which  are  solitary  and  sessile,  but  nearly 
spicate  ;  calyx  lobes  awl-pointed  and  many  times  shorter  than  the  corolla ; 
leaves  oval  or  ovate,  pale,  rugose  and  hairy  below,  very  sharply  toothed, 
short-stalked ;  stems  hairy. 

3.  GILIA.     (Philip  Gil,  a  Spanish  botanist.)     Species  abound  from 
Texas  and  Kansas  to  California.     Several  are  choice  annuals  of  the 
gardens ;  flowers  summer. 

*  Leaves  either  opposite  or  palmately  divided  to  the  base,  or  commonly 

both. 

G.  liniflbra,  Benth.  (Erroneously  called  G.  LiNiF6uA.)  Diffuse  and 
spurrey-like,  the  divisions  of  the  leaves  nearly  filiform ;  flowers  loosely 
paniculate,  on  slender  pedicels,  white  or  tinted,  -|'  across,  nearly  rotate. 
Cal.  Cult,  for  borders.  ® 

G.  androsacea,  Steud.  (or  LEPTOSIPHON  AXDROSACEUS).  Low  and 
slender,  with  leaves  palmately  cleft  into  5-7  narrow  linear  divisions,  a 
head-like  cluster  of  flowers,  with  very  long  and  slender  but  small  salver- 
shaped  corolla,  lilac  or  whitish  with  a  dark  eye.  Cal.  ® 

*  *  Leaves  (save  occasionally  the  lowermost)  alternate,  mostly  pinnately 

cleft. 

•i-  Flowers  elongated,  red. 

G.  coronopifdlia,  Pers.  (or  IPOMOPSIS).  STANDING  CYPRESS,  from 
the  foliage  resembling  that  of  Cypress  Vine  ;  has  erect,  wand-like  stem, 
2°-3°  high,  thickly  clothed  with  alternate,  crowded  leaves,  pinnately 
divided  into  thread-like  leaflets,  and  very  long  and  narrow,  strict,  leafy 
panicle  of  showy  flowers ;  the  corolla  tubular-f unnel-form,  light  scarlet 
with  whitish  specks  on  the  lobes  inside,  1  £'  long.  Sandy  soil,  S.  Car.,  S. 
and  W.,  and  cult.  ®  (Lessons,  Fig.  249.) 

-t-  t-  Flowers  short,  blue,  or  blue  and  white.    ® 

G.  achiltecefdlia,  Benth.  Pubescent,  with  flowers  in  a  loose  head ; 
calyx  woolly,  the  lobes  with  short  recurved  tips  ;  corolla  violet-blue  or 
darker,  with  obovate  or  broadly  oblong  divisions.  Cal. 

G.  capitata,  Dougl.  Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  (as  also  the  calyx) ; 
l°-2°  high,  with  alternate  leaves  twice  pinnately  divided  into  small, 
linear,  or  thread-like  leaflets  or  lobes,  and  numerous  small  blue  flowers 
crowded  in  heads  at  the  end  of  naked  branches  ;  the  corolla  narrow 
funnel-form,  with  lanceolate  lobes.  Cal.  and  Ore. 

G.  tricolor,  Benth.  Stems  branching,  about  1°  high  ;  scattered,  alter- 
nate leaves  2-3  times  pinnately  dissected  into  short  linear  divisions ; 
flowers  panicled  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  corolla  short  funnel-form 
with  lilac-purple  or  whitish  lobes,  brown-purple  throat,  and  yellow  tube  ; 
leaves  and  calyx  somewhat  viscid-pubescent.  Cal.  Common  in  gardens. 

4.  POLEMONIUM,   GREEK   VALERIAN.     (From  the  Greek  word 
for  war,  of  no  application.)     Flowers  early  summer.     Tj. 

P.  reptans.  Linn.  Woods  of  Middle  States,  also  cult.;  smooth,  with 
weak  and  spreading  (but  never  creeping)  stems  6'-10'  long,  7-11  lance- 
ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  small  corymbs  of  nodding  light  blue  flowers,  and 
stamens  and  style  not  longer  than  the  corolla. 

P.  caeruleum,  Linn.  JACOB'S  LADDER.  Cult,  in  gardens  from  Eu., 
also  rarely  wild  N. ;  smooth  or  sometimes  hairy  ;  with  erect  stem  l°-3° 


298  WATERLEAF  FAMILY. 

high,  9-21  mostly  lanceolate  and  crowded  leaflets,  clusters  of  bright  blue 
flowers  collected  in  a  long  panicle,  and  stamens  and  style  longer  than  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  is  1'  broad. 

5.   COBJEJA.     (Named  for  B.  Cobo,  a  Spanish  priest  in  Mexico,  from 
which  country  the  common  species  was  introduced  into  cultivation.)    "21 

C.  scdndens,  Cav.  Smooth,  tall-climbing  by  its  much-branching  ten- 
drils ;  leaflets  ovate  ;  dull  purple  or  greenish  corolla  2'  or  more  long,  long 
filaments  coiling  spirally  when  old ;  flowers  all  summer ;  usually  cult,  as 
an  annual. 


LXXVII.    HYDROPHYLLACRffi,   WATEELEAF   FAMILY. 

Plants  resembling  the  foregoing  family,  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  flowers  more  commonly  imitating  the  Borage  Family ; 
differing  from  both  in  the  1-celled  ovary  and  pod  with  2  parietal 
placentae.  In  some,  the  placentae  unite  in  the  axis,  making 
a  2-celled  ovary.  Style  2-cleft  or  else  2  separate  styles. 
Ovules  at  least  2  to  each  placenta.  Seeds  with  a  small  em- 
bryo in  hard  albumen.  Juice  inert  and  watery.  Leaves 
mostly  alternate,  simple  or  compound. 

*  Style  '2-cleft ;  ovary  and  pod  1-celled,  with  two  parietal  placentae. 
+•  Placentae  fleshy  and  so  broad  that  they  line  the  ovary,  and  inclose  the  (mostly  4) 
ovules  and  seeds  ;  corolla  usually  convolute  in  the  bud.  commonly  with  5  or  10 
folds,  scales,  or  other  appendages  down  the  inside  of  the  tube. 

1.  HYDEOPH  YLLTTM.    Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  with  small  appendages  at  the  sinuses, 

not  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped.  Style  and  mostly  hairy  filaments  pro- 
truded ;  anthers  linear.  Pod  small,  globose,  ripening  1-4  spherical  seeds.  Flowers 
in  crowded  cymes  or  clusters.  Leaves  alternate,  slender-petioled. 

2.  NEMOPHILA.    Calyx  5-parted,  and  with  a  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus,  somewhat 

enlarging  in  fruit.  Corolla  open  bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped,  'onger  than  the  stamens. 

Flowers  solitary  and  long-peduncled.    Leaves  mostly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower 

ones. 
8.  ELLISIA.    Calyx  5-parted,  with  no  appendages.    Corolla  cylindrical  or  bell-shaped,  not 

exceeding  the  calyx,  the  tube  with  5  minute  appendages  witLin.    Stamens  included. 

Lower  leaves  opposite.  ( 

+-  +-  Placenta  narrow,  adherent  directly  to  the  walls,  or  else  boi  ne  on  an  incomplete 

partition  and  projecting  into  the  cell,  where  they  sometimes  meet ;  lobes  of  the 

corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

4.  PHACELIA.    Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow ;  no  appendages  at  the  sinuses. 

Corolla  open  bell-shaped,  approaching  wheel-shaped,  or  in  Whitlavia  tubular-bell- 
shaped  or  slightly  contracted  at  the  throat,  and  the  5  short  and  broad  lobes  abruptly 
and  widely  spreading.    Stamens  and  style  often  protruded.     Pod  4-many-seeded. 
Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  in  one-sided  raceme-like  clusters  or  spikes. 
»  »  Styles  2  (rarely  3),  separate  quite  to  the  base;  ovary  and  pod  1-celled;  seeds  minute 
and  very  numerous. 

5.  HTDEOLEA.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  open  -bell-shaped  or  approaching  wheel-shaped, 

rather  shorter  than  the  stamens ;  filaments  enlarged  at  base.  Capsule  bursting  irreg- 
ularly, or  2-4-valved.  Herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby,  with  entire  leaves  and  often 
spines  in  their  axils.  Flowers  in  loose  axillary  clusters. 


WATERLEAF   FAMILY.  299 

6.  WIGANDIA.  Calyx  lobes  5  linear.  Corolla  open-bell-shaped,  the  stamens  generally 
exserted.  Capsule  2-valved.  Stout  plants,  with  very  large  rounded  leaves  and  sharp 
or  stinging  bristles. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM.     WATERLEAF  is  a  translation  of  the  name 
from  the  Greek,  the  application  obscure.     Plants  of  rich  woods,  etc. 
Flowers  white  or  bluish-tinged,  in  early  summer,  often  showy,  but  of 
short  duration.     "%. 

*  Calyx  with  minute  appendages  if  any;   rootstocks   creeping,  scaly- 

toothed. 

H.  macrophyllum,  Nutt.  From  Ohio,  W.  and  S.W.;  rough-hairy, 
with  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  9-13  cut-toothed  divisions  or  leaflets ; 
a  globular  cluster  of  flowers  on  a  very  long  peduncle. 

H.  Virginicum,  Linn.  Smooth  or  smoothish,  with  4-7  main  divisions 
to  the  pinnate  leaves,  the  lowest  pair  2-parted,  and  calyx  lobes  bristly- 
ciliate.  Kich  woods,  Canada  S. 

H.  Canadense,  Linn.  Barely  1°  high,  nearly  smooth,  the  roundish 
leaves  palmately  5-7-lobed  and  with  heart-shaped  base,  or  some  minute 
leaflets  on  the  petioles,  which  are  longer  than  the  peduncles  of  the  flower 
cluster.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

*  *  Calyx  with  a  conspicuous  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus. 

H.  appendiculatum,  Michx.  Pubescent  or  hairy,  with  rounded  pal- 
mately 5-lobed  leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnately  divided,  rather  loose 
flower-clusters,  and  bristly-hairy  calyx  ;  pedicels  lengthening.  Ontario, 
W.  and  S. 

2.  NEMOFHILA.   (Greek :  lover  of  the  grove.')  Low  spreading  plants, 
mostly  cultivated  for  ornament ;  flowers  summer.     ® 

*  Seeds  5  or  more;  leaves  mainly  opposite,  and  shorter  than  the  pedun- 

cles. 

N.  maculata,  Benth.  Prostrate,  with  leaves  all  opposite  and  mostly 
sessile,  the  lower  lyrate-pinnatifid,  upper  sparingly  cut-toothed,  and 
white  corolla  with  violet  patch  on  each  lobe.  Cal. 

N.  insignia,  Dougl.  Slender,  procumbent,  with  lobes  of  the  pinnate 
leaves  cut-toothed,  and  pure  blue  corolla  1'  broad.  Cal. 

N.  Menziesii,  Hook.  &  Am.  (N.  ATOMARIA).  Procumbent ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, pinnatifid ;  corolla  smaller,  white  sprinkled  with  chocolate-brown 
spots.  Cal.  and  Ore. 

*  *  Seeds  4  or  less ;  upper  leaves  alternate. 

N.  pnacelioldes,  Nutt.  Wild  from  Ark.  S.,  and  sparingly  cult.;  with 
ascending  stems  l°-2°  long,  alternate  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  3-9 
oblong  entire  divisions,  and  purplish-blue  corolla  !£'  broad. 

N.  micr6calyx,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Roughish  pubescent,  the  spreading 
stems  2'-8'  long  ;  leaves  parted  into  3-6  roundish  or  wedge-obovate  cut- 
lobed  divisions  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles  and  opposite  them ; 
corolla  white,  exceeding  the  calyx.  Va.,  S. 

3.  ELLISIA.     (John  Ellis,  an  English   naturalist,  correspondent  of 
Linnaeus.)     ® 

E.  NyctMea,  Linn.  A  rough ish-hairy  plant,  6' -12',  wild  from  N.  J., 
to  Minn.,  and  S. ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7-13  narrow  divisions ; 
peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  opposite  the  leaves  ;  corolla  whitish, 
about  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  calyx  lobes. 


300  If ATERLEAF   FAMILY. 

4.  PHACELIA.     (Greek:  a  cluster.)     Several  species  cult,  for  orna- 
ment. ;  flowers  spring  or  summer. 

§  1.  TRUE  PHACELIA,  with  only  4  ovules  and  seeds,  lobes  of  corolla  entire. 

P.  congesta,  Hook.  Cult,  from  Texas ;  rather  pubescent,  with  leaves 
pinnately  divided1  or  cleft  into  few  oblong  or  ovate  cut-toothed  leaflets  or 
lobes,  and  small  blue  flowers  in  3  or  4  spikes  at  the  summit  of  a  slender 
peduncle  ;  stamens  slightly  protruding.  ® 

P.  tenacetifblia,  Benth.  California  ;  taller,  bristly-hairy,  with  narrower 
pinnatifid  leaflets,  larger  flowers  in  longer  dense  spikes  and  long  sta- 
mens. ® 

P.  bipinnatifida,  Michx.     l°-2°  high,  branched,  glandular-hairy,  with 
leaves  twice  pinnately  divided  into  ovate  cut-lobed  leaflets ;  flowers  slender- 
pediceled  in  long  loose  racemes  ;  violet-blue  corolla,  A'  or  more  broad. 
Kich  soil,  Ohio  and  111.,  S.    @ 
§  2.  COSMANTHCS  ;  4  ovules  and  seeds,  and  fringed  lobes  to  corolla.  ®  ® 

P.  Ftirshii,  Buckley.  Shady  soil  from  Penn.,  W.  and  S.,  and  cult, 
under  the  name  of  the  next ;  slender,  8'-12'  high  ;  lobes  of  pinnatifid 
leaves  several,  lance-oblong  acute  ;  flowers  of  the  raceme  numerous,  on 
slender  pedicels  ;  corolla  light  blue  or  whitish,  £'  broad  ;  filaments  hairy. 

P.  fimbriata,  Michx.  The  true  plant  grows  only  in  the  high  Alle- 
ghanies  S.,  is  smaller,  with  3-7  rounded  or  oblong  blunt  divisions  to  the 
leaves,  few  and  smaller  white  flowers. 

§  3.  WHITLAVIA,  with  mostly  numerous  ovules  ;  the  corolla  not  fringed, 
the  appendages  reduced  to  5  small  scales. 

P.  Whitliivia,  Gray  (or  WHITLAVIA  GRANDIFL6RA) .  Cult,  for  orna- 
ment, from  Cal.;  resembles  Phacelia  viscida  in  growth  and  foliage, 
but  only  slightly  clammy,  the  roundish  -ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped 
leaves  coarsely  toothed,  on  longer  petioles  ;  racemes  loose  ;  corolla  1'  or 
more  long,  violet-blue  (also  a  white  variety);  stamens  and  style  very 
slender  and  protruding. 

§  4.  CosMANTHolDES,  with  seeds  or  at  least  ovules  2-8  on  each  placenta ; 

corolla  lobes  entire,  the  appendages  wanting  or  obscure. 
P.  parvifl&ra,  Pursh.     Shaded  banks  from  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  S.  W.; 
scarce,  delicate  little  plant,  3'-6'  high,  with  pinnately  divided  or  cleft 
leaves,  a  raceme  of  few  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  bluish  corolla  less 
than  y  wide,  and  few  seeds.     @ 

§  6.  EtiTOCA,  with  ovules  several  or  many,  and  appendages  wanting  or 
represented  by  vertical  plaits. 

P.  f/sc/Va,  Torr.  Cult,  from  California  as  EtiTOCA  V^SCIDA  ;  clammy 
all  over,  with  dark  glandular  hairs,  rather  coarse  ;  leaves  ovate,  cut- 
toothed,  short-petioled ;  racemes  single,  terminating  the  branches ; 
corolla  deep  blue,  1'  or  less  wide  ;  pod  many-seeded.  ® 

P.  Menziesii,  Torr.  Handsome  plant  from  Cal.,  cult,  as  EtrrocA  MEN- 
ZIESII  and  E.  MCLtiFLbRA ;  3'-12',  much  branched,  roughish  or  hispid ; 
leaves  generally  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire,  or  some  of  them 
cleft ;  flowers  violet  or  white,  in  loose  panicles. 

5.  HYDROLEA.     (Named  from  Greek  word  for  water;  the  plants 
aquatic  or  in  wet  places.)     Flowers  summer.     2/ 

H.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  N.  Car.,  S. ;  has  hairy  stems,  lanceolate 
acute  leaves  tapering  to  the  base,  and  lanceolate  sepals  nearly  as  long  as 
the  corolla. 

H.  afflnis,  Gray.  Smooth,  with  short-petioled  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
ovate  sepals  as  long  as  the  corolla.  S.  111.,  S. 


BORAGE  FAMILY.  301 

6.  WIGANDIA.  (John  Wigand,  a  bishop  of  Pomerania.)  Rank 
hispid  greenhouse  herbs,  sometimes  used  in  the  open  for  tropical 
effects.  Trop.  Amer. 

VI.  macrophylla,  Schlecht.  &  Cham.  Leaves  ovate-cordate,  hairy- 
tomentose,  rusty  above,  rather  obtuse,  toothed ;  flowers  lilac  in  a  terminal 
panicle  with  alternate  branches  ;  capsule  densely  hairy-canescent.  10°. 

W.  tirens,  Choisy.  Of  looser  habit,  the  leaves  somewhat  acute  and 
longer-petioled,  white-tomentose  beneath,  the  petioles  shaded  with  red  ; 
flowers  violet,  in  one-sided  scirpoid  spikes  ;  capsule  hispid.  6°. 


LXXVm.    BOKRAGINACE2E,  BORAGE  FAMILY. 

Mostly  rough,  or  rough-hairy  plants,  known  from  all  related 
monopetalous  orders  by  having  a  deeply  4-lobed  ovary,  or 
apparently  4  ovaries  around  the  base  of  a  common  style,  each 
1-ovuled,  ripening  into  akenes  or  nutlets,  along  with  regular 
flowers  (Echium  excepted),  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla  (5)  and  alternate  with  them,  and  alternate  (mostly 
entire)  leaves.  In  the  Heliotrope  tribe,  however,  the  ovary  is 
not  lobed,  but  the  fruit  at  maturity  separates  into  2  or  4 
nutlets.  Stigmas  1  or  2.  Embryo  filling  the  seed ;  no  albu- 
men. Flowers  disposed  to  be  on  one  side  of  the  stem  or 
branches,  or  of  the  branches  of  cymes,  the  raceme-like  clusters 
coiled  at  the  end  and  straightening  as  the  flowers  expand. 
Herbage  not  aromatic ;  juice  commonly  bitterish,  often  some- 
what mucilaginous.  Boots  of  several  are  red  and  used  for  dye. 

I.  Ovary  not  divided,  but  tipped  with  the  simple  style,  the 
fruit  when  ripe  separating  into  2  or  4  closed  pieces  or  nutlets. 

1.  HELIOTEOPIUM.    Corolla  short  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  the  open  throat  (con- 

stricted in  one  species)  more  or  less  plaited.  Anthers  nearly  sessile,  Included.  Style 
short ;  stigma  conical  or  capitate.  Ovary  4-celled,  in  fruit  splitting  into  4  nutlets, 
or  into  2  two-celled  nutlets.  Flowers  small,  In  one-sided  single  or  cymose-clustered 
spikes,  mostly  bractless. 

II.  Ovary    deeply  4-parted,    the    style   arising   from   the 
center  between  them.     Ours  are  all  herbs. 

*  Corolla  and  stamens  regular. 
+-  Nutlets  variously  spiny  or  armed  when  mature. 

2.  CYNOGLOSSUM.     Corolla  between  short  funnel-form  and  wheel-shaped,  the  tube 

about  the  length  of  the  rounded  lobes ;  throat  closed  by  the  blunt  scales.  Nutlets 
bur-like,  oblique  on  the  expanded  base  of  the  style,  to  which  they  are  fixed  by  their 
apex,  roughened  all  over  with  short  barbed  or  hooked  prickles.  Coarse  and  strong- 
scented  plants,  with  racemed  flowers,  the  lower  sometimes  bracted,  otherwise 
bractless. 

8.  ECHINOSPERMUM.    Corolla  with  tube  as  short  as  the  rounded  lobes,  the  throat 
closed  with  short  rounded  scales.    Nutlets  erect,  fixed  to  the  central  column  or  base 


302  BORAGE  FAMILY. 

of  the  style,  triangular,  roughened,  and  bearing  one  or  more  marginal  rows  of  barb- 
tipped  prickles,  forming  small  burs.  Coarse  weeds,  with  leafy-bracted  racemed 
flowers. 

+•  +•  Nutlets  unarmed  (sometimes  slightly  roughened). 

++  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  no  tube  at  all. 

4.  BORAGO.    Flowers,  as  in  the  six  following,  perfectly  regular.    A  blunt  scale  at  the 

base  of  each  lobe  of  the  5-parted  corolla,  alternating  with  the  conniving  stamens. 

Filaments  very  short,  broad,  and  with  a  cartilaginous  projection  behind  the  linear 

pointed  anther.    Nutlets  erect 
(8.  MYOSOTIS,  and  9.  OMPHALODES,  from  the  short  tube  to  the  corolla,  may  be  sought 

for  here.) 

«•  -M-  Corolla  tubular,  funnel-form,  or  talver-shaped,  sometimes  almost  wheel-shaped. 
»  Throat  of  corolla  open,  the  folds  or  short  scales,  if  any,  not  closing  over  the  orifice. 

I  Fruit  fleshy,  smooth  or  wrinkled. 

6.  MERTEN8IA.    Corolla  tubular,  trumpet-shaped,  with  the  widely  spreading  border 
scarcely  at  all  lobed  and  its  throat  perfectly  naked  in  the  common  species  ;  the  slen- 
der filaments  protruding.    Smooth  plants,  which  is  rare  in  this  »rder. 
1 1  Fruit  (or  nutlets')  hard,  often  stone-like. 

6.  ONOSMODIUM.  Corolla  tubular,  with  the  5  acute  lobes  erect  or  converging,  the  throat 

perfectly  naked,  bearing  the  arrow-shaped  or  linear  and  mucronate  anthers;  fila- 
ments hardly  any.  Style  very  slender  and  protruding.  Nutlets  stony,  smooth,  fixed 
by  their  base.  Very  rough-bristly  homely  plants. 

7.  LITHOSPERMUM.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  with  rounded  lobes  imbri- 

cated in  the  bud,  with  or  without  evident  short  and  broad  scales  or  folds  in  the 
throat.  Anthers  oblong,  included ;  filaments  hardly  any.  Nutlets  stony,  smooth 
or  roughened,  ovate,  fixed  by  the  base.  Rough  or  hairy  plants,  mostly  with  red 
roots. 

8.  MYOSOTIS.    Corolla  very  short-salver-form,  the  tube  only  about  the  length  of  the 

5-toothed  or  5-cleft  calyx,  the  rounded  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  throat  with 
6  small  and  blunt  arching  appendages.    Anthers  short,  included.    Nutlets  smooth 
and  hard,  fixed  by  their  base.    Low  and  small,  mostly  soft-hairy  plants,  the  small 
racemed  flowers  commonly  bractless. 
—  —  Throat  with  scales  or  appendages  conspicuous,  one  before  the  bate  of  each  lobe, 

and  closing  or  nearly  closing  the  orifice. 
I  Corolla  short-salver-shaped  or  nearly  wheel  shaped  ;  stamens  included. 

9.  OMPHALODES.    Corolla  with  tube  shorter  than  the  rounded  lobes.    Nutlets  smooth, 

depressed,  and  with  a  hollow  basket-like  top.  Flowers  loosely  racemed ;  no  bracts. 
Low,  smooth  or  smoothish  herbs. 

1 1  Corolla  tubular  and  more  or  less  funnel-shaped. 

10.  8YMPHYTUM.    Corolla  straight,   tubular-funnel-form,  with  short  spreading  lobes 

which  are  somewhat  longer  than  the  large  awl-shaped  scales  and  the  linear  or  lance- 
olate anthers.  Style  slender,  commonly  protruding.  Nutlets  erect,  smooth,  coria- 
ceous, fixed  by  a  hollowed  base.  Coarse  herbs,  branching  and  leafy,  with  thickened 
or  tuberous  roots,  the  juice  mucilaginous  and  bitterish,  used  in  popular  medicine. 
Flowers  nodding  in  raceme-like  often  forked  clusters,  either  naked  or  leafy-bracted 

*  *  Corolla  or  stamens  (or  both)  irregular. 

11.  LYCOPSIS.    Corolla  with  a  curved  tube,  slightly  oblique  5-lobed  border,  and  bristly- 

hairy  scales  in  the  throat.  Stamens  included  in  the  tube.  Nutlets  rough-wrinkled, 
erect,  fixed  by  a  hollowed  base.  Coarse,  rough-bristly  plants. 

12.  ECHIUM.    Corolla  irregular,  two  of  the  spreading  lobes  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the 

others,  funnel-form,  naked  in  the  throat.  Stamens  unequal,  ascending,  more  or 
less  protruding ;  filaments  and  style  long  and  slender.  Stigmas  2.  Nutlets  eract, 
leathery,  rough-wrinkled. 


BORAGE   FAMILY.  '60'6 

1.  HELIOTROPIUM,  HELIOTROPE.    (Greek:  turning  to  the  sun.) 

*  Fruit  4-lobed,  and  separating  into  4  simple  nutlets. 
*-  Spikes  only  in  pairs,  or  the  lateral  ones  solitary;  flowers  white.    ® 

H.  Curass£vicum,  Linn.  Sandy  shores  and  banks  from  Va.  and 
HI.,  S.;  very  smooth  and  pale ;  leaves  oblong,  spatulate,  or  lance-linear, 
thickish,  veinless. 

H.  Europium,  Linn.  Old  gardens  and  waste  places  S.,  introduced 
from  Eu. ;  hoary -downy,  6'-18'  high  ;  leaves  oval,  long-petioled,  veiny. 

•*-  •*-  Spikes  collected  in  terminal  and  several  times  forked  cymes.    "%. 

H.  Peruvianum,  Linn.  COMMON  HELIOTROPE.  Pubescent,  with  ovate- 
oblong  or  lance-ovate,  very  veiny  rugose  leaves,  and  vanilla-scented,  pale 
blue-purple  flowers;  woody -stemmed  or  shrubby  house  and  bedding 
plants  from  Peru. 

*  *  Fruit  2-lobed,  separating  into  2  carpels,  each  2-celled. 

H.  Indicum,  Linn.  INDIAN  HELIOTROPE.  Hairy  low  plant,  nat.  from 
India  as  a  weed  in  waste  ground  S.;  with  ovate,  heart-shaped  leaves,  and 
solitary  spikes  of  small  purplish  flowers,  in  summer ;  a  cavity  before 
each  seed-bearing  cell  of  the  lobed  fruit.  ® 

2.  CYNOGLOSSTJM,    HOUNDS'-TONGUE  (which  the  name  means 
in  Greek).    Flowers  summer.     Nutlets  form  burs  which  adhere  to  ani- 
mals and  clothing. 

C.  officinale,  Linn.  COMMON  H.  Coarse  weed  from  Eu.,  common  in 
pastures,  yards,  and  roadsides  ;  leafy,  soft-pubescent,  with  spatulate  or 
lance-oblong  leaves,  the  upper  ones  closely  sessile,  crimson  purple  corolla, 
and  flat,  somewhat  margined  nutlets.  ® 

C.  Virglnicum,  Linn.  WILD  COMFRET.  Bristly -hairy,  with  simple 
stem,  leafless  above  and  bearing  a  few  corymbed  naked  racemes  of  blue 
flowers,  the  stem  leaves  lance-oblong  with  heart-shaped  clasping  base,  the 
nutlets  very  convex.  Can.,  S.  ^ 

3.  ECHINOSPE'RMUM,  STICK-SEED.    (Greek :  hedgehog  and  seed, 
from  the  nutlets.) 

£.  L&ppula,  Lehm.  Weed  of  waste  grounds,  especially  N. ;  roughish- 
hairy,  erect,  l°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  small  blue  flowers,  and 
nutlets  with  rough-tubercled  back  and  thickly -prickled  margins ;  flowers 
all  summer.  Eu.  (D 

B.  Virglnicum,  Lehm.  BEGGAR'S  LICE.  Thickets  and  open  woods, 
a  common  weed ;  2°-4°  high,  with  slender,  widely  spreading  branches, 
thin,  oblong-ovate  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  forking  and  diverging 
racemes  of  very  small  whitish  or  bluish  flowers  on  pedicels  reflexed  in 
fruit,  and  convex  barbed-prickly  small  nutlets.  ®  @ 

4.  BORAGO,   BORAGE.     (Old  name,  supposed  corruption  of  cor  ago, 
from  imagined  cordial  properties.) 

B.  officinalis,  Linn.  COMMON  B.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  in  old  gardens  for 
ornament  and  as  a  bee  plant ;  spreading,  branched,  beset  with  sharp  and 
whitish  spreading  bristles ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers 
loosely  racemed,  handsome,  blue  or  purplish,  with  dark  anthers,  in 
summer.  0 


304  BORAGE   FAMILY. 

5.  MEHTENSIA.     (Pro/.  F.  C.  Martens,  of  Germany.)     % 

*  Throat  of  the  corolla  naked",  and  the  limb  entire. 

M.  Virginica,  DC.  SMOOTH  LUNGWORT.  Very  smooth  and  pale, 
leafy,  l°-2°  high,  with  obovate,  entire  leaves,  those  of  the  root  long- 
petioled  ;  handsome  flowers  spreading  or  hanging  on  slender  pedicels  in 
loose  raceme-like  clusters,  the  light  blue  or  at  first  purple  corolla  1'  long  ; 
flowers  spring.  Alluvial  soil,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

*  *  Throat  crested,  and  corolla  limb  b-lobed. 

M.  marftima,  Don.  SEA  LUNGWORT.  Spreading  or  decumbent, 
glaucous,  smooth ;  leaves  fleshy,  ovate  to  spatulate,  the  upper  surface 
papillose ;  corolla  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Seacoast,  Cape 
Cod,  N. 

6.  ONOSMODIUM,    FALSE    GROMWELL.       (Name    means    like 
Onosma,  a  European  genus  of   this  family.)      Wild  plants  of    the 
country,  mostly  in  rich  soil,  in  dry  or  alluvial  ground  ;  flowers  leafy- 
bracted,  greenish  or  yellowish-white,  in  summer.     2Z 

O.  Virginianum,  DC.  Clothed  with  harsh  but  appressed  short 
bristles,  l°-2°  high,  with  oblong  leaves,  and  lance-awl-shaped  lobes  of 
narrow  corolla  sparingly  bristly  outside.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

O.  Carolinianum,  DC.  Shaggy  with  rough  and  spreading  bristles ; 
stout,  3°-4°  high,  with  lance-ovate  or  oblong-acute  leaves,  and  lobes  of 
rather  broad  corolla  triangular  and  thickly  hairy.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

Var.  mdlle,  Gray.  Hoary,  with  softer  and  whitish  appressed  hairs, 
the  oblong-ovate  bluntish  leaves  strongly  ribbed,  and  lobes  of  the  trian- 
gular-pointed lobes  of  the  narrow  corolla  thickly  hairy  outside.  111.,  W. 

7.  LITHOSPERMUM,    GROMWELL,    PUCCOON.      (Greek:  stony 
seed.)     Flowers  in  late  spring  and  summer,  at  length  scattered  or  as 
if  spiked,  leafy-bracted. 

*  Corolla  white  or  yellowish  only  in  the  wholly  naked  throat,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx;    nutlets  rough-wrinkled  and  pitted,  gray  and 
dull.    <£)  (2) 

L.  arvGnse,  Linn.  CORN  GROMWELL.  Weed  from  Eu.,  in  waste  dry 
soil ;  6'-12'  high,  roughish-hoary,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  and 
inconspicuous  flowers. 

*  *  Corolla  dull  whitish,  rather  short,  with  little  downy  scales  or  rather 
folds  in  the  throat;  nutlets  smooth  or  with  a  few  pores,  often  ivory- 
white.     11 

L.  officinale,  Linn.  COMMON  G.  Of  Eu.,  a  weed  by  roadsides  N.; 
l°-2°  high,  branched  above,  with  broadish-lanceolate,  acute  leaves,  rough 
above  but  soft-downy  beneath,  and  corolla  longer  than  calyx. 

L.  latifdlium,  Michx.  From  W.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. ;  larger  and 
rougher  than  the  last,  ovate  and  lance-ovate  pointed  leaves  2 '-4'  long 
and  prominently  ribbed,  those  from  the  root  larger  and  roundish  ;  corolla 
shorter  than  calyx. 

*  »  *  Corolla   bright   orange-yellow,  shoioy,  longer  than  calyx,  almost 
salver-shaped,  with  little  appendages  in   the  throat  evident;   nutlets 
smooth,  usually  ivory-white. 

L.  hlrtum,  Lehm.  HAIRY  PUCCOON.  Sterile  ground,  N.  Y.,  S.  and 
W. ;  l°-2°  high,  roughish-bristly,  with  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves,  or 
those  next  the  flowers  ovate-oblong  and  bristly-ciliate,  the  crowded 


BORAGE  FAMILY.  305 

flowers  peduncled  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  breadth 
of  the  border  (!'-!')  and  woolly-bearded  at  base  inside. 

L.  can<5scens,  Lehiu.  HOARY  P.  Softer-hairy  and  somewhat  hoary, 
6'-15'  high,  smaller-flowered  than  the  preceding,  and  tube  of  corolla 
smooth  at  base  inside.  Plains  and  wood  borders,  Can.,  S. 

L.  angustif6lium,  Michx.  Leaves  linear ;  tube  of  corolla  1'  or  more 
long,  many  times  longer  than  the  eroded-toothed  lobes.  Sterile  soil, 
Mich.,  W.  and  S. 

8.  MYOSOTIS,  FORGET-ME-NOT  or  SCORPION  GRASS.    (Greek: 
mouse-ear,  from  the  short  soft  leaves  of  some  species.)    Flowers  spring 
and  summer. 

*  Calyx  remaining  open  in  fruit,  its  hairs  straight  and  glandless. 

HI.  palustris,  With.  TRUE  F.  In  gardens  and  some  waste  places ; 
with  loosely  branched  stems  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  rough- 
pubescent  lance-oblong  leaves,  moderately  5-cleft  calyx  shorter  than  the 
spreading  pedicels,  and  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube ;  corolla 
light  blue  with  a  yellow  eye.  2/ 

M.  laxa,  Lehm.  Flowers  smaller  and  paler,  on  longer  pedicels ; 
pubescence  appressed ;  calyx  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube ;  habit  lax. 
N.  Y.,  E. 

*  *  Calyx  closing  or  erect  in  fruit,  the  hairs  hooked  or  glandular. 

M.  arve'nsis,  Hoffm.  Hirsute,  with  lance-oblong,  acutish  leaves, 
racemes  naked  at  base  and  stalked,  small  blue  corolla,  pedicels  spreading 
in  fruit  and  longer  than  the  5-cleft  equal  calyx,  the  lobes  of  which  are 
closed  in  fruit,  and  the  tube  beset  with  some  hooked  or  glandular-tipped 
hairs.  Fields.  ®  2/ 

M.  v(5rna,  Nutt.  Bristly-hirsute,  erect  (4'-10'  high) ,  branched  from 
base,  with  oblong  and  blunt  leaves,  racemes  leafy  at  base,  very  small 
mostly  white  corolla,  pedicels  in  fruit  erect  and  appressed  at  base,  but 
abruptly  bent  outwards  near  the  apex,  and  rather  shorter  than  the  une- 
qual, very  bristly  calyx,  some  of  its  bristles  hooked  or  glandular  at  their 
tip.  Dry  grounds.  ©  ® 

9.  OMPHALODES.    (Greek :  referring  to  the  navel-shaped  depression 
on  the  upper  face  of  the  nutlets.)     Cult,  from  Eu.  for  ornament. 

0.  vGrna,  Moench.  BLUE  or  SPRING  NAVELWORT.  Spreading  by  leafy 
runners;  leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  2'-3'  long,  pointed, 
green ;  flowers  azure-blue,  in  spring.  2Z 

0.  l/nifd/ia,  Moench.  WHITE  N.  Erect,  6'-12'  high,  loosely  branched, 
very  pale  or  glaucous,  with  broadly  lanceolate  leaves  sparingly  ciliate,  the 
upper  sessile,  white  or  bluish  flowers,  and  turgid  nutlets  toothed  around 
the  margin  of  the  cavity.  ® 

10.  SYMPHYTUM,   COMFREY.     (Greek:   grow  together,   alluding 
probably  to  supposed  healing  properties.)     Cult,  from  Old  World.     2/ 

S.  officinale,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  Rather  soft-hairy;  the  branches 
winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  oblong-lanceolate  leaves ;  corolla 
yellowish-white.  Cult,  for  forage  and  ornament ;  naturalized  sparingly 
in  moist  grounds.  Eu. 

S.    asperrimum,    Sims.      PRICKLY    C.      Stem    and  widely  spreading 
branches  excessively  rough  with  short  and  somewhat  recurved  little 
prickles,  not  winged  ;  calyx  lobes  short ;  corolla  reddish  purple  in  bud, 
changing  to  blue.     Cult,  like  the  other.     Caucasus. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  9.  HOT.  — 20 


306  CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY. 

11.  LYCOPSIS,   BUGLOSS.      (Greek:   wolf  and  /ace.)      European 
weed.    (D 

L.  arifSnsis,  Linn.  FIELD  or  SMALL  BUGLOSS.  Very  rough-bristly 
weed,  about  1°  high,  in  sandy  fields  E. ;  with  lance-oblong  leaves,  and 
small  blue  corolla  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

12.  ECHIUM,   VIPER'S  BUGLOSS.     (Greek  word  for  viper.)     ® 

£.  vulgare,  Linn.  COMMON  V.  or  BLUEWEED.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  in  old 
gardens,  and  a  weed  in  fields,  E.;  l°-2°  high,  very  rough-bristly,  with 
lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  racemed  clusters,  the 
purple  corolla  changing  to  bright  blue,  in  summer. 


LXXIX.     CONVOLVTTLACEJ!,   CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY. 

Twining,  trailing,  or  rarely  erect  plants  (ours  herbs),  com- 
monly with  some  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules; 
regular  monopetalous  flowers  with  5  (rarely  4)  imbricated 
sepals,  as  many  separate  stamens,  corolla  convolute  or  twisted 
in  the  bud,  a  2-4-celled  ovary  (or  1-celled  and  ovaries  several 
or  many  in  Nolana)  and  pod  with  only  1  or  2  ovules  erect 
from  the  base  of  each  cell,  becoming  large  seeds,  containing 
a  curved  or  coiled  conspicuous  embryo  in  some  mucilaginous 
(or,  when  dry,  harder)  albumen. 

I.  CONVOLVULUS  SUBFAMILY  PROPER;  with  or- 
dinary foliage,  axillary  peduncles  bearing  one  or  more  usually 
showy  flowers,  and  embryo  with  broad  leaf-like  cotyledons 
folded  and  crumpled  in  the  seed.  (Lessons,  Fig.  40-43.) 
Calyx  of  5  separate  sepals. 

*  Style  single  and  entire  ;  stigmas  1-8. 

1.  IPOM(EA.    Calyx  naked,  i.e.  not  inclosed  by  a  pair  of  leafy  bracts.    Corolla  nearly 

salver-shaped  or  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  long  tube,  the  border  not  twisted  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  and  style  included  or  protruded.  Stigma  capitate,  2-3-lobed.  Pod  2-4- 
celled  ;  cells  1-seeded.  (Lessons,  Figs.  250,  251.) 

2.  CONVOLVULUS.    Calyx  naked  or  surrounded  and  inclosed  by  a  pair  of  large,  leafy 

heart-shaped  bracts.  Corolla  open  funnel-form  or  almost  bell-shaped.  Stamens  in- 
cluded. Stigmas  2,  linear.  Pod  2-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded. 

8.  NOLANA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  foliaceous.  Corolla  short  and  open  funnel-form,  plaited  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  5.  Style  1 ;  stigma  capitate  or  club-shaped.  Ovaries  3^0  collected 
In  a  circle  or  heap  around  the  base  of  the  style,  becoming  1-4-celled  drupelets  or  nut- 
lets, each  cell  1-seeded. 

*  »  Style  1-cleft  or  2  separate  styles,  rarely  3.    Spreading  or  trailing,  not  twining. 

4.  BREWERIA.    Like  Convolvulus,  but  the  styles  2  or  sometimes  3,  or  in  one  species 

2-cleft,  and  stigmas  capitate.    Peduncles  1-7-flowered. 
6.  EVOLVULUS.    Corolla  short  and  open  funnel-form,  or  almost  wheel-shaped.    Styles 

2,  each  2-cleft ;  the  4  stigmas  obtuse.    Pod  2-celled ;  cells  2-seeded. 


CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.  307 

II.  DODDER  SUBFAMILY;  slender  parasitic  twiners, 
without  green  herbage  and  with  only  some  minute  scales  in 
place  of  leaves;  embryo  slender  and  spirally  coiled  in  the 
seed,  destitute  of  cotyledons. 

6.  CUSCUTA.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  or  of  5  separate  sepals.  Corolla  short,  4-5-cleft.  Stamens 
with  a  scale-like  mostly  fringed  appendage  at  their  base.  Styles  2  in  our  species. 
Ovary  2-celled ;  cells  2-ovuled.  Pod  commonly  4-seeded. 

1.  IFOMCEA,  MORNING-GLORY,  SWEET  POTATO,  etc.  (Greek- 
made  name.)  Many  attractive  cult,  species. 

#  Stamens  and  style  exserted;  flowers  bright  red,  opening  by  day,  small 

for  the  genus. 

I.  Qudmoc/it,  Linn,  (or  QUAMOCLIT  VULGA.RIS).  CYPRESS  VINE.  Cult, 
from  Trop.  Amer.;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  slender,  almost  thread- 
shaped  divisions ;  peduncles  1-flowered ;  border  of  the  narrow  corolla 
5-lobed.  (Lessons,  Fig.  250.) 

/.  coccinea,  Linn.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed  ;  sepals  awn-pointed ; 
peduncles  several-flowered;  border  of  (!'  long)  corolla  merely  6-angled. 
'  In  gardens,  and  run  wild  S.  Trop.  Amer.  (Lessons,  Fig.  251.) 

*  *  Stamens  and  style  short-exserted ;  flowers  white,  opening  once  only 

and  at  night,  very  large  and  long-tubed. 

I.  B6na-N6x,  Linn,  (or  CALONYCTION  8PECi6suM).  MOONFLOWER. 
Tall-twining,  very  smooth,  but  stems  often  beset  with  soft,  almost  prickly 
projections  ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  halberd-shaped,  or  angled ;  peduncles 
long,  1-few-flowered  ;  corolla  salver-form,  with  a  slender  tube  3'-4'  long, 
and  the  border  still  broader,  white  with  greener  folds,  fragrant.  Trop. 
Amer. ,  and  evidently  native  in  S.  Fla.  Variable,  and  sold  under  several 
names. 
«  *  *  Stamens  and  style  not  exserted;  colors  various,  and  corolla  mostly 

campanulate. 

t-  Ovary  and  pod  3-celled  (or  abnormally  4-celled"),  with  2  seeds  in  each 
cell;  stigma  more  or  less  3-lobed;  corolla  funnel-form,  opening  in 
early  morning  for  a  few  hours ;  stems  twining  freely,  hairy,  the  hairs 
more  or  less  retrorse.  —  MORNING-GLORIES. 

/.  purpOrea,  Lam.  COMMON  MORNING-GLORY.  Cult,  from  Trop.  Arner. 
and  wild  around  dwellings;  with  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire  leaves, 
3-4-flowered  peduncles,  and  purple,  sometimes  variegated  or  nearly  white 
corolla,  2'  long.  ®  (Lessons,  Figs.  40-45,  90,  247,  283.) 

/.  hederacea,  Jacq.  (I.  NfL.)  Cult.,  or  run  wild  S.,  native  to  Trop. 
Amer.;  with  heart-shaped,  3-lobed  leaves,  1-3-flowered  peduncles,  slen- 
der-pointed sepals,  and  blue-purple  or  sometimes  white  corolla  l'-2' 
long.  ® 

I.  LIMB\TA  or  I.  ALBO-MARGINATA,  of  gardens,  is  a  form  of  the  pre- 
ceding, with  leaves  little  lobed,  angled  or  entire,  and  larger  corolla  with 
deep  violet  border,  edged  with  white,  2J'  broad. 

«-  •*-  Ovary  and  pod  generally  2-celled,  the  cells  2-seeded,  or  sometimes 
each  cell  divided  by  a  partition  making  4  1-seeded  cells ;  stigma  capi- 
tate, or  the  lobes,  if  any,  only  2. 

*+  Stems  creeping  or  prostrate  on  the  ground,  not  twining. 

I.  Batdtas,  Lam.     SWEET  POTATO.    Stems  long  and  smooth,  producing 

the  large,  fleshy,  edible  roots,  for  which  the  plant  is  cultivated ;  leaves 

variously  heart-shaped,  halberd-shaped,  or  triangular,   sometimes  cut- 

lobed  ;  peduncles  bearing  3  or  4  flowers  ;  corolla  funnel-form,  purple,  !£' 


308  CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY. 

long ;  pod  with  4  one-seeded  cells.  Origin  unknown,  but  likely  derived 
from  some  Tropical  American  species.  Flowers  seldom  appear.  2/  (Les- 
sons, Fig.  86.) 

*+  •••*  Stems  twining  or  with  a  distinct  twining  tendency. 

=  Corolla  with  a  large  spreading  limb. 
||  Flower,  or  at  least  the  greater  part  of  it,  white. 

I.  Iacun6sa,  Linn.  Low  grounds,  Penn.  to  HI.  and  S.;  twining,  nearly 
smooth,  with  heart-shaped,  nearly  entire  leaves,  short  1-3-flowered 
peduncles,  small  white  (sometimes  purple-bordered)  5-lobed  corolla 
about  £'  long  and  twice  the  length  of  the  pointed  ciliate  sepals,  and 
slightly  hairy  pod.  ® 

I.  sinuata,  Ort.  Stem  (somewhat  woody  at  the  base)  and  petioles 
hairy,  but  the  leaves  nearly  or  wholly  glabrous  and  7-parted,  the  divi- 
sions lanceolate  or  narrower  and  sinuately  cut ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  tube 
of  the  white  purple-eyed  corolla.  Ga.,  S.  11 

I.  pandurata,  Meyer.  WILD  POTATO  VINE  or  MAN-OF-THE-EARTH. 
Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  Can.,  S.,  often  a  bad  weed;  trailing  or  twining, 
stout,  smooth,  with  heart-shaped  and  sometimes  fiddle-shaped  or  halberd- 
3-lobed  leaves,  1-5-flowered  peduncles,  small  bracts,  and  open  funnel- 
form  white  corolla  with  deep  purple  eye,  2'-3'  long ;  root  very  large  and 
deep,  weighing  10-20  Ibs.  11 

||  ||  Flower  red,  blue,  or  purple  throughout  (rarely  white  in  the  first). 
o  Leaves  broad  and  cordate,  either  lobed  or  entire. 

I.  Jalapa,  Pursh.  Light  soil,  along  the  coast  S.  Car.,  S. ;  creeping  or 
twining,  with  heart-shaped  or  triangular,  sometimes  lobed  leaves,  downy 
beneath ;  flowers  downy  ;  corolla  purplish-white  with  purple  eye,  3'-4' 
long,  opening  at  night ;  pod  partly  4-celled,  with  silky  seeds ;  root  ex- 
tremely large  and  fleshy,  often  weighing  40-50  Ibs.  11 

I.  commutata,  Roein.  &  Sch.  Rather  hairy,  twining ;  with  thin, 
heart-shaped,  and  sometimes  angled  or  3-5-lobed  leaves,  4-angled  1-5- 
flowered  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  slender  petioles  ;  purple  corolla 
l'-2'  long,  and  4-5  times  the  length  of  the  pointed  ciliate  sepals;  pod 
hairy.  S.  Car.,  S.  (J) 

/.  Lean',  Paxt.  Cult,  from  S.  Amer.;  tender,  slightly  hairy,  with  heart- 
shaped  and  generally  3-lobed  leaves,  many  Morning-glory-like  flowers 
crowded  on  the  summit  of  the  peduncle,  and  deep  violet-blue  corolla  3' 
long,  and  border  3'  wide ;  stigma  capitate.  11 

/.  rdbro-casrdlea,  Hook.  Smooth,  greenhouse  generally  evergreen 
climber,  with  long-petioled,  pale  green,  deeply  cordate,  acuminate  leaves 
and  3-4-flowered  peduncles;  flowers  large  and  handsome,  rich  blue,  with 
a  5-angled  limb ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Mex.  11 

/.    sefosa,    Ker.     Stems,  petioles  and    ex-flowered  peduncles  strongly 
setose  or  hispid  ;  leaves  deeply  cordate  and  round-ovate,  with  3  large  lobes 
and  round  sinuses ;  flowers  of  medium  size,  red  or  purple-red,  the  tube 
cylindrical ;  stigma  capitate.     Greenhouses  ;  from  Brazil.     11 
o  o  Leaves  narrow  and  sagittate. 

I.  sagittata,  Cav.  Salt  marshes,  from  N.  Car. ,  S. ;  smooth,  with  stems 
twining  2°-3°  high,  or  trailing,  narrow  lanceolate  or  linear  long-sagittate 
leaves,  1-3-flowered  club-shaped  peduncles,  and  the  bright  purple  funnel- 
form  corolla  2'-3'  long.  11 

=  =  Corolla  with  a  swollen  tube,  but  no  spreading  limb. 

I.  verslcolor,  Meissn.  (M*NA  LOB\TA).  House  plant  from  Mexico,  with 
broad  and  cordate  3-lobed  leaves,  and  scirpoid  racemes  of  small  flowers, 
which  are  reddish  at  first,  but  aoon  change  to  orange  and  yellow  ;  stigma 
capitate.  ® 


CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY.  309 

I 

2.  CONVOLVULUS,     BINDWEED.      (From  Latin    convolvo,    roll 

around  or  twine.)     Flowers  summer. 

*  Calyx  inclosed  in  2  large  leafy  bracts. 

C.  s&pium,  Linn.  HEDGE  B.  Wild  in  low  grounds,  also  planted; 
twining  freely,  sometimes  also  trailing,  spreading  by  running  rootstocks  ; 
smooth,  also  a  downy  variety ;  leaves  triangular  and  halberd-shaped  or 
arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes  at  base  obliquely  truncate  and  sometimes 
toothed  or  sinuate ;  peduncles  4-angled  ;  corolla  white  or  light  rose- 
colored,  1  J'-2'  long.  Variable ;  sometimes  double-flowered  hi  gardens.  ^ 

C.  spithamseus,  Linn.  Dry  sterile  ground ;  downy,  not  twining,  &- 
12'  high ;  leaves  oblong,  some  of  them  more  or  less  auricled  or  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base  ;  corolla  white,  2'  long.  ^ 

*  *  Calyx  naked. 

C.  arvensis,  Linn.  FIELD  BINDWEED.  Eu.  ;  a  weed  in  waste  places 
E.;  spreading  and  low-twining,  smoothish ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  and 
arrow-shaped ;  peduncles  1-flowered ;  corolla  white  tinged  reddish,  less 
than  1'  long,  "il 

C.  tricolor,  Linn.  (C.  MINOR,  of  gardens.)  Cult,  from  S.  Eu.;  hairy, 
low,  with  ascending  branching  stems,  lance-obovate  or  spatulate,  almost 
sessile  leaves,  1-flowered  peduncles,  rather  large  and  showy  flowers  open- 
ing in  sunshine,  the  corolla  blue,  with  pale  or  white  throat  and  yellow 
tube.  (I) 

C.  Mauritdnicus,  Boiss.  Cult,  from  N.  Africa ;  prostrate  or  twining, 
used  in  hanging  baskets ;  plant  soft  white-hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  short- 
petioled,  in  2  rows ;  flowers  blue,  with  a  white  throat,  1'  across ;  calyx 
hairy.  2/ 

3.  NOLAN  A.     (Latin :  nola,  a  little  bell.)     Cult,  for  ornament,  from 
coast  of  Peru  and  Chile ;  the  following  procumbent  and  spreading, 
rather  fleshy -leaved,  smooth,  except  some  scattered  hairs  on  the  stalks, 
the  showy  blue  flowers  solitary  on  axillary  or  lateral  peduncles,  open- 
ing in  sunshine,  all  summer. 

N.  afripHcifdlia,  Don.  Leaves  obovate  or  broadly  spatulate  (resem- 
bling those  of  Spinach,  whence  the  specific  name)  ;  sky-blue  corolla  2' 
wide  with  white  and  yellowish  center ;  ovaries  numerous  in  a  heap,  each 
1-celled  and  1-seeded.  (£) 

N.  prostrata,  Linn.  Less  common  ;  has  more  petioled,  rather  narrower 
leaves,  smaller  pale  violet-blue  flower  striped  with  purple,  and  few  ova- 
ries, each  of  2-4  cells.  ® 

4.  BREWERIA.    (Samuel  Brewer,  an  English  botanist.)    Low,  small- 
flowered  ;  corolla  more  or  less  silky  or  hairy  outside  ;  flowers  summer ; 
chiefly  S.     2/ 

B.  humistrata,  Gray.  Dry  pine  barrens  from  Va.,  S.;  sparsely  hairy 
or  smoothish ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong,  with  heart-shaped  base  to 
linear ;  sepals  smooth ;  corolla  white,  almost  1'  long ;  filaments  hairy  ; 
styles  united  at  base. 

B.  aquatica.  Gray.  Finely  soft-downy  ;  leaves  varying  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding ;  sepals  silky  ;  corolla  pink  or  purple,  \'  long ;  filaments  smooth  ; 
styles  nearly  separate.  N.  Car.,  S. 

B.  Fickerfngii,  Gray.  Sandy  barrens  from  N.  J.,  S.  and  W.,  scarce  ; 
leaves  nearly  linear,  narrow,  tapering  to  a  sessile  base ;  bracts  leaf-like 
and  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  sepals  hairy  ;  corolla  white,  hardly  £'  long ; 
styles  united  to  above  the  middle,  and  with  stamens  also  protruding. 


310  CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY. 

5.  EVOLVTTLUS.    (From  Latin  for  unroll;  that  is,  it  does  not  twine.) 
Low  and  diminutive  small-flowered  plants.     Flowers  summer.     2Z 

E.  argdnteus,  Pursh.  Tufted  from  a  woody  base,  b'-T  high,  silky- 
woolly  all  over ;  broadly  lanceolate  leaves  crowded,  usually  nearly  sessile, 
as  are  the  flowers  in  their  axils ;  corolla  purple,  \'  broad.  Plains, 
Dak.,  S. 

E.  serlceus,  Swartz.  Damp  ground  Fla.,  W.;  slender-stemmed,  silky 
with  fine  appressed  hairs,  except  the  upper  face  of  the  scattered  lance- 
linear  leaves  ;  corolla  white  or  bluish,  not  £'  broad. 

6.  CT7SCTTTA,    DODDER.      (Old   name,   of    uncertain   derivation.) 
Plants  resemble  threads  of  yarn,  yellowish  or  reddish,  spreading  over 
herbs  and  low  bushes,  coiling  around  their  branches,  to  which  they 
adhere,  robbing  them  of  their  juices.     Flowers  small,  mostly  white, 
clustered. 

*  Stigmas  slender;  pod  opening  by  a  transverse  division  all  round  near 
the  base,  leaving  the  partition  behind.     Natives  of  Eu. ;  flowers  early 
summer. 

C.  Epllinum,  Weihe.  FLAX  DODDER.  Growing  on  flax,  which  it 
injures ;  occasionally  found  in  our  flax  fields ;  flowers  globular,  in  scat- 
tered heads  ;  corolla  5-parted.  ® 

*  *  Stigmas  capitate  ;  pods  bursting  irregularly  if  at  all ;  wild  species  of 
the    country,   mostly  in  rich  or  low  ground ;  flowers  summer  and 
autumn,    (f) 

i-  Sepals  united;  ovary  and  pod  depressed- globose. 

*-«•  Flowers  sessile  in  compact  mostly  continuous  clusters;  corolla  with  a 
short  and  wide  tube,  remaining  at  the  base  of  the  ripe  pod  ;  styles  usually 
shorter  than  the  ovary. 

C.  arv^nsis,  Beyr.  On  low  herbs,  in  fields  and  barrens  from  N.  Y.,  S. 
and  W.;  flowers  earliest  (June,  July)  and  smallest;  tube  of  corolla 
shorter  than  its  5  lanceolate,  pointed,  spreading  lobes,  much  longer  than 
the  stamens. 

C.  chlorocarpa,  Engelm.  On  low  herbs,  in  wet  soil,  from  Del.,  W. 
and  S.  W. ;  orange- colored  ;  open  bell-shaped  corolla  with  lobes  about  the 
length  of  the  mostly  4  acute  lobes  and  the  stamens  ;  pod  large,  depressed, 
greenish-yellow. 

*+  -M-  Flowers  panicled  or  in  compound  cymes,  the  withered  corolla  re- 
maining on  the  top  of  the  pod  ;  styles  mostly  longer  than  the  ovary. 

C.  tenuifldra,  Engelm.  On  shrubs  and  tall  herbs,  Pa.,  W.  and  S.,  in 
swamps ;  pale ;  tube  of  the  corolla  twice  the  length  of  its  ovate,  acute, 
spreading  lobes,  and  of  the  ovate  blunt  calyx  lobes. 

•*-  •*-  Sepals  united;  ovary  and  pod  pointed. 

C.  infl^xa,  Engelm.  On  shrubs  and  tall  herbs  in  prairies  and  barrens, 
N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S.;  corolla  fleshy,  mostly  4-cleft,  its  tube  no  longer  than 
the  ovate,  acutish,  crenulate,  erect  or  inflexed  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
the  acute,  keeled  calyx  lobes. 

C.  dec6ra,  Engelm.  Wet  prairies  111.,  S.  W. ;  with  larger  flowers,  the 
corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  its  5  lobes  lance-ovate,  acute,  and  inflexed. 

C.  Grondvii,  Willd.  The  commonest  E.  and  W.;  on  coarse  herbs  and 
low  shrubs  in  wet  places ;  bell-shaped  corolla  with  tube  usually  longer 
than  its  5  (rarely  4)  ovate  blunt  spreading  lobes ;  its  internal  scales  large 
and  copiously  fringed. 


NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY.  311 

•*-  «-  *-  Sepals  5  and  distinct,  subtended  by  2  or  more  sepal-like  bracts. 

C.  compdcta,  Juss.  On  shrubs,  Ont.,  S.  and  W.;  bracts  (3-6)  and 
sepals  round  and  appressed ;  tube  of  the  corolla  cylindrical. 

C.  glomerita,  Choisy.  On  Golden  Rods  and  other  coarse  Compositae, 
from  Ohio,  W.  and  S.;  the  numerous  oblong,  scarious  bracts  closely  im- 
bricated with  recurving  tips ;  sepals  similar,  shorter  than  the  cylindra- 
ceous  tube  of  the  corolla. 


LXXX.    SOLANACKffi,   NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY. 

Plants  with  rank-scented  herbage  (this  and  the  fruit  more 
commonly  narcotic-poisonous),  colorless  juice,  alternate  leaves 
(but  apt  to  be  in  pairs  and  unequal),  regular  flowers  (on  bract- 
less  pedicels)  with  the  parts  usually  in  fives  (stamens  4  in 
Brunfelsia,  and  1  or  more  of  them  rudimentary  in  some  other 
genera),  but  the  ovary  mostly  2-celled,  the  many-seeded  pla- 
centae in  the  axis.  The  seeds  have  a  slender,  usually  curved 
embryo,  in  fleshy  albumen.  (Lessons,  Figs.  50,  51.)  The 
order  runs  into  Scrophulariaceee,  which  a  few  species  approach 
in  a  somewhat  irregular  corolla,  but  their  stamens  are  as  many 
as  the  lobes  (except  Nos.  9  and  15-17) .  Mostly  herbs. 

«  Fruit  a  fleshy  (or  in  No.  5,  dryish")  berry. 

+-  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  lobed  or  parted  into  5  or  sometimes  more  divisions,  plaited 
and  valvate  or  the  margins  turned  inwards  in  the  bud;  the  tube  very  short ; 
anthers  conniving  around  the  style. 

1.  LTCOPERSICUM.    Like  Solanum,  except  that  the  anthers  are  united  by  a  membrane 

at  their  tips  and  the  cells  open  lengthwise.    Leaves  pinnately  compound. 

2.  SOLANUM.    Stamens  with  anthers  equaling  or  mostly  longer  than  the  very  short  fila- 

ments, usually  not  united,  the  cells  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.    (Lessons,  Figs. 
252,  253.)    Leaves  simple  or  pinnate. 

3.  CAPSICUM.    Stamens  with  slender  filaments  much  longer  than  the  short  and  separate 

commonly  heart-shaped  anthers,  their  cells  opening  lengthwise.    Berry  sometimes 
dryish  and  inflated,  then  becoming  1-celled. 

+-  +-  Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  funnel-form,  plaited  in  the  bud,  the  border  very 
moderately  if  at  all  lobed  ;  anthers  separate,  opening  lengthicise ;  calyx  blad- 
dery-inflated after  flowering,  inclosing  the  globular  berry. 

4.  PHYSALIS.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Corolla  mostly  somewhat  5-lobed.    Stamens  erect.    Fruit 

a  juicy,  often  edible,  2-celled  berry. 

5.  NICANDRA.     Calyx  5-parted   and   angled,  the  divisions  somewhat  arrow-shaped. 

Corolla  with  widely-spreading  border  almost  entire.     Fruit  a  dryish  3-5-celled  berry. 

•*-•*-+-  Corolla  bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  tubular,  or  salver- shaped  ;  anthers  separate 
opening  lengthimse  ;  calyx  not  bladdery-inflated. 

++  Stamens  normally  5  (exception  sometimes  in  No.  8). 
—  Calyx  5-parted  to  near  the  base,  the  lobes  leafy. 

6.  ATROPA.    Calyx  with  ovate  divisions,  in  fruit  enlarging  and  spreading  under  the  glo- 

bose purple  berry.    Corolla  between  bell-shaped  and  funnel-form,  with  5  triangular- 
ovate  lobes.    Stamens  and  style  somewhat  declined,  slender. 


312  NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY. 

— =  =  Calyx  bell-shaped,  cup-shaped,  or  short-tubular,  in  fruit  persistent  under  or 

partly  covering  the  '2-celled  berry  ;  shrubs,  with  entire  feather-veined  leaves. 
1.  OESTRUM.    Corolla  tubular  funnel-form  or  club-shaped,  the  lobes  folded  or  plaited 
lengthwise  In  the  bud.     Stamens  included.     Stigma  capitate.    Ovary  with  few 
ovules  in  each  cell.    Berry  few-seeded.     Flowers  in  clusters. 

8.  LYCIUM.    Parts  of  the  flower  often  in  fours.    Corolla  funnel-form,  bell-shaped  or 

tubular,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Stigma  capitate.    Berry  many-seeded, 
red  or  reddish.    Flowers  solitary  or  umbeled,  lateral. 
++  -H-  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  narrow  throat  of  the  salver-shaped  corolla. 

9.  BRUNFEL8IA.    Shrubs,  with  glossy  oblong  leaves.    Corolla  with  5  rounded  and 

about  equal  lobes,  two  of  them,  however,  a  little  more  united.    Anthers  all  alike. 
•  *  Fruit  a  dry  dehiscent  capsule. 
+-  Stamens  normally  5,  all  perfect. 
•H-  Calyx  urn-shaped  in  fruit,  inclosing  the  pod  ;  corolla  considerably  irregular. 

10.  HTOSCYAMUS.    Calyx  5-lobed,  the  spreading  border  becoming  reticulated,  inclosing 

the  2-celled  pod,  which  opens  by  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid.     Corolla  short  funnel- 
form,  with  the  plaited  border  more  or  less  oblique  and  unequal.    Stamens  declined. 
•M-  -H-  Calyx  ^parted  to  near  the  base,  the  lobes  foliaceous. 

11.  PETUNIA.    Calyx  with  narrow  somewhat  spatulate  lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube. 

Corolla  funnel-form  or  somewhat  salver-shaped,  the  5-lobed  border  commonly  a 
little  unequal.  Stamens  included  in  the  tube,  unequal.  Pod  2-celled,  2-valved. 

+++>++  Calyx  tubular,  prismatic,  or  bell-shaped, 

•=  Covering  the  pod  or  nearly  so ;  corolla  salver-shaped  or  funnel-form,  the  lobes 
plaited  in  the  bud;  seeds  minutt. 

12.  NIEREMBEEGIA.    Corolla  with  very  slender  thread-like  tube  (J'-l*  long),  abruptly 

expanded  at  the  narrow  throat  Into  a  saucer-shaped  or  almost  wheel-shaped  5-lobed 
border.  Stamens  short,  borne  on  the  throat.  Stigma  kidney-shaped  and  somewhat 
2-lipped.  Flowers  scattered. 

18.  NICOTIANA.    Corolla  with  a  regular  5-lobed  border.    Stamens  inserted  on  its  tube, 
included;  filaments  straight.     Stigma  capitate.     Pod  2-4-valved  from  the  apex. 
Flowers  more  or  less  racemed  or  panicled. 
—  •=  Prismatic,  falling  away  after  flowering,  leaving  the  2-4-celled  pod  naked. 

14.  DATURA.  Corolla  funnel-form,  strongly  plaited  in  the  bud,  and  with  5  or  more  pointed 

teeth.    (Lessons,  Figs.  246,  282.)    Filaments  slender.    Stigma  somewhat  2-lobed  or 
2-lipped.    Pod  globular,  in  the  common  species  prickly  and  4-celled,  but  the  2  pla- 
centae-bearing or  false  partitions  often  incomplete.    Seeds  large  and  flat,  somewhat 
kidney-shaped.    Flowers  terminal  or  in  the  forks, 
•i-  +-  Stamens  4  only,  included  within  the  narrow  throat  of  the  salver-shaped  corolla. 

15.  BROWALLIA.    Herbs,  mostly  a  little  pubescent  and  clammy.    Corolla  with  some- 

what unequally  5-lobed  border,  the  lobes  with  a  broad  notch.    Two  of  the  anthers 
shorter  and  only  1-celled.    Leaves  alternate  and  entire. 
•t-  -i-  -i-  Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  and  a  sterile  filament ;  corolla  with  wide  throat. 

16.  8ALPIGLOSSIS.    Herbs,  with  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifld  alternate  leaves.     Corolla 

funnel-form,  with  very  open  throat,  a  little  oblique  or  irregular,  the  lobes  all  with 
a  deep  notch  at  the  end.    Pod  oblong. 
•«-••-•»-••-  Stamens  with  2  good  anthers,  the  2  or  3  others  small  and  abortive. 

17.  SCHIZANTHUS.    Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  narrow.    Corolla  imbricated  and  not 

plaited  in  the  bud  ;  the  smaller  tip  3-parted ;  the  larger  5-cleft,  and  the  lobes  again 
2-cleft  or  deeply  notched,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  divisions,  which  appear  as  if  cut 
up,  the  middle  lobe  of  the  smaller  lip,  towards  which  the  stamens  and  style  are  in- 
clined, more  or  less  hooded  or  sac-like.  Stigma  minute.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate, 
or  [(innately  cut. 


NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY.  313 

1.  LYCOPBRSICUM,    TOMATO,    LOVE    APPLE.      (Greek:   wolf 
peach.} 

L.  escufentum,  Mill.  TOMATO.  Cult,  from  trop.  Amer.;  includes  mani- 
fold varieties  and  forms  ;  hairy,  rank-scented  ;  leaves  interruptedly  pin- 
nate, larger  leaflets  cut  or  pinnatifid,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  and  pointed ; 
flower  clusters  short  and  forked  ;  flowers  yellowish,  by  cultivation  having 
their  parts  often  increased  in  number,  the  esculent  red  or  yellow  berry 
becoming  several-celled.  The  little  improved  types,  like  the  Cherry 
Tomato  (var.  CERASIFORME)  have  2-celled  fruits,  a  weaker  habit  and 
smaller  leaves  than  the  larger-fruited  sorts.  ® 

L.  pimpinellifblium,  Dunal.  CDRRANTT.  Weaker  and  nearly  smooth, 
the  leaflets  small  and  thin  and  nearly  or  quite  obtuse ;  fruit  the  size  of 
large  currants,  in  long  2-sided  racemes.  Sparingly  cult.,  mostly  as  a 
curiosity.  Peru.  (£) 

2.  SOL  ANUM,  NIGHTSHADE,  etc.    (Derivation  uncertain.)   Flowers 
mostly  in  corymb-  or  raceme-like  clusters,  in  summer. 

*  Plants  not  at  all  prickly  ;  anthers  blunt. 
-»-  Climbing  or  twining  perennials. 

S.  Dulcamara,  Linn.  BITTERSWEET.  Nat.  from  Eu.,  in  moist  cult, 
and  waste  grounds ;  smoothish,  with  tall  stems  woody  at  base  and  dis- 
posed to  climb,  ovate  and  heart-shaped  leaves,  some  of  the  upper  ones 
halberd-3-lobed,  or  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  smaller  leaflets  or  lobes  at 
base  ;  corolla  violet-purple  with  a  pair  of  greenish  spots  on  the  base  of 
each  lobe,  and  oval  red  berries.  ^  (Lessons,  Fig.  252.) 

S.  jasminoldes,  Paxt.  Woody-stemmed  house  plant  from  Brazil,  tall- 
climbing  by  its  petioles,  very  smooth,  with  oblong  ovate  or  slightly 
heart-shaped,  entire  leaves,  or  some  of  them  divided  into  3  leaflets,  and 
clusters  of  white  or  bluish  flowers.  %.  (Lessons,  Fig.  172.) 

•*-  ••-  Erect  shrubs,  of  house  culture. 

S.   Pseddo-C6psicum,   Linn.      JERUSALEM  CHERRY.      Shrubby  house 

g'ant  from  Madeira,  cult,  for  the  ornamental  bright  red  berries,  resem- 
ing  cherries  ;  smooth,  with  lance-oblong  entire  leaves  and  small  white 
flowers  in  solitary  peduncles  or  small  lateral  clusters. 

S.  Capsicastrum,  Link.  Fruit  scarlet,  the  size  of  a  filbert;  flowers 
white,  in  short  racemes  nearly  opposite  the  leaves,  the  latter  twin,  one 
much  smaller  than  the  other,  entire  or  repand,  oblong-lanceolate  or  lance- 
obovate.  There  is  a  form  with  variegated  leaves.  Brazil. 

••-  4-  ••-  Erect  herbs,  annuals  or  cult,  as  annuals. 

S.  nigrum,  Linn.  BLACK  or  COMMON  NIGHTSHADE.  Low  weed  of 
shady  grounds  ;  much  branched,  nearly  smooth,  with  ovate  wavy-toothed 
or  sinuate  leaves,  very  small  white  flowers,  and  globular  black  berries, 
said  to  be  poisonous.  ® 

S.  tuberbsum,  Linn.  POTATO.  Cult,  from  Chile  for  the  esculent 
tubers,  and  native  as  far  N.  as  S.  Col. ;  leaves  pinnate,  of  several  ovate 
leaflets  and  some  minute  ones  intermixed  ;  flowers  blue  or  white  ;  berries 
round,  green.  2Z  (Lessons,  Figs.  102,  253.) 

S.  muricatum,  Ait.  PEPINO,  MELON  SHRUB,  etc.  Branching  and 
bushy  ;  stems  and  oblong-lanceolate  entire  leaves  lightly  hairy  ;  flowers 
sky-blue,  in  terminal  fascicles  ;  fruit  egg-shaped,  3'-4'  long  and  pointed, 
at  maturity  yellow  overlaid  with  streaks  of  violet-purple,  the  flesh  edible, 
with  the  flavor  of  a  muskmelon.  Subshrub  in  trop.  Amer.,  where  it  is 
native,  but  treated  as  an  herb  in  cultivation. 


314  NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY. 

*  »  More  or  less  prickly  herbs,  with  acute  elongated-lanceolate  anthers. 
*-  Very  prickly  calyx  inclosing  the  dry  berry;  anthers  declined,  unequal, 

one  of  them  much  longer  than  the  rest;  leaves  sinuately  once  to  thrice 

pinnatifid-    ® 

S.  rostritum,  Dunal.  Wild  on  plains  W.  of  Mississippi,  and  becom- 
ing a  weed  in  some  gardens  ;  has  yellow  flowers,  1'-1J'  in  diameter. 

+-  t-  Calyx  mostly  somewhat  prickly  but  not  inclosing  the  fruit;  anthers 
nearly  equal. 

3.  Carolin^nse,  Linn.  HORSE  NETTLE.  Roughish-downy,  1°  high, 
with  ovate-oblong,  angled  or  sinuate-lobed  leaves,  yellowish  prickles,  and 
pale  blue  or  white  flowers  almost  1'  wide.  Weed  in  sandy  soil,  from 
Conn.,  S.  11 

S.  aculeatissimum,  Jacq.  Weed  introduced  into  waste  places,  N.  Car., 
S.,  l°-2°  high,  bristly  hairy,  greener  and  more  prickly  than  the  foregoing, 
with  smaller  white  flowers.  Tropics.  © 

S.  Melongena,  Linn.  EGGPLANT,  AUBERGINE,  GUINEA  SQUASH.  Cult, 
for  the  large  oblong  or  ovate  violet-colored  or  white  esculent  fruit  (2'-12' 
long) ;  leaves  ovate,  rather  downy,  obscurely  sinuate  ;  corolla  violet  with 
yellow  eye.  The  common  cult,  form  is  var.  ESCULENTUM.  The  Early 
Dwarf  Purple  Egg  Plant  and  its  allies,  distinguished  by  diffuse  habit, 
fewer  prickles,  small  flowers,  and  early  pear-shaped  fruits,  is  var.  DE- 
PRESSUM.  India.  © 

S.  integrifblium,  Poir.  (S.  coccfNEUM  of  gardens).  CHINESE  SCARLET 
EGGPLANT.  Tall  prickly  herb,  with  sinuate-notched  or  -lobed  leaves 
bearing  strong  yellow  spines  on  the  midrib  below;  flowers  small  and 
white,  in  clusters  of  2-6,  followed  by  red  or  yellow  lobed  or  angled,  in- 
edible fruits,  l'-2'  across.  Probably  African.  ® 

3.  CAPSICUM,   CAYENNE    or    BED  PEPPER.     (Name  obscure.) 
Tropics. 

C.  dnnuum,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  or  CHILE  PEPPER.  Cult,  for  the  large 
oblong  or  globular  and  often  angled  dry  berry  (red  or  green),  which  is 
exceedingly  pungent,  and  used  as  a  condiment ;  leaves  ovate,  entire ; 
flowers  white,  with  truncate  calyx.  Many  diverse  forms.  (I) 

4.  PHYSALIS,    GROUND   CHERRY,    HUSK    or    STRAWBERRY 
TOMATO.     (Greek :  bladdery,  from  the  inflated  fruiting  calyx.) 

*  2Z  Low  stems  (6'-20'  high)  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks ;  anthers 

yellow;  fruiting  calyx  loosely  inflated,  o-angled,  much  larger  than  the 

edible  berry. 

P.  Alkekengi,  Linn.  STRAWBERRY  TOMATO.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu.,  and 
running  wild  E. ;  rather  downy  ;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  pointed  ;  corolla 
greenish- white,  5-lobed,  not  spotted ;  large  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  turning 
brilliant  red  ;  berry  red. 

P.  lanceolata.  Michx.  Pubescent,  or  somewhat  hairy,  but  not  clammy  ; 
leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  wavy-toothed  ; 
corolla  yellowish  with  a  darker  throat  and  slightly  5-10-toothed  border ; 
fruiting  calyx  sunken  at  the  base,  hirsute  ;  berry  red.  Pa.,  W.  and  S. 

P.  visc6sa,  Linn. ,  but  not  viscous ;  white-pubescent ;  stems  ascend- 
ing or  spreading ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  or  sometimes  obovate,  undulate 
or  entire  ;  corolla  greenish -yellow,  with  a  darker  eye ;  calyx  globose- 
ovate  in  fruit ;  berry  yellow  or  orange.  Near  the  coast,  Va.,  S. 

P.  Virginiana,  Mill.  Widely  spreading  and  viscid ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong,  repand  or  obtusely  toothed  or  rarely  entire;  corolla  about  1' 
broad,  5-10-toothed,  sulphur- yellow  with  a  brown  eye ;  fruiting  calyx 
strongly  5-angled  ;  berry  yellow.  Can.,  S. 


NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY.  315 

*  *  ®  Stems  l°-3°  high  (or  prostrate)  from  a  small  root;  flowers 
small,  light  greenish-yellow;  anthers  commonly  tinged  with  blue  or 
violet. 

P.  pub^scens,  Linn.  COMMON  HUSK  or  STRAWBERRY  TOMATO,  DWARF 
CAPE  GOOSEBERRY.  Clammy-hairy  or  downy  ;  stems  much  spreading, 
usually  not  rising  over  1°  ;  leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  angulate-toothed  ; 
corolla  brown-spotted  in  the  throat ;  sharply  5-angled  fruiting  calyx  loosely 
inclosing  the  yellow  or  greenish,  not  glutinous,  berry.  Low  ground,  and 
cult. 

P.  angulata,  Linn.  Nearly  glabrous,  not  viscid  ;  leaves  sharply  cut- 
toothed  ;  peduncles  slender ;  very  small  corolla  not  spotted  ;  fruiting  calyx 
10-angled,  loose,  at  length  filled  by  the  greenish-yellow  berry.  Pa.,  W. 
and  S. 

P.  Philadelphica,  Lam.  Almost  glabrous,  erect ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong  and  oblique  at  base,  slightly  toothed  or  angled ;  corolla  dark 
colored  in  the  throat,  over  ^'  wide;  fruiting  calyx  globose,  completely 
filled  by  the  large  reddish  or  purple  edible  berry,  and  open  at  the  mouth. 
Pa.,  W.  and  S. 

P.  Peruviana,  Linn.  (P.  EDULIS).  CAPE  GOOSEBERRY.  Strong  plant, 
l°-3°,  with  thick,  soft,  cordate-ovate,  irregularly  toothed  or  notched 
fuzzy  leaves ;  flower  open  bell-shaped,  the  limb  widely  spreading  and 
light  yellow,  the  throat  blotched  and  veined  with  purple  spots ;  anthers 
purple  ;  fruiting  calyx  10-angled,  inflated,  inclosing  a  yellow,  not  gluti- 
nous berry.  Peru. 

5.  NICANDRA,  APPLE  OF  PEKU.     (Named  after  the  poet  Nican- 
der.)     Only  one  species  ;  flowers  summer.    ® 

ft.  physaloldes,  Gaertn.  Tall  smooth  weed  from  Peru,  sparingly  wild 
in  moist  waste  grounds  ;  with  ovate-angled  or  sinuate-toothed  leaves,  and 
solitary  peduncles,  bearing  a  rather  large,  pale  blue  flower. 

6.  ATROPA,   BELLADONNA.     (Named  after  one  of  the  Fates.)     y. 

A.  Belladdnna,  Linn.  Sparingly  cult,  from  Eu. ;  low  and  spreading, 
nearly  smooth,  with  ovate,  entire,  pointed  leaves,  flowers  single  or  in 
pairs  nodding  on  lateral  peduncles,  dull-purple  corolla,  and  handsome 
purple  berry  ;  whole  plant  poisonous,  used  in  medicine. 

7.  OESTRUM.     (Greek;  the  derivation  obscure.)      Shrubs  of  warm 
climates,  chiefly  American  ;  a  few  cult,  in  conservatories. 

C.  efegans,  Schlecht.  (HABROTHAMNUS  ELEGANS).  From  Mexico ;  has 
the  branches  and  lower  face  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  pointed 
leaves  downy-pubescent,  terminal  corymbs,  and  rose-purple  club-shaped 
corollas  less  than  1'  long. 

C.  nocturnum,  Linn.  Smooth  ovate  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters  of 
yellowish  green  slender  flowers,  very  sweet-scented  at  night.  S.  Amer. 

C.  Pfirqui,  L'Her.  Chile  ;  has  lanceolate  smooth  leaves  very  acute  at 
both  ends,  and  a  terminal  panicle  of  crowded  spikes  or  racemes  of  tubular 
funnel-form  or  partly  club-shaped  dull-yellow  flowers,  fragrant  at  night. 

8.  LYCIUM.     (Named  from  the  country  of  the  original  species,  Lycia.~) 
Trailing,  climbing,  or  low  spreading  shrubs,  usually  spiny,  with  small 
leaves  often  clustered  on  lateral  spurs,  and  small  flowers,  in  spring  and 
summer. 

L.  vulgare,  Dunal.  MATRIMONY  VINE.  From  the  Mediterranean  region  ; 
planted,  and  sparingly  running  wild  in  some  places ;  slightly  thorny,  with 


316  NIGHTSHADE  FAMILY. 

very  long  and  lithe  recurved  or  almost  climbing  branches,  oblong-spatu- 
late  leaves,  slender  stalked  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils,  and  pale  green- 
ish-purple 5-cleft  corolla  about  equaling  the  5  stamens ;  fruit  obtuse,  of 
little  beauty. 

L.  Chinense,  Mill.  CHINESE  M.  Less  commonly  cult,  than  the  last, 
but  more  desirable  on  account  of  the  large  (!'  long)  bright  scarlet  acute 
fruit  which  ripens  in  August  and  hangs  until  early  winter ;  stems  weak 
and  prostrate,  10°  long,  spiny ;  leaves  ovate  and  acute,  more  or  less 
cuneate  at  the  base  ;  stamens  longer  than  the  bright  purple  corolla. 

L.  Carolini&num,  Walt.  Wild  in  salt  marshes  S.  Car.,  S.;  low,  spiny, 
with  fleshy,  thickened,  almost  club-shaped  leaves,  scattered  small  flowers, 
and  4-cleft  purple  corolla  shorter  than  the  4  stamens. 

9.  BRUNFELSIA.     (Named  for  the  old  herbalist,   Otto   Brunfels.) 
Conservatory  shrubs,  cult,  under  the  name  of  FRANCfscEA,  with  showy 
flowers. 

B.  latifdlia,  Benth.  Very  smooth,  with  oval  or  oblong  acute  leaves, 
and  few  fragrant  flowers  (lavender  with  a  white  eye,  fading  to  white)  at 
the  end  of  the  branches,  l\'  across.  Brazil. 

B.  grandifldra,  D.  Don.  Peru ;  leaves  elliptic-oblong,  acuminate ; 
flowers  2'  across,  greenish. 

10.  HYOSCYAMUS,    HENBANE.      (Greek:    hog  and  bean,   i.e., 
swine  poison.)     Flowers  summer.     (I)  (g) 

H.  nlger,  Linn.  BLACK  HENBANE.  Of  Eu.,  cult,  in  old  gardens,  and 
a  weed  in  waste  places;  clammy-downy,  strong- seen  ted,  narcotic-poi- 
sonous ;  with  clasping,  sinuate-toothed  leaves,  sessile  flowers  in  one-sided 
leafy-bracted  spikes,  and  dull  yellowish  corolla  netted-veiny  with  purple. 

11.  PETUNIA.    (Petun  is  an  aboriginal  name  of  Tobacco.}    Cultivated 
as  garden  annuals,  from  S.  Amer.    The  common  Petunias  are  mostly 
hybrids  of  the  two  following  species ;   herbage  clammy-pubescent ; 
flowers  large  and  showy,  in  summer. 

P.  nyctaginifldra,  Juss.  Corolla  white,  the  long  narrow  tube  3  or  4 
times  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  leaves  oval-oblong  and  narrowed  into  a 
distinct  petiole  ;  plant  stout  and  flowers  strong-scented  at  evening.  Still 
occasionally  seen  in  old  gardens. 

P.  K/o/acea,  Lindl.  Stems  weaker ;  violet-purple  or  rose-red  corolla, 
the  short,  broader,  and  ventricose  tube  hardly  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so.  Rarely,  if  ever, 
seen  in  gardens  in  its  pure  form. 

12.  NIEREMBERGIA.     (Named  for,/.  E.  Nieremberg,  a  priest  and 
botanical  collector   in   Buenos  Ay  res,   whence  the   common  species 
comes.)     JJ.  ® 

ft.  grdcilis,  Hook.  Cult,  for  ornament,  under  many  varieties ;  low, 
with  slender  bushy  branches,  small,  linear  or  spatulate-linear  leaves,  and 
scattered  flowers  produced  all  summer,  white  or  veined  or  tinged  with 
purple. 

13.  NICOTIANA,   TOBACCO.     (Named  for  John  Nicot,  one  of  the 
introducers  of  Tobacco  into  Europe.)     Rank,  acrid -narcotic,  mostly 
clammy- pubescent  plants,  chiefly  of  America ;  leaves  entire  or  merely 
wavy-margined. 


NIGHTSHADE   FAMILY.  317 

*  Corolla  with  a  broad  or  inflated  tube,  mostly  red  or  greenish. 

N.  Tabacum,  Linn.  COMMON  T.  The  principal  species  cult,  for  the 
foliage  ;  4°-6°  high,  with  lance-ovate,  decurrent  leaves  l°-2°  long,  or  the 
upper  lanceolate,  panicled  flowers,  and  rose-purple,  funnel-form  corolla 
2'  long,  with  somewhat  inflated  throat  and  short  lobes.  S.  Amer.  ® 

N.  rustica,  Linn.  A  weed  in  some  places,  is  a  low,  homely  plant,  with 
ovate  and  petioled  leaves  2'-5'  long,  and  green  funnel-form  corolla  (!' 
long)  contracted  under  the  short  round  lobes.  Nativity  unknown.  (D 

N.  tomentosa,  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  (N.  coixissEA.)  Very  tall  (6°-10°  high), 
strong  herb,  often  with  very  large,  broad-lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire 
leaves  (a  yard  long  by  two-thirds  as  wide),  decurrent  on  the  stem,  and 
short  flowers  with  exserted  stamens.  Cult,  for  its  tropical  appearance. 
S.  Amer.  ^ 

*  *  Corolla  white,  with  a  very  long  and  narrow,  nearly  cylindrical 

tube. 
-H-  Corolla  lobes  acute. 

N.  long/flora,  Cav.  Slender,  2°-3°  high,  cult,  for  its  handsome  white 
flowers,  which  open  toward  evening ;  corolla  salver-shaped,  the  green 
tube  4'  and  the  lance-ovate  acute  lobes  £'  long ;  leaves  lanceolate,  undu- 
late. ® 

N.  alata,  Link  &  Otto.  (N.  AFFhns  of  gardens).  Strong  plant  3°-4°, 
clammy- pubescent ;  leaves  lance-obovate  and  entire,  or  the  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  narrowed  into  a  petiole-like  base,  which  is 
dilated  where  it  joins  the  stem ;  flowers  very  long  (the  slender  tube  5'- 
6  ),  the  limb  deeply  6-cleft  and  unequal,  opening  at  nightfall,  and  then 
fragrant.  Common  in  gardens.  Brazil. 

I-  -*-  Corolla  lobes  obtuse. 

N.  noctiflora,  Hook.  The  handsome  white  flowers  opening  at  evening 
(as  the  name  denotes),  is  similar  to  N.  longiflora,  but  with  ovate-lanceo- 
late petioled  leaves,  tube  of  corolla  only  2'-3'  long,  and  its  roundish  lobes 
notched  at  the  end.  (D 

N.  suaveolens,  Lehm.  Nearly  or  quite  smooth  and  glabrous,  l°-3° ; 
leaves  lance-obovate  and  wavy,  tapering  below;  flowers  3'  long,  the 
rounded  divisions  of  the  corolla  overlapping  and  the  limb,  therefore, 
appearing  as  if  nearly  entire,  sweet-scented.  Australia. 

14.  DATURA,  THORN  APPLE,  STRAMONIUM,  etc.  (Name 
altered  from  the  Arabic.)  Rank-scented,  mostly  large-flowered, 
narcotic-poisonous  weeds,  or  some  ornamental  in  cultivation. 

*  Flower  and  the  usually  prickly  4-valved  pod  erect,  the  latter  resting  on 
a  plate  or  saucer-shaped  body  which  is  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx, 
the  whole  upper  part  of  which  falls  off  entire  after  flowering  ;  corolla 
with  a  o-toothed  border.     ® 

D.  Strambnium,  Linn.  COMMON  T.  or  JAMESTOWN  WEED,  JIMSON 
WEED.  Waste  grounds ;  smooth,  with  green  stems  and  white  flowers 
(3'  long)  ;  leaves  ovate,  angled,  or  sinuate-toothed.  Probably  Asian. 
(Lessons,  Fig.  246.) 

D.  T6tula,  Linn.  PETBPLE  T.  A  weed  very  like  the  other,  but  rather 
taller,  with  purple  stem  and  pale  violet-purple  flowers.  Trop.  Amer. 

*  *  Pod  nodding  on  the  short  recurved  peduncle,  rather  fleshy,  bursting 
irregularly,  otherwise  as  in  the  foregoing  section  ;  flowers  large,  showy. 
Cult,  from  warm  regions  for  ornament.     ®  2Z 

D.  Mete/,  Linn.  Clammy-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  or  obscurely 
angled-toothed ;  corolla  white,  the  10-toothed  border  4'  wide ;  capsule 
prickly.  Trop.  Amer. 


318  FIGWORT  FAMILY. 

D.  meteMdes,  DC.  Cult,  from  Mexico  (under  the  name  of  D. 
WirtGHTii);  like  the  other,  but  pale,  almost  smooth,  the  flower  sweet- 
scented,  and  the  corolla  with  more  expanded  5-toothed  border,  5'-6'  wide, 
white  or  pale  violet.  Capsule  spiny. 

D.  fastuosa,  Linn.  Downy;  leaves  ovate-acuminate,  unequal  at  the 
base,  repand-toothed ;  flowers  erect,  violet  outside  and  white  within, 
somewhat  oblique ;  capsule  rough.  Showy,  often  double-flowered. 
E.  Indies.  ® 

*  *  *  Flower  and  smooth  2-celled  pod  hanging,  the  former  very  large, 
6'-10'  long ;  calyx  splitting  down  lengthwise  after  flowering.  Tropical 
American  tree-like  shrubs,  cult,  in  conservatories;  flowers  sometimes 
double. 

D.  (or  BRUGMANSIA)  arbdrea,  Linn.  Has  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  entire 
or  angled  pubescent  leaves,  long  teeth  to  the  corolla,  and  unconnected 
anthers. 

D.  suaveolens,  Humb.  &  Bonpl.  Has  mostly  entire  and  smooth  leaves, 
short  teeth  to  the  corolla  and  the  anthers  sticking  together.  Mexico. 

15.  BROWALLIA.     (Named  for  Dr.  John  Browall,  of  Sweden,  first 
a  friend,  later  a  bitter  opponent  of  Linnaeus.) 

B.  demlssa,  Linn,  (named  also  B.  EL  ATA  when  the  plant  and  the  man 
it  was  named  for  grew  exalted).  From  S.  Amer.;  cult,  in  the  gardens, 
l°-2°  high,  bushy-branched,  with  ovate  leaves  and  handsome  bright 
violet-blue  flowers  (!'  or  less  across,  at  length  as  it  were  racemed)  pro- 
duced all  summer.  ® 

16.  SALPIGLOSSIS.     (Greek  for  trumpet-tongue,  from  the  curved 
apex  of  the  style  with  dilated  stigma  likened  to  the  end  of  a  trumpet. ) 

S.  sinuata,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Cult,  from  Chile  as  an  ornamental  annual  or 
biennial,  under  various  names  and  varieties,  according  to  the  color  of  the 
large  flowers,  dark-purple,  or  straw-colored  and  mostly  striped ;  flowers 
all  summer.  In  appearance  resembles  a  Petunia. 

17.  SCHIZANTHUS.     (Greek  for  cut  flower,  the  corolla  being  as  if 
cut  into  slips.)    Cult,  for  ornament,  from  Chile  ;  flowers  summer.     ® 

S.  pinnatus,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Slender,  l°-2°  high ;  pubescent  with  fine 
glandular  hairs,  with  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate  or  parted  into  narrow 
divisions,  and  numerous  handsome  flowers,  barely  1'  in  diameter. 


LXXXI.    SCROPHULARIACEJS,   FIGWORT   FAMILY. 

Known  on  the  whole  by  the  2-lipped  or  at  least  more  or  less 
irregular  monopetalous  corolla  (the  lobes  imbricated  in  the 
bud),  2  or  4  didynamous  stamens,  single  style,  entire  or  2- 
lobed  stigma,  and  2-celled  ovary  and  pod  containing  several 
or  many  seeds  on  the  placentae  in  the  axis ;  these  with  a  small 
embryo  in  copious  albumen.  But  some  are  few-seeded,  a  few 
have  the  corolla  almost  regular,  and  one  or  two  have  5  sta- 
mens, either  complete  or  incomplete.  A  large  family,  chiefly 
herbs,  some  shrubby,  and  one  species  is  a  small  tree. 


FIGWORT   FAMILY.  319 

»  Tree,  with  large  and  opposite  Catalpa-like  leaves. 

1.  PAULOWNIA.  Calyx  very  downy,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  decurved,  with  a  cylindrical 

or  funnel-form  tube,  and  an  enlarged  oblique  border  of  5  rounded  lobes.    Stamens 
4,  included.    Pod  turgid  and  top-shaped,  tilled  with  very  numerous  winged  seeds. 

*  *  Herbs,  or  a  few  becoming  law  shrubs. 
+-  Anther-bearing  stamens  5,  and  a  wheel-shaped  or  barely  concave  corolla. 

2.  VEKBASCUM.    Flowers  in  a  long  terminal  raceme  or  spike.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla 

with  5  broad  and  rounded  only  slightly  unequal  divisions.    All  the  filaments  or  8  of 
them  woolly.   Style  expanding  and  flat  at  apex.   Pod  globular,  many-seeded.  Leaves 


alternate. 


Anther-bearing  stamens  only  2  or  4. 


++  Flower  with  corolla  wheel  shaped,  or  at  least  with  wide  spreading'  border  mostly 
much  longer  than  the  short  tube ;  flowers  single  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  col- 
lected in  a  raceme  or  spike. 
S.  CELSIA.    Like  Verbascum,  but  with  only  4  stamens,  those  of  2  sorts. 

4.  ALOXSOA.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  very  unequal,  turned  upside  down  by  the  twist- 

ing of  the  pedicel,  so  that  the  much  larger  lower  lobe  appears  to  be  the  upper  and 
the  two  short  upper  lobeslhe  lower.  Stamens  4.  Pod  many-seeded.  Lower  leaves 
opposite  or  in  threes. 

5.  VERONICA.    Calyx  4-parted,  rarely  8-5-parted.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  or  sometimes 

salver-shaped,  with  4  or  rarely  5  rounded  lobes,  one  or  two  of  them  usually  rather 
smaller.  Stamens  2,  with  long  slender  filaments.  Pod  flat  or  flattish,  2-many- 
seeded.  At  least  the  lower  leaves  opposite  or  sometimes  whorled. 

•H-  -H-  Flower  with  corolla  salver-shaped,  with  almost  regular  4-5-lobed  border ;  flowers 
in  a  terminal  spike.    Here  one  species  of  No.  5  might  be  sought. 

6.  BUCHNEEA.    Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.    Corolla  with  a  slender  tube,  and  the  border 

cleft  into  5  roundish  divisions.    Anthers  4  in  2  pairs,  1-celled.    Style  club-shaped 
at  the  apex.    Pod  many-seeded.    Leaves  mainly  opposite,  roughish. 
**+*++  Flower  with  corolla  either  obviously  '2-lipped,  or  funnel-form,  tubular  or  bell- 
shaped. 

—  Corolla  ^-parted  nearly  to  the  base,  the  2  Zips  sac-shaped  or  the  lower  larger  one 

slipper-shaped  ;  stamens  only  2  (or  very  rarely  3),  and  no  rudiments  of  more. 

7.  CALCEOLARIA.    Calyx  4-parted.    The  two  sac-shaped  or  slipper-shaped  divisions  of 

the  corolla  entire  or  nearly  so.  Pod  many-seeded.  Leaves  chiefly  opposite,  and 
flowers  in  cymes  or  clusters. 

—  —  Corolla  almost  ^-parted,  the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  folded  together  to  form 

aflat  pocket  which  incloses  the  4  stamens  and  the  style. 

8.  COLLINSIA.    Calyx  deeply  6-cleft.    Corolla  turned  down,  its  short  tube  laterally 

flattened,  strongly  bulging  on  the  upper  side  ;  upper  lip  2-cleft  and  turned  back  ;  the 
lower  one  larger  and  8-lobed,  its  middle  and  laterally  flattened  pocket-shaped  lobe 
covered  above  by  the  two  lateral  ones.  A  little  rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  present.^ 
Pod  globular,  with  few  or  several  seeds.  Flowers  on  pedicels  single  or  mostly  clus- 
tered in  the  axils  of  the  upper  opposite  (rarely  whorled)  leaves,  which  are  gradually 
reduced  to  bracts,  forming  an  interrupted  raceme. 

_  _=  =  Corolla  not  -2-parted  nor  salver-shaped,  but  with  a  tube  of  some  length  in  pro- 
portion  to  the  2-lipped  or  more  or  less  irregular  (rarely  nearly  regular)  4-5- 
lobed  border. 

I  A  spur  or  sac-like  projection  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side,  and  a  projecting  palate  to 
the  lower  lip,  which  commonly  closes  the  throat  or  nearly  so ;  stamens  4,  and  no 
obvious  rudiment. 

9.  LINARIA.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  personate,  and  with  a  spur  at  base.    (Lessons, 

Fig.  258.)  Pod  many-seeded,  opening  by  a  hole  or  chink  which  forms  below  the 
summit  of  each  cell. 


320  FIGWORT   FAMILY. 

10.  ANTIRRHINUM.    No  spur,  but  a  sac  or  gibbosity  at  the  base  of  the  personate  corolla 

(Lessons,  Fig.  26T) ;  otherwise  like  9. 
1 1  Neither  spur  nor  sac  at  base  of  the  corolla,  nor  a  projecting  palate  in  the  throat, 

nor  with  the  upper  lip  laterally  compressed  or  folded  and  narrow  and  arched. 
o  Stamens  with  anthers  4,  and  no  rudiment  of  the  fifth  ;  peduncles  \-flowered. 
x  Plant  climbing. 

11.  MAURANDIA,  including  LOPHOSPERMUM.    Herbs  with  alternate  or  partly  oppo- 

site leaves,  and  solitary  long-peduncled  flowers  in  their  axils,  climbing  by  their  coil- 
ing leafstalks  and  flowerstalks.  Calyx  5-parted,  foliaceous.  Corolla  open-mouthed, 
between  bell-shaped  and  inflated-tubular,  with  2  plaits  or  hairy  lines  running  down 
the  tube  within,  the  border  obscurely  2-)ipped  or  oblique,  but  the  5  spreading  round- 
ish lobes4  nearly  similar,  the  upper  ones  outermost  in  the  bud.  Pod  as  in  10. 

x  x  Plant  not  climbing  (erect  or  trailing). 
+  Flowers  (hanging)  in  a  terminal  showy  raceme  or  spike. 

12.  DIGITALIS.    Herbs  with  erect  simple  stem  and  alternate  leaves.    Calyx  5-parted, 

foliaceous,  the  upper  sepal  smallest.  Corolla  declining,  with  a  long  more  or  less 
inflated  tube  and  a  short  scarcely  spreading  border,  distinctly  or  indistinctly  lobed, 
the  lower  lobe  or  side  longest,  the  lateral  ones  outermost  in  the  bud.  Pod  2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

+  +  Flowers  axillary,  and  generally  solitary. 

-  Upper  lobes  (or  lips)  of  corolla  covering  the  lower  ones  in  the  bud  (txcept  sometimes 

in  No.  13  and  perhaps  in  No.  17.) 

«-•  Calyx  prismatic. 

13.  MIMULUS.  Leaves  opposite,  with  single  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  ones.  Calyx 

with  5  projecting  angles,  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  2-lipped,  the 
upper  lip  of  2  rounded  and  recurved  lobes,  the  lower  of  3  rounded  spreading  lobes. 
Stamens  included.  Stigma  of  2  flat  lips.  Pod  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

14.  TORENIA.    Trailing  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves.    Calyx  with  sharp  angles,  2-lipped 

at  summit,  the  lips  2-toothed  and  3-toothed.  Corolla  short-funnel-shaped  or  tubular 
with  inflated  throat,  4-lobed,  the  upper  lobe  (sometimes  slightly  notched)  outermost 
in  the  bud.  Filaments  arched  and  their  anthers  brought  together  in  pairs  under  the 
upper  lobe,  the  longer  pair  almost  equaling  the  upper  lobe  and  bearing  a  short  naked 
branch  or  appendage  at  base  ;  the  shorter  pair  simple  and  included.  Stigma  2-lipped. 
Pod  many-seeded.  _  _  ^^  ^  prismatic 

16.  CONOBEA.  Low  branching  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  whitish  flowers. 
Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Upper  Up  of  short  corolla  8-lobed  and  the  lower  3-parted. 
Stigma  2-lobed. 

16.  HERPESTIS.    Low  rather  succulent  herbs  with  opposite  leaves.    Calyx  5-parted,  but 

the  upper  division  broader.  Upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla  entire  or  notched  or  2- 
cleft,  the  lower  8-lobed  ;  or  rarely  the  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed.  Style  dilated  or 
2-lobed  at  the  top. 

17.  LIMOSELLA.    Creeping  fleshy  plants,  with  clustered  entire  leaves.    Calyx  5-toothed 

and  bell-shaped.    Corolla  short  and  small,  open-bell-form,  nearly  regular  and  5-cleft. 

Style  short  and  club-shaped. 

Lower  or  lateral  lobes  of  corolla  covering  the  upper  ones  in  the  bud. 

18.  GERARDIA.    Herbs  with  branching  stems,  opposite  or  some  alternate  leaves,  and 

above  with  single  flowers  in  their  axils  or  those  of  the  bracts.  Calyx  5-toothed  or 
5-cleft.  Corolla  inflated  bell-shaped  or  tubular  funnel-form,  with  an  oblique  or  rather 
unequal  border,  the  5  lobes  somewhat  equal,  the  lower  and  lateral  ones  outside  in 
the  bud.  Two  pairs  of  stamens  of  quite  unequal  length.  (Lessons,  Fig.  263.)  Pod 
globular  or  ovate,  pointed,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

1».  8EYMERIA.  Herbs,  like  18 ;  but  corolla  with  a  short  and  broad  bell-shaped  tube,  not 
longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  equal  spreading  lobes ;  and  the  stamens 
almost  equal,  their  anthers  blunt  at  base. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.  321 

o  o  Stamens  with  good  anthers  only  2,  a  pair  of  sterile  ones  or  abortive  filaments  gen- 
erally present  also  ;  flowers  small  ;  calyx  ^-parted  ;  corolla  2-lipped  ;  leaves 
opposite,  with  single  flowers  in  the  axil  of  the  upper  ones  ;  peduncles  simple  and 
bractless. 

20.  ILYSANTHES.    Spreading  little  herbs.    Upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla  erect  and  2- 

lobed  ;  the  lower  larger,  spreading,  3-cleft.  Upper  pair  of  stamens  with  good  anthers, 
included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  lower  pair  borne  in  the  throat  and  protruded, 
2-forked,  without  anthers.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Pod  many-seeded. 

21.  GKATIOLA.    Low  herbs.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  either  entire  or  2-cleft  ;  lower  3- 

cleft.  Stamens  included  ;  the  upper  pair  with  good  anthers  ;  the  lower  pair  short, 
with  rudiment  of  anthers  or  a  mere  naked  filament,  or  none  at  all.  Stigma  2-lipped. 
Pod  many-seeded.  A  pair  of  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

ooo  Stamens  with  anthers  4,  the  fifth  stamen  present  as  a  barren  filament  or  a  scale; 
calyx  f>-parted  or  of  5  imbricated  sepals  ;  stigma  simple  ;  leaves  chiefly  oppo- 
site ;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  or  when  these  are  reduced  to  bracts 
forming  a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme  ;  peduncles  few-flowered,  or  when  one- 
flowered  bearing  a  pair  ofbractlets,from  the  axils  of  which  flowers  may  spring  ; 
pod  many-seeded. 

x  Rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  a  little  scale  at  the  summit  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 

22.  8CEOPHULAEIA.    Homely  and  rank  erect  herbs.    Corolla  small,  with  a  globular  or 

oval  tube,  and  a  short  border  composed  of  4  short  erect  lobes  and  one  (the  lower) 
spreading  or  reflexed.  Fertile  stamens  short  and  included. 

x  x  Rudiment  an  evident  filament. 

28.  CHELONE.  Low  upright  smooth  herbs,  with  flowers  sessile  in  spikes  or  clusters  in 
the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  accompanied  by  closely  imbricated  concave  round- 
ish bracts  and  bractlets.  Corolla  short-tubular  and  inflated,  concave  underneath, 
with  the  2  broad  lips  only  slightly  open  ;  the  upper  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle, 
notched  at  the  apex  ;  the  lower  one  woolly  bearded  in  the  throat  and  3-lobed  at  the 
end.  Filaments  and  anthers  woolly;  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  others.  Seeds 
winged. 

24.  PENTSTEMON.    Herbs  (or  a  few  shrubby  at  base),  with  mostly  upright  stems  branch- 

ing only  from  the  base,  and  panicled  or  almost  racemed  flowers.  Corolla  tubular, 
bell-shaped,  funnel-form,  etc.,  more  or  less  2-lipped,  open-mouthed.  Sterile  fila- 
ment conspicuous,  usually  about  as  long  as  the  anther-bearing  ones.  (Lessons,  Fig. 
264.)  Seeds  wingless. 

25.  EUSSELLIA.    Kather  shrubby  spreading  plants,  or  with  pendulous  angular  branches  ; 

the  flowers  loosely  panicled  or  racemed.  Corolla  tubular  with  5  short  spreading 
lobes,  the  2  upper  a  little  more  united.  Sterile  filament  small  and  inconspicuous 
near  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Seeds  wingless. 

1  1  1  Neither  spur  nor  sac  at  base  of  the  corolla,  the  narrow  laterally  compressed  or 
infolded  upper  lip  of  which  is  helmet-shaped  or  arched,  entire  or  minutely 
notched,  and  inclosing  the  4  stamens;  no  sterile  filament.  Often  showy 
but  uncultivable  plants. 

o  Cells  of  the  anther  unequal. 

26.  CASTILLEIA.     Herbs  with  simple  stems,  alternate  leaves,  some  of  the  upper,  with 

flowers  chiefly  sessile  in  their  axils,  colored  like  petals,  and  more  gay  than  the 
corollas.  Calyx  tubular,  flattened  laterally,  2-4-cleft.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  long 
and  narrow  conduplicate  erect  upper  lip,  and  a  very  short  3-lobed  lower  lip.  Pod 
many-seeded. 


27.  SCHWALBEA.     Upright  simple  and  leafy-stemmed  herb,  with  a  loose  spike  of  rather 
showy  dull  purplish  or  yellowish  flowers  and  alternate  sessile  and  entire  leaves.   Calyx 
oblique  and  tubular,  10-12-ribbed  and  5-toothed,  the  teeth  unequal.    Upper  lip  of 
corolla  oblong  and  entire.    Pod  many-seeded. 
GHAT'S  F.  F.  &  G.  HOT.  —  21 


322  FIGWORT    FAMILY. 

28.  PEDICTTLARI8.      Herbs  with    simple    stems,  chiefly  pinnatifld  leaves  and  spiked 

flowers.  Corolla  tubular,  with  a  strongly  arched  or  flattened  helmet-shaped  upper 
lip,  and  the  lower  erect  at  base,  2-crested  above  and  8-lobed.  Seeds  several  in  each 
cell. 

29.  MELAMPTRUM.    Low  herbs  with  branching  stems,  opposite  leaves,  and  flowers  in 

their  axils,  or  the  upper  crowded  in  a  bracted  spike.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-cleft,  the 
lobes  taper-pointed.  Corolla  tubular,  enlarging  above,  with  the  lower  lip  nearly 
equaling  the  narrow  upper  one  and  its  biconvex  palate  appressed  to  it,  3-lobed  at  the 
summit.  Cells  of  the  anther  minutely  pointed  at  base.  Pod  oblique,  with  only  2 
seeds  in  each  cell. 

1.  FAULOWNTA.     (Named  for  Anna  Paulowna,  a  Russian  Princess.) 

P.  imperialis^  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Cult,  for  ornament,  from  Japan  and 
China.  Scarcely  hardy  far  N. ;  the  heart-shaped  very  ample  leaves 
resembling  those  of  Catalpa,  but  much  more  downy  ;  flowers  in  large 
terminal  panicles,  in  spring,  the  violet  corolla  l£'-2'  long. 

2.  VERBASCUM,  MULLEIN.     (Ancient  Latin  name.)     Natives  of 
the  Old  World,  here  weeds.     TJ.  @ 

V.  Thapsus,  Linn.  COMMON  M.  Fields ;  densely  woolly,  the  tall 
simple  stem  winged  from  the  bases  of  the  oblong  leaves,  bearing  a  long, 
dense  spike  of  yellow  (rarely  white)  flowers. 

V.  Lychnltis,  Linn.  WHITE  M.  Waste  places,  rather  scarce  ;  whitened 
with  thin,  powdery  wooUiness,  the  stem  not  winged,  ovate  leaves  greenish 
above,  and  spikes  of  yellow  or  rarely  white  flowers  panicled. 

V.  Blattaria,  Linn.  MOTH  M.  Roadsides ;  green  and  smoothish,  2°-3° 
high,  slender,  with  ovate  toothed  or  sometimes  cut  leaves,  and  loose 
raceme  of  yellow  or  white  and  purplish-tinged  flowers. 

3.  CELSIA.     (Named  for  O.  Celsius,  a  Swedish  Orientalist.)    Flowers 
summer. 

C.  Cretica,  Linn,  f .  Cult,  for  ornament  from  the  Mediterranean  region  ; 
2°-3°  high,  rather  hairy,  or  the  raceme  clammy,  with  lower  leaves  pin- 
natifid,  upper  toothed  and  clasping  at  base  ;  corolla  orange-yellow  with 
some  purple  (l'-2'  across)  ;  lower  pair  of  filaments  naked,  the  upper  pair 
short  and  woolly -bearded.  @ 

4.  ALONSOA.      (Named  for  Alonzo   Zanoni,   a  Spanish  botanist.) 
Cult,  as  annuals,  from  S.  Arner. ;  flowers  all  summer.     Commonest 
one  is 

A.  incisifd/ia,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  (also  called  A.  URTic.EF6i.iA).  Smoothish, 
branching,  l°-2°  high,  with  lance-ovate  or  oblong  sharply  cut-toothed 
leaves,  and  orange-scarlet  corolla  less  than  1'  wide  ;  several  varieties. 

5.  VERONICA,  SPEEDWELL.     (Name  of  doubtful  derivation,  per- 
haps referring  to  St.  Veronica.)     Flowers  summer. 

»  Shrubby,  tender,  very  leafy  species  from  JVeir  Zealand,  with  entire  and 
glossy  smooth  and  nearly  sessile  evergreen  leaves,  all  opposite,  dense 
many-flowered  racemes  from  the  axils,  and  acutish  pods. 

V.  speciosa,  R.  Cunn.  Smooth  throughout,  with  obovate  or  oblong 
blunt  or  retuse  thick  leaves,  and  very  dense  spike-like  racemes  of  violet- 
purple  flowers. 

V.  salicifblia,  Forst.  Leaves  lanceolate  acute,  and  longer ;  clammy- 
pubescent  racemes  of  blue  flowers. 


FIGWORT   FAMILY.  323 

*  *    Herbs,  growing  wild,  or  those  of  the  first  subdivision  (•<-)  cultivated 
in  gardens. 

•<-  Spikes  or  dense  spike-like  racemes  terminating  the  erect  stem  or  branches 
and  often  clustered.     1J. 

V.  spicata,  Linn.  Erect  from  a  spreading  base,  l°-2°  high,  with 
opposite  or  whorled  leaves  which  are  narrow-oblong  or  oblanceolate  and 
serrate,  petiolate ;  flowers  bright  blue,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx ; 
stamens  long-exserted.  Eu. 

V.  paniculata,  Linn.  (V.  AMETHYSTINA).  Mostly  taller ;  leaves  opposite 
or  in  3's,  lanceolate  and  acute,  crenate-serrate  or  jagged,  narrow  at  base 
and  petiolate  or  sub-sessile  ;  flowers  blue  in  long,  loose  spikes  or  racemes. 
Eu. 

V.  long/folia,  Linn.  The  form  in  cult,  as  var.  SUBSESSILIS,  from 
Japan,  has  ovate  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  which  are  sharply  toothed 
and  broad  at  the  base ;  flowers  very  many  in  long,  erect  or  spreading 
spikes,  clear  blue. 

V.  Virglnica,  Linn.  CULVER'S  ROOT.  Wild  in  rich  woods  from  Vt. , 
W.  and  S. ;  remarkable  for  the  tube  of  the  small  whitish  corolla  longer 
than  the  acutish  lobes,  and  much  longer  than  the  calyx ;  simple  stems 
2°-6°  high,  bearing  whorls  of  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate  pointed  finely 
serrate  leaves  ;  spikes  dense  and  clustered. 

•<-  -t-  Racemes  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite  leaves ;  stems  creeping  or  pro- 
cumbent at  base,  but  above  ascending ;  corolla,  as  in  all  the  following, 
strictly  icheel-shaped.  2/ 

•«•  WATER  SPEEDWELLS  or  BROOKLIME,  in  water  or  wet  ground,  smooth 
and  with  pale  blue  (sometimes  darker  striped)  flowers  on  slender  spread- 
ing pedicels. 

=  Pod  turgid. 

V.  Anagallis,  Linn.  In  water  N. ;  leaves  lance-ovate  acute,  sessile  by 
a  heart-shaped  base,  2'-3'  long  ;  pod  slightly  notched,  many-seeded. 

V.  Americana,  Schw.  In  brooks  and  ditches  ;  leaves  mostly  petioled, 
ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  ;  flowers  on  more  slender  pedicels,  and  pod  more 
turgid  than  in  the  foregoing. 

=  =  Pod  strongly  flattened. 

V.  scutellata,  Linn.  In  bogs  N. ;  slender,  with  linear  slightly  toothed 
sessile  leaves,  only  1  or  2  very  slender  zigzag  racemes,  few  long-pediceled 
pale  flowers  ;  and  pod  deeply  notched  at  both  ends,  broader  than  long, 
few-seeded. 

•w  -«•  In  dry  ground,  pubescent,  with   light  blue   flowers   in  spike-like 
racemes. 

V.  officinalis.  Linn.  COMMON  SPEEDWELL.  Spreading  or  creeping, 
low  ;  leaves  wedge-oblong  or  obovate,  serrate,  short-petioled ;  pedicels 
shorter  than  calyx;  pod  wedge-obcordate,  several- seeded.  N.  Eng.,  W. 
andS. 

•i-  H-  -i-  Saceme  loose,  terminating  the  leafy  low  stem  or  branches,  or  the 
small  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  gradually  decreasing  leaves. 

•w-  2Z  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

V.  serpyllif61ia,  Linn.  Creeping  or  spreading  on  the  ground ;  with 
simple  flowering  stems  ascending  2'-4',  smooth ;  leaves  roundish,  small 
almost  entire ;  corolla  pale  blue  or  whitish  with  darker  stripes,  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Fields  and  roadsides. 


324  FIGWORT   FAMILY. 

+•*  ++  (D  Flowers  axillary  and  mostly  alternate  along  the  stem. 

V.  peregrina,  Linn.  NECKWEED  or  PURSLANE  S.  Common  weed  in 
damp  waste  or  cult,  ground  ;  smooth,  erect,  branching,  with  lower  leaves 
oval  or  oblong  and  toothed,  the  upper  oblong-linear  and  entire,  inconspic- 
uous flowers  almost  sessile  in  their  axils,  whitish  corolla  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  and  many-seeded  pod  slightly  notched. 

V.  arvensis,  Linn.  CORN  S.  Introduced  into  waste  and  cult,  grounds 
E.;  hairy,  3'-8'  high,  with  lower  leaves  ovate  and  crenate,  on  petioles,  the 
upper  sessile  lanceolate  and  entire,  blue  flowers  short-peduncled,  and  pod 
obcordate.  Eu. 

6.  BUCHNERA,  BLUE  HEARTS.     (/.  G.  Buchner,  an  early  German 
botanist.)     Flowers  summer.     2Z 

B.  Americana,  Linn.     Rough-hairy,  turning  blackish  in  drying;  with 
slender  stem  l°-2£°  high,  veiny  leaves  coarsely  few-toothed,  the  lowest 
obovate,  middle  ones  oblong,  uppermost  lance-linear  ;  flowers  scattered  in 
the  slender  spike,  and  corolla  deep  purple.     Sandy  or  gravelly  plains, 
from  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

7.  CALCEOLARIA.     (Latin  calceolus,  a  shoe  or  slipper.)     Tender 
South  American  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  curious  and  handsome  flowers, 
cult,  as  house  and  bedding  plants.     The  common  cultivated  species  are 
now  much  mixed. 

C.  integrifdlia,  Murr.  (also  called  C.  Ruo6sA  and  C.  SAi/viJEF6LiA)  is  the 
commonest  woody-stemmed  species,  with  oblong  leaves  rugose  in  the 
manner  of  garden  Sage,  and  small  yellow  or  orange  flowers  in  crowded 
clusters. 

C.  corymbbsa,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Herbaceous,  hairy  or  clammy-pubescent, 
with  ovate  crenate-toothed  leaves  nearly  all  at  the  root,  and  loose  corymbs 
or  cymes  of  yellow  flowers,  the  purple-spotted  mouth  considerably  open. 

C.  crenatifldra,  Cav.  Parent  of  many  of  the  more  showy  herbaceous 
garden  forms,  with  more  leafy  stems  and  larger  flowers,  their  orifice 
rounder  and  smaller,  the  hanging  lower  lip  or  sac  1'  or  more  long,  more 
obovate  and  flat,  somewhat  3-lobed  as  it  were  towards  the  end,  and  vari- 
ously spotted  with  purple,  brown,  or  crimson. 

C.  scabioscefdlia,  Sims.  Delicate  annual,  with  pinnately  divided, 
slightly  hairy  leaves,  on  petioles  dilated  and  connate  at  base,  and  loose, 
small,  pale  yellow  flowers  with  globular  lower  lip  about  £'  wide. 

8.  COLLINSIA.     (Zaccheus  Collins  of  Philadelphia.)     Flowers  hand- 
some, mostly  2-colored.     ©  ® 

*  Pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx. 

C.  v<Jma,  Nutt.  Wild  from  W.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  cult.;  slender,  6'-20 
high,  with  ovate  or  lance-ovate  and  toothed  leaves,  the  upper  clasping 
heart-shaped,  and  slender-peduncled  flowers  in  early  spring,  lower  lip 
blue,  upper  white  ;  gibbous  throat  of  corolla  shorter  than  the  limb  ;  pedi- 
cels longer  than  the  flowers. 

C.  grandifldra,  Dougl.  From  Pacific  coast ;  saccate  throat  of  corolla 
as  long  as  the  upper  lip,  which  is  white  or  purple  ;  lower  lip  deep  blue  ; 
pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  flower,  the  latter  showy  and  f '  long. 

*  *  Pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

C.  6/co/or,  Benth.  California ;  a  handsome  garden  annual,  is  stout, 
with  crowded  flowers  as  if  whorled,  pedicels  shorter  than  calyx,  lower 
lip  of  corolla  violet,  the  upper  pale  or  white,  or  in  one  variety  both  white. 


FIGWOBT  FAMILY.  325 

9.  LINARIA.  TOADFLAX.     (From  Linum,  Flax,  from  resemblance 
in  the  leaves  of  the  commoner  species.)     Flowers  summer. 

*    Leaves  narrow,  sessile,  and  entire  ;  stems  erect ;  flowers  racemed. 
•t-  Flowers  yellow. 

L.  vulgaris,  Mill.     COMMON  T.,  BAMSTED,  BUTTER  AND  EGGS.     A  showy 
but  troublesome  European  weed,  of  fields  and  roadsides,  l°-3°  high,  with 
alternate  crowded  linear  or  lanceolate  pale  leaves,  and  a  dense  raceme  of 
flowers  1'  long  with  paler  tips.     2£    (Lessons,  Fig.  258.) 
t-  •>-  Flowers  blue  or  violet. 

L.  Canadensis,  Dumont.  WILD  T.  Gravelly  and  sandy  ground,  with 
scattered,  linear  leaves  on  the  slender,  flowering  stems,  or  oblong  and  in 
pairs  or  threes  on  prostrate  shoots,  and  very  small,  blue  flowers.  (D  (g) 

L.  triornithdphora,  Willd.     Cult,  from  Eu.;  glaucous,  2°-3°  high,  with 
ovate-lanceolate  leaves  in  whorls,  and  rather  large,  slender-peduncled, 
long-spurred  flowers,  violet  and  purple-striped.     ^ 
*  *    Leaves  broad,  often   lobed;  stems  and  branches  trailing ;  flowers 

very  small,  yellow  and  purple  mixed,  on  long  axillary  pedicels  ;  natives 

of  Eu. 

L.  E/dtine,  Mill.  Nat.  in  gravelly  or  sandy  soil ;  hairy,  with  ovate  and 
halberd-shaped,  short-petioled  leaves,  the  lower  ones  opposite,  (i) 

L.  Cymbalaria,  Mill.  KENILWORTH  IVY.  Cult,  as  a  delicate  little 
trailing  ornamental  plant ;  very  smooth,  pale,  with  rooting  branches,  and 
thickish  almost  kidney-shaped  3-5-lobed  leaves  on  long  petioles.  2£ 

10.  ANTIRRHINUM,  SNAPDRAGON.     (Name  Greek,  compares  the 
flower  with  the  snout  or  muzzle  of  an  animal.)     Flowers  summer. 
(Lessons,  Fig.  257.) 

§  1.     TRUE  SNAPDRAGON,  with  palate  closing  the  mouth  of  the  corolla, 

and  erect  or  ascending  stems,  not  climbing.    Nat.  and  cult,  from  Eu. 

A.  maj'us,  Linn.  LARGE  S.,  of  the  gardens;  with  stems  l°-3°  high, 
oblong  or  lanceolate  entire,  smooth  leaves,  and  glandular-downy  raceme 
of  showy  flowers,  the  crimson,  purple,  white,  or  variegated  corolla  over 
1'  long.  !# 

A.  Ordntium,  Linn.     SMALL  S.     Weed  in  some  old  gardens  and  cult, 
grounds  ;  low,  slender,  with  linear  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  axillary 
flowers  \'  long.     ® 
§  2.     MAURANDIA-LIKE  S.,  with  palate  not  so  large,  nor  fully  closing  the 

mouth,  and  stems  climbing  by  the  coiling  of  their  slender  petioles,  and 

sometimes  of  the  peduncles  also. 

A.  maurandioldes,  Gray.  Cult,  from  Texas  and  Mexico,  generally  as 
MAURAXDIA  ANTIRRHIXIFLORA  ;  smooth,  with  triangular-halberd-shaped 
leaves,  or  some  of  them  heart-shaped,  and  showy  flowers  in  their  axils, 
the  violet  or  purple  corolla  1'  or  more  long.  2Z 

11.  MAUR^NDIA.     (Named  for  Prof.  Maurandy.)     Excluding  the 
last  preceding  species,  which  has  the  flower  of  Snapdragon,  and  includ- 
ing LOPHOSPERMUM,  which  has  wing-margined  seeds.   Mexican  climbers, 
with  triangular  and  heart-shaped   or  halberd-shaped  and  obscurely 
lobed  leaves,  tender,  cult,  for  ornament ;  flowers  all  summer. 

*  Corolla  naked  inside,  rather  obviously  2-lipped. 
M.   Barclaydna,  Lindl.      Stems  and  leaves  smooth ;  calyx  glandular- 
hairy,  clammy,  its  divisions  lance-linear;  corolla  purple,  usually  dark, 
2'  or  more  long. 


326  FIGWORT   FAMILY. 

M.  semperfldrens,  Ortega.  Has  lanceolate,  smooth  calyx  divisions,  and 
smaller  rose-purple  or  violet  corolla. 

*  *  Corolla  very  obscurely  2-lipped,  and  with  2  bearded  lines.     (LOPHO- 

•  SPERMUM.) 

M.  erubGscens,  Gray.  Somewhat  soft-pubescent,  with  irregularly 
toothed  leaves,  rose-colored  flowers  3'  long,  and  ovate-oblong,  rather 
leaf -like  sepals. 

M.  scdndens.  Gray.  Less  common  and  not  so  showy,  is  less  pubes- 
cent, and  has  smaller,  less-inflated,  deeper  purple  corolla,  and  lance- 
oblong  sepals. 

12.  DIGITALIS,   FOXGLOVE.      (Latin  name,   from  shape  of  the 
corolla,  likened  to  the  finger  of  a  glove,  in  the  common  species.) 

D.  purptirea,  Linn.  Corolla  ranging  from  purple  to  white,  and  more  or 
less  strongly  spotted,  2'  long,  the  lobes  rather  obscure ;  leaves  rugose, 
somewhat  downy.  Strong  plants  2°-3°,  and  declined  flowers.  Cult,  from 
Eu.;  flowers  summer.  2Z 

13.  MIMULUS,   MONKEY  FLOWER.     (From  Greek  for  an  ape,  or 
buffoon,  from  the  grinning  corolla.)     Flowers  all  summer. 

*  Wild  in  wet  places,  with  erect  (except  in  the  third}  square  stem  l°-2° 

high,  oblong  or  roundish  feather-veined  serrate  leaves.     11 

•i-  Flowers  violet  or  purple. 

M.  rlngens,  Linn.  Leaves  clasping ;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
flower ;  calyx  teeth  taper-pointed.  Wet  places,  common. 

M.  alatus,  Ait.  Leaves  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  peduncle  shorter 
than  the  calyx  and  short-toothed,  and  sharp  wing-like  angles  to  stem. 
N.  Eng.  to  HI.,  and  S. 

•*-  -t-  Flowers  yellow. 

M.  Jamdsii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Diffuse,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  some- 
what creeping  plant,  in  springy  places  in  Mich,  and  Minn.,  and  S.  W.; 
stem  leaves  nearly  sessile,  and  roundish  or  kidney-form. 

*  *  Cult,  for  ornament,  chiefly  in  conservatories,  from  W.  N.  Amer. 
•i-  Plant  not  glutinous,  smooth. 

ft.  luteus,  Linn.  Erect ;  leaves  ovate  or  cordate- clasping,  several- 
nerved  ;  flowers  showy,  yellow,  often  spotted  with  rose  or  brown ;  of 
many  varieties,  and  common  hi  cultivation. 

•«-  +-  Plant  glutinous  or  clammy. 

M.  moschdtus,  Dougl.  MUSK  PLANT.  Weak  and  diffuse,  rooting, 
clammy-villous,  smelling  strongly  of  musk ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong ; 
flower  small,  pale  yellow.  H 

M.  card  in  alls,  Dougl.  Erect,  clammy-pubescent ;  leaves  wedge-oblong, 
partly  clasping,  several-nerved ;  flowers  large,  brick-red.  2/ 

M.  glutindsus.  Wendl.  Shrubby  conservatory  plant  from  Cal.,  gluti- 
nous-pubescent, with  oblong  or  lanceolate  leaves,  and  large  yellow,  orange, 
or  brick-red  flower. 

14.  TORENIA.     (Olef  Toren,  a  Swedish  botanist.) 

*  Calyx  wing-angled. 

T.  As/dtica,  Linn.  Cult,  from  India  ;  a  handsome  hothouse  plant,  with 
flowers  in  sub-umbellate  clusters,  and  lance-ovate,  serrate  leaves,  and 


FIGWORT   FAMILY.  327 

corolla  over  1'  long,  pale  violet  or  purple,  with  the  tube  and  the  end  of 
the  3  rounded  lower  lobes  dark  violet ;  longer  filaments  toothed  at  the 
base. 

T.  Fournieri,  Linden.  Flowers  racemose  or  scattered,  the  tube  pale 
violet  and  yellow  on  the  back,  the  upper  lip  lilac  and  slightly  2-lobed,  the 
lower  lip  bright  violet  and  3-lobed,  the  central  lobe  with  a  yellow  blotch 
at  the  base ;  no  tooth  at  base  of  the  longer  filaments ;  leaves  ovate-cor- 
date and  serrate.  Cochinchina. 

*  *  Calyx  not  wing-angled. 

T.  flava,  Hamilt.  (T.  BAILLONI).  Flowers  axillary,  in  pairs;  corolla 
yellow  with  a  purple  eye.  India. 

15.  CONOBEA.      (Name  obscure.)     ® 

C.  multlfida,  Benth.  A  diffusely  spreading,  minutely  pubescent,  low 
herb,  growing  along  shores  Ohio,  W.;  leaves  opposite,  and  pinnately 
parted,  the  divisions  linear-wedge-form ;  corolla  greenish-white,  and 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

16.  HERFESTIS.     (Greek :  a  creeping  thing,  alluding  to  the  procum- 
bent habit.)     *         ^mower  piainiy  2-lipped. 

H.  nigrescens,  Benth.  Very  leafy,  glabrous,  erect  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves 
oblong  or  lance- wedge-form,  serrate,  the  upper  ones  mostly  shorter  than 
the  pedicels  ;  corolla  whitish  or  purplish.  Wet  places,  Md.,  S. 

H.  rotundif61ia.  Pursh.  Creeping  and  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  round- 
obovate  and  partly  clasping ;  peduncles  only  2  or  3  times  the  length  of 
the  calyx ;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue.  Pond  margins,  111.  to  Minn. , 
andS. 

H.  amplexicaulis,  Pursh.  Creeping  at  base,  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate  and 
clasping;  peduncle 3  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  corolla  blue.  Pine  barrens, 

N"  J"'  S-  *  *  Corolla  almost  regular. 

H.  Mounter  a,  HBK.  Creeping  and  glabrous ;  leaves  wedge-obovate 
or  spatulate,  sessile  ;  corolla  pale  plue.  Md.,  S.,  near  the  ocean. 

17.  LIMOSELLA,   MUD  WORT.     (Latin :  mud  and  seat. )     (I) 

L.  aquatica,  Linn.,  var.  tenuifdlia,  Hoffm.  A  creeping  little  plant, 
with  small  white  or  purplish  flowers  on  simple,  naked  peduncles  ;  leaves 
thread-like  or  awl-form.  Brackish  places,  N.  J.,  N.;  also  far  N.  W. 

18.  GERARDIA.      (The  herbalist,  John  Gerarde.)      Handsome,  but 
mostly  uncultivable  plants  (often  partially  parasitic  on  roots  of  other 
plants ;  Lessons,  Fig.  89)  ;   flowers  late  summer  and  autumn.    The 
following  are  the  commonest  wild  species. 

*  Corolla  yellow  and  with  a  long  tube,  the  inside  woolly,  as  are  the 
filaments  and  anthers ;  the  latter  almost  projecting,  slender-pointed  at 
base ;  calyx  5-cleft ;  tall  herbs,  with  leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnatifid 
or  toothed.  2J.  except  the  first. 

-t-  Hairy  or  pubescent. 
->-<•  Pubescence  partly  glandular  and  viscid. 

G.  pedicularia,  Linn.  Slightly  pubescent ;  2°-3°  high,  very  leafy ; 
leaves  all  pinnatifid  and  the  lobes  cut-toothed ;  pedicels  opposite,  and 
longer  than  the  hairy  serrate  calyx  lobes  ;  corolla  over  1'  long.  N.  Eng., 
S.  and  W.  ®  @ 


328  FIGWORT  FAMILY. 

Var.  pectinata,  Nutt.  Sandy  barrens,  N.  Car.,  S. ;  more  hairy  than 
the  foregoing,  with  finer  divided  leaves,  alternate  pedicels  shorter  than 
pinnatiiid  calyx  lobes  ;  corolla  broader  and  !£'  long. 

•w  *+  Pubescence  not  glandular. 

G.  grandif!6ra.  Benth.  Oak  openings  from  Wis.  and  Minn.,  S.;  stems 
bushy-branched,  3°-4°  high,  minutely  downy ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
coarsely  cuWoothed,  the  lower  pinnatifid;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
barely  toothed  calyx  lobes  ;  corolla  2'  long. 

G.  flava,  Linn.  3°-4°  high,  minutely  soft-downy  ;  upper  leaves  lance- 
olate or  oblong  and  entire,  lower  sinuate  or  pinnatifid ;  pedicels  very 
short ;  flowers  in  a  leafy  raceme  ;  stems  nearly  simple  ;  corolla  !£'  long. 
Open  woods,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

-i-  -i-  Plant  glabrous. 

G.  quercifdlia,  Pursh.  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng.,  S.  and  W.;  3°-6°  high, 
smooth  and  glaucous  ;  upper  leaves  often  entire,  lower  once  or  twice  pin- 
natifid ;  pedicels  as  long  as  calyx ;  corolla  2'  long. 

G.  laevigata,  Raf.  Barrens,  from  Penn.,  S.  and  W.;  l°-2°  high, 
smooth,  not  glaucous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  ;  corolla  1'  long. 

*  *  Corolla  purple  (or  sometimes  white*)  naked  within  ;  calyx  deeply  and 
unequally  6-cleft;  anthers  pointless,  those  of  the  shorter  pair  much 
smaller;  leaves  rather  broad.    ® 

G.  auriculata,  Michx.  Low  grounds,  from  Penn.  S.  and  W.  ;  rough- 
hairy,  with  nearly  simple  stem,  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  entire,  or  the 
lower  with  a  lobe  on  each  side  of  the  base  ;  flowers  sessile  in  the  upper 
axils ;  corolla  1'  long. 

*  *  *   Corolla  purple  or  rose-color,  somewhat  bell-shaped;  calyx  teeth 
short ;  anthers  all  alike,  nearly  pointless  at  base  ;  leaves  narrow,  linear 
or  thread-shaped,  entire  ;  loosely  branching. 

•i-  Stems  with  prominent  leaves. 
**  2/  Pedicels  erect,  as  long  as  the  floral  leaves. 

G.  linifdlia,  Nutt.  Pine  barrens,  Del.,  S.;  with  erect  branches,  and 
erect  linear  leaves  about  the  length  of  the  peduncles,  truncate  calyx,  and 
corolla  1'  long. 

•*-«.  +*  (D  Pedicels  little,  if  any,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

G.  purpiirea,  Linn.  Pedicels  stout ;  calyx  conspicuously  5-lobed ; 
leaves  opposite  and  spreading ;  rather  broad  linear  corolla  f '-!'  long. 
Low  grounds  near  sea  coast  and  Great  Lakes.  Variable. 

G.  marftima,  Raf.  Salt  marshes  N.  and  S. ;  lower  than  the  preceding, 
and  with  fleshy  blunt  leaves ;  calyx  obtusely  5-toothed  ;  corolla  4  '-f '  long. 

•w-  -M-  *+  (D  Pedicels  equaling  or  exceeding  the  corolla. 

G.  tenuifdlia,  Vahl.  Pedicels  opposite,  equaling  the  linear  spreading 
leaves  ;  calyx-teeth  broadly  awl-shaped  ;  corolla  4'-i'  long.  Common. 

G.  filif6lia,  Nutt.  With  alternate  pedicels  twice  the  length  of  the 
rather  fleshy,  thread-shaped  or  slightly  club-shaped  fascicled  leaves  ; 
corolla  £'  long.  Barrens,  Ga.,  S. 

••-  •»-  Stems  with  minute  scales  in  place  of  leaves. 

G.  aphylla,  Nutt.  Pedicels  short,  alternate  along  one  side  of  the 
flowering  branches,  and  minute  scale-like  or  awl-shaped  appressed  leaves, 
minute  calyx  teeth,  and  corolla  J'  long.  Barrens,  N.  Car.,  S.  (D 


FIG  WORT    FAMILY.  329 

19.  SEYMERIA.      (Henry   Seymer,   an  English  naturalist.)      Wild 
plants  S.  and  W.,  very  like  Gerardia ;  flowers  yellow,  in  summer  and 
autumn. 

*  Stems  much  branched;    corolla   glabrous  within  (except  at  base  of 
stamens').     (J) 

S.  pectinata,  Pursh.  About  1°  high,  branchy,  clammy- pubescent ; 
pinnatifid  leaves  with  oblong-linear  lobes  ;  corolla  %'  long.  Dry  soil,  N. 
Car.,  S. 

S.  tenuifdlia,  Pursh.  Low  sandy  grounds,  N.  Car.,  S.;  2°-4°  high, 
with  long,  slender  branches  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  thread-shaped 
divisions  ;  corolla  hardly  £'  long. 

*  *  Stems  nearly  simple  ;  corolla  densely  woolly  within.     2/ 

S.  macrophylla,  Nutt.  MULLEIN  FOXGLOVE.  Shady  river  banks 
Ohio,  W.;  4°— 5°  high,  with  large  leaves,  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  di- 
vided or  cut,  the  upper  lanceolate  and  toothed ;  corolla  curved ;  style 
short. 

20.  ILYSANTHES,    FALSE    PIMPERNEL.       (Greek:    mire    and 
flower,  alluding  to  the  station. )     Flowers  all  summer. 

I.  riparia,  Raf.  Common  in  wet  places ;  a  smooth  diffuse  little  plant, 
4'-8'  high,  with  rounded  or  oblong  leaves,  and  small  purple  or  bluish 
flowers,  (i) 

21.  GRATIOLA,   HEDGE  HYSSOP.     (Old  name,  from  Latin  gratia, 
grace,  alluding  to  supposed  medicinal  properties.)     Kather  insignificant 
plants,  in  low  or  wet  places  ;  flowering  all  summer.     @  11 

*  Stems  generally  diffusely  branched,  sometimes  creeping  at  the  base. 

t-  Sterile  filaments  minute  or  hardly  any ;  corolla  whitish,  with  yellowish 
tube. 

G.  Virginiana,  Linn.  Rather  clammy,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and 
slender  peduncles.  Common. 

•  G.  sphaerocarpa,  Ell.  Smooth  and  stouter,  with  lance-ovate  leaves  ; 
peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  and  larger  spherical  pod.  N.  J. 
to  HI.,  and  S. 

H-  •*-  Sterile  filaments  obvious,  usually  tipped  with  a  little  glandular  head 
in  place  of  the  anther  ;  leaves  short. 

G.  viscdsa,  Schw.  Clammy,  with  lance-oblong  toothed  leaves,  shorter 
than  the  peduncles,  and  whitish  flowers.  Ky.,  S. 

G.  atirea,  Muhl.  Sandy  wet  soil,  Vt.  to  Ohio  and  S. ;  nearly  smooth, 
with  rather  narrow  entire  leaves  as  long  as  the  peduncles,  and  golden 
yellow  flowers.  #  #  ^^  mosfly  s-mple  and  ^^ 

G.  pil6sa.  Michx.  Very  different  from  any  of  the  foregoing,  having 
rigid  and  erect  stems,  and  ovate  or  oblong  sessile  leaves,  both  hairy,  the 
flowers  sessile,  the  white  corolla  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx.  Low 
ground,  N.  J.,  S. 

22.  SCROPHULAHIA,  FIGWORT.     (Plants  a  supposed  remedy  for 
scrofula.)     Homely  and  insignificant  plants. 

S.  nod6sa.  Linn.,  var.  Marilandica,  Gray.  Damp,  shady  ground  ; 
smooth,  with  4-sided  stem  3°-4°  high,  ovate  or  oblong  coarsely  toothed 
leaves,  and  small  lurid  flowers  in  loose  cymes,  all  summer.  2/ 


330  FIGWORT  FAMILY. 

23.  CHELONE.  TURTLEHEAD  (to  which  the  name,  from  the  Greek, 
refers),  SNAKEHEAD,  BALMONY.     % 

C.  glabra.  Linn.  The  common  species,  of  wet  places ;  l°-2°  high, 
strict,  with  lanceolate  or  lance -oblong,  appressed-serrate  leaves  on  very 
short  petioles,  and  white  or  rose-tinged  corolla  1'  or  more  long ;  bracts 
not  ciliate. 

C.  obliqua,  Linn.  Looser,  with  spreading  branches ;  leaves  broad- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  deeply  serrate ;  bracts  cttiolate ;  corolla  deep  rose- 
color.  Va.  to  111.,  and  S. 

24.  PENTSTEMON.    (Greek :  meaning  5  stamens  ;  refers  to  the  pres- 
ence of  the  5th  stamen,  which,  however,  has  no  anther.)    Showy  North 
American  and  a  few  Mexican  plants,  chiefly  .Western  ;  two  or  three  are 
wild  E. ;  several  are  in  cultivation.   Flowers  late  spring  and  summer.    ^ 

»  Plant  more  or  less  pubescent  or  viscid-glandular,  at  least  above  (rarely 
glabrous  in  the  last*)  ;  often  glabrous  below. 

H-  Corolla  tohite,  or  only  purplish-tinged. 

P.  laevigatus,  Soland.  Inflorescence  pubescent,  but  plant  (2°-4°) 
glabrous  below ;  leaves  nearly  entire,  ovate-lanceolate  or  somewhat 
oblong,  glossy,  firm,  the  base  clasping;  corolla  abruptly  and  broadly 
inflated,  the  throat  wide  and  open  ;  sterile  filament  with  a  thin  beard 
above.  Rich  soil,  Penn.,  W.  and  S. 

Var.  Digitalis,  Gray.  Is  generally  taller  (often  5°)  with  a  larger  and 
purer  white  corolla  which  is  more  abruptly  inflated.  Penn. ,  W. 

•«-  H-  Corolla  purple,  blue  or  yellow  (rarely  whitish  in  the  first*). 
•M-  Flowers  glabrous  within. 

P.  Cobeea,  Nutt.  Plains  from  Kan.,  S.;  l°-2°  high,  stout,  with 
ovate  often  denticulate  thick  leaves,  a  slightly  clammy,  few-flowered 
panicle  or  raceme,  pale  purplish  or  whitish  corolla  about  2'  long  and 
abruptly  much  inflated  above  the  narrow  base,  the  border  2-lipped,  but 
the  oblong  lobes  similar ;  the  sterile  filament  bearded.  Cult. 

•«•  -M-  Flowers  bearded  toithin. 

P.  ocdfr/s,  Dougl.  Ore.;  an  early  blue-flowered  species,  puberulent  or 
pubescent,  with  ovate  or  lance-ovate  serrate  leaves,  and  open  panicle  of 
small  flowers. 

P.  pube'scens,  Soland.  Somewhat  clammy-pubescent,  or  smoothish 
except  the  panicle,  l°-3°  high,  variable  ;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers 
nodding,  blush  commonly  tinged  with  some  purplish  or  violet ;  the 
plainly  2-lipped  corolla  (!'  long)  with  gradually  enlarging  tube  concave 
on  the  lower,  convex  on  the  upper  side,  a  sort  of  palate  almost  closing  the 
mouth  ;  sterile  filament  yellow-bearded  down  one  side.  Dry  soil.  Com- 
mon. (Lessons,  Fig.  297.) 

P.  confertus,  Dougl.  Sometimes  glabrous  throughout;  l°-2°,  with 
oblong  or  lance-oblong  or  even  linear,  'nearly  or  quite  entire  leaves ; 
inflorescence  spike-like,  interrupted  and  naked  ;  corolla  small,  cream- 
color  or  sulphur-color,  or  in 

Var.  ccerdleo-purptireus,  Gray,  blue-purple  and  violet.    Rocky  Moun- 

*  *  Plant  smooth  throughout,  often  glaucous. 
+-  Leaves  sharply  serrate. 

P.  campanuldtus,  Willd.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  base 
clasping;  flowers  in  a  raceme-like,  one-sided  panicle;  corolla  ventricose 
above,  reddish-purple  or  rose-colored  ;  sterile  filament  bearded.  Common 
in  gardens,  and  varies  greatly  in  cultivation.  Mexico. 


FIGWORT   FAMILY.  881 

*-  *-  Leaves  entire  or  very  nearly  so. 
**  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate. 

P.  barbatus,  Nutt.  Mexico  (wild  N.  to  Col.),  long  cult  in  the  gar- 
dens ;  slender,  wand-like  stems,  3°-4°  high,  lanceolate  and  entire,  pale 
leaves,  long  and  loose  raceme  or  panicle  of  drooping  flowers,  narrow 
tubular  scarlet  corolla  over  1'  long,  with  erect  upper  lip  concave  and 
slightly  2-lobed,  the  lower  parted  into  3  reflexed  or  spreading  oblong 
lobes,  some  beard  in  the  throat,  and  sterile  filament  naked. 

++  ++  Corolla  obscurely  2-lipped. 

P.  grandifl6niB,  Nutt.  Pale  and  glaucous,  l°-3°  high,  with  thick 
ovate  leaves  (l'-2'  long),  closely  sessile  and  entire,  the  upper  ones 
rounded,  short-pediceled  flowers  racemed,  lilac-purple,  oblong-bell- 
shaped  corolla  l£'-2'  long,  and  almost  equally  5-lobed,  the  sterile  fila- 
ment nearly  smooth.  Wis.,  W.  and  S.  (Lessons,  Fig.  264.) 

P.  glaber,  Pursh.  Plains  from  Dak.,  S.  and  W.;  commonly  pale  or 
glaucous,  with  ascending  stems  l°-2°  long;  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate, 
entire  leaves,  and  a  narrow  panicle  of  very  handsome  flowers  ;  the  tubular- 
inflated  corolla  about  1J'  long,  bright  purple-blue,  with  the  spreading 
lobes  of  the  2  short  lips  similar  ;  sterile  filaments  and  also  the  anthers 
slightly  hairy  or  else  naked. 

P.  Hartwegi,  Benth.  (P.  GENTIANOIDES).  Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  the 
upper  broader  at  the  base  and  clasping  ;  peduncles  elongated,  3-flowered  ; 
corolla  2'  long,  deep-red  or  red-  purple,  the  border  almost  equally  5-cleft; 
sterile  filament  naked.  Mexico.  Long  cultivated. 

25.  RUSSELLIA.     (Named  f  or  Dr.  Alexander  Eussell  of  Scotland.)    If. 

R.  Juncea,  Zucc.  A  showy  house  and  bedding  plant;  very  smooth, 
with  leaves  small  lance-ovate  or  linear,  or  else  reduced  to  little  scales  on 
the  copious,  long,  and  rush-like,  green,  hanging  branches  and  branchlets  ; 
corolla  1'  long,  narrow,  bright  carmine  red.  Mexico. 

26.  CASTILLEIA,  PAINTED  CUP.     (Named  for  Castillejo,  a  Span- 
ish botanist.)     There  are  several  showy  species  on  the  plains  from 
beyond  the  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific.    Flowers  all  late  spring  and 
summer.     Root-parasites. 

C.  coccfnea,  Spreng.  SCARLET  P.  Sandy  low  grounds  ;  pubescent, 
simple-stemmed,  l°-2°  high,  with  stem  leaves  cut-lobed,  those  next  the 
flowers  3-cleft,  their  dilated  and  cut-toothed  lobes  brilliant  scarlet,  while 
the  2-cleft  calyx  is  yellowish,  and  the  narrow  corolla  pale  yellow.  ®  @ 

27.  SCHWALBEA,   CHAFF-SEED.     (C.  G.  Schwalbe,   a  German 
botanist.)     11 

S.  Americana,  Linn.  Minutely  pubescent,  upright,  l°-2°,  with  sim- 
ple leafy  stems  and  a  loose  spike  of  rather  showy  purplish-yellow  flowers  ; 
leaves  alternate  and  sessile,  3-nerved  and  entire,  ovate  or  oblong.  Sandy 
wet  soil,  near  the  coast,  Mass.  ,  S. 


28.   FEDICTJLARIS,   LOUSEWORT  (which  the  name  denotes).     ^ 

P.  Canade'nsis,  Linn.  COMMON  P.  or  WOOD  BETONY.  Low,  rather 
hairy,  with  alternate  leaves,  the  upper  pinnatifid,  lower  pinnate  ;  a  short 
dense  spike  of  greenish  and  purplish  flowers  ;  oblique  calyx  without  lobes, 
but  split  down  in  front,  and  a  dagger-shaped  pod  ;  flowers  spring.  Dry 
woods  and  banks. 


332  BROOM   RAPE  FAMILY. 

P.  lanceolate,  Michx.  Less  common  in  swamps ;  l°-3°  high,  smooth- 
ish,  with  lance- oblong  leaves  doubly  cut-toothed,  some  of  them  opposite  ; 
a  close  spike  of  pale  yellow  flowers ;  2-lobed  leafy-crested  calyx,  and 
ovate  pod ;  flowers  late  summer. 

29.  MELAMFYRUM,   COW  WHEAT.      (Greek:  black  grain,  from 
the  color  of  the  seeds.)     (D 

M.  Americanum.  Michx.  Our  only  species,  common  in  open  wood- 
lands ;  6'-12'  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  the  upper  ones  abrupt  or  trun- 
cate at  base  and  with  a  few  bristle-tipped  teeth,  the  scattered  flowers 
pale-yellowish  or  almost  white,  sometimes  purplish-tinged,  produced  all 
summer. 


LXXXTT.  OROBANCHACKffi,  BBOOM  EAPE  FAMILY. 

Low,  root-parasitic  perennials,  destitute  of  green  herbage, 
and  with  yellowish  or  brownish  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  the 
monopetalous  corolla  (withering  and  persistent)  more  or  less 
2-lipped  or  irregular,  4  didynamous  stamens,  and  1-celled 
ovary  and  pod,  with  the  2  or  4  parietal  placentse  covered  with 
innumerable  small  seeds.  Ours  occur  in  woods,  and  are  mostly 
parasitic  on  the  roots  of  trees. 

*  Flowers  of  two  sorts  scattered  on  slender  branchet. 

1.  EPIPHEGTJS.    Stems  slender  and  bushy-branching,  with  small  and  scattered  scales 

and  flowers  scattered  in  loose  spikes  or  racemes,  with  minute  bracts.  Upper  flowers 
conspicuous,  but  seldom  ripening  fruit,  with  tubular  4-toothed  corolla,  and  long  fila- 
ments and  style ;  lower  flowers  small  and  short,  seldom  opening,  but  fertilized  in 

«  *  Flowers  all  perfect  and  alike. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS.    Stems  thick,  covered  with  firm  overlapping  scales,  each  of  the  upper 

ones  with  a  flower  in  its  axil,  forming  a  spike.  Calyx  4r-5-toothed,  and  split  down  on 
the  lower  side.  Corolla  short,  strongly  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  arched  and  notched ; 
lower  one  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Stamens  protruding. 

3.  APHTLLON.    Stems  are  chiefly  slender  1-flowered  scapes  from  a  scaly  mostly  subter- 

rannean  base.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  long  curved  tube,  and  a  spreading 
slightly  2-lipped  or  irregular  5-lobed  border ;  the  lobes  all  nearly  alike.  Stamens 
Included  in  the  tube. 

1.  EFIPHEGI7S,   BEECH  DROPS,  CANCER  ROOT.     (Greek:   on 
the  Seech,  the  plant  chiefly  found  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.) 
One  species. 

E.  Virginiana,  Bart.  About  1°  high,  with  purplish  flowers  £'  or  more 
long,  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Rather  common  in  woods,  but  over- 
looked because  of  the  brown  color  of  the  plant. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS,    SQUAWROOT,   CANCER  ROOT.      (Greek  for 
cone  scale,  the  plant  having  the  aspect  of  a  slender  fir  cone  when  old.) 

C.  Americana,  Wallr.  Not  widely  common,  in  oak  woods,  forming 
clusters  among  fallen  leaves,  3'-6'  high,  as  thick  as  the  thumb,  yellowish; 
flowers  early  summer. 


BLADDERWORT   FAMILY.  333 

3.  AFHYI.IiON,  NAKED  BROOM  RAPE  or  ONE-FLOWERED 
CANCER  ROOT.  (Greek:  without  leaves.)  Flowers  spring  and 
early  summer. 

A.  unifl6rum,  Gray.  Open  woods  or  thickets  ;  slightly  clammy- 
pubescent,  with  1-3  scapes  (3'-5;  high)  from  a  subterranean  scaly  base,  and 
lance-awl-shaped  calyx  lobes  half  the  length  of  the  violet-purplish  corolla. 

A.  fasciculatum,  Gray.  Occurs  only  from  N.  Mich.,  W. ;  has  scapes 
from  a  scaly  base  rising  out  of  the  ground,  and  short  triangular  calyx 
lobes.  Parasitic  on  herbs,  as  Artemisia,  etc. 


LXXXIII.    LENTIBULARIACE^E.   BLADDERWORT 
FAMILY. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  the  ovary  and  pod  1-celled  and 
containing  a  free  central  placenta,  with  irregular  bilabiate 
flowers  (lower  lip  larger  and  3-lobed),  bearing  a  spur  or  sac 
underneath,  and  2  stamens  with  confidently  1-celled  anthers. 
Flowers  on  1-few-flowered  scapes. 

1.  UTEICTJLAEIA.    Calyx  parted  into  2  nearly  entire  lips.    Corolla  deeply  2-Hpped,  the 

lower  lip  bearing  above  a  prominent  palate  closing  the  throat,  and  below  a  large  spur. 
Anthers  2,  converging  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Leaves  finely 
cut,  mostly  into  threads  or  fibers,  many  bearing  little  air  bladders  ;  some  are  leafless. 

2.  PINGUICULA.    Upper  Up  of  calyx  3-cleft,  lower  2-cleft.    Lips  of  corolla  distinctly 

lobed,  the  hairy  or  spotted  palate  smaller,  so  that  the  throat  is  open  ;  otherwise  as  in 
TTtricularia.  Leaves  all  in  a  tuft  at  base  of  the  1-flowered  scapes,  broad  and  entire, 
soft  and  tender. 

1.  UTRICULARIA,  BLADDERWORT.     (  Utriculus,  a  little  bladder.) 
Flowers  all  summer.    The  following  are  the  commonest  species. 

*  Plants  floating  by  means  of  the  hollow  petioles  of  the  upper  whorled 

leaves. 

U.  inflate,  Walt.  Swimming  free,  the  petioles  of  the  whorl  of  leaves 
around  the  base  of  the  5-10-flowered  scape  inflated  into  oblong  bladders, 
besides  little  bladders  on  the  thread-like  divisions  of  the  leaves ;  corolla 
yellow,  large.  Still  water,  Me.  and  S.,  near  the  coast. 

*  *  Plants  floating,  the  dissected  leaves  usually  bearing  little  bladders  on 

their  lobes. 

•»-  Flowers  yellow. 
**  Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit. 

U.  vulgaris,  Linn.  Common  in  still  or  slow  water ;  the  stems  l°-3° 
long  and  very  bladder-bearing  on  the  thread-like,  many-parted,  crowded 
leaves  ;  flowers  5-10  in  the  raceme,  large,  with  spur  rather  shorter  than 
lower  lip ;  the  corolla  closed. 

U.  minor,  Linn.  Leaves  scattered;  2-4  times  forked ;  scapes  lower 
and  weak,  2-8-flowered  ;  corolla  gaping,  the  spur  very  short  and  blunt  or 
almost  none.  Shallow  water,  N.  States. 

•w-  t-f  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 

U.  gfbba,  Linn.  Small,  with  short  branches  bearing  sparse  thread- 
like leaves  and  some  bladders,  1-2-flowered  scape  only  l'-3'  high, 


334  GESNERIA    FAMILY. 

and  with  short  slender  branches  at  its  base,  and  blunt  conical  spur  shorter 
than  lower  lip.  Shallow  water,  Mass.,  W.  and  S. 

U.  bifl6ra,  Lam.  Stems  4'-6'  long,  bearing  rootlet-like  leaves  and 
many  bladders,  1-3-flowered  peduncles  2'-4'  high,  and  awl-shaped  spur 
as  long  as  lower  lip.  111.,  W.;  also  near  Cape  Cod. 

U.  intermedia,  Hayne.  In  shallow  water,  with  stems  3'-6'  long,  bear- 
ing rather  rigid  leaves  with  linear-awl-shaped  divisions,  and  no  bladders, 
these  being  on  separate  leafless  branches,  the  slender  raceme  few-flow- 
ered ;  spur  nearly  equaling  the  very  broad  lower  lip.  Pools,  N.  Eng.,  W. 

•*-  •»-  Flowers  violet-purple. 

U.  purpurea,  Walt.  Flowers  Z-4  on  the  peduncle,  and  a  rather  short 
spur  appressed  to  the  3-lobed  lower  lip  of  corolla.  Me.,  W.  and  S. 

*  *  *  Simple  and  erect  naked  scape-like  stem  rooting  in  wet  soil,  with 
minute  and  fugacious  grass-like  leaves  seldom  seen;  commonly  no  blad- 
ders ;  flowers  yellow. 

U.  subulata,  Linn.  Mass.,  S.  in  wet  sand ;  very  slender,  3'-5'  high, 
with  several  very  small  slender-pediceled  flowers. 

U.  corniita,  Michx.  6'-15'  high,  bearing  2-4  large  flowers  crowded 
together  on  short  pedicels,  or  S.  with  4-12  more  scattered  and  smaller 
flowers.  Peat  bogs  and  dryish  lake  borders  throughout. 

2.  PINGUICULA,  BUTTEEWORT.  (Name  from  Latin:  pinguis, 
fat.  Both  names  from  the  fatty  or  greasy-looking  leaves,  which  in 
ours  are  more  or  less  clammy  pubescent.) 

*  Corolla  violet-purple,  distinctly  2-lipped. 

P.  vulgaris,  Linn.  Scarce  on  wet  rocks  along  our  northern  borders ; 
scape  2'  high  ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  short ;  spur  straightish  and  slender ; 
flowers  summer. 

*  *  Corolla  light  violet  (rarely  white"),  rather  obscurely  2-lipped. 

P.  pumila,  Michx.  In  moist  sand  from  Car.,  S.  and  W.,  has  rather 
large  flower  on  scape  2'-6'  high,  with  blunt  sac-like  spur  ;  flowers  spring. 

P.  elatior,  Michx.  Borders  of  ponds  from  N.  Car.,  S.,  has  scapes  near 
1°  high,  and  large  corolla  (!'  wide)  with  blunt  spur;  flowers  summer. 

*  *  *  Corolla  yellow,  more  bell-shaped,  less  distinctly  2-lipped,  the  5  lobes 

often  cleft. 

P.  lutea,  Walt.  Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.,  S. ;  whole  plant  yellow- 
ish, with  nodding  flower  (!'  or  more  wide)  on  scape  6'-12'  high,  in  spring. 


ixxxiv.  GESNERACEJ:,  GESKERIA  FAMILY. 

Tropical  plants,  with  2-lipped  or  somewhat  irregular  corol- 
las, didynamous  stamens,  a  1-celled  ovary  with  two  parietal 
many-seeded  placentae,  —  therefore  botanically  like  the  Broom 
Rape  Family ;  but  with  green  herbage,  and  not  parasitic,  and  the 
common  cultivated  species  have  the  tube  of  the  calyx  coherent 
at  least  with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Many,  and  some  very 
showy,  plants  of  this  order  are  in  choice  conservatories ;  the 
commonest  are  the  following. 


BIGNONIA   FAMILY.  835 

Sinnlngia  (or  Gi-oxfNiA)  specibsa,  Nicholson.  The  GLOXINIA  of  green- 
houses ;  an  almost  stemless  herb  from  Brazil,  with  ovate  and  crenately 
toothed  leaves  and  1-flowered  scape-like  peduncles ;  the  deflexed  corolla  2' 
long,  ventricose,  between  bell-shaped  and  funnel-form,  gibbous,  with  a 
short  and  spreading  somewhat  unequal  5-lobed  border,  violet  with  a  deeper- 
colored  throat,  in  one  variety  white.  2L 

Ncegelia  (or  GESN^RA)  zebrina,  Regel.  Stem  tall,  leafy ;  leaves  peti- 
oled,  cordate,  velvety,  purple-mottled ;  a  terminal  raceme  of  showy 
flowers  nodding  on  erect  pedicels ;  corolla  tubular-ventricose,  with  a 
small  5-lobed  and  somewhat  2-lipped  border,  glandular,  scarlet,  with  the 
under  side  and  inside  yellow  and  dark-spotted.  There  are  several  other 
species.  #  Brazil. 

Achimenes  longiflbra,  DC.  Stem  leafy  ;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  oblong 
or  ovate  hairy  leaves,  which  they  exceed  ;  tube  of  the  obliquely  salver- 
shaped  corolla  over  an  inch  long,  narrow,  the  very  flat  5-lobed  limb  2'  or 
more  broad,  violet-colored  above,  —  also  a  white  variety.  Propagates  by 
scaly  bulblets  from  the  root.  2/  Central  America. 

Streptocdrpus  Hexii,  Lindl.  A  stemless  greenhouse  plant  from  South 
Africa,  with  ovate-oblong,  crenate,  and  wrinkled,  pubescent,  prostrate 
leaves,  and  blue  flowers  on  a  2-bracted  1-2-flowered  scape ;  calyx  5- 
parted  ;  corolla  limb  oblique  and  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed  and  the 
lower  3-lobed  ;  2  perfect  stamens  ;  ovary  imperfectly  4-celled  and  2-lobed. 

S.  pofydntha,  Hook.  Has  many  flowers,  white  with  purplish  streaks, 
in  a  sort  of  loos«  panicle.  Other  species  and  hybrids  are  in  cultivation. 


LXXXV.    BIGNONIACRfi,  BIGNONIA  FAMILY. 

Woody  plants,  or  a  few  herbs,  with  more  or  less  bilabiate 
flowers,  diandrous  or  didynamous  stamens  (often  with  rudi- 
ments of  the  wanting  ones),  2-lipped  stigma,  free  variously 
1-4-celled  ovary,  and  fruit,  usually  a  pod,  containing  many 
large,  mostly  flat  and  winged  seeds  filled  with  the  large  em- 
bryo; no  albumen.  Almost  all  woody  plants,  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  1-2-celled  pods.  (Lessons,  Figs.  415,  416.) 

*  Climbers  (except  one  Tecoma),  with  compound  leaves  and  4  fertile  stamens  in  two 

pairs. 
•»-  Barely  woody  or  herbaceous;  ovary  and  pod  l-celled  with  2  parietal  placenta. 

1.  ECCEEMOCAEPUS.    Calyx  5-cleft,  short.    Corolla  tubular,  with  5  short  and  round 

recurred  lobes.     Pod  short.    Seeds  winged  all  round. 

+. +.  Woody-stemmed ;  ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  but  the  placentce  parietal ;  valves  of 
pod  falling  away  from  the  partition ;  seeds  with  a  broad  thin  wing. 

2.  BIGNONIA.  Calyx  nearly  truncate.   Corolla  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.   Pod  flattened 

parallel  with  the  valves  and  partition.    Climbing  by  leaf-tendrils. 
8.  TECOMA.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Corolla  funnel-shaped,  tubular,  or  bell-shaped,   5-lobed. 

Pod  flattish  or  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition,  the  edges  of  which  separate  from 

the  middle  of  the  valves.    Leaves  in  ours  odd-pinnate.    The  hardy  species  climb  by 

rootlets. 

»  *  Trees,  with  simple  leaves  and  2  or  rarely  4  fertile  stamens. 
4.  CATALPA.    Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.    Corolla  inflated  bell-shaped,  the  5-lobed  border 

more  or  less  2-lipped  and  wavy.     Pod  very  long  and  slender,  hanging,  the  partition 

contrary  to  the  valves.    Narrow  wings  of  the  seed  lacerate-fringed.     (For  corolla  and 

stamens,  see  Lessons,  Fig.  265.) 


336  BIGNONIA  FAMILY. 

1.  ECCREMOCARFUS.     (Name  Greek,  meaning  hanging  fruit.) 

E.  scaber,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  (or  CALAMPELIS  SCABER).  From  Chile,  cult,  in 
gardens  and  conservatories ;  tender,  climbs  by  branched  tendrils  at  the 
end  of  the  twice  pinnate  leaves ;  leaflets  roughish  or  smoothish,  thin, 
ovate  or  heart-shaped ;  flowers  in  loose  drooping  racemes  ;  corolla  inflated 
club-shaped  and  gibbous,  orange-red,  about  1'  long. 

2.  BIQNONIA.     (Named  for  the  French  Abbe  Bignon.) 

B.  capreolata,  Linn.  Climbing  trees  from  Va.  to  S.  111.,  and  S. ; 
smooth,  the  leaves  evergreen  at  the  south,  with  a  short  petiole,  and  often 
what  seems  like  a  pair  of  stipules  in  the  axil,  a  single  pair  of  lance-oblong 
leaflets  heart-shaped  at  base,  and  a  branched  tendril  between  them ; 
flowers  several  in  the  axils,  the  corolla  2'  long,  orange-red  outside,  yellow 
within,  in  spring. 

B.  venusta,  Ker.     A  greenhouse  species  from  Brazil,   producing  an 
abundance  of  crimson-orange,   funnel-form  flowers,   with  a  spreading 
border  and  hairy  inside  ;  leaves  ternate  (at  least  the  lower  ones),  the  leaf- 
lets ovate-oblong  and  acuminate. 

3.  TECOMA,    TRUMPET  FLOWER.      (Mexican   name    abridged.) 
Formerly  included  under  BIGNONIA,  which  name  the  species  still  bear 
in  cultivation.  *  Plant  climbing. 

+-  Corolla  tube  long  or  prominent,  the  flower  funnel-form  or  salver-form. 

T.  radicans,  Juss.  TRUMPET  CREEPER  or  TRUMPET  VINE.  Wild  from 
Penn.  and  111.  S.,  and  commonly  planted;  climbing  freely  by  rootlets; 
leaves  of  5-11  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  taper-pointed,  and  toothed  leaflets ; 
flowers  corymbed  ;  orange-yellow  and  scarlet  corolla  funnel-shaped,  large. 

T.  Capensis,  Lindl.  Has  smaller  and  rounder  leaflets,  naked-peduncled 
cluster  of  flowers,  long-tubular  and  curving  orange-colored  corolla  2'  long, 
and  stamens  protruded ;  conservatories.  From  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

T.  jasminoldes,  A.  Cunn.  A  fine  greenhouse  species,  from  Australia, 
twining,  very  smooth,  with  lance-ovate,  entire,  bright  green  leaflets,  and 
white  corolla,  pink-purple  in  the  throat. 

••-  -i-  Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  the  tube  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

T.  grand! flora,  Delaun.  Cult,  from  Japan  and  China,  not  quite  hardy 
N.,  climbing  little,  with  narrow  leaflets,  and  5-cleft  calyx  nearly  equal- 
ing the  tube  of  the  corolla,  which  is  bell-shaped,  3'  long  and  broad,  much 
wider  than  in  the  foregoing. 

*  #  Plant  an  erect  shrub. 

T.  stdns,  Juss.  Native  to  Texas  and  W.,  but  cult.  S.;  leaflets  5-11, 
lanceolate,  incisely  serrate ;  flowers  yellow  and  with  a  wide-open  tube, 
racemose  or  paniculate. 

4.  CATALFA  or  INDIAN  BEAN.     (Aboriginal  name ;  the  popular 
name  alludes  to  the  shape  of  the  pods.) 

C.  bignonioldes,  Walt.  (C.  SYRiNG.EF6LiA).   COMMON  CATALPA.    Tree 
wild  Ga.,  S.,  and  widely  planted,  especially  in  Middle  States  and  S. ;  with 
large,  heart-shaped,  pointed  leaves,  downy  beneath,  open  panicles  (in 
summer)  of  white,  much  spotted  flowers  (H'  long),  with  oblique  limb 
and  lower  lobe  entire,  and  thin  pods  1°  long ;  bark  thin. 

C.  specidsa,  Warder.  Taller,  more  erect  tree  and  hardier  N.,  where  it 
is  much  planted  ;  corolla  about  2'  long  and  nearly  white  (inconspicuously 
spotted),  the  lower  lobe  emarginate  ;  capsule  thicker;  bark  thick  and 


ACANTHUS   FAMILY.  337 

*ough ;  blooms  a  week  or  more  in  advance  of  the  other.  S.  Ind.,  S.  This 
and  the  above  are  sometimes  called  CIGAR  TREE,  from  the  alleged  use  of 
the  ripe  pods  as  cigars. 

C.  Kcempferi,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Has  smooth  leaves,  many  of  them  3-lobed 
or  angled,  and  flowers  one  half  smaller;  small  tree  with  very  slender 
pods.  Japan. 


LXXXVI.    PEDALIACEJS,   SESAMTJM  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  opposite  or  some  of  the  upper 
ones  alternate,  and  fruit  2-4-celled  (but  the  stigma  of  only 
2  lips  or  lobes),  by  intrusion  of  the  placentae  (truly  2-celled  in 
the  ovary),  and  fruit  containing  flat  but  thick-coated  wing- 
less seeds. 

1.  8E8AMUM.    Calyx  6-parted,  short.    Corolla  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  ;  the  2  lobes 

of  the  upper  lip  shorter  than  the  others.    Stamens  4.    Fruit  an  oblong  obtusely 
4-sided  pod,  2-valved.    Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  almost  sessile. 

2.  MARTYNIA.    Calyx  5-toothed,  often  cleft  down  one  side.    Flowers  large,  in  a  terminal 

corymb  or  raceme. 

1.  SESAMUM,  SESAME.     (The  Greek  name,  from  the  Arabic.)     ® 

S.  I'ndicum,  Linn.  From  India  and  Egypt,  somewhat  cult,  or  running 
wild  in  waste  places  far  S.;  rather  pubescent,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate 
leaves,  the  lower  often  3-lobed  or  parted,  pale  rose  or  white  corolla,  1' 
long,  and  sweet  oily  seeds,  used  in  the  East  for  food,  oil,  etc. 

2.  MARTYNIA,    UNICORN   PLANT.      (Prof.    John   Martyn,   an 
English  botanist.)     Clammy-pubescent  and  heavy -scented  rank  herbs, 
with  long-petioled,  rounded  and  obliquely  heart-shaped,  wavy-mar- 
gined leaves,  and  large  flowers,  in  summer.     ® 

M.  proboscfdea,  Glox.  COMMON  U.  Wild  S.  W.,  and  cult,  in  gar- 
dens for  the  curious  fruits  which  are  used  for  pickles ;  coarse,  with  nearly 
entire  leaves,  large  corolla  whitish  with  some  purple  and  yellow  spots, 
and  long-beaked  fruit. 

M.  fragrans,  Lindl.  Cult,  from  Mexico,  but  wild  in  Texas ;  less  coarse 
and  clammy,  with  somewhat  3-lobed  or  sinuate- toothed  leaves,  and  showy 
violet-purple  vanilla-scented  flowers. 


LXXXVH.    ACANTHACKE,   ACANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  2-lipped  or  otherwise 
irregular  or  even  regular  monopetalous  corolla,  4  didynamous 
or  else  only  2  stamens,  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube,  2-cclled 
ovary  and  pod,  and  few  seeds,  —  distinguished  from  the 
related  orders  by  the  seeds  without  albumen  and  borne  on 
hook-like  projections  of  the  placentae  or  on  a  sort  of  cup. 
Chiefly  a  tropical  family  ;  many  in  choice  conservatories,  here 
omitted. 

GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  Q.  EOT.  — 22 


338  ACANTHUS   FAMILY. 

»  Twining  tropical  herbs  (or  cult,  as  kerbs) ,  with  nearly  regular  5-lobed  corolla,  and 
globular  seeds  supported  by  a  cartilaginous  ring  or  shallow  cup. 

1.  THUNBERGIA.    Flowers  inclosed  when  in  bud  by  a  pair  of  large  leaf-like  bractlets 

borne  below  the  short  cup-shaped  calyx.  Corolla  with  a  mostly  somewhat  curved 
tube  and  an  abruptly  wide-spreading  border  of  5  rounded  equal  lobes,  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  4,  included.  Pod  globular,  tipped  with  a  long  and  conspicuous 
flattened  beak,  2-t-seeded.  Peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered. 

*  »  Erect  or  spreading ;  all  the  following  are  herbs,  with  flat  seeds  borne  on  hook-like 

processes  (retinacula) ;  calyx -l-5-parted,  mostly  2 -bracted. 

+-  Stamens  4. 

2.  ACANTHUS.    Corolla  of  one  3-lobed  Up,  the  upper  lip  wanting.     Stamens  with  1- 

celled  clliate  anthers.    Leaves  pinnatifld.    Flowers  in  a  spike. 

8.  EUELLIA.    Corolla  funnel-form,  with  an  almost  equally  5-lobed  spreading  border,  con- 
volute in  the  bud.    Stamens  included ;  cells  of  the  anthers  parallel.    Pod  narrow, 
contracted  into  a  stalk-like  base,  above  S-12-seeded. 
+-  -t-  Stamens  2. 

4.  DIANTHEBA.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect  and  notched ;  the  lower  3-lobed, 
wrinkled  or  veiny  towards  the  base,  spreading.  Cells  of  the  anther  one  below  the 
other,  mostly  unequal.  Pod  flattened  above,  contracted  into  a  stalk-like  base,  4- 
seeded  above  the  middle. 

8.  DICLIPTERA.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  8-lobed,  the  upper  2-cleft  or  entire  ;  but 
the  flower  as  it  were  reversed  so  that  the  8-lobed  lip  seems  to  be  the  upper  one. 
Stamens  protruded  ;  cells  of  the  anther  equal,  but  one  placed  below  the  other.  Pod 
2-4-seeded  below  the  middle. 

1.  THUNBERGIA.      (Named   for  the   Swedish  botanical   traveler, 
C.  P.  Thuriberg.}     Showy  flowers  produced  all  summer. 

T.  alata,  Bojer.  So  named  from  its  winged  petioles;  from  Africa; 
the  one  commonly  cultivated  (as  an  annual)  in  many  varieties  as  to  size 
and  color  of  flower,  buff,  orange,  white,  etc.,  usually  with  blackish-purple 
eye ;  herbage  soft-downy  or  hairy  ;  leaves  between  heart-shaped  and 
arrow-shaped.  If. 

T.  fragrans,  Roxb.  Glabrous  on  mature  parts ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate 
or  hastate  at  the  base,  obscurely  toothed,  or  notched  towards  the  base ; 
flowers  fragrant  and  pure  white,  one  or  two  in  each  axil.  Greenhouses. 
India.  2/ 

2.  ACANTHUS.     (Old  Greek  and  Latin  name,  from  the  word  for 
spine  or  prickle.}     2Z 

A.  m6llis,  Linn.  One  of  the  classical  species,  from  S.  Eu.,  is  occasion- 
ally cult.,  not  hardy  N.;  the  broad,  sinuately  and  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves 
mostly  from  the  root,  hardly  at  all  prickly ;  flowers  on  a  short  scape, 
dull-colored. 

3.  RUELLIA.    (Named  for  the  herbalist  Euelle.)    Ours  are  wild  herbs, 
chiefly  southern,  with  purple  or  blue  showy  flowers,  mostly  in  clusters, 
produced  all  summer.     2/ 

R.  cilidsa,  Pursh.  Stems  l°-4°  high  ;  clothed  with  soft  white  hairs, 
the  oval  or  oblong  leaves  nearly  sessile,  pale  blue  corolla  (about  2'  long) 
with  slender  tube  much  longer  than  the  inflated  upper  part  and  than  the 
bristle-shaped  sepals.  Dry  soil,  Mich,  and  Minn.,  S. 

R.  strfcpens,  Linn.  Richer  soil,  from  Penn.  W.  and  S.;  smooth  or 
slightly  downy,  with  obovate  or  oblong  leaves  (l'-4'  long)  narrowed  into 
a  petiole,  and  purple-blue  corolla  (l'-2'  long)  with  tube  hardly  longer 
than  the  expanded  portion  or  than  the  linear-lanceolate  sepals. 


VERVAIN   FAMILY.  339 

4.  DIANTHERA.      (Greek  for  double  anther,   alluding  to  the  two 
separated  cells  on  each  filament.)     Flowers  all  summer.     2/ 

D.  hiunilis,  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Muddy  banks  of  streams  S.  Car.,  S. ; 
4'-8'  high,  smooth,  with  lance-ovate,  short-petioled  leaves  longer  than 
the  3-4-flowered  peduncles  in  their  axils,  and  small  pale  purple  flowers. 

D.  Americana,  Linn.  Wet  borders  of  streams  ;  2°  high,  smooth,  with 
long  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  and  long  peduncles  (4'-6'  long)  bearing  an 
oblong  spike  of  pale  purple  flowers. 

5.  DICLIPTERA.     (Greek  words  for  double,  wing,  from  the  2-valved 
pod.) 

D.  brachiata,  Spreng.  Low  banks,  N.  Car.,  S.  ;  is  nearly  smooth, 
with  6-angled  stem  bearing  many  branches,  thin  ovate-oblong  pointed 
leaves  on  slender  petiole  and  interrupted  spike-like  clusters  of  small 
purple  flowers,  each  with  a  pair  of  conspicuous  flat  bracts.  ^ 


LXXXVIII.    VERBENACKE,   VERVAIN  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  opposite  (or  sometimes  whorled)  leaves,  differ- 
ing from  the  other  orders  with  irregular  monopetalous  and 
didynamous  or  tetrandrous  flowers  by  the  ovary  not  4-lobed 
and  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  of  its  (1-4)  cells,  the  fruit 
either  fleshy  or  when  dry  at  length  splitting  into  as  many 
1-celled  indehiscent  nutlets.  Plants  seldom  aromatic. 

*  Ovary  1-celled  and  l-ovuled. 

1.  PHBYMA.    Flowers  In  slender  loose  spikes.    Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip 

of  8  slender-pointed  teeth,  the  lower  short  and  2-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  2-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  notched,  lower  larger  and  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  forming 
a  simple  akene  in  the  calyx.  Herbs. 

*  *  Ovary  2-  or  more-celled,  with  few  to  several  ovules. 
+-  Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  racemes,  the,  flowers  expanding  from  below  upwards. 

2.  LANTANA.    Flowers  in  heads  or  short  spikes.    Calyx  minute,  obscurely  4-toothed. 

Corolla  with  an  unequal  4-cleft  spreading  border,  the  upper  lobe  sometimes  notched. 
Stamens  included.  Ovary  2-celled,  becoming  berry-like,  and  containing  2  little  stones 
or  nutlets.  Shrubs  or  herbs. 

8.  LIPPIA.  Flowers  in  heads,  spikes,  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  2-5-toothed.  Corolla 
tubular,  with  5-lobed  2-lipped  border,  the  lower  3-lobed  lip  larger.  Stamens  included. 
Ovary  and  dry  fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded. 

4.  VERBENA.    Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.    Calyx  tubular  or  prismatic,  5-ribbed  and 

plaited.  Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  often  curved,  the  border  rather  unequally  5- 
cleft.  Stamens  included  ;  upper  pair  sometimes  wanting  the  anthers.  Ovary  4-celled, 
at  maturity  splitting  into  4  dry  akenes  or  nutlets.  Herbs. 

•i-  -i-  Flowers  cymose,  expanding  from  above  (or  center)  downwards. 
-H-  Flowers  nearly  regular,  in  cymes  from  the  axils  of  the  simple  leaves  ;  shrubs. 

5.  CALLICARPA.     Calyx  4-5-toothed,  short.     Corolla  tubular-bell-shaped,  short,  4-5- 

lobed.  Stamens  4,  protruded,  nearly  equal.  Ovary  4-celled,  in  fruit  berry-like,  with 
4  little  stones.  ^  „  flowers  irregular. 

6.  VITEX.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Corolla  tubular  (tube  short),  with  a  spreading  2-lipped 

border,  the  lower  lip  3-parted  and  rather  larger  than  the  2-lobed  upper  lip.  Stamens 
4,  protruded,  as  is  the  style.  Ovary  4-celled,  becoming  berry-like  in  the  fruit,  which 


340  VERVAIN  FAMILY. 

contains  a  single  4-celled  stone.  Flowers  in  cymes  or  clusters  in  ttie  axils  of  the 
compound  digitate  leaves,  or  of  the  upper  leaves  reduced  to  bracts  ;  shrubs  or  trees. 
7.  CLERODENDROX.  Calyx  bell-form  or  tubular.  5-toothed.  Corolla  tube  slender  and 
cylindrical,  straight  or  curved  ;  limb  spreading  or  somewhat  reflexed,  5  lobes  unequal 
in  size  or  position.  Stamens  4,  and  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  long-exserted. 
Ovary  imperfectly  4-celled,  the  cells  1-ovuled.  Style  elongated  and  2-lobed.  Shrubs, 
erect  or  climbing,  the  leaves  entire  or  rarely  dentate. 

1.  PHRYMA,    LOPSEED.      (Name    of    unknown    meaning.)      One 
species. 

P.  Leptostachya,  Linn.  Copses,  etc.;  2°-3°  nigh,  with  coarsely- 
toothed,  ovate,  thin  leaves,  and  branches  terminated  by  the  slender 
spikes  of  very  small  purplish  flowers,  in  summer,  the  pedicels  re  flexed  in 
fruit.  "U 

2.  LANTANA.     (Origin  of  name  obscure.)     Tropical  or  subtropical, 
mostly  shrubby  plants,  planted  out  in  summer,  when  they  flower  freely 
until  frost  comes ;  stems  often  rough-prickly  ;   herbage  and  flowers 
odorous,  in  some  pleasant,  others  not  so.     The  species  are  much  mixed. 

L.  Camara,  Linn.  Flowers  deep  yellow,  turning  first  to  orange,  then 
to  red ;  plant  scabrous  or  hirsute,  usually  prickly  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong;  head  flat^topped.  Ga.,  S.,  and  cult. 

L.  mfxta,  Linn.  Brazil ;  has  flowers  opening  white,  soon  changing  to 
yellow,  orange,  and  finally  to  red. 

L.  ntvea,  Vent.  Brazil ;  has  the  pleasant-scented  flowers  white  and 
unchanging ;  or,  in  var.  MUTABILIS,  changing  to  bluish. 

L.  involucriita,  Linn.  West  Indies  ;  has  small  obovate  and  prominently 
veiny  leaves,  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  and  heads  of  lilac-purple 
flowers,  involucrate  by  the  outer  bracts. 

L .  Sellowiana,  Link  &  Otto.  Low  and  spreading,  with  wedge-oblong  or 
ovate,  strongly  veined  leaves,  long  peduncles,  and  heads  of  reddish-purple 
flowers  lengthening  somewhat  with  age.  Southern  Brazil. 

3.  LIPPIA.     (Named  for  A.  Lippi,  an  Italian  botanist.)     Flowers  late 
summer. 

L.  lanceolata,  Michx.  FOG  FRUIT.  A  creeping  weedy  herb,  along 
river  banks  from  Penn.,  S.  and  W.,  with  wedge-spatulate  or  oblanceolate 
le?,ves  serrate  above  the  middle,  and  slender  peduncles  from  the  axils 
bearing  a  head  of  bluish  small  flowers. 

L.  citrioddra,  HBK.  (or  ALOYSIA),  the  LEMON-SCENTED  or  SWEET 
VERBENA  of  the  gardens  ;  shrub  from  Chile,  with  whorls  of  linear-lance- 
olate fragrant  leaves,  roughish  with  glandular  dots,  and  small  whitish  and 
bluish  flowers  in  slender  spikes. 

4.  VERBENA,   VERVAIN.      (Latin  name  of  some  sacred  herbs.) 
Flowers  all  summer.     Genus  of  difficult  analysis  on  account  of  numer- 
ous hybrids,  both  wild  and  in  cultivation. 

*  VERVAINS,  native  to  the  country,  or  growing  as  wild  iceeds,  mostly  in 
waste  or  cultivated  ground;  the  flowers  insignificant,  in  slender  spikes, 
no  appendage  at  tip  of  the  anthers. 

•«-  Stems  erect  or  strict,  mostly  tall. 
-<•  (D  11  Spikes  filiform  and  loosely  flowered,  naked: 

V.  officinalis,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  V.  Nat.  by  roadsides.  Steins  l°-3° 
high,  branched ;  leaves  sessile,  3-cleft,  and  mostly  pinnatifid  into  narrow 


VERVAIN   FAMILY.  341 

cut-toothed    lobes ;    small    purplish    flowers  in  very  slender   panicled 
spikes.     (D 

V.  urticeefdlia,  Linn.  WHITE  V.  Stem  4°-6°  high;  leaves  oval  or 
oblong-ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled ;  spikes  of  small  white  flowers 
slender  and  loose.  2Z  Throughout. 

•w  ++  1i  Spikes  thick,  or  at  least  densely  flowered,  with  the  fruits  over- 
lapping. 

V.  angustifdlia,  Michx.  Stems  6'-18'  high  ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate, 
sessile,  roughish,  slightly  toothed ;  spikes  few,  thickish,  crowded  with 
purple  flowers.  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  S. 

V.  strfcta,  Vent.  Barrens,  W.  and  S.;  whitish-hairy,  l°-2°  high; 
leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate,  sessile ;  spikes  thick  and  dense ; 
flowers  blue,  larger  than  in  the  others. 

V.  hastata,  Linn.  BLUE  V.  Stem  4°-6°  high ;  leaves  lance-oblong, 
some  of  the  larger  with  short  side  lobes  at  base,  cut-serrate,  petioled ; 
spikes  densely  flowered,  corymbed  or  panicled  ;  flowers  blue.  Common 
along  roadsides.  ^  ^  Stgms  spreading  on  the  ground. 

V.  bractedsa,  Michx.  From  Mich,  and  Minn.,  S. ;  hairy ;  leaves 
wedge-shaped  or  lance-oblong,  cut-pinnatifid  or  3-cleft,  short-petioled ; 
small  purple  flowers  in  solitary  loose  spikes,  the  lower  ones  leafy-bracted. 

*  *  VERBENAS  of  the  garden  sort,  with  creeping  or  spreading  stems,  and 
dense  spikes  of  larger  or  showy  flowers ;  anthers  of  the  longer  stamens 
•with  a  gland-like  tip.  11  ® 

t-  Leaves  generally  sessile. 

V.  teucroldes,  Gill.  &  Hook.  Erect  or  spreading,  with  ovate  oblong 
and  incised  leaves,  and  a  lengthened  spike  of  white  or  pale  rosy  flowers, 
sweet-scented,  especially  at  nightfall.  Brazil  and  S. 

V.  chamaedrifblia,  Juss.  The  original  SCARLET  V.,  with  oblong-lance- 
olate, coarsely  serrate  leaves,  nearly  all  sessile,  and  most  intense  red  or 
scarlet  flowers,  in  a  flat  cluster.  Brazil. 

•«-  •«-  Leaves  petiolate. 
*+  Leaf-divisions  or  lobes  wedge-form  or  broad. 

V.  Aublfctia,  Linn.  Wild  from  Ind.,  W.  and  S.;  has  cut-pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  a  long-peduncled  spike  of  purple  flowers,  minutely  bearded 
in  the  throat.  TLis  and  the  several  other  species  variously  mixed,  make 
up  the  garden  Verbenas. 

V.  phlogifldra,  Cham.  (V.  TWEEDIANA).  More  upright;  the  leaves 
decidedly  petioled ;  the  flowers  inclined  to  form  an  oblong  spike,  and 
crimson,  varying  to  rose,  but  not  to  scarlet.  Brazil. 

V.  incha,  Hook.  Like  V.  phlogifl6ra,  save  in  the  pinnatifid-in- 
cised  leaves,  the  petioled  ones  with  a  heart-shaped  base  ;  flowers  in  a 
flat  cluster,  rose-color  or  purple.  Brazil. 

/.  venbsa,  Gill.  &  Hook.  Stems  simple  and  ascending ;  leaves  oblong 
and  sub-cuneate,  more  or  less  clasping,  incised-serrate,  wrinkled  and 
rough  above,  revolute  ;  flowers  lilac,  in  terminal  more  or  less  peduncled 
spikes.  Brazil.  ^  ^  Leaf-divisions  linear. 

V.  erinoldes,  Lam.  (V.  MULTfriDA).  Dwarf  and  much  creeping,  rough- 
hairy,  with  leaves  pinnatifid  into  linear  divisions,  and  originally  with 
violet-purple  flowers ;  and 

V.  tenera,  Speng.  (V.  PCLCHELLA),  with  equally  finely  cut  leaves,  and 
rather  larger,  originally  rose-violet  flowers,  are  part  parents  of  the 
smaller  races.  Both  of  Brazil. 


342  MINT   FAMILY. 

5.  CALLICARFA.     (From  Greek  for  beautiful  fruit.)    Flowers  early 
summer. 

C.  Americana.  Linn.  FRENCH  MULBERRY.  Rich  soil  from  Va.  and 
Mo.,  S.;  shrub  3°-8°  high,  with  some  scurfy  down,  especially  on  the 
lower  face  of  the  ovate-oblong  toothed  leaves,  and  the  clusters  of  bluish 
flowers  ;  fruits  violet-blue  and  showy. 

6.  VITEX,   CHASTE  TREE.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

V.  Agnus-cdstus,  Linn.  CHASTE  TREE.  Of  Mediterranean  region  ;  has 
5-7  lanceolate,  entire  leaflets,  whitened  underneath,  and  bluish  flowers  in 
sessile  clusters,  forming  an  interrupted  spike  at  the  end  of  the  branches  ; 
hardy  only  S. 

7.  CLERODENDRON     (VOLKAMERIA) .     (Greek:  chance,  tree.) 

C.  trichdtomum,  Thunb.  (C.  SEROTINUM).  Erect  shrub  of  out-door 
cultivation,  with  nearly  opposite,  ovate-acuminate,  pubescent,  long- 
petioled  leaves,  and  a  terminal,  spreading,  compound  cyme  of  white 
flowers,  with  red  loose  calyx.  Japan. 

C.  Thomsdnce,  Balf.  Greenhouse  climber  from  tropical  Africa,  with 
bright  crimson,  handsome  corollas  in  pure  white  calices ;  leaves  ovate  and 
acuminate,  smooth. 


LXXXTX.    LABIATE,   MINT   FAMILY. 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  aromatic  herbage,  square  stems,  opposite 
simple  leaves,  more  or  less  2-lipped  corolla  (whence  the  name 
of  the  order),  either  4  didynamous  or  only  2  stamens  inserted 
on  the  corolla  tube,  2-lobed  stigma,  and  at  once  distinguished 
from  all  the  related  families  by  the  deeply  4-parted  ovary  (as 
if  4  ovaries  around  the  base  of  a  common  style),  ripening  into 
as  many  seed-like  nutlets  (never  prickly)  or  akenes,  each  con- 
taining a  single  seed.  Embryo  usually  filling  the  seed.  As 
in  all  these  families  containing  bilabiate  plants,  there  are  2 
lobes  belonging  to  the  upper  and  3  to  the  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla.  Flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  bracts,  usually 
in  cymose  clusters,  or  running  into  terminal  racemes  or  spikes. 
The  peculiar  stamens  of  this  family  are  shown  in  Lessons, 
Figs.  300-305. 

»  Stamens  4,  parallel  and  ascending,  and  projecting  from  a  notch  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  corolla.    Nutlets  reticulated  and  pitted,  obliquely  fixed  by  the  inner  side 
near  the  base. 
+•  Lobes  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal  and  oblong,  turned  forward  so  that  there  seems  to 

be  no  upper  Up,  the  filaments  conspicuously  projecting  from  the  upper  side. 
I.  TKICHOSTEMA.    Calyx  5-cleft  in  2  lips,  oblique.    Filaments  very  long  and  slender, 

curved,  coiled  up  in  the  bud. 

8.  TEUCRIUM.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Corolla  with  a  deep  cleft  between  the  two  upper 
lobes.    Cells  of  the  anther  confluent. 


MINT   FAMILY.  343 

•«-  +-  Lobes  of  the  corolla  equally  spreading  ;  filaments  slightly  projecting  (or  included) 
from  the  notch  between  the  2  upper  lobes. 

8.  I8ANTHU8.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  equally  5-lobed,  enlarging  after  flowering.    Corolla 

only  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  bell-shaped,  with  5  equal  spreading  lobes. 
*  *  Stamens  4,  reclining  on  the  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla,  the  outer  or  lower  pair 
longer  ;  anthers  1-celled.     Corolla  usually  turned  down  or  declining.    Nutlets 
smooth  or  smoothish,  fixed  by  their  base,  as  in  all  the  following  divisions. 

+-  Calyx  deflexed  in  fruit,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  or  lobe  much  broadest  and  some- 
times wing-margined, 

4.  OCIMUM.    Corolla  short,  the  upper  lip  as  it  were  of  4  lobes,  the  lower  of  one  entire  flat 

or  flattish  declined  lobe  scarcely  longer  than  the  upper.    Filaments  separate. 

5.  COLEUS.    Corolla  similar  to  the  last,  but  the  lower  lobe  longer  and  concave  or  boat- 

shaped,  inclosing  the  stamens  and  style  ;  filaments  monadelphoua. 

•»-  +•  Calyx  little  or  not  at  all  deflexed,  and  nearly  regular. 

6.  HTPTIS.    Calyx  with  5  less  unequal  or  equal  teeth.    Corolla  of  4  short  similar  upper 

lobes,  and  a  longer  abruptly  deflexed  saccate  lower  one  ;  filaments  separate. 

7.  LAVANDULA.   Calyx  18-15-nerved,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  mostly  larger.  Corolla 

with  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  regularly  2-lipped,  i.e.  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower 
8-lobed,  the  lobes  all  equally  spreading.  Stamens  included,  but  declined  towards 
the  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla. 

»  *  *  Stamens  4  (and  the  lower  or  outer  pair  longest)  or  2,  straight  and  distant  or 
diverging ;  anthers  plainly  2-celled,  not  conniving  in  pairs.  Lobes  of  the  corolla 
flat  and  spreading,  or  the  upper  erect  but  not  arched. 

+-  Flowers  in  large,  loose  terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 

8.  COLLINSONIA.    Calyx  ovate,  enlarging  and  turned  down  after  flowering,  2-lipped, 

the  upper  lip  flat  and  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  elongated  and  irregular  ; 
the  lower  lobe  or  lip  much  the  larger,  pendent,  cut-toothed  or  fringed,  the  4  others 
nearly  equal  and  alike ;  tube  with  a  bearded  ring  inside  at  the  bottom  of  the  enlarged 
throat ;  stamens  2  with  anthers,  or  rarely  4.  Cells  of  the  anther  diverging. 

9.  PEBILLA.    Calyx  in  flower  5-cleft,  in  fruit  nodding  and  enlarging,  becoming  2-lipped. 

Corolla  short  and  rather  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  the  lower  lobe  a  little  longer.  Stamens 
4,  nearly  equal.  Style  deeply  2-cleft. 

+-  -i-  Flowers  in  clusters  or  whorls,  or  sometimes  spicate. 

•H-  Corolla  short  and  rather  bell-shaped,  hardly  if  at  all  2-lipped,  the  4  or  rarely  5  lobes 
nearly  equal  and  all  spreading. 

10.  MENTHA.    Calyx  equally  5-toothed.    Corolla  with  a  4-cleft  border,  the  upper  lobe  a 

little  broader  and  sometimes  notched  at  the  end.    Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  similar. 

11.  LYCOPU8.    Calyx  4-5-toothed.    Corolla  with  4  about  equal  lobes.    Stamens  2 ;  the 

upper  pair,  if  any,  without  anthers. 

•M-  -H-  Corolla  evidently  2-lipped,  but  all  the  lobes  of  nearly  equal  length,  the  upper  lip 
erect  and  mostly  notched,  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft,  the  tube  not  bearded 
within  ;  stamens  with  anthers  only  2. 

12.  CUNILA.    Calyx  equally  5-toothed,  striate,  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  one  half  shorter 

than  the  corolla.    Stamens  2,  long  and  protruding  ;  no  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair. 
18.   HEDEOMA.    Calyx  2-lipped,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  hairy  in  the 

throat.    Corolla  short.    Stamens  2,  with  anthers  scarcely  protruded,  and  2  sterile 

short  filaments  tipped  with  a  little  head  in  place  of  anther. 
**  ++  -H-  Corolla  evidently  2-lipped.  short,  the  upper  lip  erect  or  somewhat  spreading 

and  nearly  entire  or  notched,  the  lower  spreading  or  3-cleft;  stamens  with 

anthers  4.  =  Calyx  naked  {n  fhe  throat 

14.  HYSSOPUS.  Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  middle 
lob«  of  the  lower  lip  larger  and  2-cleft.  Stamens  very  long  an4  protruding. 


344  .  MINT   FAMILY. 

15.  SATUREIA.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed.    CoroTla  with  lower  lip 

of  3  nearly  equal  entire  lobes.    Stamens  somewhat  ascending.    Leaves  narrow. 

16.  PYCNANTHEMUM.     Calyx  oblong  or  short-tubular,  about  13-nerved,   equally  5- 

toothed  or  somewhat  2-lipped.  Corolla  with  the  lobes  of  the  lower  Up  ovate  and 
entire.  Flowers  crowded  in  heads  or  close  cymes. 

=  =  Calyx  hairy  in  the  throat. 

17.  ORIGANUM.    Calyx  about  13-nerved.    Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  of  8  similar  lobes. 

Flowers  crowded  into  spike-like  clusters  and  furnished  with  imbricated,  often  colored 
bracts. 

18.  THYMUS.    Calyx  ovate,  13-nerved,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  Up  3-toothed  and  spreading, 

the  lower  cleft  into  2  awl-shaped  ciUate  lobes.  Corolla  not  strongly  2-lipped,  the 
upper  Up  resembUng  the  3  lobes  of  the  lower  Up  but  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens 
mostly  protruding. 

»  *  »  »  Stamens  4  (the  lower  or  outer  pair  longer) ,  ascending  or  curved  and  with  the 
plainly  '2-celled  anthers  approximate  or  conniving  in  pairs  under  the  erect  and 
flatfish  but  not  arched  upper  Up.  Calyx  more  or  less  '2-lipped. 

19.  CALAMINTHA.    Calyx  not  flattened.    Corolla   straight,  with  inflated  throat,  and 

2-Upped  border,  the  spreading  lower  Up  3-parted,  its  middle  lobe  entire  or  sUghtly 
notched. 

20.  MELISSA.    Calyx  with  8-toothed  upper  Up  flat.    Corolla  more  or  less  curved  and 

ascending.  Filaments  arching  and  bringing  the  anthers  together  in  pairs.  Other- 
wise  as  in  19. 

*****  Stamens  only  2,  parallel  and  ascending  under  the  erect  or  somewhat  scythe- 
shaped  entire  or  barely  notched  upper  Up  of  the  corolla;  anthers  l-celled,  either 
strictly  so  or  by  confluence  of  the  2  cells  end  to  end. 

+-  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat  and  2-Upped. 

21.  SALVIA.    Calyx  with  the  upper  Up  3-toothed  or  entire,  the  lower  2-cleft.    Corolla 

deeply  2-lipped  ;  the  lower  Up  spreading  or  hanging,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger 
and  sometimes  notched  at  the  end.  Filament  as  it  were  compound,  the  proper  fila- 
ment short  and  bearing  on  its  apex  an  elongated  thread-like  or  linear  body  (the  con- 
nective, in  fact)  attached  by  its  middle,  one  end  of  which  ascending  under  the  upper 
Hp  bears  a  linear  l-celled  anther,  the  other  descending  bears  the  other  smaller  and 
imperfect  cell,  or  a  mere  vestige  of  it,  or  is  naked.  Flowers  usually  large  or  showy. 

22.  ROSMARINUS.    Calyx  and  corolla  nearly  as  in  Salvia,  but  the  lateral  lobes  of  the 

lower  lip  of  the  corolla  erect  and  somewhat  contorted  (as  in  some  Salvias  also). 

Stamens  resembUng  those  of  Monarda  and  protruded,  but  with  a  short  tooth  on  the 

filament  below  the  middle.    Shrub. 
28.   BLEPHILIA.    Calyx  short-tubular,  the  upper  Up  with  8  awned,  the  lower  with  2 

nearly  blunt  teeth.      Corolla  with  an  expanded  throat,   bluish.     Otherwise  Uke 

Monarda,  but  flowers  smaller. 

-t-  4-  Calyx  mostly  hairy  in  the  throat  and  nearly  equally  b-toothed. 
24.  MONARDA.    Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  many-nerved.    Corolla  deeply  2-Upped,  narrow 

In  the  throat,  the  oblong  or  linear  Ups  about  equal  in  length,  the  lower  3-lobed  at  the 

apex,  its  narrower  middle  lobe  slightly  notched.    Stamens  with  long  and  simple 

filament  bearing  directly  on  its  apex  a  linear  anther.   Flowers  rather  large,  numerous 

in  the  whorled  or  terminal  heads. 

»»»»**  Stamens  4,  diverging  or  ascending ;  the  upper  or  inner  pair  longer. 
Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect  or  a  little  arching,  the  lower  spreading. 

+-  Stamens  exserted. 
26.  LOPHANTHUS.    Calyx  rather  unequally  5-toothed.    Upper  lip  of  corolla  sUghtly  2- 

lobed,  the  lower  moderately  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  somewhat  crenate.    Stamens 

not  parallel,  the  lower  and  shorter  ones  more  or  less  ascending,  the  upper  and  longer 

ones  diverging  and  declining,  so  as  to  seem  the  lower.    Tall  erect  herbs,  with  small 

4*>wers  clustered  in  panicled  spikes. 


MINT  FAMILY.  845 

+-  +-  Stamens  not  exserted. 

26.  NEPETA.    Calyx  obliquely  5-toothed.     Stamens  parallel  and  ascending,  and  their 

anthers  approaching  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  their  cells  diverging 
from  each  other.  Middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  of  corolla  considerably  largest. 

27.  CEDRONELLA.    Flowers  nearly  like  those  of  Nepeta;  but  the  cells  of  the  anthers 

parallel. 

(35.   PHLOMIS,  of  the  next  section,  might,  from  the  stamens,  be  sought  for  here.) 
*******  Stamens  4,  the  lower  or  outer  pair  longer,  ascending  and  parallel, 
their  anthers  in  pairs  mostly  under  the  concave  or  arched  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla.    Plants  not  sweet-scented,  some  of  them  bitter-aromatic. 
+-  Corolla  decidedly  flipped  ;  calyx  also  2-lipped,  irregular,  closed  in  fruit. 

28.  BRUNELLA.    Calyx  tubular  bell-shaped,  reticulated,  flattened  on  the  upper  side ;  the 

upper  lip  broad,  flat,  3-toothed ;  the  lower  2-cleft.  Tube  of  the  corolla  dilated  on  the 
lower  side  just  below  the  rather  narrowed  throat ;  upper  lip  arched  and  entire ; 
lower.widely  spreading,  with  lateral  lobes  oblong,  the  concave  middle  one  rounded 
and  crenulate.  Filaments  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  anther. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  close  head  or  short  spike. 

29.  3CUTELLARIA.    Calyx  short,  with  the  very  short  lips  truncate  and  entire,  and  a 

large  hump  on  the  upper  side,  the  whole  helmet-shaped  ;  the  upper  lip  usually  fall- 
ing away  when  the  fruit  is  ripe.  Corolla  with  rather  long  ascending  tube,  the  lateral 
lobes  of  the  lower  lip  small  and  somewhat  connected  with  the  arched  upper  Up,  the 
middle  lobe  larger  and  spreading,  or  the  sides  reflexed  ;  anthers  of  the  lower  stamens 
1-celled.  Bitterish  herbs,  not  aromatic,  with  flowers  single  in  the  axil  of  each  bract 
or  leaf. 

+-  -i-  Corolla  inflated  funnel-form  and  rather  slightly  2-lipped  ;  calyx  thinnish,  open 
bell-shaped  in  fruit,  the  5  teeth  equal  and  pointless  ;  flowers  simply  spiked,  only 
one  to  each  bract  or  floral  leaf. 

80.  PHTSOSTEGIA.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  broad  and  a  little  arched,  entire ;  lower  of 

3  broad  and  somewhat  spreading  short  lobes.  Smooth  and  scentless  herbs,  with 
thickish  and  sessile  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves. 

+•  +-  +-  Corolla  decidedly  2-lipped ;  calyx  5-toothed,  regular,  or  sometimes  obscurely 
2-lipped,  not  closing  in  fruit ;  the  teeth  commonly  awl-shaped  or  triangular, 
often  rigid  or  spiny-tipped. 

•M-  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  calyx  W-toothed. 

81.  MARRUBIUM.    Teeth  of  the  calyx  awl-shaped  or  spiny-tipped,  recurved  after  flower- 

ing. Corolla  small ;  upper  lip  erect.  Bitter-aromatic  plants ;  flowers  in  axillary 
capitate  whorls. 

•H-  ++  Stamens  raised  out  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  calyx  5-toothed. 

=  Stamens  not  deflexed  after  flowering. 
1  Anthers  opening  crossioise  by  2  unequal  valves,  the  smaller  one  ciliate. 

82.  GALEOPSIS.    Calyx  tubular  bell-shaped,  5-nerved,  with  spiny-tipped  teeth.    Corolla 

enlarged  in  the  throat,  the  ovate  and  entire  upper  lip  arched,  the  middle  lobe  of 
spreading  lower  lip  obcordate.  Flowers  in  axillary  whorl-like  clusters. 

1  I  Anthers  opening  lengthwise  in  the  ordinary  way. 
o  Calyx  membranaceous  and  greatly  enlarged,  and  almost  shield-like. 

83.  MOLUCCELLA.    Calyx  with  the  border  reticulated,  veiny,  entire,  except  5  mucronate 

points.  Corolla  much  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  the  middle  lobe  of  its  lower  lip  obcor- 
date. Nutlets  3-sided. 

o  o  Calyx  ordinary,  with  sharp  or  awl-like  teeth. 
x  Upper  lip  of  corolla  erect. 

84.  BALLOTA.    Calyx  somewhat  funnel-form,  with  an  expanding  5-toothed  border,  the 

tube  10-ribbed.  Anthers  approximate  in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip.  Nutlets  round- 
ish on  top. 


346  MINT   FAMILY. 

x  x  Upper  lip  of  corolla  more  or  less  arched, 

85.  PHLOMIS.    Calyx  tubular,  with  rigid  narrow  awl-shaped  teeth  from  the  notch  of  as 

many  very  short  and  broad  lobes.  Corolla  as  in  Stachys.  Upper  pair  of  stamens 
(rather  the  longer)  with  an  awl-shaped  appendage  at  the  base  of  the  filaments. 

86.  LEONUKUS.    Calyx  top-shaped,  the  awl-shaped  teeth  when  old  spreading  and  spiny- 

pointed.  Corolla  like  Stachys,  but  middle  lobe  of  lower  Up  obcordate.  Stamens 
parallel.  Nutlets  truncate  and  sharply  3-angled.  Stems  erect.  Flowers  in  close 
whorls  in  the  axils  of  cut-lobed  leaves. 

87.  LAMIUM.    Calyx  tubular  bell-shaped,  with  5  awl-shaped  spreading  teeth.    Corolla 

much  enlarged  in  the  throat,  the  upper  lip  arching  and  with  a  narrow  base,  lateral 
lobes  of  lower  lip  very  short,  the  middle  one  rounded  and  spreading  or  turned  down, 
Its  base  much  narrowed.  (Lessons,  Fig.  266.)  Stamens  ascending  under  the  upper 
lip.  Nutlets  truncate  at  the  top. 

=  •=  Stamens  deflexed  or  contorted  after  flowering. 

88.  8TACHTS.    Calyx  mostly  tubular  bell-shaped,  the  teeth  triangular  or  awl-shaped, 

sometimes  rigid  or  even  pungent.  Corolla  not  enlarged  in  the  throat,  the  upper  lip 
entire  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  8-lobed  with  the  middle  lobe  nearly  entire.  Stamens 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  but  the  outer  pair  turned  down  after  discharging 
their  pollen.  Nutlets  obtuse,  but  not  truncate.  Flowers  crowded  in  whorls,  most 
of  these  commonly  approximate  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike. 

1.  TRICHOSTEMA,   BLUE   CURLS.     (Greek:    hair-like  stamens.) 
Ours  are  branching,  loosely -flowered,  rather  clammy,  low  herbs,  with 
entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  as  it  were  panicled,  blue,  or  changing 
to  purple,  in  summer  and  autumn.     (T) 

T.  dichdtomum,  Linn.    COMMON  B.  or  BASTARD  PENNYROYAL.   Sandy 
fields,  Mass.,  S.;  6'-12'  high,  with  mostly  lance-oblong,  short-petioled  leaves. 
T.  lineare,  Nutt.     Leaves  linear  or  lance-linear,  smoother.     Conn.,  S. 

2.  TEUCRIUM,    GERMANDER.       (Named    for    Teucer,    King    of 
Troy.)     2 

T.  Canadense,  Linn.  In  low  grounds  ;  l°-3°  high,  downy,  with  ovate- 
lanceolate  serrate  leaves,  downy  beneath,  and  pale  purple  or  rarely  white 
flowers  collected  in  a  long  spike,  in  late  summer. 

3.  ISANTHT7S,  FALSE  PENNYROYAL.     (Greek:  equal  flower,  i.e. 
parts  of  corolla  regular.)     ® 

I.  caeruleus,  Michx.  Common  in  sandy  or  sterile  soil  from  Me.,  S. 
and  W.  ;  bushy-branched,  clammy-pubescent,  6'-12'  high,  with  oblong 
3-nerved  entire  leaves,  and  scattered,  small  blue  flowers  on  axillary 
peduncles. 

4.  OCIMUM,    SWEET  BASIL.     (Greek  name,  referring  to  the  odor, 
the  herbage  sweet-scented.) 

0.  Basllicum,  Linn.  SWEET  BASIL.  Low  sweet  herb,  of  kitchen  gar- 
dens, from  Asia,  with  ovate,  somewhat  toothed  leaves,  ciliate  petioles  and 
calyx,  and  bluish-white  racemed  flowers,  in  summer.  ® 

5.  COLEUS.     (Greek  for  sheath,  alluding  to  the  monadelphous   sta- 
mens.)    Cult,  for  the  handsome  colored  foliage,  from  Java. 

C.  Bldmei,  Benth.  Leaves  either  blotched  with  crimson  or  bronze-red, 
or  almost  wholly  colored,  rhomb-ovate  and  acuminate-pointed  and  atenu- 
ated  into  a  petiole  below,  with  deltoid  and  sharp  teeth ;  the  inconspicuous 
flowers  blue  or  bluish  and  racemed. 


MINT   FAMILY.  347 

C.  Verschaffeliii,  Lem.  Leaves  ovate  and  scarcely  narrowed  below, 
acute  but  not  acuminate,  the  teeth  large  and  rounded  and  obtuse. 

6.  HYPTIS.     (Greek:  reversed,  from  the  lower  lobe  of  the  corolla.) 
Flowers  late  summer. 

H.  radiata,  Willd.  Stems  2°-4°  high ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  toothed ; 
flowers  white  or  purple-dotted,  small,  crowded  in  peduncled  whitish-in- 
volucrate  heads.  2/  Low  ground,  N.  Car.,  S. 

7.  LAVANDULA,   LAVENDER.     (Latin  lavo,  lave,  for  which  Lav- 
ender-water is  used.) 

L.  vera,  DC.  Cult,  from  S.  Eu. ;  a  low  undershrub,  barely  hardy  N., 
hoary,  with  lance-linear  leaves,  and  slender  spikes  of  bluish  small  flowers 
on  long  terminal  peduncles,  in  summer. 

8.  COLLINSONIA,    HORSE  BALM.     (Peter  Collinson  of  London, 
who  corresponded  with  Bartram  and  Linnaeus.)     Rather  tall  and  large- 
leaved,  strong-scented  plants  ;  flowers  summer.     11 

C.  Canade'nsis,  Linn.  RICH  WEED,  STONE  ROOT.  Smooth,  2°-3° 
high,  with  ovate  serrate  leaves  3'-6'  long  and  on  long  petioles,  and  pale 
yellow,  lemon-scented  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  panicled  racemes. 
Rich  woods,  N.  and  S. 

9.  PERILLA.     (Aboriginal  name.)     Native  of  China  and  Japan.     ® 

P.  Nankinensis,  Decne.  (P.  OCTMOIDES,  var.  CRISPA.)  Balsamic- 
scented,  much-branched  herb,  cult,  for  its  foliage,  the  ovate-petioled 
leaves  generally  dark  purple  or  violet-tinged  beneath,  bronze-purple 
above,  the  margins  wavy  and  deeply  cut-toothed,  the  insignificant  rose- 
colored  or  whitish  flowers  in  panicled  spike-like  racemes,  in  late  summer. 

10.  MENTHA,   MINT.     (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name.)     Mostly 
spreading  rapidly  by  running  rootstocks ;   leaves  toothed ;   the  small 
flowers  purplish-bluish,  or  almost  white,  in  summer.    Beside  the  fol- 
lowing, other  introduced  species  are  occasionally  found.     ^ 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

M.  vi  rid  is,  Linn.  SPEARMINT.  Green,  nearly  smooth,  with  oblong  or 
lance- ovate,  wrinkled- veiny,  sessile  leaves,  and  spikes  narrow,  dense,  and 
leafless.  Roadsides.  Eu. 

M.  piperlta,  Linn.  PEPPERMINT.  Purplish,  smooth,  with  ovate  acute 
petioled  leaves,  and  whorled  clusters  of  flowers  forming  loose  interrupted 
spikes.  Wet  places,  and  cult,  for  the  oil.  Eu.  (Lessons,  Figs.  97,  98.) 

*  *  Flowers  in  distinct  axillary  globular  clusters. 

M.  Canadensis.  Linn.  WILD  MINT.  Pleasant-scented,  hairy  or  a 
smooth  variety,  with  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  acute  or  pointed  leaves  on 
short  petioles,  and  the  whorls  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  middle  pairs. 
Low  grounds. 

11.  LYCOFUS,   WATER   HOREHOUND.      (Greek:   wolf  s  foot,  of 
no  application.)     Resembling  the  Wild  Mint,  but  bitter,  and  not  aro- 
matic, often  producing  slender,  sometimes  tuber-bearing  runners  from 
the  base,  smooth,  the  very  small  white  flowers  close-clustered  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  in  summer.     Wild  in  shady  moist  soil.     11 


348  MINT    FAMILY. 

*  Leaves  serrate  only  ;  producing  filiform  runners  from  the  base. 

L.  Virginicus,  Linn.  BUGLE  WEED.  Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  a  foot 
or  two  high  ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  towards  the  base, 
short-stalked  and  acute  at  both  ends ;  calyx-teeth  4,  shorter  than  the 
nutlets.  Common. 

L.  rube'llus,  Moench.  Stem  obtusely  4-angled  ;  leaves  ovate  or  lance- 
oblong,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle ;  calyx-teeth 
5,  sharp,  longer  than  the  nutlets.  Penn.,  W.  and  S. 

*  *  Leaves  incised  or  pinnatifid ;  not  stoloniferous. 

L.  sinuatus,  Ell.  Stem  (l°-3°)  acutely  4-angled ;  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate  and  acuminate,  some  of  the  uppermost  only  sinuate.  Common. 

12.  CUNILA,  DITTANY.    (An  old  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 
C.   Mariana,    Linn.     MARYLAND   D.     Dry  hills  through   the   Middle 

States  ;  nearly  smooth,  1°  high,  corymbosely  much  branched,  with  ovate 
or  heart-shaped  almost  sessile  serrate  leaves  (!'  long),  and  peduncled, 
loose  cymes  of  purplish  flowers,  in  summer.  ^ 

13.  HEDEOMA.     (Formed  from  a  Greek  name  of  a  sort  of  Mint  ; 
refers  to  the  sweet  scent.)     Low  and  fragrant-scented,  growing  in  dry 
and  open  or  sterile  grounds,  with  small  flowers  in  loose  axillary  clus- 
ters, all  summer. 

H.  pulegioldes,  Pers.  AMERICAN  PENNYROYAL.  The  pungent  aro- 
matic scent  and  taste  is  like  that  of  the  English  Pennyroyal  or  Mentha 
Pulegium  of  En.;  5'-8'  high,  erect  and  branching,  hairy,  with  oblong-ovate, 
petioled  leaves,  few-flowered  clusters,  and  bluish  corolla  scarcely  exceed- 
ing the  calyx.  ® 

H.  hispida,  Pursh.  On  the  plains  from  Minn,  and  Dak.,  S.;  2'-6' 
high,  hairy,  with  sessile,  linear,  entire,  crowded  leaves,  and  bristly-ciliate 
calyx,  with  subulate  teeth.  (£) 

14.  HYSSOPTJS,    HYSSOP.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  plant, 
from  the  Hebrew.)     2Z 

H.  officinalis,  Linn.  Cult,  in  gardens  from  the  Old  World,  rarely  run- 
ning wild ;  smooth,  tufted,  simple  steins  or  branches,  2°  high ;  leaves 
lance-linear  and  entire ;  small  clusters  of  blue  flowers  crowded  in  a  ter- 
minal spike,  in  summer. 

15.  SATUREIA,    SAVORY.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.)     Aromatic  ; 
flowers  summer. 

S.  hortfnsis,  Linn.  SUMMER  SAVORY.  Low  and  homely  sweet  herb  of 
the  gardens,  sparingly  run  wild  W.,  with  oblong-linear  leaves  tapering  at 
base,  and  pale  or  purplish  small  flowers  clustered  in  their  axils,  or  run- 
ning into  panicled  spikes  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  Eu.  @ 

16.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  MOUNTAIN  MINT  or  BASIL.     (Greek: 
dense  flower  clusters.)     Several  species,   all  aromatic- scented,  l°-3° 
high,  in  open,  usually  gravelly  or  sandy  soil ;  flowers  with  pale  corolla 
often  purple-dotted,  in  late  summer  and  autumn,     i!     The  following 
are  most  common. 

»  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  the  teeth  all  equal  or  nearly  so. 

t-  Bracts  and  calyx  teeth  awn-tipped  and  rigid. 

P.  aristatum,  Michx.  Only  from  N.  J.,  S.,  in  pine  barrens  ;  minutely 
soft-pubescent ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  broadly  linear,  rigid,  almost  entire  ; 
flowers  in  heads,  with  bracts  and  calyx  teeth  as  long  as  the  corolla. 


MINT   FAMILY.  349 

->-  •*-  Bracts  and  calyx  teeth  not  owned. 

P.  lanceolatum,  Pursh.  Smoothish,  not  hoary,  very  leafy,  bushy 
branched ;  leaves  small  and  clustered,  narrow-lanceolate  or  lance-linear, 
rigid,  sessile,  obtuse  at  base ;  flowers  small,  in  numerous  globular  close 
heads  which  are  crowded  in  terminal  corymbs.  Calyx  teeth  and  bracts 
short,  triangular;  lips  of  the  corolla  very  short.  Mass.,  W.  and  S. 

P.  linif 6lium,  Pursh.  Like  the  last,  less  common  N. ;  smoother,  with 
lance-linear  leaves,  and  narrower  sharp-pointed  bracts  and  calyx  teeth. 

P.  milticum,  Pers.  Minutely  soft-downy  but  hardly  whitened,  rather 
low,  bushy-branched ;  leaves  mostly  lance-ovate  and  sessile,  with  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  base,  minutely  sharp-toothed,  rather  rigid ; 
flowers  in  heads  or  dense  clusters ;  calyx  teeth  and  inner  bracts  rather 
blunt.  Me.,  W.  and  S. 

Var.  pildsum,  Gray.  Downy,  with  rather  long,  soft  hairs ;  the  broadish 
lanceolate  leaves  acute  at  both  ends  and  nearly  entire  ;  whorled  heads  at 
the  end  of  the  branches  ;  the  calyx  teeth  and  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  and 
acute.  Ohio,  W. 

*  *  Calyx  2-lipped  (3  upper  teeth  united). 

P.  incanum,  Michx.  Leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  remotely 
toothed,  finely  soft-downy  above  and  white-hoary  beneath,  those  next 
the  open  flat  cymes  whitened  both  sides ;  bracts  and  calyx  teeth  some- 
what awn-pointed.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

17.  ORIGANUM,  MARJORAM.     (Old  Greek  name,  said  to  mean 
delight  of  mountains.')      Natives  of  the  Old  World;    sweet  herbs; 
flowers  summer.     11 

0.  ru/gare,  Linn.  WILD  MARJORAM.  Old  gardens,  and  wild  on  some 
roadsides ;  l°-2°  high,  with  small  ovate,  nearly  entire  leaves,  on  short 
petioles,  and  purplish  flowers  in  corymbed  purple-bracted  clusters  or 
short  spikes ;  calyx  equally  5-toothed. 

0.  Majorana,  Linn.  SWEET  MARJORAM.  Cult,  in  kitchen  gardens  as 
an  annual ;  leaves  small  and  finely  soft^downy  ;  the  bracts  not  colored  ; 
flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  with  calyx  hardly  toothed  but  cleft  nearly 
down  on  the  lower  side. 

18.  THYMUS,   THYME.      (Ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name.)     Low 
or  creeping,   slightly  woody-stemmed,  sweet-aromatic  plants  of  the 
Old  World  ;  flowers  small,  in  summer.     Leaves  in  the  common  species 
entire,  small,  from  £'  to  near  \>  long,  ovate,  obovate  or  oblong,  with 
tapering  base.     11 

T.  Serpyllum,  Linn.  CREEPING  THYME.  Cult,  as  a  sweet  herb,  rarely 
a  little  spontaneous  ;  creeping,  forming  broad  flat  perennial  turfs ;  leaves 
green  (a  variegated  form  used  for  edgings)  ;  whorls  of  purplish  or  flesh- 
colored  flowers  crowded  or  somewhat  spiked  at  the  ends  of  the  flowering 
branches. 

7*.  vulgaris,  Linn.  COMMON  THYME.  Sometimes  cult.;  more  upright 
and  bushy  than  the  other,  pale  and  rather  hoary  ;  flowers  in  snorter 
clusters. 

19.  CALAMINTHA,    CALAMINT.       (Greek    for  beautiful  Mint.) 
Flowers  summer.     11     (Lessons,  Fig.  301.) 

*  Flowers  loose  in  the  axils,  or  above  running  into  racemes  or  panicles. 

C.  glab^lla,  Benth.  A  delicate  native  but  uncommon  species,  from 
S.  Ind.,  S.;  smooth,  with  weak  stems  5'-20'  long,  also  with  creeping  run- 


350  MINT   FAMILY. 

ners,  oblong  or  almost  linear  leaves,  or  ovate  on  the  runners,  the  loose 
purplish  flowers  about  £'  long. 

C.  Nepeta,  Link.  BASIL  THYME.  Nat.  from  Eu.  from  Md.,  W.  and 
S.;  soft-downy,  branching,  l°-2°  high,  with  round-ovate  crenate  leaves, 
small  and  loose  purple  flowers,  and  calyx  hairy  in  the  throat. 

*  *  Flowers  in  terminal  heads  or  head-like  whorls,  crowded  with  awl- 
shaped  bracts. 

C.  Clinopddium,  Benth.  BASIL.  Waste  grounds  and  along  thickets  ; 
hairy,  with  rather  simple  stems  l°-2°  long,  ovate,  and  nearly  entire 
petioled  leaves,  and  pale  purple  small  corollas. 

20.  MELISSA,  BALM,   BEE  BALM.      (Old  name  from   Greek  for 
bee.')    Old  World  sweet  herbs.     Flowers  summer.     11 

U.  officinal! s,  Linn.  COMMON  B.  Gardens,  sparingly  running  wild ; 
rather  hairy,  loosely-branched,  lemon-scented,  with  ovate  or  scarcely 
heart-shaped  crenate-toothed  leaves,  and  yellowish  or  soon  white  flowers 
in  small  loose  axillary  clusters. 

21.  SAL  VIA,   SAGE.     (Latin  salvo,  save,  from  its  reputed  healing 
qualities.)     (Lessons,  Figs.  302,  303.) 

*  Blue-flowered  species  (corolla  sometimes  partly  white).    11 
t-  Leaves  halberd-shaped  or  triangular-ovate. 

S.  patens,  Cav.  Mexico ;  2°-3°  high,  rather  hairy,  with  crenate-serrate 
pubescent  leaves,  the  uppermost  sessile  ones  sometimes  oval,  loose-pedi- 
celed  flowers,  showy  deep  blue  corolla  over  2'  long,  the  lips  widely  gaping. 
Cult,  in  borders. 

-i-  -i-  Leaves  narrower,  not  halberd-like  at  base. 
•w  Flowers  in  distinct  whorls  near  the  top  of  the  stem. 

B.  lyr^ta,  Linn.  Sandy  soil  from  N.  J.  to  El.  and  S.;  l°-2°  high, 
rather  hairy,  with  leaves  mostly  at  the  root,  and  obovate  or  lyre-shaped, 
and  a  smaller  pair  on  the  stem;  whorls  of  flowers  forming  an  interrupted 
raceme ;  corolla  hardly  1'  long ;  upper  lip  of  calyx  3-toothed ;  lower  cell 
of  the  anther  present  but  deformed. 

S.  officinalis,  Linn.  COMMON  SAGE.  From  S.  Eu.;  low  but  erect, 
minutely  hoary-pubescent,  with  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  finely  reticu- 
lated-rugose and  the  margins  crenulate,  spiked  flower-whorls,  and  short 
corolla. 

++  ++  Flowers  in  racemose  or  spiciform  inflorescence,  the  whorls,  if  any, 
small  and  loose. 

=  Corolla  tube  scarcely  exserted  beyond  the  calyx.     Flowers  small. 

3.  urticif6lia,  Linn.  Woodlands  from  Md.,  W.  and  S. ;  l°-2°  high, 
leafy,  somewhat  clammy-downy ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate  ;  racemes  slender, 
the  blue  and  white  corolla  only  i'  long  ;  lower  cell  of  the  anther  wanting. 

=  =  Corolla  tube  conspicuously  exserted. 

8.  azurea.  Lam.  Sandy  soil  S.  Car.,  S.  and  W.;  nearly  smooth  and 
green,  with  rather  simple  stems,  2°-4°  high;  leaves  lance- linear,  with 
tapering  base,  obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  serrate ;  the  showy  azure-blue 
flowers  (less  than  1'  long)  numerous  in  a  spike-like  raceme. 

Var.  grandifldra,  Benth.  (S.  PfTCHERi).  Kansas  to  Texas ;  inflores- 
cence denser ;  minutely  soft-downy  ;  occasionally  cultivated. 


MINT   FAMILY.  351 

S.  protest's,  Linn.  Radical  leaves  large  and  long-petioled,  oblong  or 
oblong-ovate  and  crenate-toothed,  the  stem  leaves  few  and  oblong,  and 
shorter-stalked  ;  corolla  an  inch  long,  glabrous  inside,  the  mouth  gaping 
and  upper  lip  much  arched,  the  calyx  and  «mall  bracts  colored ;  flowers 
about  4  in  a  whorl  in  long  spikes.  Eu.  Borders.  Varieties  with  reddish 
and  white  flowers. 

S.  farindcea,  Benth.  Texas ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
spikes,  calyxes,  etc.,  white-hoary,  contrasting  with  the  light  blue  corolla. 
Sometimes  cult. 

#  *  Bed-flowered  species,  rarely  running  to  white  in  garden  forms. 
••-  (D  Flowers  small,  not  showy  (but  the  bracts  are). 

S.  Scldrea,  Linn.  CLARY.  Gray-hairy,  2°  ;  leaves  oblong  and  obtuse, 
petiolate,  wavy  ;  flowers  in  a  long  interrupted  spike  of  whorls,  the  corolla 
tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  upper  bracts  broad  and  concave,  red  and 
veiny,  showy.  S.  Eu.  Cult.,  the  leaves  used  for  seasoning. 

•«-•«-  1£  Flowers  large  and  showy. 
-M-  Plant  glabrous. 

S.  splendens,  Sellow.  Brazil ;  stems  branching ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
the  floral  ones  and  calyx  as  well  as  the  corolla  (2'  or  more  long  and  with 
short  lower  lip)  bright  scarlet.  Much  cult.  There  is  a  white  variety. 

•M-  *+  Plant  pubescent  or  hairy. 

S.  fulgens,  Cav.  CARDINAL  or  MEXICAN  RED  S.  From  Mexico  ;  tall, 
pubescent,  with  crenate  ovate  or  oval  leaves  heart-shaped  at  base  and 
somewhat  rugose,  green  calyx,  and  long-tubed,  downy,  deep  scarlet 
corolla  over  2'  long,  the  style  plumose. 

S.  coccinea,  Linn.  Somewhat  downy  or  soft-hairy,  with  ovate  and 
heart-shaped,  acute,  crenate  leaves,  deciduous  bracts,  green  or  purplish 
calyx,  and  smooth  red  corolla  1'  long,  with  lower  lip  much  longer  than 
the  upper  one.  Var.  pseudo-coccinea  is  taller,  with  bristly -hairy  stems, 
and  petioles.  S.  Car.,  S.  (Lessons,  Fig.  303.) 

*  *  *  White-flowered  species. 

S.  argSntea,  Linn.  Mediterranean  region ;  cult,  for  its  silvery-white 
foliage,  hardy  ;  the  very  large  round-ovate  root-leaves  clothed  with  long 
white  wool ;  flowering  stem  and  its  sessile  leaves,  as  well  as  calyx,  etc., 
clammy-hairy  ;  the  white  corolla  with  scythe-shaped  upper  lip  1'  long  and 
a  very  short  tube. 

22.  ROSMARINUS,  ROSEMARY.    (Latin:  dew  of  the  sea,  referring 
to  the  habitat.)     "21 

R.  officinal  is,  Linn.  Leaves  evergreen,  linear,  entire,  with  revolute 
margins,  white-hoary  beneath,  the  upper  with  pale  blue  flowers  in  their 
axils.  S.  Eu. ;  not  hardy  N. 

23.  BLEPHILIA.      (Greek:    eyelash,  the  bracts  strongly  ciliate,  the 
outer  ones  ovate.)     Flowers  summer.     "21 

B.  ciliata,  Raf.  Leaves  almost  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  whitish-downy 
beneath ;  outer  bracts  large,  acute  ;  corolla  hairy.  Dry  soil,  Mass,  to 
Minn.,  and  S. 

B.  hirsuta,  Raf.  Hairy  all  over  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  sometimes  heart- 
shaped  at  base,  on  distinct  petioles ;  bracts  smaller  and  very  slender- 
pointed  ;  corolla  smoothish,  purple-spotted.  Moister  places,  N.  and  S. 


352  MINT   FAMILY. 

24.  MONARDA,  HORSEMINT  or  BALM.   (An  early  Spanish  writer 
on  the  medicinal   plants    of    the  New  World,    Nicolas   Monardez.) 
Flowers  summer.     (Lessons,  Fig.  300.) 

*  Stamens  and  style  protruding  beyond  the  narrow  acute  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  lance-ovate,  with  roundish  or  slightly 
heart-shaped  base,  veiny,  pleasant-scented.     11 

M.  didynia,  Linn.  OSWEGO  TEA,  BEE  BALM,  FRAGRANT  BALM. 
Leaves  petioled,  the  floral  ones  tinged  with  red ;  calyx  naked  in  the 
throat ;  corolla  bright  red,  the  large  heads  handsome.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and 
S. ,  and  cult. 

M.  fistu!6sa,  Linn.  WILD  BERGAMOT.  Soft-downy  or  smoothish  ; 
leaves  petioled,  the  floral  ones  often  whitish ;  calyx  very  hairy  in  the 
throat ;  corolla  rose-color,  purple,  or  white.  Dry  soil,  Vt. ,  W.  and  S. 
Variable. 

M.  Bradburiana,  Beck.  Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  sessile 
leaves  soft-hairy  beneath,  calyx  contracted  above,  and  shorter  corolla. 
Ind.,  S.  and  W. 

*  *  Stamens  not  longer  than  the  purple-spotted  notched  upper  lip  of  tht 

short  corolla,  the  tube  of  which  is  nearly  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

M.  punctata,  Linn.  HORSEMINT.  Sterile  ground,  from  N.  J.  to 
Minn.,  and  S.;  strong-scented  and  pungent,  slightly  hoary  ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, the  floral  ones  and  bracts  tinged  yellow  and  purple ;  calyx  teeth 
short  and  awnless  ;  corolla  yellowish.  ^ 

M..  citrioddra,  Cerv.  Calyx  strongly  bearded  in  the  throat  and  with 
awn-iike  teeth,  the  floral  leaves  and  bracts  conspicuously  awn -tipped. 
Neb.,  S.  and  W.  ® 

25.  LOFHANTHUS,   GIANT  HYSSOP.     (Greek:  crest  and  flower.) 
Wild  in  rich  soil,  chiefly  N.  and  W.,  with  ovate  and  toothed  leaves; 
flowers  summer.     1J. 

*  Leaves  white  beneath. 

Ii.  anisatus,  Benth.  Slender,  with  anise-scented  leaves,  glaucous  whi*«- 
downy  beneath,  and  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  lavender- blue  corolla. 
Wis.,  W.  andS. 

*  *  Leaves  not  white  beneath. 

L.  nepetoldes,  Benth.  Smooth,  coarse,  not  sweet-scented ;  stem 
4°-6°  high  and  sharply  4-angled ;  calyx  teeth  ovate,  bluntish,  almost 
equaling  the  dull  yellowish  corolla.  Vt.,  W.  and  S. 

L.  scrophularieefdlius,  Benth.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but  the 
obtusely  angled  stem  and  sharper-toothed  leaves  rather  pubescent,  the 
lanceolate  acute  calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  purplish  corolla. 

26.  NEFETA,  CATMINT.    (Latin,  from  the  Etrurian  city  Nepete.)    11 

N.  Cataria,  Linn.  CATNIP.  Weed  nat.  from  Eu.,  around  dwellings 
and  gardens,  with  strong  fragrance ;  soft-downy ;  leaves  oblong,  heart- 
shaped,  deeply  crenate  ;  whitish  flowers  crowded  in  terminal  clusters  or 
spikes,  in  late  summer. 

N.  Glechbma,  Benth.  GROUND  IVY,  GILL.  Weed  nat.  from  Eu.  in 
waste  or  cult,  shaded  grounds  ;  creeping  and  spreading,  with  smoothish, 
rounded,  kidney-shaped,  crenate  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  light  blue 
flowers  in  their  axils,  each  pair  of  anther  cells  approaching  and  forming 
a  little  cross ;  flowers  all  spring  and  summer. 


MINT   FAMILY.  353 

27.  CEDRONELLA.     (From  Cedrus,  the  cedar  tree,  referring  to  the 

fragrance  of  one  species.)     Tj. 

C.  cordata,  Benth.  Shady  grounds  from  W.  Penn.  S.,  but  rare  ;  low, 
hairy,  with  long  leafy  runners,  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  scattered  flowers, 
the  purplish  corolla  1^'  long,  its  throat  inflated. 

C.  cana,  Hook.  Mexico,  and  cult.;  pale  or  ashy;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, somewhat  toothed  ;  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  pink,  the  flowers  in 
close  clusters  ;  l°-3°. 

28.  BRTJNELLA,  SELF-HEAL  or  HEALALL.    (Latinized  from  the 
old  German  name.)     Flowers  all  summer.     2/ 

B.  vulgaris,  Linn.  Low,  spreading,  with  ovate  or  oblong  petioled 
leaves,  and  3  flowers  under  each  of  the  broad  and  round  purplish  bracts 
of  the  head ;  corolla  bluish-purple  or  rarely  white.  Woods  and  moist 
grounds  ;  common  in  thin  lawns. 

29.  SCUTELLARIA,  SKULLCAP.    (Latin  scutella,  a  dish.)    Flowers 
in  summer,  in  our  species  blue  or  violet,     y. 

*  Flowers  small  in  axillary  or  some  terminal  one-sided  racemes. 

S.  laterifldra,  Linn.  MAD-DOG  SKULLCAP  from  the  shape  of  the 
fruiting  calyx ;  smooth,  branching,  l°-2°  high,  with  lance-ovate  or  oblong 
acute  coarsely  serrate  leaves  on  slender  petioles ;  racemes  rather  leafy- 
bracted ;  flowers  }'  long.  Shady  wet  places ;  common. 

*  *  Flowers  large,  in  racemes  or  spikes  terminating  the  stem  and  branches. 

-t-  Stem  leaves  all  cordate  ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  about  equaling  the 
upper  lip. 

S.  versicolor,  Nutt.  Stem  stout,  l°-3°  high,  soft-pubescent,  as  are 
the  heart-shaped,  very  veiny  and  rugose,  crenate  and  bluntish  long-peti- 
oled  leaves ;  spike-like  racemes  clammy-pubescent ;  corolla  almost  1' 
long,  the  lower  lip  purple-spotted.  Banks,  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and  S. 

S.  saxatilis,  Riddell.  Glabrous  or  only  slightly  hairy  ;  stem  6'-18', 
weak,  often  producing  runners ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate. 
Moist  banks,  Del.,  W.  and  S. 

+-  •»-  Stem  leaves  not  cordate  (save  occasionally  the  lowermost)  ;  lateral 
lobes  of  corolla  shorter  than  upper  lip. 

•i-t-  Green,  nearly  glabrous. 

3.  serrata,  Andr.  l°-3°,  the  raceme  single  and  loosely  flowered; 
leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  tapering  at  both  ends,  serrate ;  corolla  1' 
long  and  narrow,  its  lips  of  equal  length.  Woods,  Penn.,  W.  and  S. 

*+  •*-*•  Grayish,  pubescent  to  tomentose. 

S.  cane'scens,  Nutt.  Ontario,  S.;  stems  branching,  2°-4°  high  ;  leaves 
petioled,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  or  some  of  them  heart-shaped  at  base,  the 
lower  surface,  as  also  the  racemes  and  flowers,  whitish,  with  very  fine  soft 
down,  otherwise  smoothish  ;  corolla  1'  long. 

S.  pildsa,  Michx.  Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs ;  stem  nearly 
simple,  l°-3°  high,  bearing  rather  distant  pairs  of  roundish  or  oblong- 
ovate  veiny  leaves,  the  lower  sometimes  heart-shaped,  upper  on  short- 
margined  petioles ;  racemes  short,  the  bracts  spatulate  ;  corolla  f '  long. 
N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.;  variable. 

S.  integrifdlia,  Linn.   Minutely  hoary,  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  lance-oblong 
or  linear,  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  very  short-petioled  ;  raceme  short ;  corolla 
1'  long,  much  enlarged  upwards.     Dry  places,  N.  Eng.,  S. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  BOT.  —  23 


354  MINT  FAMILY. 

*  *  *  flowers  short-peduncled  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  sessile  leaves. 

S.  nerv6sa,  Pursh.  Moist  grounds  from  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.;  smooth, 
l°-2°  high,  slender ;  leaves  roundish  or  ovate,  sparingly  toothed,  1'  long, 
those  subtending  the  flowers  ovate-lanceolate  and  entire,  the  nerve-like 
main  veins  prominent  beneath  ;  flowers  \'  long. 

S.  parvula,  Michx.  Low  and  spreading,  3'-6'  high  ;  with  round-ovate 
or  lance-ovate  and  slightly  heart-shaped  leaves  ^'  or  more  long,  and 
flowers  y  long.  Sandy  moist  places,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

S.  galericulata,  Linn.  Sinoothish ;  the  slender  simple  stems  l°-2° 
high  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  with  a  heart-shaped  base,  acute, 
serrate  ;  flowers  f '  long,  with  arched  upper  lip.  Wet  places,  N. 

30.  FHYSOSTEGIA,  FALSE   DRAGON'S  HEAD.      (Name   from 
Greek  words  for  inflated  or  bladdery  covering.}     Flowers  all  sum- 
mer.    ^ 

P.  Virginiana,  Benth.  Wet  banks  of  streams,  from  Vt.,  W.  and  S., 
in  several  varieties  ;  l°-4°  high ;  leaves  mostly  serrate ;  flowers  either 
crowded  or  rather  distant  in  the  spikes ;  corolla  pale  rose-purple,  1'  or 
more  long.  Handsome. 

31.  MARRUBIUM,  HOREHOUND.    (Late  Latin  name,  from  Hebrew 
word  for  bitter.}     Flowers  late  summer.     2/ 

M.  vulgare,  Linn.  COMMON  H.  In  gardens  and  waste  places,  from 
Eu.  ;  branching,  spreading,  hoary-downy,  with  round-ovate  crenate- 
rugose  leaves  on  petioles,  and  small  white  corolla. 

32.  GALEOFSIS,   HEMP   NETTLE.     (Greek:    like  a  weasel;    the 
likeness  not  obvious.)     Flowers  summer.     ® 

G.  Tetrahit,  Linn.  Damp  waste  and  cult,  grounds,  nat.  from  Eu.  ; 
a  common  weed,  rather  bristly -hairy,  with  stem  swollen  below  each  joint, 
leaves  ovate  and  coarsely  serrate,  and  corolla  purplish  or  variegated. 

33.  MOLTTCCELLA,      MOLUCCA     BALM,      SHELL     FLOWER. 

(Name  from  Molucca  Islands.)     Flowers  summer.     (£) 

M.  Icevis,  Linn.  Erect,  much  branched,  smooth,  with  roundish  petioled 
leaves,  flowers  sessile  in  their  axils  accompanied  by  spine-like  bracts,  the 
remarkable  large  cup-shaped  calyx  oblique  and  1'  long,  much  exceeding 
the  inconspicuous  corolla.  Cult,  from  Asia. 

34.  BALLOTA,  BLACK  HOREHOUND.    (Greek  name,  unexplained.) 

B.  n)gra,  Linn.  A  green,  erect,  more  or  less  hairy  plant,  naturalized 
E.  from  Eu. ;  leaves  ovate  and  toothed ;  flowers  purplish,  in  dense  whorls  ; 
calyx  teeth  longer  than  corolla  tube.  2/ 

35.  PHLOMIS,   JERUSALEM  SAGE.     (Old  Greek  name  of  some 
woolly  plant.)     Flowers  summer.     1J. 

P.  tuberdsa,  Linn.  Cult,  in  old  gardens,  sparingly  run  wild  ;  stems 
3°-6°  high ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  and  heart-shaped,  crenate, 
rugose,  smoothish  ;  flowers  in  remote  and  dense  whorls  ;  upper  lip  of  the 
purple  corolla  white-hairy  inside.  Eu. 


MINT    FAMILY.  355 

36.  LEONTJRUS,    MOTHERWORT.     (Greek:   lion's  tail,  but  there 
is  no  obvious  resemblance.)     Flowers  late  summer. 

L.  Cardlaca,  Linn.  COMMON  M.  Nat.  from  Eu.,  in  cult,  arid  waste 
grounds ;  tall,  with  palmately  cleft,  long-petioled  leaves,  the  lower 
rounded,  the  upper  wedge-shaped  at  base  ;  upper  lip  of  pale  purple  corolla 
bearded.  ^ 

There  are  two  other  introduced  species,  less  common. 

37.  LAMIUM,   DEAD  NETTLE.      (Greek:   throat,  alluding  to  the 
grinning  corolla.)     Low  spreading  herbs  from  Old  World,  in  waste 
grounds  ;  flowers  spring  and  summer.     (Lessons,  Fig.  256. ) 

*  Insignificant  tveeds  in  waste  or  cultivated  grounds,  with  few  small  and 

purple  or  slender  flowers  in  some  of  the  axils.     ®  @ 

L.  amplexicdule,  Linn.  Leaves  rounded,  deeply  crenate-toothed  and 
cut,  the  upper  ones  clasping ;  corolla  with  a  long  tube,  its  upper  lip 
bearded,  the  lower  one  spotted.  Frequent. 

L.  purpdreum,  Linn.  Leaves  more  heart-shaped,  and  less  cut,  all  of 
them  petioled.  Less  common. 

*  *  Flowers  larger,  1'  long,  in  several  axillary  whorls  ;  corolla  ascending, 

the  lateral  lobes  bearing  a  slender  awl-shaped  appendage.     2Z 

L.  Album,  Linn.  Gardens  and  waste  grounds  ;  hairy ;  leaves  all  peti- 
oled, ovate  and  heart-shaped,  rugose-veiny  ;  flowers  white.  N.  Eng. 

L.  maculatum,  Linn.  Cult,  and  sparingly  escaped ;  hairy  or  nearly 
smooth ;  leaves  as  in  the  other,  but  with  a  white  spot  or  blotch  on  the 
upper  face ;  flowers  purple. 

38.  STACHYS,    HEDGE  NETTLE.     (Greek:  spike,  from  the  inflo- 
rescence.)    Flowers  in  summer,  in  all  ours  2£ 

*  None  of  the  leaves  truly  cordate. 
•«-  Leaves  linear-oblong  or  narrower. 

S.  hyssopif61ia,  Michx.  Wet  sandy  soil,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  and  S.,  not 
common ;  smooth,  low  (1°  high) ;  leaves  almost  entire,  sessile  ;  calyx 
teeth  softer  and  less  pointed  than  in  the  next. 

•»-  •«-  Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  broader. 

3.  palustris,  Linn.  Common  in  many  varieties  in  wet  grounds ;  rough- 
hairy  ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  sessile  and  crenate-serrate,  and 
somewhat  obtuse,  downy  or  hairy-pubescent ;  calyx  teeth  sharp-pointed 
or  pungent,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla ;  upper  lip  of  the  purplish 
corolla  pubescent,  and  the  calyx  hispid. 

S.  aspera,  Alichx.  Stem  usually  glabrous,  but  with  stiff  reflexed 
bristles  at  the  joints;  leaves  like  the  last  (often  nearly  glabrous)  but 
petioled  ;  calyx  commonly  glabrous,  as  well  as  the  corolla.  Common  in 
wet  grounds. 

Var.  glabra,  Gray,  is  generally  glabrous  throughout,  with  long-peti- 
oled leaves.  Western  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

S.  lanata,  Jacq.  Stems  erect,  tufted,  which,  like  the  Mullein-like 
leaves,  and  dense  interrupted  spike,  are  wholly  covered  with  thick  and 
silvery  white  wool ;  corollas  very  short  dull  purple.  Cult,  from  Old 

or    '  *  *  Many  or  all  the  leaves  distinctly  cordate. 

S.  coccfnea,  Jacq.  SCARLET  S.  Leaves  ovate-oblong  and  heart-shaped, 
pubescent ;  flowers  whorled  with  bright  red  corolla,  its  tube  often  1'  long  -• 
l°-2°.  Mexico  and  Texas.  Cult. 


356  PLANTAIN   FAMILY. 

S.  Siebdldi,  Miq.  (S.  TtrsERfFERA  and  S.  AFF!NIS  of  gardens).  CHOROGI. 
CROSNES.  Low  hairy  plant  (12'-18'),  with  rather  thick,  more  or  less 
hairy,  notched  leaves  on  short  strong  petioles  ;  producing  many  white 
and  crisp,  jointed  tuhers  2'-3'  long,  under  ground,  and  for  which  the 
plant  is  cultivated.  China. 

S.  Betdnica,  Benth.  (BET6NICA  OFFICINALIS).  BETONY,  BISHOP' S-WORT. 
A  European  plant  occasionally  seen  in  old  gardens  and  once  esteemed 
for  medicinal  purposes  ;  6'-2°,  with  petiolate  and  oblong-cordate,  obtuse, 
crenate  leaves,  and  red-purple  hairy  corolla  f  long;  flowers  in  spicate 
whorls. 


XC.    PLANTAGINACKffl,   PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Consists  almost  entirely  of  the  very  familiar  weedy  genus 

1.  PLANTAOO,  PLANTAIN,  RIB  GRASS.  (The  old  Latin  name.) 
Flowers  in  a  spike,  on  a  naked  scape,  small  and  inconspicuous.  Sepals 
4  (or  rarely  3  from  2  of  them  growing  together) ,  imbricated,  persistent. 
Corolla  short  salver-form,  thin  and  membranaceous,  usually  becoming 
scarious  and  dry,  or  withering  on  the  pod ;  lobes  4.  Stamens  4  (or  rarely 
2)  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  usually  lengthening  sud- 
denly at  flowering  time  and  hanging  (as  in  Grasses),  bearing  the  2- 
celled  anthers.  Style  and  long  hairy  stigma  single  and  thread-like. 
Ovary  2-celled  or  falsely  3-4-celled  in  P.  decipiens.  Pod  2-celled,  a 
pyxis,  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid,  and  the  partition  then  falling  out 
along  with  the  1  or  more  seeds.  Leaves  parallel-ribbed,  all  from  the 
ground.  The  following  are  the  common  species ;  flowers  summer. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect,  in  each  the  style  generally  protruded  a  day  or  two 
before  the  anthers  open  or  are  hung  out ;  lobes  of  corolla  remaining  wide 
open  ;  stamens  4. 

-•-  Flowers  all  alike,  style  protruded  first. 

++  Corolla  glabrous  on  the  outside;    leaves  strongly  ribbed   and   not 
fleshy.     11 

=  Ribs  of  the  leaves  springing  from  the  midrib. 

P.  cordclta,  Lam.  Leaves  broad,  cordate,  or  round-ovate,  3'-8'  long, 
long-stalked ;  spike  becoming  loosely  flowered.  By  streams,  N.  Y. ,  W. 

"     =  =  Sibs  running  to  the  contracted  base  of  the  leaves. 
II  Leaves  ovate  or  oval  in  outline. 

P.  major.  Linn.  COMMON  P.  Smooth  or  sparsely  hairy,  with  ovate 
or  oblong  or  slightly  cordate  leaves,  which  are  sometimes  toothed ;  spike 
dense  and  blunt  at  the  tojp ;  pod  ovoid,  dividing  near  the  middle,  8-18- 
seeded,  the  seeds  angled  and  reticulated.  Very  common  in  dooryards 
and  waste  places,  the  scapes  rising  from  6'-12'. 

P.  Rug&ii,  Decne.  Leaves  thinner  and  paler ;  spikes  long  and 
attenuate ;  pod  cylindrical-oblong,  dividing  much  below  the  middle,  and 
only  4-9-seeded;  seeds  not  reticulated.  Vt.,  W.  and  S. 

||  ||  Leaves  long  and  narrow. 

P.  lanceotata,  Linn.  RIB  GRASS,  RIPPLE  GRASS,  or  ENGLISH  PLANTAIN. 
Nat.  from  Eu.  in  fields,  and  a  bad  weed  in  poor  lawns  ;  rather  hairy,  with 


PLANTAIN  FAMILY.  357 

lanceolate  or  lance-oblong  3-5-ribbed  leaves,  a  grooved-angled  scape, 
thick  and  close  spike,  two  of  the  sepals  mostly  united  into  one,  and  2- 
seeded  pod. 

-<•  +H-  Corolla  pubescent  outside;  leaves  indistinctly  ribbed  and  fleshy. 

P.  decfpiens,  Barn.  Leaves  5'-12'  long,  about  equaling  the  slender 
and  rather  loose  spike.  Generally  (T),  sometimes  @,  in  salt  marshes  from 
N.  J.,  N. 

P.  maritima.  Linn.,  occurring  on  the  coast,  from  Mass.,  N.,  is  Ij.  and 
has  a  denser  spike. 

t-  *-  Flowers  of  two  sorts  as  respects  lengths  of  filaments  and  anthers  ; 
some  plants  with  cleistogamous  flowers  with  stamens  and  style  barely  or 
not  at  all  protruded  ;  other  and  less  fertile  plants  have  long-exserted 
stamens. 

P.  Patag6nica,  Jacq.  Leaves  narrow-linear  to  oblanceolate,  silky, 
sparingly-toothed  or  entire,  1-3-nerved  ;  scape  3'-12'  long,  with  a  dense 
cylindrical  spike;  seeds  2,  oblong,  oval  or  boat-shaped.  Dry  places, 
mostly  W.,  very  variable.  ® 

*  *  Flowers  nearly  dioecious,  the  corolla  in  the  most  fertile  plant  closing 
over  the  pod  and  forming  a  kind  of  beak,  the  anthers  not  protruding  ; 
in  the  sterile  plant  the  corolla  is  spreading  and  the  anthers  exserted  ; 
stamens  4  or  2. 


•*-  Stamens  4;  leaves  oblong  or  broader. 

P.  Virgfnica,  Linn.  In  sandy  grounds,  S.,  N.  Eng.,  S.  and  W.  ;  hairy 
or  hoary,  2  '-9'  high  ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong  to  obovate,  nearly 
sessile,  3-5-nerved,  generally  sparingly  toothed  ;  spike  rather  dense  ;  seeds 
mostly  2.  ^  ^  Stamens  2  .  ieaves  unear  or  filiform. 

P.  pusflla,  Nutt.  Sandy  soil,  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.  ;  minutely  pubescent, 
the  leaves  entire  and  not  fleshy  ;  spike  slender  ;  pod  short-ovoid  and  4- 
seeded,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  and  bract. 

P.  heterophylla,  Nutt.  Leaves  rather  fleshy,  sometimes  toothed  or 
lobed  below  ;  pod  oblong-conical  and  10-oo-seeded,  about  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx  and  bract.  Low  lands,  Penn.  ,  8. 


358  FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY. 


HI.    APETALOUS  DIVISION. 

Includes  the  families  with  flowers  destitute  of  corolla, 
or  of  both  corolla  and  calyx.  Various  apetalous  genera 
and  species  are,  however,  distributed  through  the  poly- 
petalous  and  mouopetalous  families,  where  they  evidently 
belong.  These  three  divisions  are  entirely  artificial. 

XCI    NYCTAGINACEJ!,   FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY. 

Here  represented  by  a  few  herbs  with  tubular  or  funnel- 
form  calyx  colored  like  a  corolla,  and  falling  away  from  a  per- 
sistent lower  portion  which  closes  completely  over  the  1-celled 
1-ovuled  ovary  and  seed-like  fruit,  forming  a  hard  and  dry 
covering  which  would  be  mistaken  for  a  true  pericarp.  Sta- 
mens 2—5,  the  long  slender  filaments  hypogynous,  but  apt  to 
adhere  somewhat  to  the  sides  of  the  calyx  tube  above.  Embryo 
coiled  around  some  mealy  albumen.  (Lessons,  Figs.  52-55.) 
Ours  are  herbs,  with  opposite,  simple,  entire  or  wavy  leaves, 
and  jointed  stems,  tumid  at  the  joints. 

*  Involucral  bracts  wholly  distinct. 

1.  ABEONIA.    Flowers  small,  many  in  a  peduncled  umbel-like  head  surrounded  by  an 

Involucre  of  about  5  bracts.  Calyx  salver-shaped,  with  a  slender  tube,  and  a  corolla- 
like  5-lobed  border,  which  is  plaited  in  the  bud,  the  lobes  generally  notched  at  the  end. 
Stamens  5  and  style  included. 

*  *  Involucral  bracts  united  at  the  base. 

2.  OXTBAPHU8.    Flowers  small,  a  few  together  surrounded  by  a  5-lobed  involucre, 

which  enlarges  and  becomes  thin,  membranaceous,  reticulated,  and  wheel-shaped 
after  flowering.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  expand- 
ing into  a  bell-shaped  5-lobed  corolla-like  border,  open  only  for  a  day.  Stamens 
(mostly  3)  and  slender  style  protruding.  Fruit  (persistent  base  of  calyx)  akene-like, 
strongly  ribbed. 

8.  MIRABILIS.  Flower  large,  in  the  common  species  only  a  single  one  in  the  cup-shaped 
5-cleft  green  involucre,  which  thus  exactly  imitates  a  calyx,  as  the  tubular  funnel- 
shaped  or  almost  salver-shaped  delicate  calyx  does  a  corolla.  5  stamens,  and  especially 
the  style  (tipped  with  a  shield-shaped  stigma)  protruded.  Fruit  ovoid,  smooth  and 
nearly  even. 

1.  ABRONIA.     (Greek:  graceful.")     Western  North  American  herbs, 
cultivated  for  ornament ;  flowers  all  summer.     2i 

»  Flowers  rose-purple. 

A.  umbe/lata,  Lam.  Cal. ;  prostrate  slender  stems,  ovate-oblong  slender 
petioled  leaves,  and  flowers  open  by  day,  the  involucre  of  small  bracts. 


KNOT  WORT   FAMILY.  359 

*  *  Flowers  white. 

A.  fragrans,  Nutt.  Steins  ascending,  branching ;  leaves  lance-ovate  ; 
flowers  sweet-scented,  opening  at  sunset;  the  involucre  of  conspicuous, 
ovate,  scarious  and  whitish  bracts.  W.  Iowa,  W. 

*  *  *  Flowers  yellow. 

A.  ar  en  aria,  Menzies.  Leaves  thick,  ovate  to  reniform ;  plant  glandu- 
lar. Cal. 

2.  OXYBAPHUS.     (Greek,  for  a  vinegar  saucer,  from  the  shape  of 
the  involucre.)     2Z    Flowers  rose-purple,  all  summer. 

*  Plant  glandular;  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

O.  albidus,  Sweet.  S.  Car.,  S. ;  hairy  or  pubescent  above ;  leaves 
acute  at  base,  lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  fruit  hairy  ;  stem  4-angled. 

O.  hirsutus,  Sweet.  Glandular-hirsute,  especially  at  the  joints  and 
inflorescence,  l°-3°  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  narrower,  cuneate  at  the  base  ; 
fruit  with  obtuse  angles.  Wis.,  S.  W. 

*  *  Plant  not,  or  very  little,  glandular;  leaves  distinctly  petioled  or  else 
linear. 

O.  nyctagfneus,  Sweet.  Much  branched,  l°-3°,  nearly  smooth ; 
leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate  ;  inflorescence  loose  and  but  slightly  pubescent ; 
fruit  acutish-angled.  Minn,  and  Wis.,  S. ;  also  cult.,  and  sometimes 
escaped. 

O.  angustifdlius,  Sweet.  Tall,  glabrous,  or  the  peduncles  and  invo- 
lucres hirsute  ;  leaves  linear,  thick  and  glaucous,  2'-6'  long.  Minn.,  S. 

3.  MIRABILIS,  FOUR-O'CLOCK  or  MARVEL  OF  PERU.     (Clu- 
sius  called  it  Admirabilis,  which  Linnaeus  shortened.)     Natives  of 
warm  parts  of  America ;  roots  often  very  large  and  fleshy ;  leaves  more 
or  less  heart-shaped,  the  lower  petioled;  flowers  mostly  clustered, 
showy,  opening  towards  sunset  or  in  cloudy  weather,  produced  all 
summer.     2/ 

M .  Jalapa,  Linn.  COMMON  F.  Cult,  for  ornament  in  many  varieties 
of  flowers  (red,  yellow,  white,  or  variegated),  its  tube  only  2'  long,  and 
thickish  ;  stamens  shorter  than  its  spreading  border ;  whole  plant  nearly 
smooth  ;  inodorous. 

M .  longiflbra,  Linn.  Less  common  in  cult. ;  tube  of  the  sweet-scented 
flower  6'  long  and  clammy-hairy  (as  well  as  the  upper  leaves);  stamens 
shorter  than  its  spreading  white  border. 


XCH.    ILLECEBRACE.E,   KNOTWORT  FAMILY. 

Ours  small  and  unimportant  herbs,  often  united  with  the 
Pink  Family,  having  mostly  opposite  and  entire,  often  linear 
leaves,  scarious  stipules  (0  in  Scleranthus),  calyx  4-5-toothed 
or  -parted  and  persistent,  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx  and  as 
many  as  its  lobes  (then  opposite  the  lobes)  or  fewer,  styles  2, 
distinct  or  united,  and  utricle  1-seeded.  Flowers  small,  whitish 
or  greenish ;  plants  tufted  or  diffuse ;  staminodia  sometimes 
present. 


360  AMARANTH   FAMILY. 

*  Styles  united  ;  stamens  borne  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

1.  ANYCHIA.    Sepals  awnless.     Stamens  2-3,  or  only  rarely  5.     Stigmas  2,   sessile. 

Utricle  exceeding  the  calyx. 

2.  PAEONYCHIA.    Sepals  awned.    Stamens  5.    Staminodia  sometimes  present  in  the 

form  of  minute  teeth  or  bristle-like  bodies.    Utricle  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

*  *  Styles  distinct;  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 

S.  8CLERANTHUS.    Stamens  5-10.     Utricle,  inclosed  in  the  indurated  calyx  cup. 

1.  ANYCHIA,   FORKED  CHICKWEED.     (Name  derived  from  the 
same  root  as  the  next.)     Diffuse,  forking  plants,  in  dry  soil,     (p 

A.  dichdtoma,  Michx.  Somewhat  pubescent,  6'-10'  high,  with  re- 
peatedly forking  short-jointed  stems,  minute,  short-stalked,  greenish 
flowers  in  the  forks,  and  narrow- lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  leaves ; 
flowers  clustered  and  nearly  sessile  ;  all  summer. 

A.  capillacea.  DC.  Smooth,  with  longer  joints  and  more  slender  and 
erect ;  leaves  thinner  and  broader ;  flowers  stalked,  in  diffuse  inflores- 
cence. N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S.,  with  the  last. 

2.  PARONYCHIA,   WHITLOW-WORT.      (Greek :   a  whitlow,  and 
a  plant  supposed  to  cure  the  disease.)     Tufted,  with  minute  flowers 
and  silvery  dry  stipules. 

*  Flowers  axillary  and  solitary.    ® 

P.  hemiarioldes,  Nutt.  Rough-pubescent;  stems  diffuse  and  pros- 
trate ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong  and  mucronate  ;  sepals  awl-like.  Dry  sand 
ridges,  N.  Car.,  S.  ^  0  Flomm  tn  clwttn.  71 

P.  argyrdcoma,  Nutt.  Minutely- pubescent ;  forming  broad,  spread- 
ing tufts  on  bare  mountains  of  White  Mts.,  and  S.,  in  the  Alleghanies  to 
Ga. ,  and  on  the  seacoast,  Mass. ,  N. ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  in  dense  clus- 
ters and  concealed  by  large  silvery  bracts ;  calyx  hairy,  the  sepals  short- 
awned ;  staminodia  minute  teeth  between  the  stamens. 

P.  dichdtoma.  Nutt.  On  rocks,  Md.,  S.;  smooth  and  ascending', 
leaves  and  bracts  narrow-awl-shaped ;  cymes  open  and  forked ;  sepals 
short-pointed ;  staminodia  bristle-like. 

3.  SCLERANTHUS,    KNAWEL.     (Greek :  hard  flower,  referring  to 
the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx.) 

S.  dnnuus,  Linn.  Nat.  from  Eu.,  in  gravelly  grounds,  around  gardens 
and  in  lawns ;  a  very  pale  little  herb,  3'-6'  high,  very  much  branched 
and  spreading,  with  short  awl-shaped  leaves,  and  greenish  small  flowers 
clustered  or  sessile  in  the  forks,  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  ® 


XCm.    AMARANTACE2E,   AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

Weeds  and  some  ornamental  plants,  chiefly  herbs,  essentially 
like  the  next  family,  but  the  flowers  provided  with  dry  and 
mostly  scarious  crowded  persistent  bracts,  and  the  fruit  some- 
times several-seeded.  The  filaments  are  often  united  into  a 
tube  or  cup.  The  cultivated  sorts  are  ornamental,  like  Im- 
mortelles, on  account  of  their  colored  dry  bracts  which  do  not 
wither. 


AMARANTH   FAMILY.  361 

»  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  long-petioled ;  anthers  -2-celled. 
+-  flowers  perfect ;  ovules  and  seeds  numerous. 

1.  CELOSIA.    Nearly  as  Amarantus,  but  the  crowded  spikes  imbricated  with  shining 

colored  bracts.    In  cultivation  the  spikes  are  often  changed  into  broad  crests. 
+-  -H  Flowers  dioecious,  moncecious,  or  polygamous  ;  ovule  solitary. 

2.  AMARANTUS.    Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  of  5,  or  sometimes  3,  equal 

erect  sepals,  glabrous.  Stamens  5,  sometimes  2  or  3.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Ovule  on  a 
stalk  from  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  an  utricle,  2-3-pointed  at  apex,  usually  open- 
ing all  round  transversely,  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid  (Lessons,  Fig.  387),  dis- 
charging the  seed.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  clusters.  Bracts  3  at  each 
flower. 

8.  ACNIDA.    Flowers  dioecious,  the  pistillate  ones  without  a  calyx.    Sterile  flowers  with 
5  stamens  and  5  sepals.    Stigmas  2-5,  often  plumose.    Bracts  1-^ 

*  *  Leaves  opposite ;  anthers  l-celled. 
+•  Flowers  capitate,  the  heads  either  axillary  or  terminal. 

4.  TELANTHEEA.    Flowers  perfect,  in  small  dense  heads  (axillary  in  ours).    Calyx  5- 

parted,  the  divisions  unequal.  Anther-bearing  stamens  5,  alternating  with  5  sterile 
filaments  of  the  same  length  and  which  are  laciniate  at  the  top,  all  united  into  a  short 
tube.  Stigma  capitate. 

5.  GOMPHRENA.    Flowers  perfect,  chiefly  in  terminal  round  heads,  crowded  with  the 

firm  colored  bracts.  Calyx  5-parted  or  of  5  sepals,  the  parts  nearly  equal.  Stamens 
5,  monadelphous  below,  the  filament  tube  elongated.  Stigmas  2  or  8,  subulate  or 
filiform.  (Lessons,  Fig.  299.) 

+•  +-  Flowers  spicate  or  paniculate. 

6.  FR(ELICHIA.    Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted,  in  spikes.    Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  the 

summit,  inclosing  the  fruit.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube,  bearing  5  anthers  and  as 
many  sterile  appendages. 

7.  IRESINE.    Flowers  generally  dioecious  (or  polygamous,  3-bracted,  in  panicles.    Sepals  5. 

Stamens  generally  5,  with  the  filaments  united  in  a  cup  below. 

1.  CELOSIA,   COCKSCOMB.     (Greek:    dried  or  burnt,   alluding  to 
the  scarious  bracts.)     Flowers  summer.     ® 

C.  cristata,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  Of  the  gardens,  from  the  Tropics,  in 
various  usually  monstrous  forms,  the  showy  flower  crests  crimson-red, 
sometimes  rose-colored,  yellow,  or  white. 

2.  AMARANTUS,    AMARANTH.      (From    Greek    for    unfading.") 
Coarse  weeds  of  cult,  and  waste  grounds,  and  one  or  two  cultivated 
for    ornament.       Flowers    late    summer.       Bracts    commonly    awn- 
pointed,    (j) 

*  RED  AMARANTHS,  the  flower  clusters  or  the  leaves  tinged  with  red  or 
purple  (except  sometimes  in  the  last). 

•«-  Spikes  drooping. 

A.  caudatus,  Linn.  PRINCE'S  FEATHER.  Cult,  from  India;  tall, 
stout;  leaves  ovate,  bright  green;  spikes  red,  naked,  long  and  slender, 
in  a  drooping  panicle,  the  terminal  one  forming  a  very  long  tail. 

•«-  +-  Spikes  erect. 

A.  hypochondrlacus,  Linn.  Cult,  from  Trop.  Amer.;  stout;  leaves 
oblong,  often  reddish-tinged ;  flower  clusters  deep  crimson-purple,  short 
and  thick,  the  upper  making  an  interrupted  blunt  spike. 

A.  paniculatus,  Linn.  Coarse  weed  in  gardens  ;  the  oblong-ovate  or 
lance-oblong  leaves  often  blotched  or  veined  with  purple ;  flowers  in 


362  AMARANTH   FAMILY. 

rather  slender  purplish-tinged  spikes  collected  in  a  terminal  panicle. 
Trop.  Amer. 

A.  Gangeticus,  Linn.  Cult,  from  E.  Asia  in  many  forms,  usually  under 
the  name  A.  MELANCHOLICCS  or  LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING,  or  in  the  form 
(used  for  carpet  bedding)  with  foliage  marked  with  red,  violet,  or  yellow, 
as  A.  TRICOLOR.  Often  rather  low,  the  stems  and  stalks  red ;  leaves 
ovate  and  thin,  petioled,  dark  purple  or  partly  green  ;  or  in  a  form  grown 
by  the  American  Chinese  as  a  pot  herb,  the  herbage  is  entirely  green. 
Flowers  mostly  glomerate,  on  axillary  and  terminal  branches. 

*  *  GREEN  AMARANTHS,  with  the  inflorescence  and  leaves  green  or  nearly  so. 
•t-  Plant  not  spiny. 
•w  Tall  and  erect. 

A.  retrofl€xus,  Linn.  PIGWEED,  BEETROOT.  A  weed  everywhere  in 
cultivated  lands,  with  a  slender  red  root ;  roughish  or  pubescent,  the 
leaves  ovate  or  rhomb-ovate,  with  more  or  less  undulate  margins,  long- 
petioled,  dull  green,  entire ;  spikes  thick  and  crowded  into  a  stiff  or 
bunchy  panicle  ;  sepals  acute  or  obtuse.  Trop.  Amer. 

A.  chlordstachys,  Willd.,  also  a  common  weed,  is  smoother  and  deeper 
green,  and  has  slender  or  flexuose  spikes  which  are  more  spreading ;  sepals 
generally  sharper.  Trop.  Amer. 

•M.  ++  Decumbent  or  low  and  diffuse. 

A.  albus.  Linn.  TCMBLEWEED.  Pale  green  and  smooth,  the  plant 
low  and  diffusely  branched,  in  autumn  often  forming  a  ball-like  mass  and 
rolling  before  the  wind ;  leaves  obovate  and  spatulate  ;  flowers  all  in 
small  clusters  in  their  axils  and  covered  by  rigid  sharp-pointed  bracts ; 
sepals  3  ;  stamens  2  or  3.  Common  in  waste  grounds. 

A.  blitoldes,  Watson.  Wild  W.  of  the  Mississippi  and  becoming  a 
weed  along  roadsides  and  railroads  E. ;  prostrate  or  decumbent,  often 
reddish,  forming  a  mat ;  spikes  narrow ;  bracts  short-acuminate  ;  seed 
larger  than  in  the  last. 

•«-  -»-  Plant  with  a  pair  of  spines  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf. 

A.  sp/ndsus,  Linn.  THORNY  A.  Waste  ground,  chiefly  S. ;  leaves 
dull  green,  rhomb-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  flowers  small,  yellowish- 
green,  in  round  axillary  clusters  and  in  a  long  terminal  spike.  Trop. 
Amer. 

3.  ACNIDA,    WATER   HEMP.     (Greek  for  nettle.)     Three  or  four 
confused  species  in  our  territory.     The  commonest  are 

A.  cannabina,  Linn.  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast ;  a  tall  annual, 
like  an  Amaranth  ;  bracts  inconspicuous,  and  the  fleshy  indehiscent  fruit 
3-o-angled  and  crested ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  narrower,  acuminate  and 
long-slalked  ;  fruit  indehiscent. 

A.  tuberculata,  Moq.  In  wet  places,  Mich.,  W.  and  S.,  not  in  salt 
marshes  ;  generally  tall  and  erect  (low  and  decumbent  forms)  with  lance- 
olate, acute,  or  obtuse  leaves,  and  regularly  dehiscing  fruit ;  pistillate 
flowers  in  dense  clusters,  in  naked  or  leafy  terminal  spikes.  (I) 

4.  TEL  ANTHERA.     (Greek :   complete  anthers,  referring  to  the  10 
bodies  being  equal.) 

7".  Bettzichiana,  Regel.  (ALTERNANTHERA  PARONYCHIOIDES  of  gar- 
deners). A  familiar  bedding  and  edging  plant  from  S.  Amer. ;  compact, 
only  a  few  inches  high,  with  narrow  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  leaves, 
which  are  blotched  with  orange,  red,  or  crimson,  or  shaded  with  dull 
purple.  (J) 


GOOSEFOOT   FAMILYo  363 

5.  GOMPHRENA.      (Ancient  name    of    an    Amaranth.)      Flowers 
summer. 

G.  globbsa,  Linn.     GLOBE  AMARANTH  or  BACHELOR'S  BUTTON.     Cult. 

from  India,  for  the  dry  Clover-like  heads,  which  are  used  as  Immortelles  ; 
low,  branching,  pubescent,  with  oblong,  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  dense 
round  heads  crimson,  rose-color,  or  white.  ® 

6.  FROELICHIA.     (J.  A.  Frcelich,  a  German  botanist  of  the  last 
century.) 

F.  Floridina,  Moq.  Stem  l°-3°,  leafless  above;  leaves  lanceolate, 
silky  beneath ;  flowers  in  spikelets,  which  are  crowded  into  an  inter- 
rupted spike-like  inflorescence  ;  calyx  very  woolly.  Sandy  dry  places, 
Minn.,  S.  (|) 

7.  IRESINE.     (Greek  name  of  a  wreath  or  staff  entwined  with  fillets 
of  wool,  referring  to  the  habit  of  the  calyx,  in  some  species,  of  bearing 
long  wool.)     (I) 

/.  Herbstii,  Hook.  (ACHYRANTHES  VERSCHAFFELTII  of  gardens).  Com- 
mon plant  in  conservatories,  and  bedded  out  in  summer  like  Coleus,  of 
many  colors  of  leaves  ;  erect,  l°-2°,  with  very  roundish  or  kidney-shaped, 
smooth,  glossy-red  stems ;  leaves  opposite,  somewhat  cordate,  generally 
notched  at  the  top,  long-petioled,  the  nearly  opposite  conspicuous  veins 
curving  off  from  the  midrib  ;  flowers  white  and  small,  in  a  loos?  terminal 
panicle.  Brazil. 

I.  celosioldes,  Linn.  Erect  and  slender,  2°-4°,  nearly  glabrous ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  silver-white  flowers  in  naked  and  slender  pani- 
cles. Dry  banks,  Ohio,  W. 


XCIV.    CHENOPODIACKE,   GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 

Represented  chiefly  by  homely  herbs,  with  inconspicuous 
greenish  flowers  with  no  dry  bracts.  The  1-celled  ovary  has 
a  single  oyule  and  ripens  into  an  akene  or  utricle,  containing 
a  single  seed,  usually  with  embryo  coiled  more  or  less  around 
mealy  albumen.  Leaves  chiefly  alternate.  Plants  neither 
attractive  nor  easy  to  students ;  only  the  cultivated  plants  and 
commonest  weeds  here  given.  Calyx  sometimes  fleshy.  The 
Madeira  Vine  (Boussingaultia  baselloides,  HBK.)  belongs  in 
this  family. 

*  Plant  not  fleshy  nor  jointed;  leaves  not  spiny. 

•i-  Leaves  flat,  with  a  distinct  limb,  generally  broad. 

++  Flowers  bractless. 

1.  CTCLOLOMA.    Flowers  very  small,  perfect  or  sometimes  the  stamens  0.    Calyx  5-cleft, 

the  lobes  strongly  keeled  and  becoming  winged  and  inclosing  the  depressed  fruit. 
Coarse  herb  with  alternate  and  sinuate  petioled  leaves,  and  flowers  sessile  in  an  open 
panicle.  Styles  3.  Stamens  5. 

2.  SPINACIA.    Flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  close  clusters;  the  staminate  ones  racemed  or 

spiked,  consisting  of  a  4-5-lobed  calyx  and  as  many  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  with 
a  tubular  calyx  which  is  2-3-toothed  at  the  apex  and  2-3-horaed  on  the  sides,  harden- 
ing and  inclosing  the  akene.  Styles  4.  Stamens  4r-5. 


864  QOOSEFOOT   FAMILY. 

3.  CHENOPODIUM.     Flowers  perfect  in  small  clusters  collected  In  spiked  or  sometimes 

open  panicles.  Calyx  mostly  2-5-cleft,  dry  or  succulent  in  fruit.  Ovary  and  utricle 
depressed.  (Lessons,  Fig.  386.)  Styles  2,  rarely  8.  Stamens  1-5. 

•H-  -H-  Flowers  with  bracts  (or,  if  imperfect,  the  staminate  ones  bractless). 

4.  BETA.    Flowers  perfect,  clustered,  with  3  bracts  and  a  5-cleft  calyx  becoming  indurated 

in  fruit,  inclosing  the  hard  akene,  the  bases  of  the  two  coherent.  Stamens  5.  Style 
short ;  stigmas  mostly  2. 

5.  ATEIPLEX.    Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  staminate  like  those  of  3,  except 

that  the  pistil  is  abortive,  the  pistillate  comprising  a  single  naked  pistil  (sometimes 
calyx-bearing  in  the  garden  Orach),  inclosed  in  a  pair  of  leafy  mostly  mealy  bracts 
which  are  enlarged  in  fruit  and  sometimes  united.  Stamens  3-5. 

•K  -»-  Stem  leaves  linear-awl-shaped,  with  no  distinct  petiole. 

6.  COEISPERMUM.    Flowers  perfect,  single,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  or 

bracts.  Calyx  a  single  small  sepal  on  the  inner  side  of  the  flower.  Styles  2.  Stamens 
1-2. 

*  *  Plant  more  or  less  fleshy,  often  spinescent,  growing  on  the  seacoast  or  in  saline 
soils. 

-t-  Leaves  apparent,  alternate  ;  stem  not  jointed. 

7.  SILEDA.    Flowers  perfect,  in  the  axils  of  leafy  bracts,  sessile.    Calyx  fleshy,  5-parted, 

often  crested  but  wingless,  inclosing  the  utricle.  Stigmas  2-3.  Stamens  5.  Leaves 
soft. 

8.  SALSOLA.   Flowers  perfect.   Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  inclosing  the  fruit  and  finally 

becoming  horizontally  winged.    Styles  2.    Stamens  generally  5.    Leaves  stiff  and 
at. 


•t-  -i-  Leaves  reduced  to  opposite  fleshy  scales  ;  stem  terete  and  jointed. 
9.  SALICORNIA.    Flowers  perfect,  in  3's  (the  lateral  sometimes  sterile),  immersed  in 
hollows  of  the  upper  joints  and  forming  a  narrow  strict  spike.    Calyx  small  and  some- 
what inflated,  becoming  spongy  and  inclosing  the  flattened  utricle.    Styles  2.    Sta- 
mens 1-2. 

1.  CYCLOLOMA,    WINGED  PIGWEED.      (Greek:    circle,   border, 
from  the  encircling  wing  of  the  calyx.)     <£) 

C.  platyphyllum,  Moq.  A  diffuse  herb,  6'-20',  webby-pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous,  green  or  purplish,  often  becoming  a  tumble  weed  in  the 
fall.  Sandy  soils,  Minn.,  S. 

2.  SPINACIA,   SPINACH,    SPINAGE.     (Latin  for  spine  or  thorn, 
from  the  horns  or  projections  on  the  fruiting  calyx  of  one  variety.) 

S.  o/erdeea,  Mill.  COMMON  SPINACH.  Cult,  from  the  Orient,  as  a  pot 
herb  ;  the  soft  fleshy  leaves  triangular  or  ovate  and  petioled.  (T)  @ 

3.  CHENOPODIUM,  GOOSEFOOT  (which  the  name  denotes  in  Greek 
in  reference  to  the  shape  of  the  leaves  of  some  species),  PIGWEED. 
Weeds  ;  flowers  late  summer  and  autumn. 

*  ELITE.     Calyx  fleshy  in  fruit,  generally  colored,  the  dense  clusters  of 
flowers  showy  and  berry-like. 

C.  capititum,  Watson.  STRAWBERRY  ELITE,  STRAWBERRY  SPINACH. 
Flower  heads  as  the  fruit  matures  becoming  bright  red  and  juicy,  like 
strawberries  ;  leaves  triangular  and  halberd- shaped,  wavy-toothed,  smooth 
and  bright  green.  Dry  banks,  margins  of  woods,  etc.,  N.,  sometimes  in 
gardens  as  a  pot  herb.  (D  ® 


GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.  365 

*  *  PIGWEEDS,  etc.     Plant  mealy  or  glabrous,  never  hairy  or  aromatic. 

-•-  Leaves  narrow,  entire  or  somewhat  sinuate-dentate;  pericarp  easily 
separating  from  the  seed. 

C.  BosciAnum,  Moq.  From  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. ;  erect,  2°,  and  slender, 
nearly  glabrous;  leaves  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  into  a 
slender  petiole  ;  flowers  in  small  clusters  or  solitary.  ® 

-•-  -i-  Leaves  broader  and  (in  ours)  prominently  sinuate  or  lobed;  peri- 
carp persistent. 

-M-  11  Leaves  triangular-hastate. 

C.  Bbnus-Henrlcus,  Linn.  GOOD- KING-HE  NET.  MERCURY  (sometimes 
degenerated  into  "MARKERY").  Cult,  in  some  old  gardens  as  a  pot 
herb,  and  sparingly  escaped  ;  slightly  mealy :  calyx  fully  inclosing  the 
fruit,  the  seed  vertical ;  leaves  triangular  and  partly  halberd-shaped ; 
flower  clusters  crowded  in  an  interrupted  terminal  spike.  Eu. 

•w  *+  ®  Leaves  not  hastate. 

—  Plant  erect,  mostly  tall. 

||  Foliage  bright  green,  the  leaves  thin. 

C.  hybridum,  Linn.  MAPLE-LEAVED  P.  Waste  grounds ;  unpleas- 
antly scented  like  Stramonium,  bright  green  throughout;  the  widely 
branching  stem  2°-4°  high ;  the  thin  large  leaves  triangular  and  heart- 
shaped,  sinuate  and  angled,  the  angles  extended  into  a  few  taper-pointed 
coarse  teeth  ;  racemes  in  loose  and  leafless  panicles ;  calyx  lobes  keeled. 

C.  murale,  L.  Loosely  branched,  lower ;  leaves  rhomboid-ovate  and 
acute,  coarsely  and  sharply  unequally  toothed ;  spikes  or  racemes  diverg- 
ing;  calyx  lobes  scarcely  keeled.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S.  Eu. 

II  ||  Foliage  more  or  less  white-mealy,  particularly  beneath,  the  leaves 
thickish. 

C.  urbicum,  Linn.  Only  slightly  mealy,  erect-branched,  l°-3° ;  leaves 
triangular  and  acute,  coarsely  and  sharply  many-toothed;  erect  spikes 
crowded  in  a  long  narrow  panicle  ;  calyx  lobes  not  keeled.  Throughout. 
Eu. 

C.  album,  Linn.  COMMON  PIGWEED,  LAMB'S-QUARTERS.  One  of  the 
commonest  of  weeds,  in  all  cultivated  grounds,  and  variable ;  erect,  1°- 
10° ;  leaves  rhomb-ovate  to  lanceolate,  at  least  the  lower  ones  angular- 
toothed  ;  spikes  dense  and  panicled ;  calyx  lobes  strongly  keeled.  Eu. 
(Lessons,  Fig.  386.) 

=  =  Plant  spreading,  mostly  prostrate  on  the  ground. 

C.  glaOcum,  Linn.  A  foot  or  less  high,  glaucous  and  mealy ;  leaves 
sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid,  obtuse  ;  flowers  in  axillary  spiked  clusters. 
Frequent.  Eu. 

*  *  *  AROMATIC  GOOSEFOOTS.    Minutely  glandular  or  pubescent,   aro- 
matic-scented •  not  mealy  or  scurfy  ;  the  seed  sometimes  vertical.    (I)  (§) 

C.  Bbtrys,  Linn.  JERUSALEM  OAK  or  FEATHER  GERANIUJI.  Gardens 
and  some  roadsides ;  low,  spreading,  almost  clammy-pubescent,  sweet- 
scented  ;  leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid,  slender-petioled ;  racemes  loosely 
corymbed.  Eu. 

C.  ambrosioldes,  Linn.  MEXICAN  TEA,  WORMSEED.  Waste  grounds, 
especially  S.;  rather  stout,  smoothish,  strong-scented ;  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  varying  from  entire  to  cut-pinnatifid,  nearly  sessile ;  spikes 
dense,  leafy  or  leafless.  This,  especially  the  more  cut-leaved  and  elon- 
gated-spiked var.  anthelminticum,  Gray,  is  used  as  a  vermifuge,  and 
yields  the  wormseed  oil.  Trop.  Amer. 


366  GOOSEFOOT    FAMILY. 

4.  BETA,   BEET.     (Latin  name.)     One  species  in  cultivation,  viz. :  — 

B.  vulgaris,  Linn.     COMMON  BEET.     From  S.  Eu.;  cult,  in  many  varie- 
ties, with  ovate-oblong,  smooth,  often  wavy-margined  leaves,  sometimes 
purple-tinged ;  flower  clusters  spiked ;   root  conical  or  spindle-shaped. 
MANGEL-WUKZEL  is  a  variety,  the  large  root  used  for  feeding  cattle. 
Swiss  CHARD  is  a  form  with  broad  petioles,  used  as  a  pot  herb.     There 
are  also  ornamental-leaved  forms.     @ 

5.  ATRIPLEX,  ORACH.    (Latin,  from  the  Greek,  not  nourishing.')    ® 

*  Upright  or  erect,  green. 

A.  horfense,  Linn.  ORACH.  Tall  and  strict  (3°-4°)  ;  leaves  cordate- 
ovate  and  large,  sinuate-notched,  or  those  near  the  inflorescence  becom- 
ing lance-ovate  and  entire,  all  slender-petioled ;  flowers  in  a  large  ter- 
minal panicle,  the  heart-shaped  fruiting  bracts  conspicuous  and  often 
colored.  Old  World.  Sometimes  cult,  as  a  substitute  for  Spinach. 

A.  patulum,  Linn.  Erect  or  sometimes  prostrate,  glabrous  or  slightly 
scurfy ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate-hastate,  entire  or  somewhat  sinuate- 
dentate,  petioled,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  opposite,  the  uppermost 
becoming  linear ;  bracts  triangular-ovate  or  rhombic-hastate.  Generally 
distributed,  and  immensely  variable  in  form  of  leaves. 

*  *  Diffusely  spreading,  white-mealy. 

A.  arenarium,  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong  and  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly 
sessile ;  bracts  broadly  wedge-form  and  united,  2-5-toothed.  Coast, 
Mass.,  S. 

6.  CORISFERMUM,  BUG-SEED  (which  the  name  means  in  Greek, 
from  the  oval,  flat  fruit.)     ® 

C.  hyssopifdlium,  Linn.     In  sands  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  W.; 
pale,  diffusely  branched,  and  sometimes  becoming  a  tumble  weed  in  fall, 
glabrous,  or  hairy  when  young  ;  fruits  wing-margined,  in  terminal  inter- 
rupted spikes. 

7.  SU.2EDA,    SEA  ELITE.      (Arabic  name.)      Uninteresting  saline 
plants,  often  running  into  perplexing  forms. 

S.  linearis,  Moq.  The  only  species  in  the  East,  is  either  erect  or 
prostrate,  l°-2°,  branched  ;  leaves  2'  or  less  long,  narrow  at  the  base,  not 
spine-like  ;  bracts  acuminate,  on  slender  branchlets.  Seacoast.  ® 

8.  SALSOLA,   SALTWORT.     (Latin,  salty.)     ® 

S.  Kali,  Linn.  Diffusely  branched,  rough  or  nearly  smooth ;  leaves 
short,  stiff  and  prickly-pointed,  2-4  times  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  calyx 
often  reddish,  forming  a  beak-like  body  over  the  fruit,  the  wings  thick 
and  less  prominent  than  the  calyx  lobes.  Seashore,  N.  Eng.,  S. 

Var.  Tragus,  Moq.  RUSSIAN  THISTLE,  RUSSIAN  CACTUS.  More  bushy 
and  rigid  ;  leaves  of  mature  plant  only  a  little  longer  than  the  leaf-like 
bracts  ;  calyx  membranaceous  and  generally  bright  rose  color,  the  wings 
much  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes.  Introd.  into  the  Upper  Miss,  valley 
and  the  plains  (also  in  N.Y.)  from  N.  Eu.,  and  now  a  pernicious  weed. 

9.  SALICORNIA,   GLASSWORT,    SAMPHIRE.     (Latin:    salt  and 
horn,  from  the  habitat  and  the  horn-like  branches.) 

S.  mucronata,  Bigel.  Erect  and  stout,  naked  below,  becoming  red  ; 
spikes  thick,  the  scales  conspicuous  and  pointed.  Seacoast,  Va.,  N.  (J) 


BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.  367 

S.  herbacea,  Linn.  Erect  or  spreading,  green ;  spikes  elongated  and 
narrow,  the  scale  obscure  and  very  blunt.  Salt  places,  along  the  coast 
and  inland.  (D 

S.  ambfgua,  Michx.  Tufted,  with  long  decumbent  or  ascending  hard 
stems,  greenish  or  lead  color ;  spikes  slender  and  short-jointed,  the  scales 
short  or  acutish.  Seacoast,  Mass,  to  Tex.  2/ 

XCV.    PHYTOLACCACKE,    POKEWEED  FAMILY. 

A  small  family  of  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  entire 
thin  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  the  latter  with  the  characters 
of  the  Goosefoot  Family,  except  that  the  ovary  is  usually 
several-celled,  the  carpels  united  in  a  ring  and  (in  ours)  form- 
ing a  berry. 

1.  EIVINA.    Calyx  4-parted,  colored  like  a  corolla.    Stamens  4-8.    Ovary  1-celled.    Stigma 

capitate,  the  style  short.  Herbs  with  a  woody  base  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers 
In  axillary  and  terminal  racemes. 

2.  PHYTOLACCA.  Calyx  of  5  rounded,  petal-like,  white  sepals.   Stamens  5-80.    Ovary  of 

several  cells  and  lobes,  bearing  as  many  short  styles,  in  fruit  a  depressed  juicy  berry, 
containing  a  ring  of  vertical  seeds.  Bank  herb,  with  terminal  (becoming  lateral) 
racemes. 

1.  RIViNA.     (A.  Q.  Rivinus,  a  German  botanist,  two  hundred  years 
ago.)     11 

R.  hfcmilis,  Linn.  Very  finely  pubescent  or  glabrous,  l°-2° ;  leaves 
oblong-  or  lance-ovate,  long-petioled  and  acuminate,  alternate ;  small 
whitish  flowers  in  short  racemes,  followed  by  small  oblong  red  berries. 
Cult,  in  greenhouses  from  Trop.  Amer.,  for  its  ornamental  fruit,  and 
native  in  S.  Fla. 

2.  PHYTOLACCA,  POKEWEED,  SCORE.    (Hybrid  name,  of  Greek 
and  French,  referring  to  the  crimson  or  lake  coloring  of  the  berries.)   2/ 

P.  decandra,  Linn.  COMMON  P.  or  SCOKE,  GARGET,  PIGEON  BERRY. 
Coarse  smooth  weed  of  low  grounds,  with  large  acrid-poisonous  root,  stout 
stems  6°-9°  high,  alternate  ovate-oblong  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and 
racemes  becoming  lateral  opposite  a  leaf,  in  summer,  ripening  the  dark 
crimson  purple  berries  in  autumn ;  stamens,  styles,  and  seeds  10.  Young 
shoots  sometimes  eaten  as  a  pot  herb. 

XCVL    POLYGONACRffi,  BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

Known  by  the  alternate  entire  leaves  having  stipules  in  the 
form  of  scarious  or  membranous  sheaths  or  ocreae  (sometimes 
obsolete)  at  the  strongly  marked  usually  tumid  joints  of  the 
stem.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  on  jointed  pedicels,  with  green 
or  colored  3-6-parted  usually  persistent  or  withering  calyx, 
4-12  stamens,  on  its  base,  2  or  3  stigmas,  1-celled  ovary  with 
a  single  ovule  rising  from  its  base  (Lessons,  Figs.  342,  344), 
forming  an  akene  or  nutlet  which  is  2-4-angled  or  winged. 


368  BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 

Embryo  mostly  on  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen,  the  radicle 
pointing  to  the  apex  of  the  fruit.     Juice  acid  or  acrid. 

*  Calyx  of  6  sepals  often  of  two  sorts  ;  styles  3. 

1.  RHEUM.    Sepals  all  similar,  petal-like,  withering-persistent  underneath  the  3-winged 

fruit.    Stigmas  capitate  or  wedge-shaped.    Stamens  9. 

2.  KUMEX.    Sepals  of  2  sorts  ;  the  3  outer  ones  herbaceous  and  at  length  spreading ;  the 

alternate  inner  3  larger,  somewhat  colored,  enlarging  after  flowering,  becoming  veiny 
and  dry,  often  bearing  a  grain-like  tubercle  on  the  back,  and  convergent  over  the 
8-angled  akene.  Stigmas  a  hairy  tuft.  Stamens  6. 

*  *  Calyx  of5,  rarely  4,  more  or  less  petal-like  similar  sepals,  erect  after  flowering. 
8.   POLYGONUM.    Flowers  in  racemes,  spikes,  or  else  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.    Akene 
either  lenticular  when  there  are  2  stigmas,  or  triangular  when  there  are  3.    Embryo 
curved  round  one  side  of  the  albumen  ;  cotyledons  narrow.    Stamens  4-9. 

4.  FAGOPYRUM.    Differs  from  one  section  of  Polygonum  mainly  in  having  an  embryo 

in  the  center  of  the  albumen,  which  is  divided  into  2  parts  by  the  very  broad  leaf-like 
cotyledons.  The  triangular  akene  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  8. 

5.  POLYGONELLA.    Flowers  on  solitary  jointed  pedicels  (nodding  in  fruit)  in  slender 

panicled  racemes.  Leaves  jointed  at  the  base.  Embryo  slender  and  nearly  straight, 
lying  in  one  side  of  the  albumen.  Stamens  8. 

1.  RHEUM,   RHUBARB.     (Greek,  from  Bha,  the  old  Greek  name  of 

rhubarb.)     Only  the  following  species  common ;  others  are  sometimes 
cult,  for  ornament. 

R.  Rhapdnticum,  Linn,  (i.e.,  Pontic  Bha  or  Eheum).  GARDEN  R.  or 
PIE  PLANT  ;  the  large  fleshy  stalks  of  the  ample  rounded  leaves,  filled 
with  pleasantly  acid  juice,  cooked  in  spring  as  a  substitute  for  fruit; 
flowers  white,  in  late  spring,  in  tall  panicles.  Old  World. 

2.  RUMEX,    DOCK,    SORREL.     (Old  Latin  name.)     The  three  en- 
larged sepals  which  cover  the  fruit  are  called  valves.    Flowers  greenish, 
in  whorls  on  the  branches,  forming  panicled  racemes  or  interrupted 
spikes. 

§  1.   DOCK.    Herbage  bitter ;  flowers  perfect  or  partly  monoecious,   in 

summer. 

*  In  marshes;  stem  erect,  stout;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  flat, 
not  wavy  ;  valves  entire  or  obscurely  wavy-toothed  in  the  first  species.   1J. 

t-  Pedicels  longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx. 

R.  Britdnmca.  Linn.  GREAT  WATER  DOCK.  Common  N. ;  5°-6° 
high ;  leaves  often  l°-2°  long,  the  margins  obscurely  erose-crenulate ; 
flowers  nodding  on  slender  pedicels  which  are  about  twice  the  length  of 
the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  round-ovate  or  almost  orbicular,  very  obtuse 
and  obscurely  cordate,  thin,  finely  reticulated,  nearly  £'  wide,  eack  bear- 
ing a  grain.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.,  W. 

R.  verticillatus,  Linn.  SWAMP  D.  Common  N.;  3°-5°  high ;  fruit- 
bearing  pedicels  slender  and  club-shaped,  abruptly  reflexed,  3-4  times 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  valves  somewhat  rhombic  and  with  narrow  blunt 
apex,  each  bearing  a  very  large  grain ;  leaves  thickish,  the  lowest  often 
heart-shaped  at  base  ;  raceme  long  and  nearly  leafless,  the  whorls  loose. 

•i-  -*-  Pedicels  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx. 

R.  salicifdlius,  Weinm.  WHITE  D.  Salt  marshes  and  lake  borders  ; 
l°-3°  high  ;  leaves  narrowly  or  linear-lanceolate  ;  pedicels  much  shorter 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.  369 

than  the  fruiting  calyx  and  in  much  crowded  whorls,  forming  a  spike ; 
valves  triangular  and  small,  one  or  all  with  a  very  large  grain ;  root 
white.  N.  Eng.  to  Great  Lakes  and  W. 

R.  altfssimuB,  Wood.  PALE  D.  2°-6°  high ;  pedicels  nodding, 
shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx,  which  has  broadly  ovate,  loosely  reti- 
culated valves,  one  with  a  large  gram,  the  others  commonly  naked  ;  root 
yellow.  Moist  grounds,  N.  J.,  W. 

*  *  Sandy  seashore  and  river  banks  N. ;  5'-12'  high,  spreading.     ® 

H.  maritimus,  Linn.  GOLDEN  D.  Minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  lance- 
linear,  wavy-margined,  the  lower  auricled  or  heart-shaped  at  base  ;  whorls 
much  crowded  into  leafy  spikes ;  valves  rhombic-oblong  with  a  tapering 
point,  turning  orange-colored,  a  large  grain  on  the  back  and  2  or  3  long 
stout  bristles  on  each  margin. 

»  *  *  Weeds  nat.  from  Eu.  in  cult,  or  waste  ground ;  stem  erect,  2°-4° 
high  ;  lower  leaves  or  some  of  them  heart-shaped  at  base,  all  more  or 
less  wavy ;  root  commonly  yellow  and  spindle-shaped.  ^ 

•*-  Valves  conspicuously  toothed  at  base,  one  (chiefly}  grain-bearing. 

R.  obtusifblius,  Linn.  BITTER  D.  Leaves  little  wavy,  the  upper  lance- 
oblong  and  acute,  lower  oblong-heart-shaped  and  obtuse  ;  whorls  loose 
and  distant ;  valves  ovate,  partly  halberd-shaped,  usually  only  one  grain- 
bearing. 

-•-  •»-  Valves  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate,  one  or  more  grain-bearing 
(or  sometimes  all  naked  in  the  last}. 

*+  Leaves  with  wavy  or  crisped  margins. 

R.  crtspus,  Linn.  CURLED  D.  Leaves  green,  lanceolate,  very  wavy- 
curled,  the  lower  rather  truncate  than  heartrshaped  at  base ;  whorls 
crowded  in  long  racemes ;  valves  rounded,  heart-shaped,  nearly  entire, 
mostly  grain-bearing.  Hybridizes  with  R.  obtusifolius. 

ft.  sangulneus,  Linn.  BLOODY-VEINED  or  RED  D.  Leaves  red-veined, 
less  curled,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  often  fiddle-shaped ;  whorls  distant,  in 
long  slender  and  leafless  spikes  ;  pedicels  very  short,  jointed  at  the  base  ; 
valves  narrowly  oblong  and  obtuse,  one  or  more  grain-bearing. 

R.  conglomerates,  Murray.  SMALLER  GREEN  D.  Like  the  last,  but 
the  panicle  leafy,  the  leaves  never  fiddle-shaped,  the  pedicels  jointed 
below  the  middle,  the  valves  acutish  and  all  grain-bearing.  Moist 

*+  ++  Leaves  not  curly-  nor  wavy-margined. 

R.  Pati6ntia,  Linn.  PATIENCE  D.,  HERB  PATIENCE.  Very  tall  and 
strong  species,  cult,  as  a  pot  herb  and  sparingly  escaped ;  leaves  large, 
ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate  and  often  broadest  above  the  middle ;  valves 
very  large  and  thin  (3"  or  more  broad),  one  bearing  a  small  gram,  or  its 
midrib  thickened  at  the  base. 

§2.  SORRELS.  Herbage  acid;  some  leaves  halberd-shaped,  others  with 
entire  narrowed  base ;  flowers  diozcious,  small,  in  a  terminal  naked 
panicle;  valves  naked;  flowers  spring  and  summer.  1J. 

R.  Acetosella,  Linn.  COMMON  or  SHEEP  SORREL.  Low  weed  in  all 
sterile  fields  ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  halberd-shaped,  the  lobes  or  auricles 
narrow ;  pedicels  jointed  with  the  flower ;  ovate  valves  hardly  enlarging 
in  fruit.  Eu. 

R.  Acetdsa,  Linn.  Strong  and  tall  (l°-3°)  ;  leaves  auriculate  at  the 
base,  the  radical  ones  broad  and  very  obtuse  and  on  long  slender  stalks, 
the  cauline  long-oblong-lanceolate  ;  inner  valves  orbicular  and  enlarging 
in  fruit,  the  small  outer  ones  reflexed.  Cult,  as  a  spring  vegetable,  and 
sparingly  escarped  E.  Eu. 

GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  o.  EOT.  — 24 


370  BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 

3.  FOLYGONUM,  KNOTWEED,  JOINTWEED.  (Greek:  many- 
jointed.)  Chiefly  weeds  ;  some  with  rather  showy  flowers ;  the  follow- 
ing are  the  commonest ;  flowers  late  summer  and  autumn. 

§  1.  Flowers  along  the  stem,  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  almost 
sessile  linear  or  oblong  leaves,  small,  greenish-white  ;  sheaths  scarious, 
usually  cleft  or  torn  and  fringed. 

*  Stems  leafy  throughout. 

P.  maritimum,  Linn.  Glaucous,  prostrate,  the  stems  stout  and  short- 
jointed  ;  leaves  oval  to  linear-oblong,  thick,  surpassing  the  nodes  ;  stipules 
very  prominent.  Seacoast,  Mass.,  S.  ^  (D 

P.  aviculare,  Linn.  COMMON  KNOTWEED  or  DOORWEED.  Generally 
prostrate  or  creeping,  bluish-green,  growing  everywhere  in  hard  soils 
about  yards,  the  stems  and  roots  strong ;  leaves  small,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acutish  ;  sepals  very  small,  green  and  pinkish.  ® 

P.  er^ctum,  Linn.  Erect  or  ascending,  loose  in  habit,  l°-2° ;  leaves 
oblong  or  oval  and  obtuse  ;  flowers  larger  than  in  the  last,  on  more  evi- 
dent pedicels.  Roadsides.  ® 

*  *  Stems  with  much  reduced  or  bract-like  leaves  above. 

P.  ramosissimum,  Michx.  Nearly  erect,  much  branched,  and  rigid 
striate  stems  2°-4°  high ;  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  tapering  into  a 
petiole,  and  a  glossy  akeue ;  sepals  6  and  stamens  6  or  3,  or  else  sepals 
6  with  4  or  5  stamens.  Mass.,  W.  ® 

P.  tenue,  Michx.  Slender,  upright,  with  thread-like  branches,  along 
which  the  upper  flowers  form  a  loose  leafy  spike  ;  leaves  narrow  linear, 
acute  ;  akene  shining.  Dry  soil,  N.  Eng. ,  S.  and  W.  ® 

§  2.  Flowers  collected  in  terminal  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  rose-purple 
or  flesh-color,  or  rarely  white  or  greenish. 

»  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  ovate,  chiefly  petioled  ;  sheaths  cylindrical ; 
flowers  several  from  each  bract  of  the  spike,  5-parted. 

4-  Sheaths  and  bracts  not  ciliate  (except  rarely  in  the  flrst)  nor  fringed, 
the  sheaths  without  a  border;  sepals  not  punctate;  style  2-cleft. 

•w  (D  Spikes  narrow  or  loose  ;  leaves  narrow. 

P.  Iapathif6lium,  Linn.  Tall,  l°-6°  high  ;  leaves  tapering  from  near 
the  base  to  a  narrow  point  (4 '-12'  long);  glabrous,  or  the  peduncles 
rough  with  scattered  sessile  glands;  spikes  linear,  nodding;  flowers 
flesh-color  or  pale  rose  ;  the  6  stamens  and  2  styles  included  ;  akene  flat, 
with  concave  sides.  Wet  places,  N.  Eng.,  W.  Very  variable,  one  form 
(var.  incanum)  with  leaves  hoary  beneath. 

P.  Pennsylvdnicum,  Linn.  Stems  l°-3°  high,  the  branches  above 
and  peduncles  bristly  with  stalked  glands  ;  spikes  oblong,  short  and  blunt, 
erect ;  flowers  rose-purple  ;  stamens  8,  a  little  protruding ;  style  2-cleft ; 
akene  with  flat  sides.  Common  in  moist  places. 

*+  ++  2/  Spikes  usually  heavy  and  dense  ;  leaves  broad. 

P.  amphfbium.  Linn.  WATER  P.  Chiefly  N.;  in  water,  stems  root- 
ing below,  often  simple,  bearing  a  single  ovate  or  oblong  dense  spike  or 
head  of  pretty  large  and  showy  rose-red  flowers ;  leaves  rather  thick, 
oblong,  heart-oblong,  lance-ovate  or  lanceolate,  mostly  long-petioled, 
often  floating  ;  stamens  5. 

P.  Muhlenbergii,  Watson.  Decumbent  or  nearly  erect,  rough  with 
short  appressed  or  glandular  hairs  ;  leaves  thinnish,  broad-lanceolate  and 
large,  long-acuminate ;  spike  l'-3'  long.  Generally  in  muddy  places, 
N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.  371 

••-  •«-  Sheaths  with  an  abruptly  spreading  leafy  border  (which  sometimes 

falls  off*),  or  else  the  sheaths  and  bracts  bristly-ciliate. 

*+  Style  2-cleft,  and  akene  somewhat  flattened  ;  sepals  not  punctate. 

=  y.  Stem  rooting  at  base,  ascending. 

P.    Hartwrightii,  Gray.     Stem  very  leafy,   the  leaves  narrow  and 
short-stalked ;   stems  rough-hairy,  at  least  on  the  sheaths  and  bracts ; 
sheaths  generally  with  a  conspicuous,  leafy  border ;   flowers  and  fruit 
like  P.  amphibium.     Wet  or  muddy  places,  N.  Eng.,  W. 
=  =  (D  Stems  erect. 

P.  Careyi,  Olney.  Swamps  from  Penn. ,  N.  and  E. ;  leaves  narrowly 
lanceolate,  roughish,  tapering  both  ways ;  sheaths  margined  or  ciliate ; 
peduncles  glandular,  bristly  ;  stamens  5. 

P.  orientdle,  Linn.  PRINCE'S  FEATHER.  Gardens  and  cultivated  grounds, 
from  India ;  with  large,  ovate,  pointed  leaves,  and  7  stamens ;  very  tall, 
with  ciliate  or  bordered  sheaths,  soft-hairy ;  flowers  in  cylindrical  nod- 
ding spikes. 

P.  Persicaria,  Linn.  LADY'S  THUMB.  Nat.  from  Eu.,  near  dwellings  ; 
about  1°  high  ;  upper  face  of  leaves  with  a  dark  blotch  near  the  middle  ; 
sheaths  somewhat  bristly-ciliate ;  spikes  oblong,  dense,  erect,  on  naked 
peduncles;  flowers  greenish-purple;  stamens  mostly  6;  style  2-3-cleft ; 
akene  either  flattish  or  triangular. 
+•*  •*-*  Style  generally  3-parted  and  the  akene  triangular ;  sepals  mostly 

dotted. 
=  Herbage  not  acrid  nor  punctate  with  pellucid  dots. 

P.  hydropiperoldes,  Michx.  Stems  slender,  rising  out  of  shallow 
water,  l°-3°  high ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong ;  sheaths 
hairy  and  fringed  with  long  bristles ;  spikes  erect,  slender ;  flowers 
small,  pale  or  white  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  3-cleft ;  akene  sharply  triangular. 
Common.  11 

=  =  Herbage  (smooth*)  pungently  acrid ;  leaves  and  pale  sepals  marked 
with  pellucid  dots  or  glands,  in  which  the  acrid  quality  resides. 

P.  acre,  HBK.  WATER  SMARTWEED.  Stems  rooting  at  the  decum- 
bent base,  rising  2°-4°  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  taper- pointed ; 
spikes  slender,  erect ;  flowers  whitish  or  pale  flesh-color ;  stamens  8 ; 
akene  sharply  triangular,  shining.  Common  in  wet  places.  2/ 

P.  Hydrdpiper,  Linn.  COMMON  S.  or  WATER  PEPPER.  Low  or  wet 
grounds  N.  ;  l°-2°  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  spikes  nodding, 
mostly  short ;  flowers  greenish-white ;  stamens  6 ;  akene  either  flat  or 
obtusely  triangular.  ® 

*  *  Leaves  ovate,  short-petioled ;  sheaths  cylindrical,  f ringed-hairy ;  green- 
ish flowers  1-3  from  each  bract  of  the  long  and  slender  spikes,  unequally 
^-parted ;  the  2  styles  reflexed  on  the  lenticular  akene  and  hooked  at  the  tip. 
P.  Virginianum,  Linn.     Nearly  smooth,  2°-4°  high;   leaves   rough- 

ciliate,  3'-6'  long ;   flower  somewhat  curved  ;  stamens  5.      Frequent  in 
thickets.     2/ 

*  *  *  Leaves    heart-shaped    or    arrow-shaped,   petioled;    sheaths    half- 

cylindrical. 

•4-  TEAR  THUMB.  Stems  with  spreading  branches,  the  angles  and  petioles 
armed  with  sharp  reflexed  prickles,  by  which  the  plant  is  enabled  almost 
to  climb ;  flowers  in  peduncled  heads  or  short  racemes,  white  or  flesh- 
color.  (I) 

P.  arifdlium.  Linn.  Low  grounds ;  leaves  halberd-shaped,  long-peti- 
oled ;  the  peduncles  glandular-bristly ;  stamens  6 ;  styles  2 ;  akene  len- 
ticular. 


372  BIBTHWORT   FAMILY. 

P.  aagittatum,  Linn.  Low  grounds ;  leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-peti- 
oled ;  the  peduncles  naked  ;  stamens  mostly  8  ;  styles  3  ;  akene  sharply 
5-angled. 

-i-  -»-  BLACK  BINDWEED.  Stems  twining,  not  prickly  ;  flowers  whitish,  in 
loose,  panicled  racemes  •  three  outermost  of  the  5  divisions  of  the  calyx 
keeled  or  crested,  at  least  in  fruit ;  stamens  8  ;  styles  3  ;  akenes  trian- 
gular. 

P.  Convdlvulus,  Linn.  BLACK  BINDWEED.  Low  twining  or  spreading 
weed  from  Eu.,  in  cultivated  fields,  etc.;  smoothish,  with  heart-shaped 
and  almost  halberd-shaped  leaves,  and  very  small  flowers.  (D 

P.  cilin6de,  Michx.  Rocky  shady  places ;  tall-twining,  rather  downy  ; 
a  ring  of  reflexed  bristles  at  the  joints  ;  leaves  angled-heart-shaped  ;  outer 
sepals  hardly  keeled.  2/ 

P.  dumet6rum,  Linn.,  var.  scandens,  Gray.  CLIMBING  FALSE  BUCK- 
WHEAT. Moist  thickets ;  tall-twining,  6°-12°,  smooth  ;  joints  naked ; 
leaves  heart-shaped  or  approaching  halberd-shaped  ;  panicles  leafy  ;  outer 
sepals  strongly  keeled  and  in  fruit  irregularly  winged.  2Z 

4.  FAGOPYRUM,    BUCKWHEAT.     (The  botanical  name,  from  the 
Greek,  and  the  popular  name,  from  the  German,  both  denote  Beech- 
wheat,  the  grain  resembling  a  diminutive  beech-nut.)     Cult,  from  N. 
Asia,  for  the  flour  of  its  grain ;  flowers  summer.     ®     (Lessons,  Fig. 
342,  344.) 

F.  esculentum,  Moench.  COMMON  B.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  triangular- 
heart-shaped,  inclining  to  halberd-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  on  long 
petioles  ;  sheaths  half -cylindrical ;  flowers  white  or  nearly  so,  in  corym- 
bose panicles  ;  stamens  8,  with  as  many  honey-bearing  glands  interposed  ; 
styles  3  ;  acutely  triangular  akene  large. 

F.  Tatdricum,  Gsertn.  TARTAKY  or  INDIAN  WHEAT.  Cult,  for  flour ;  like 
the  other,  but  flowers  smaller  and  tinged  with  yellowish ;  grain  smaller, 
with  its  less  acute  angles  wavy,  dull,  and  roughish. 

5.  FOLYGONELLA.     (Diminutive  of  Polygonum.) 

P.  articulata,  Meisn.  A  slender  little  plant,  bushy-branching,  4'-12' 
high ;  leaves  small  and  thread-like  or  at  length  none  ;  the  sheaths  trun- 
cate, naked,  rigid  ;  many-jointed  raceme  with  a  single  flower  under  each 
bract ;  flowers  rose-colored,  nodding ;  stamens  8 ;  akene  triangular. 
Sandy  dry  soils,  on  the  coast,  Me.,  S.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.  ® 


XCVH.    ARISTOLOCHIACKE,   BIETHWORT  FAMILY. 

Known  from  all  other  apetalous  orders  by  the  numerous 
ovules  and  seeds  in  a  6-celled  ovary,  to  which  the  lower  part 
of  the  lurid  calyx  is  adherent,  the  latter  mostly  3-lobed,  the 
stamens  generally  6  or  12,  and  more  or  less  united  with  the 
style.  Anthers  adnate  and  turned  outwards.  Calyx  dull- 
colored,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Leaves  petioled,  usually  heart- 
shaped,  not  serrate.  Flowers  solitary,  perfect,  commonly 
large  and  odd.  Bitter,  tonic  or  stimulant,  sometimes  aro- 
matic plants. 


BIRTHWORT   FAMILY.  373 

I  A8ARTTM.  Low  stemless  herbs,  with  one  or  two  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  a  flower 
at  the  end  of  a  creeping  aromatic  rootsteck,  the  flowers  therefore  close  to  the  ground. 
Calyx  regular,  with  3  equal  lobes.  Stamens  12,  distinct,  borne  on  the  apex  of  the 
ovary  or  the  base  of  the  stout  style,  usually  pointed  beyond  the  anther.  Seeds  large, 
thlckish,  in  a  rather  fleshy  and  irregularly  bursting  pod. 

2.  ARISTOLOCHIA.  Leafy-stemmed  herbs  or  woody  twiners.  Calyx  tubular,  variously 
irregular,  often  curved.  Filaments  none ;  anthers  adherent  directly  and  by  their 
whole  inner  face  to  the  outside  of  the  S-6-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  very  flat,  in  a  dry  6- 
valved  pod. 

1.  ASARUM,  ASARABACCA,   WILD  GINGER.     (Ancient  name, 
of  obscure  derivation.)     On  hillsides  in  rich  woods  ;  flowers  spring.    H 

*  Filaments  slender,  much  longer  than  the  short  anthers  ;  style  1,  thick,  bear- 
ing 6  thick  stigmas;  leaves  a  single  pair  with  a  peduncle  between  them. 

A.  Canadense,  Linn.  CANADA  WILD  GINGER,  sometimes  called  SNAKE- 
ROOT.  Soft-pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  heart-shaped  or  kidney-shaped, 
not  evergreen ;  calyx  bell-shaped,  but  cleft  down  to  the  adherent  ovary, 
brown-purple  inside,  the  abruptly  spreading  lobes  pointed.  Rich  woods, 
commonest  N. 

*  *  Filaments  short  or  almost  none  ;  anthers  oblong-linear ;  styles  6,  each 
2-cleft,  bearing  the  stigma  below  the  cleft;  leaves  thick  and  evergreen, 
smooth,  often  mottled,  usually  only  one  each  year;  rootstocks  in  a  close 
cluster. 

A.  Virglnicum,  Linn.  VIRGINIA  W.  Along  the  Alleghanies,  Va., 
S. ;  leaves  small,  rounded,  heart-shaped ;  calyx  tubular-bell-shaped  with 
a  somewhat  narrowed  throat  and  broad  short  lobes,  the  base  coherent 
only  with  base  of  the  ovary. 

A.  arif61ium,  Michx.  Va.,  S.,  has  larger,  somewhat  halberd -shaped 
leaves,  and  very  short  and  blunt  lobes  to  the  calyx. 

2.  ARISTOLOCHIA,  BIRTHWORT.    (Ancient  name,  from  medicinal 
properties. )     Cells  of  the  anthers  in  our  species  4,  in  a  horizontal  row 
under  each  of  the  3  lobes  of  the  stigma,  i.e.,  two  contiguous  2-celled 
anthers  in  each  set,  or  6  in  all.    Flowers  in  and  above  the  axils.    Sev- 
eral curious  species  in  greenhouses. 

*  Flowers  all  next  the  root,  curved  like  the  letter  S,  contracted  in  the 

middle  and  at  the  throat. 

A.  Serpentaria,  Linn.  VIRGINIA  SNAKEROOT  (used  in  medicine). 
Rich  woods,  chiefly  in  Middle  States  and  S. ;  low,  downy  herb ;  stems 
clustered,  about  1°  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  and  heart-shaped,  some- 
times halberd-form,  acute.  H 

*  *  Flowers  from  accessory  axillary  buds,  strongly  curved,  contracted  at 

the  mouth. 

A.  Slpbo,  L'Her.  PIPE  VINE,  DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE  (from  the  shape  of 
the  curved  calyx).  Rich  woods  from  Penn.,  along  the  mountains  S., 
and  planted  for  arbors;  very  tall-climbing  woody  twiner,  smooth,  but  the 
rounded  heart-shaped  leaves  often  downy  beneath,  these  becoming  8'-12' 
broad;  peduncles  with  a  clasping  bract,  drooping;  calyx  !£'  long,  in- 
flated above  the  ovary,  narrowing  above,  contracted  at  the  throat,  the 
flat  border  brown-purple  and  obscurely  3-lobed  ;  flowers  late  spring. 

A.  tomentdsa,  Sims.  A  more  slender  woody  climber,  with  smaller, 
rounder,  and  very  veiny,  downy  leaves,  and  yellowish  flower,  with  an 
oblique,  almost  closed,  brownish  orifice,  the  borders  reflexed ;  flowers 
late  spring  or  summer.  N.  C.,  S.  and  W. 


374  PEPPER   FAMILY. 


XCVni.    PIPERACKffi,   PEPPEK  FAMILY. 

Herbs  (or  the  cultivated  species  sometimes  woody)  with 
alternate  or  opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  wholly  naked  generally 
perfect  flowers  in  spikes,  the  ovary  single  or  3-5  together,  and 
either  separate  or  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  the  ovules 
few  in  Saururus  or  only  1  in  some  other  genera.  Mostly 
tropical. 

*  Ovary  c/3-4  carpels  slightly  united  at  the  base. 

1.  SAURUKUS.    Stamens  6-8,  hypogynout,  the  long  white  filaments  distinct.    Stigmas 

recurved.    Leaves  alternate. 

*  *  Ovary  simple,  l-seeded. 

2.  PIPEE.    Stamens  2-6,  the  anther  cells  generally  distinct.    Stigmas  8-5  (rarely  2). 

Leaves  alternate. 

3.  PEPEEOMIA.    Stamens  2,  the  cells  united  in  1  2-valved  cell.    Stigma  sessile.    Leaves 

alternate,  opposite,  or  verticillate. 

1.  SAURURUS,    LIZARD'S  TAIL.      (Greek:    lizard-tail,  from  the 
peduncled  terminal  spike.)     y. 

S.  c^muus,  Linn.  Wet  swamps  and  borders  of  brooks,  Conn.,  W. 
and  S. ;  stem  jointed,  2°  high,  branching ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  with  con- 
verging ribs,  petioled ;  flowers  white  and  fragrant,  crowded  in  a  dense 
but  slender  tail-like  spike,  with  the  end  nodding.  (Lessons,  Fig.  234.) 

2.  PIPER,   PEPPER.     (Ancient  name.)     A  large  genus  of  tropical 
plants,  in  greenhouses  sometimes  represented  by 

P.  nlgrum,  Linn.  PEPPER  PLANT.  A  trailing  or  climbing  woody 
plant,  with  broadly  ovate  and  acuminate  petioled  leaves  ;  flowers  in  cat- 
kins 3'-6'  long,  the  fruit  changing  from  green  to  red  and  black.  E.  Indies. 
BLACK  PEPPER  is  the  product  of  this  plant.  WHITE  PEPPER  is  the  same 
product  with  the  external  covering  removed.  CUBEBS  are  from  P.  Cu- 
BEBA,  of  the  E.  Indies. 

3.  PEFEROMIA.    (Name  means  Pepper-like.)    Many  tropical  species, 
of  which  several  are  in  cultivation  in  greenhouses  for  their  variously 
marked  leaves,  which  are  usually  thick  or  somewhat  succulent.    Fol- 
lowing are  the  commonest,  all  from  S.  Amer. 

*  Leaves  alternate. 

P.  Sandersii,  C.DC.  (P.  VERSCHAFFELTII.)  Leaves  long-stalked, 
orbicular  or  cordate-ovate,  thick,  bright  green  along  the  veins  and  white 
between. 

P.  arifblia,  Miq.  Leaves  long-stalked,  round-ovate,  cordate  or  retuse- 
truncate  at  the  base,  thinnish,  variegated  with  green  and  gray. 

P.  maculbsa.  Dietr.  Leaves  broadly  elliptic-ovate  and  very  fleshy, 
bright  green,  the  petioles  spotted  with  purple. 

*  *  Leaves  opposite. 

P.  marmorata,  Hook.  f.  Leaves  ovate  and  crowded,  thick,  with  a  rich 
green  mottled  and  variegated  with  white. 


LAUREL   FAMILY.  375 


XCIX.    LAURACKE,   LAUEEL  FAMILY. 

Spicy-aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  the  alternate  simple  leaves 
(with  entire  margins  but  sometimes  lobed)  more  or  less  marked 
with  minute  pellucid  dots ;  the  regular  flowers  with  a  calyx  of 
4  or  6  colored  sepals  imbricated  in  two  ranks  in  the  bud,  and 
free  from  the  ovary;  the  latter  is  terminated  by  a  simple 
style  and  stigma,  is  1-celled  with  a  hanging  ovule,  and  in  fruit 
becomes  a  berry  or  drupe.  The  stamens  furnish  a  special 
character,  their  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  To  this 
family  belong  the  classical  Laurel  or  Bay,  the  Cinnamon,  the 
Camphor  tree,  etc. 

*  Flowers  perfect,  in  axillary  panicles. 

1.  PERSEA.    Calyx  6-parted,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry.    Stamens  12  with  anthers, 

the  8  outer  of  which  are  turned  outwards,  6  others  inward,  the  remainder  being  3 
glands  or  sterile  filaments  forming  an  innermost  row.  The  two  proper  cells  of  the 
anther,  with  a  lower  and  an  upper  chamber,  make  4  compartments,  each  opening  by 
a  valve  in  the  manner  of  a  trap-door. 

»  «  Flowers  wholly  or  nearly  dioecious,  greenish-yellow  ;  leaves  deciduous. 
+•  Anthers  4-celled  and  Evolved. 

2.  SASSAFRAS.     Flowers  in  an  open  corymbed  and  peduncled  cluster,  with  spreading  6- 

parted  calyx  ;  sterile  ones  with  9  stamens  in  3  rows,  the  filaments  of  the  three  inner 
with  a  pair  of  yellow  stalked  glands  on  their  base.  Fertile  flowers  with  6  rudiments 
of  stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary,  becoming  a  drupe. 

8.  LITSEA.  Flowers  in  small  lateral  clustered  umbels,  with  6-parted  deciduous  calyx ; 
sterile  ones  with  9  similar  stamens ;  anthers  turned  inwards.  Fertile  flowers  with 
a  globular  ovary,  surrounded  by  numerous  rudiments  of  stamens,  and  becoming  a 
globular  drupe  or  berry. 

-i-  -i-  Anthers  1-celled  and  2-valved. 

4.  LINDERA.  Flowers  in  sessile  lateral  clusters,  with  a  6-parted  honey-yellow  calyx ; 
sterile  ones  with  9  stamens ;  the  inner  3  filaments  lobed  and  glandular  at  base.  Fer- 
tile flowers  with  a  globular  ovary,  surrounded  by  numerous  rudiments  of  stamens. 
Berry  red,  oval ;  the  stalk  not  thickened. 

1.  PERSEA,   RED  BAY.      (Ancient  name  of  some  Oriental  tree.) 
Leaves  evergreen  ;  flowers  greenish-white,  in  summer.    The  ALLIGATOR 
PEAR  or  AVOCADO  of  the  tropics  is  P.  GRATfssiMA. 

P.  Carolin^nsis,  Nees.  CAROLINA  RED  BAY.  Tree  or  large  shrub,  in 
low  grounds,  from  Del.,  S.;  hoary  when  young,  the  oblong  leaves  soon 
smooth  above  ;  berries  blue  on  a  red  stalk. 

2.  SASSAFRAS.     (The  popular  name  of  this  very  well-known  tree.) 

S.  ofticinale.  Xees.  SASSAFRAS.  A  fine  tree,  with  mucilaginous  yel- 
lowish twigs  and  foliage,  spicy  bark,  flowers  appearing  in  spring  with  the 
leaves  ;  these  ovate  and  obovate,  and  some  of  them  3-cleft,  smooth  when 
old ;  fruit  blue  on  a  club-shaped,  rather  fleshy  stalk.  Sandy  or  sterile 
land,  Mass.,  W.  and  S. 

3.  LITSEA.     (Chinese  name.) 

L.  geniculata,  Benth.  &  Hook.  POND  SPICE.  Along  poads  in  pine 
barrens  from  Va.,  S.;  large  shrub,  soon  smooth,  with  forking  and  diver- 


376  MEZEEEUM   FAMILY. 

gent  or  zigzag  branches,  rather  coriaceous  oval  or  oblong  leaves  (£'-!' 
long) ,  appearing  later  than  the  flowers  in  spring  •  these  in  little  crowded 
clusters  of  2-4  from  2-4-leaved  involucres  ;  fruit  red,  globular. 

4.    LINDERA.    SPICEBUSH,    WILD     ALLSPICE,    FEVERBUSH. 

(John  Linder,  a  Swedish  botanist.)     Shrubs  ;  flowers  in  spring,  pre- 
ceding the  leaves. 

L.  Benz6in,  Blume.  COMMON  S.  or  BENJAMIN  BUSH.  Damp  rich 
woods  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. ;  6°-15°  high,  almost  smooth ;  leaves  thin, 
obovate-oblong,  acute  at  base,  3'-5'  long. 

L.  melissaef6lia,  Blume.  Wet  grounds,  N.  Car.,  W.  and  S.;  2°-3° 
high,  silky-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at 
base,  l'-2'  long;  when  old,  smooth  above. 


C.    THYMEUEACE.E,  MEZEREUM  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  with  acrid  and  very  tough  fibrous  bark,  entire  leaves, 
and  perfect  flowers  with  a  simple  corolla-like  calyx,  bearing 
twice  as  many  stamens  as  its  lobes  (usually  8),  the  anthers 
of  the  ordinary  sort;  the  free  ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single 
hanging  ovule,  becoming  a  berry-like  fruit.  Flowers  commonly 
in  umbel-like  clusters. 

1.  DIRCA.    Calyx  tubular,  without  any  spreading  lobes,  the  wavy-truncate  border  some- 

times obscurely  indicating  4  teeth.    The  8  stamens  and  the  style  long  and  slender, 
.protruding. 

2.  DAPHNE.    Calyx  salver-shaped  or  somewhat  funnel-shaped ;  the  4  lobes  spreading, 

the  8  anthers  nearly  sessile  on  its  tube,  included.    Style  very  short  or  none  ;  stigma 
capitate. 

1.  DIRCA,  LEATHERWOOD,    MOOSEWOOD.     (Name  obscure.) 

D.  pahistris,  Linn.  Shrub  2°-6°  high,  with  tender  white  wood,  but 
very  tough  bark,  used  by  the  Indians  for  thongs  (whence  the  popular 
names),  the  numerous  branches  as  if  jointed ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval, 
alternate,  nearly  smooth,  deciduous ;  flowers  before  the  leaves  in  earliest 
spring,  honey-yellow,  few  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  3  or  4  dark-hairy 
scales  forming  an  involucre  ;  berry  reddish.  Rich  damp  woods  ;  common 
N.  and  S. 

2.  DAPHNE.     (Mythological  name,  the  nymph  transformed  by  Apollo 
into  a  Laurel.)     The  following  are  cult,  for  ornament. 

*  Leaves  deciduous. 

D.  Mezereum,  Linn.  MEZEREUM.  Hardy  low  shrub  from  Eu.;  l°-3° 
high,  with  purple-rose-colored  (rarely  white)  flowers,  in  lateral  clusters 
on  shoots  of  the  preceding  year,  in  early  spring,  before  the  lanceolate 
very  smooth  green  leaves  ;  berries  red. 

*  *  Leaves  evergreen. 

D.  Cnebrum,  Linn.  Hardy  under-shrub  from  Eu.,  spreading  and 
branching, *with  crowded  lance-oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves  (less  than 
1'  long),  and  a  terminal  cluster  of  handsome  rose-pink  flowers  in  spring. 


OLEASTER   FAMILY.  377 

D.  oddra,  Thunb.  (D.  JAPONICA  and  D.   SINENSIS).     SWEET  DAPHNE. 
Greenhouse  shrub  from  China,  with  bright  green,  lance-oblong  leaves, 
and  terminal  clusters  of  white  or  pale  pink  sweet-scented  flowers,  in 
winter. 

CI.    EL2EAGNACE.E,   OLEASTER   FAMILY. 

Silvery-scurfy  shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  having  dioecious 
inconspicuous  flowers,  the  calyx  tube  of  the  fertile  ones  itself 
inclosing  the  ovary,  becoming  fleshy  and  ripening  into  a  sort 
of  berry  around  the  akene-like  true  fruit,  the  seed  of  which  is 
erect.  Otherwise  much  like  the  preceding  family.  Leaves 
entire. 

1.  EL^EAGNUS.  Flowers  perfect  and  axillary,  with  a  4-cleft  calyx  (the  border  deciduous). 

Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  throat.    Style  linear,  the  stigma  on  the  side.    Fruit  drupe- 
like,  containing  a  long  8-grooved  stone.     Leaves  alternate. 

2.  SHEPHERDIA.     Flowers  dioecious,  the  calyx  4-cleft  and,  in  the  pistillate  flowers,  in- 

closing the  ovary.    Stamens  8,  alternating  with  8  projections  on  the  disk.    Style 
slender.    Fruit  berry -like.    Leaves  opposite. 

1.  EL.53AGNT7S,   OLEASTER.     (Greek:  sacred  olive, first  applied  to 
the  Chaste  tree.)     Small  trees  or  bushes,  with  light  or  white  foliage. 

*  Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers  or  fruit  (l'-3'). 

E.  Idngipes,  Gray.     GOUMI.     (E.  EDULIS  of  nurseries.)     Diffuse  tall 
bush  with  oval  thin  leaves,  green  above  and  silvery-shining  below,  and 
single  axillary  flowers  followed  by  hanging,  oblong,  rusty-punctate  drupes. 
Japan.     Cult,  for  the  edible  fruit. 

*  *  Pedicels  little,  if  at  all,  exceeding  the  flowers. 

E.  arg^ntea,  Pursh.  SILVER  BERRY.  Wild  from  Minn.,  W.,  and 
sometimes  cult.;  6°-12°  high,  stoloniferous,  the  young  branches  bearing 
rusty  scales ;  leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate  and  undulate,  silvery-scurfy 
and  rusty  ;  flowers  numerous  and  fragrant,  followed  by  round-ovoid  and 
mealy  edible  fruit. 

E.  hortensis,  Bieb.  OLEASTER.  Tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  often  spiny, 
cult,  from  the  Old  World  for  the  whiteness  of  its  cottony  shoots  and 
under  surfaces  of  the  narrow-lanceolate  or  lance-ovate,  mostly  obtuse 
leaves  ;  flowers  small  and  yellowish  inside,  but  silvery  without,  fragrant, 
followed  by  small  red  fruits.  The  RUSSIAN  OLIVE,  somewhat  planted  in 
the  West,  is  var.  Songdrica,  Bernh. 

2.  SHEPHERD  I  A.     (John  Shepherd  was  once  curator  of  the  Liver- 
pool Botanic  Garden.) 

S.  Canad^nsis,  Nutt.  A  low  shrub  along  our  northern  borders,  with 
oval  leaves,  soon  green  above,  but  silvery  and  with  some  rusty  scurf 
beneath,  4-parted  flowers,  and  yellowish  berries. 

S.  arg^ntea,  Nutt.  BUFFALO  BERRY.  Shrub  through  the  plains  and 
mountains  far  W.  and  N.  W.,  and  planted  for  ornament  and  fruit,  has 
oblong  leaves  with  narrowed  base,  silvery  both  sides,  and  edible  acid  red 
berries. 


378  SANDALWOOD   FAMILY. 


CH.    LORANTHACKE,   MISTLETOE   FAMILY. 

Shrub-like  small  plants  with  hard  greenish  foliage,  closely 
allied  to  the  next  family  and  differing  chiefly  in  the  more 
reduced  flowers  and  the  habit.  Parasitic  on  the  branches  of 
trees ;  represented  in  this  country  chiefly  by 

Phorad^ndron  flav^scens,  Nutt.  AMERICAN  or  FALSE  MISTLETOE. 
With  obovate  or  oval,  yellowish-green,  thick,  slightly  petioled  leaves,  and 
short,  yellowish,  jointed  spikes  in  their  axils,  of  dioecious  greenish  flowers, 
the  fertile  ones  ripening  white  berries.  On  deciduous  trees,  N.  J.,  W. 
andS. 


CHI.    SANTALACKE,   SANDAL  WOOD  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves  and  a  4-5-cleft 
calyx  valvate  in  the  bud  and  its  tube  joined  to  the  1-celled 
ovary,  which  contains  2-4  ovules  hanging  from  the  top  of  a 
stalk-like  central  placenta,  but  the  fruit  always  1-seeded  and 
indehiscent.  Style  1.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx  and  opposite  them. 

1.  COMANDRA.    Flowers  perfect,  In  umbel-form  clusters.     Calyx  bell-shaped  or  urn- 

shaped,  provided  with  a  5-lobed  disk  above  the  ovary.  Fruit  drupe-like  or  nut-like, 
bearing  the  persistent  calyx  lobes  on  its  top.  Low  perennials,  often  parasitic  on  roots 
of  other  plants. 

2.  PTRULAEIA.     Flowers  generally  imperfect,  in  spikes  or  racemes.    Calyx  4-5-cleft, 

the  divisions  recurved,  and,  in  the  sterile  flowers,  with  a  hairy  tuft  at  the  base.  Fer- 
tile flowers  with  a  pear-shaped  ovary,  which  becomes  a  fleshy,  drupe-like  fruit.  Shrubs 
or  trees. 

1.  COMANDRA,  BASTAKD   TOAD  FLAX.     (Greek:  hair  and  sta- 
mens.) 

C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  Dry  ground,  common  N. ;  parasitic  on  the  roots 
of  shrubs  and  trees.  Known  by  the  6  stamens  with  their  anthers  con- 
nected with  the  face  of  the  white  calyx  lobes,  behind  them  by  a  tuft  of 
thread-like  hairs  (to  which  the  name  alludes).  Stems  6'-10'  high,  with 
many  small,  oblong,  pale,  alternate,  and  almost  sessile  entire  leaves.  Has 
much  the  aspect  of  Hypericum. 

C.  livida,  Rich.  Grows  on  L.  Superior,  and  has  larger  leaves,  3-5- 
flowered  axillary  peduncles,  short  calyx  tube  with  ovate  lobes,  short 
style,  and  pulpy  red  berry. 

2.  FYRTTLARIA.     (From  Pyrus,  from  the  shape  of  the  fruit.) 

P.  pfcbera,  Michx.  OIL  NUT,  BUFFALO  NUT.  Shrub  3°-12°  high, 
growing  in  rich  woods  in  the  mountains  of  Penii.  and  S. ;  shoots  minutely 
downy  when  young,  but  becoming  glabrous ;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
mostly  acute,  soft  and  very  veiny  and  minutely  punctate ;  fruit  an  inch 
long. 


SPURGE   FAMILY.  379 


CIV.    EUPHORBIACE^l,  SPUEGE   FAMILY. 

Plants  with  mostly  milky  acrid  juice  and  monoecious  or 
dioecious  flowers,  of  very  various  structure  ;  the  ovary  and 
fruit  commonly  3-celled  and  with  single  or  at  most  a  pair  of 
hanging  ovules  and  seeds  in  each  cell.  A  large  family  in  warm 
countries,  always  difficult  for  the  beginner.  The  peculiar 
characters  of  the  flowers  are  more  fully  specified  in  the  fol- 
lowing synopsis. 

*  Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 

+-  Flowers,  both  staminate  and  pistillate,  really  destitute  both  of  calyx  and  corolla ;  a 
pistillate  and  numerous  staminate  ones  surrounded  by  a  cup-like  involucre 
which  imitates  a  calyx,  so  that  the  whole  may  be  taken  for  one  perfect  flower. 

1.  EUPHOKBIA.    These  plants  may  be  known,  mostly,  by  having  the  3-lobed  ovary 

raised  out  of  the  cup,  on  a  curved  stalk,  its  3  short  styles  each  2-cleft,  making  6 
stigmas.  Fruit  when  ripe  bursting  into  the  3  carpels,  and  each  splitting  into  2  valves, 
discharging  the  seed.  What  seems  to  be  a  stamen  with  a  jointed  filament  is  really 
a  staminate  flower,  in  the  axil  of  a  slender  bract,  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  on  a 
pedicel,  the  joint  being  the  junction. 

+-  +-  flowers  of  both  kinds  provided  with  a  distinct  calyx. 

++  Stamens  5  or  more. 
=  Flowers  in  cymose  (2-3-forked")  panicles  ;  stamens  10  or  more. 

2.  JATEOPHA.    Fertile  flowers  in  the  main  forks  of  the  panicle.    Calyx  colored  like  a 

corolla,  in  the  sterile  flowers  mostly  salver-shaped  and  5-lobed,  enclosing  10-30  sta- 
mens, somewhat  monadelphous  in  two  or  more  ranks ;  in  the  fertile  5-parted.  Styles 
3,  united  below,  once  or  twice  forked  at  the  apex.  Pod  8-celled,  3-seeded.  Leaves 
alternate,  long-petioled,  with  stipules. 

=  =  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes. 
I  Leaves  scarcely  or  not  at  all  lobed,  often  entire. 

o  Ovary  and  fruit  \-celled. 

8.  CKOTONOP8IS.  Flowers  monoecious,  in  very  small  terminal  or  lateral  spikes  or  clus- 
ters, the  lower  ones  fertile.  Sterile  flowers  with  an  equally  5-parted  calyx,  5  spatu- 
late  petals,  and  5  stamens  opposite  the  petals.  Fertile  flowers  with  unequally 
3-5-parted  calyx,  0  petals,  but  5  petal-like  scales  opposite  the  divisions  of  the  calyx. 

o  o  Ovary  2-4  (commonly  3-)  celled,  or  rarely  \-celled  in  No.  6. 

4.  CROTON.    Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  generally  in  racemes  or  spikes.    Sterile 

flowers  with  a  normally  5-parted  calyx,  as  many  petals  or  rudiments  as  there  are  calyx 
lobes  and  alternating  with  lobes  of  the  disk,  the  stamens  5  or  more.  Fertile  flowers 
with  a  5-10-cleft  or  parted  calyx,  the  petals  0  or  very  small  rudiments. 

5.  COBI^EUM.    Flowers  monoacious.    Sterile  flowers  with  a  membranaceous  8-6-parted 

calyx,  the  divisions  imbricated  and  becoming  reflexed,  five  short  scale-like  petals 
alternating  with  as  many  glands,  and  many  or  numerous  stamens.  Fertile  flowers 
with  a  5-cleft  calyx  but  no  petals,  the  ovary  surrounded  by  5  scales. 

6.  ACALYPHA.    Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  spikes,  staminate  above,  fertile  at 

base ;  or  sometimes  the  two  sorts  in  separate  spikes.  Calyx  of  sterile  flowers,  4- 
parted,  of  fertile  3-5-parted.  Stamens  8-16,  short,  monadelphous  at  base  ;  the  2  cells 
of  the  anther  long  and  hanging.  Styles  3,  cut-fringed  on  the  upper  face,  red.  Pod 
of  3  (rarely  2  or  1)  lobes  or  cells.  Fertile  flower  clusters  embraced  by  a  leaf-like  cut- 
lobed  bract.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  with  stipules,  serrate. 


380  SfURGE  FAMILY. 

1 1  Leaves  prominently  dlgitate-lobed. 

1.  RICINTTS.  Flowers  in  large  panicled  clusters,  the  fertile  above,  the  stamlnate  below. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  very  many,  in  several  bundles.  Styles  8,  united  at  base, 
each  2-parted,  red.  Pod  large,  3-lobed,  with  3  large  seeds.  (Lessons,  Fig.  419.) 
Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules. 

++  -H-  Stamens  2  or  8. 

8.  TRAGIA.    Flowers  monoecious  and  apetalous,  in  racemes.    Sterile  flowers  with  3-5- 

cleft  calyx.  Fertile  flowers  with  8-8-parted  persistent  calyx.  Calyx  lobes  valvate  i» 
the  bud.  Plants  pubescent  or  hairy. 

9.  8TILLINGIA.    Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  naked  and  staminate  above,  a  few  fertile 

flowers  at  base.  Calyx  2-3-cleft.  Stamens  2,  rarely  3.  Pod  3-lobed.  Stigmas  3, 
simple.  Bracts  with  a  fleshy  gland  on  each  side.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 
Plants  glabrous. 

*  »  Ovules  and  mostly  seeds  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary  and  S-horned  pod.    Juice  not 

milky  in  the  following,  which  have  moncecious  flowers,  mostly  4  sepals,  4  ex- 
serted  stamens  in  the  sterile,  and  3  awl-shaped  spreading  or  recurved  styles  or 
stigmas  in  the  fertile,  flowers. 

10.  BUXUS.    Flowers  in  small  sessile  bracted  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  thick  and  ever- 

green entire  opposite  leaves.    Shrubs  or  trees. 

11.  PACHYSANDRA.    Flowers  in  naked  lateral  spikes,  staminate  above,  a  few  fertile 

flowers  at  base.  Filaments  long,  thickish  and  flat,  white.  Nearly  herbaceous,  low, 
tufted  ;  leaves  barely  evergreen,  alternate,  coarsely  few-toothed. 

12.  PHYLLANTHUS.    Flowers  axillary  and  monoecious.    Calyx  commonly  5-6-parted, 

imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  0.  Stamens  generally  8.  Ovules  2  in  each  cell. 
Leaves  alternate  in  2  ranks. 

1.  EUPHORBIA,  SPUKGE.  (Said  to  be  named  for  Euphorbus,  phy- 
sician to  King  Juba.)  Flowers  commonly  in  late  summer.  Only  the 
commonest  species  mentioned  here. 

*  Shrubby  species  of  the  conservatory,  winter-flowering,  with  red  bracts 

or  leaves. 

E.  pulcherrima,  Willd.,  or  POINSETTIA,  of  Mexico  ;  unarmed  stout  shrub, 
with  ovate  or  oblong  and  angled  or  sinuately  few-lobed  leaves,  rather 
downy  beneath,  those  next  the  flowers  mostly  entire  (4'-5'  long)  and  of 
the  brightest  vermilion-red  ;  flowers  in  globular  greenish  involucres  bear- 
ing a  great  yellow  gland  at  the  top  on  one  side. 

E.  splendens,  Bojer.  CROWN  OF  THORNS.  Mauritius ;  smooth  with 
thick  and  horridly  prickly  stems,  oblong- spatulate,  mucronate  leaves,  and 
slender,  clammy  peduncles,  bearing  a  cyme  of  several  deep-red  apparently 
2-petalous  flowers  ;  but  the  seeming  petals  are  bracts  around  the  cup-like 
involucre  of  the  real  flowers. 

E.  fulgens,  Karw.  (E.  JACQCINI^EFLORA).  Mexico  ;  unarmed,  smooth, 
with  slender  recurved  branches  and  broadly  lanceolate  leaves,  few-flow- 
ered ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  what  appears  like  a  5-cleft 
corolla  are  the  bright  red  lobes  of  the  involucre. 

*  *  Herbs  natives  of  or  naturalized  in  the  country,  the  last  and  sometimes 

a  few  of  the  others  cult,  in  gardens;  flowers  late  summer. 

-t-  Glands  of  the  involucre  with  more  or  less  conspicuous  petal-like  margins 
or  appendages,  these  usually  white  or  rose-colored  (obscure  in  the  first). 

•M-  Leaves  all  opposite,  small  and  short-stalked,  oblique  at  the  base.    ® 
=  Seeds  not  roughened  ;  leaves  entire,  and  the  entire  plant  glabrous. 

E.  polygonif61ia,  Linn.  A  prostrate,  spreading,  reddish  little  plant 
growing  on  the  sands  of  the  seacoast  and  along  the  Great  Lakes ;  leaves 


SPURGE  FAMILY.  381 

oblong-linear,  obtuse  and  mucronate  ;  lobes  of  the  involucre  longer  than 
the  minute  and  unappendaged  glands. 

=  =  Seeds  minutely  roughened  or  wrinkled;   leaves  serrulate,  and  the 
plant  often  hairy. 

E.  glyptosp^rma,  Engelm.  Glabrous  or  rarely  slightly  puberulent, 
erect  or  spreading  ;  leaves  linear-oblong  and  mostly  falcate,  very  unequal 
at  the  base,  serrulate  near  the  obtuse  apex ;  stipules  lanceolate  and  cut ; 
seeds  sharply  4-angled,  marked  with  5  or  6  sharp  transverse  wrinkles. 
Ontario,  W. 

E.  maculata,  Linn.  Prostrate  ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  very  oblique  at 
base,  serrulate  above,  blotched  in  the  center ;  pods  sharp-angled,  very 
small,  with  4  shallow  grooves.  Common  along  roads  and  in  dry  fields. 

E.  humistrata,  Engelm.  Procumbent,  hairy,  or  puberulent ;  leaves 
elliptic  or  obovate,  very  oblique  at  the  base,  sparsely  hairy  underneath, 
sometimes  with  a  brown  spot  on  the  upper  side  ;  involucre  cleft  on  the 
back,  the  truncate  or  crenate  appendages  red  or  white ;  seeds  ovate, 
obtusely  angled  and  minutely  roughened.  Rich  places,  Ind.,  W. 

E.  Pr^slii,  Guss.  Ascending  10'-20'  high;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  serrate,  often  with  red  spot  or  margins;  appendages 
entire ;  pod  blunt-angled ;  seeds  ovate,  obtusely  angled,  wrinkled  and 
tubercled,  blackish.  Common. 

•«•  **  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  alternate  or  scat- 
tered below,  larger;  plants  strict. 

E.  marginata.  Pursh.  SNOW  ON  THE  MOCNTAIN.  Wild  on  the  plains 
W.  of  the  Mississippi,  and  cult,  for  ornament ;  leaves  pale,  ovate  or  oval, 
sessile,  the  lower  alternate,  uppermost  in  threes  or  pairs  and  broadly 
white-margined ;  flower-cup  with  5  white  petal-like  appendages  behind 
as  many  saucer-shaped  glands.  Stout,  2°-3°  high.  ® 

E.  cprollata,  Linn.  Gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  from  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.; 
2°-3°  high ;  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to  linear,  entire,  the  lower  alter- 
nate, upper  whorled  and  opposite ;  flower  cups  umbelled,  long-stalked, 
with  5  bright  white  conspicuous  appendages,  imitating  a  5-cleft  corolla.  2i 

•«-  •*-  Glands  of  the  involucre  destitute  of  petal-like  appendages. 

**  Involucres  (or  "./forcers")  in  terminal  clusters,  with  few  or  solitary 
glands ;  all,  or  the  uppermost,  leaves  opposite,  variable  ;  stipules  small 
and  glandular.  ® 

E.  dentata,  Michx.  Rich  soil  from  Penn.  S.  and  W.;  hairy,  only  the 
lower  leaves  alternate,  the  upper  opposite,  varying  from  ovate  to  linear, 
uppermost  paler  or  whitish  at  base,  and  the  few  glands  of  the  flower  cup 
short-stalked. 

E.  heterophylla.  Linn.  Glabrous  ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate  and  sinuate- 
toothed,  or  fiddle-shaped,  or  some  of  them  lanceolate  or  linear  and 
entire  ;  the  upper  with  red  base  ;  no  petal-like  appendages  to  the  flower 
cup  and  only  1  or  2  sessile  glands.  Minn.,  S. 

•»•*  -M-  Involucres  in  a  terminal  forked  or  umbel-like  inflorescence,  icith  4  or 
5  entire  or  crescent-shaped  glands;  plants  ascending  or  erect,  generally 
glabrous;  stipules  0. 

=  Leaves  of  the  commonly  erect  stem  alternate  or  scattered ;  those  of  the 
umbel-like  inflorescence  whorled  or  opposite  and  of  different  shape, 
usually  roundish;  glands  of  the  flower  cup  mostly  4.  Weeds  or  weed- 
like. 

B  Glands  of  the  flower  cup  or  involucre  transversely  oval  and  obtuse.    ® 

£.  platyphylla,  Linn.  Xat.  from  Eu.  N.;  upper  stem-leaves  lance-oblong- 
acute,  minutely  serrulate ;  uppermost  heart-shaped  ;  floral  ones  triangu- 


382  SPURGE  FAMILY. 

lar-ovate  and  heart-shaped ;  umbel  5-rayed ;  glands  large  and  sessile ; 
pod  beset  with  depressed  warts  ;  seed  smooth. 

E.  obtusata,  Pursh.  Like  the  preceding,  but  taller,  l°-2°  high  ;  stem 
leaves  oblong-spatulate  and  obtuse,  the  upper  heart-shaped  ;  floral  ones 
dilated-ovate ;  umbel  once  or  twice  3-rayed,  then  2-rayed ;  glands  of 
flower  cup  short-stalked  ;  pods  long-warty.  Va.,  W.  and  S. 

E.  dictyosp^rma,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Resembles  the  preceding,  but 
slender ;  leaves  obtusely  serrate  ;  glands  small,  almost  sessile ;  seeds 
delicately  reticulated.  Md.  to  Minn.,  and  S. 

E.  Helioscbpia,  Linn.  Weed  from  Eu.,  in  waste  places  N.;  with  stouter 
ascending  stems  6'-12'  high  ;  leaves  all  obovate  and  rounded  or  notched 
at  the  end,  the  lower  wedge-shaped,  finely  serrate ;  umbel  first  with  5, 
then  3,  and  at  length  with  2  rays ;  glands  orbicular  and  stalked ;  pods 
smooth  and  even  ;  seeds  with  honeycomb-like  surface. 

||  ||  Glands  of  the  flower  cup  with  2  long  horns  ;  pod  smooth  ;  seeds  sculp- 
tured or  pitted  and  pale.     ®  @ 

E.  Peplus,  Linn.  Waste  places  from  Eu.;  stem  erect ;  leaves  petioled, 
entire,  round-obovate,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate ;  umbel  first  3-rayed, 
afterwards  2-forked  ;  pod  2-crested  on  each  lobe. 

E.  commutata,  Engelm.  Wild  from  Minn,  and  Md.,  S.  W.,  on  shady 
slopes ;  stems  with  decumbent  base ;  leaves  obovate,  the  upper  sessile, 
the  rounded  floral  ones  broader  than  long ;  umbel  3-forked ;  pod  crest- 
less  ;  flowers  early  summer. 

II  ||  ||  Glands  crescent-shaped;  pod  granular;   seeds  smooth,   dark-col- 
ored.    "U 

E.  Cyparlssias,  Linn.  CYPRESS  SPURGE.  Gardens  from  Eu.  and  run- 
ning wild  E. ;  in  dense  clusters  6'-10'  high,  smooth  ;  stem  and  branches 
crowded  with  small  linear  entire  leaves,  the  floral  ones  small  and  rounded 
heart-shaped ;  umbel  many-rayed. 

=  =  Leaves  all  or  chiefly  opposite,  entire,  smooth,  almost  sessile;  pod 
smooth. 

E.  Ipecacuanhas,  Linn.  IPECAC  SPURGE.  Sandy  soil  from  Conn. ,  S. 
and  W.;  branching  repeatedly  from  the  long  perpendicular  root,  widely 

rading ;  leaves  barely  1'  long,  varying  from  obovate  to  linear ;  pe- 
cles  solitary  in  the  forks,  slender ;  flower-cup  dull-purple,  with  6 
glands.     2/ 

E.  Ldthyris,  Linn.  CAPER  SPURGE,  MOLE  PLANT.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  in 
country  gardens  ;  glaucous  ;  stem  erect,  stout,  2°-3°  high  ;  leaves  thick ; 
those  of  the  stem  lance-linear,  floral  ones  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped  ; 
umbel  4-rayed,  then  forking ;  glands  short-horned.  (2) 

2.  JATROPHA.     (Name  not  applicable.)     Chiefly  tropical  plants  ;  one 
is  a  weedy  wild  plant,  viz. 

J.  stimul6sa,  Michx.  TREAD-SOFTLY  or  SPURGE  NETTLE,  names  refer- 
ring to  its  stinging  bristly  hairs,  which  are  like  those  of  Nettles  ;  dry 
sandy  soil,  branching,  6'-12'  high;  leaves  rounded  heart-shaped,  3-6- 
lobed  or  variously  cleft  or  parted ;  flowers  slender,  white ;  stamens  10, 
their  filaments  almost  separate.  Sandy  soil,  Va.,  S.  11 

3.  CROTONOPSIS.     (Croton-like.)     ® 

C.  linearis,  Michx.  A  low,  slender  plant  with  alternate  or  opposite 
linear  or  lanceolate  leaves,  green  above  and  silvery-hoary  and  scurfy 
beneath,  as  are  the  branches.  Sandy  soil,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 


SPURGE   FAMILY.  383 

4.  CROTON.     (Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil  plant.)     ® 

C.  glandu!6sus,  Linn.  Rough-hairy  and  glandular,  umbellately 
branched  ;  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong  and  obtusely  toothed ;  sterile 
flowers  with  4-parted  calyx,  4  petals  and  4  rays  on  the  disk,  and  8  sta- 
mens ;  fertile  flowers  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  with  5- 
parted  calyx,  very  minute  rudiments  of  petals,  and  three  2-cleft  styles ; 
l°-2°.  Va.,  W.  and  S. 

C.  capitatus,  Michx.  Densely  soft-woolly  and  somewhat  glandular, 
l°-2° ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  long-oblong,  rounded  at  the  base,  entire, 
on  long  stalks  ;  sterile  flowers  with  5- parted  calyx,  5  petals  and  5  glands 
alternating,  and  10-14  stamens  ;  fertile  flowers  capitate  at  the  base  of  the 
short  sterile  spike,  with  7-12-parted  calyx,  0  petals,  and  3  styles  twice  or 
thrice  2-parted.  Barrens,  N.  J.,  S.  and  W. 

C.  monanth6gynus,  Michx.  Plant  a  foot  or  two  high,  rusty-glandu- 
lar and  whitish-stellate-pubescent ;  leaves  narrow-oblong  to  ovate-oblong, 
entire  ;  sterile  flowers  few  on  the  summits  of  short  and  erect  peduncles, 
with  3-5-parted  calyx  and  as  many  petals  and  glands,  and  3-8-stamens  ; 
fertile  flowers  solitary  or  few  on  short  recurved  peduncles,  with  5-parted 
calyx,  0  petals,  5  glands,  and  2  sessile,  2-parted  stigmas.  Barren  lands, 
Ind.,  S.  and  W. 

5.  CODL&3UM.     (Name  constructed  from  the  Malayan  name  of  one 
species. )     Plants  growing  in  the  Oriental  tropics  and  known  in  green- 
houses as  CROTONS.     The  cultivated  forms  are  very  numerous,  being 
distinguished  by  the  handsome  markings  of  the  foliage.     The  common- 
est species  represented  in  these  forms  is  C.  variegatum,  Blume  (C.  pfc- 
TUM  of  horticultural  literature). 

6.  ACALYPHA.     (Ancient  Greek  name  of  Nettle.)     Several  species 
are  cult,  in  choice  greenhouses  for  ornamental  foliage.      Flowering 
through  late  summer  and  autumn. 

A.  Virginica,  Linn.  A  common,  coarse,  low  weed  in  fields,  etc.; 
smoothish  or  hairy,  turning  purplish,  with  leaves  varying  from  ovate  to 
ovate-oblong,  serrate  ;  fertile  flowers  in  short  clusters ;  pod  and  seed 
smoothish.  There  is  a  variety  with  linear  leaves.  (J) 

A.  Caroliniana,  Ell.  Has  thin  heart-shaped,  closely  serrate  leaves, 
mostly  a  long  terminal  fertile  spike,  pods  beset  with  soft  prickles,  and 
seeds  rough-wrinkled.  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.  ® 

7.  RICINUS,   PALMA  CHRISTI,    CASTOR-OIL  PLANT.      (Latin 
name  of  a  bug,  which  the  seed  resembles.) 

R.  communis,  Linn.  A  sort  of  tree,  but  cult,  in  temperate  climates  as 
a  stately  annual,  for  its  seeds,  from  which  castor-oil  is  expressed,  and  in 
ornamental  grounds  for  its  magnificent  foliage  ;  the  peltate  and  palmately 
7-11-cleft  leaves  l°-2°  broad,  or  even  more  ;  flowers  late  summer.  There 
is  only  one  species,  although  some  of  the  most  distinct  forms  have  been 
given  specific  names.  Probably  African. 

8.  TRAGIA.     (Named  for  Bock,  an  early  herbalist,  whose  Latin  name 
\ws  Tragus.)     Ours  11 

*  Plant  not  truly  twining  ;  leaves  short-stalked. 

T.  inndcua,  Walt.  Erect  and  branched,  soft-hairy  and  not  stinging, 
6'-12';  leaves  obovate-oblong  to  narrow-linear,  acute  at  the  base;  sta- 
mens 2.  Sandy  soil,  Va.,  S. 


384  NETTLE   FAMILY. 

T.  nepetaef6lia,  Cav.  Erect  or  very  slightly  twining,  bearing  stinging 
hairs ;  leaves  ovate-  or  triangular-lanceolate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the 
base  ;  stamens  3-5.  Va.,  S. 

*  *  Plant  twining ;  leaves  (except  the  uppermost)  long-stalked. 

T.  macrocarpa,  Willd.  Leaves  ovate  and  acuminate,  deeply  cordate, 
serrate.  Ky.,  S. 

9.  STILLINGIA.      (Named  for  Dr.  B.  Stillingfleet.)     Very  smooth 
plants,  only  S.;  flowering  all  summer. 

*  Herb  ;  leaves  serrulate. 

S.  sylvatica,  Linn.  QUEEN'S  DELIGHT.  Dry  soil,  Va.,  S.  and  W.; 
l°-3°  high,  clustered  from  a  woody  root ;  leaves  crowded,  almost  sessile, 
varying  from  obovate  to  lance-linear,  serrulate  ;  stamens  2. 

*  *  Shrubby ;  leaves  entire. 

S.  ligustrlna,  Michx.  River  swamps  from  N.  Car.,  S.;  6°-12°high; 
leaves  lance-obovate  or  oblong ;  spikes  short ;  stamens  mostly  3. 

S.  sebifera,  Michx.  TALLOW  TREE  of  China,  planted  S.  Car.  and  S.; 
tree  20°-40°  high  ;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  long-petioled;  stamens  2;  seeds 
white,  yielding  a  useful  vegetable  tallow  or  wax. 

10.  BUXUS,    BOX.     (Ancient  Latin,  from  the  Greek  name  of  the 
Box  Tree.) 

B.  sempervirens,  Linn.  TREE  Box,  and  its  more  common  var.  NANA, 
the  DWARF  Box,  with  much  smaller  leaves,  from  the  Mediterranean,  are 
planted  N.,  chiefly  for  borders,  especially  the  Dwarf  Box. 

11.  FACHYSANDRA.     (Greek:  thick  stamens.)     11 

P.  prociimbens,  Michx.  Rocky  woods,  W.  slope  of  the  Alleghanies, 
from  Ky.,  S.,  and  in  some  gardens ;  developing  its  copious  spikes  from 
the  base  of  the  short  procumbent  densely  tufted  stems,  in  early  spring. 

12.  PHYTiLANTHUS.     (Greek:  leaf,  blossom:  the  flowers  in  some 
species  being  borne  on  dilated,  leaf -like  branches.) 

P.  Caroline'nsis,  Walt.  A  low  and  slender  plant,  growing  in  gravelly 
soils  from  Penn.,  S.  and  W. ;  leaves  short-stalked,  obovate  or  oval ;  flow- 
ers generally  2  in  each  axil,  1  staminate,  1  fertile,  both  almost  sessile.  ® 


CV.    URTICACE.fi,  NETTLE  FAMILY. 

This  family,  taken  in  the  largest  sense,  includes  very  various 
apetalous  plants,  with  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  (except 
in  the  Elm  Subfamily),  having  a  distinct  calyx  free  from  the 
1-seeded  (but  sometimes  2-celled)  fruit.  Stamens  as  many  as 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer. 
Inner  bark  generally  tough.  Leaves  with  stipules,  which  are 
sometimes  early  deciduous. 

1.  ELM  SUBFAMILY.  Trees,  the  juice  not  milky.  Leaves 
alternate,  2-ranked,  simple;  stipules  small  and  falling  early. 


NETTLE   FAMILY.  385 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous,  or  perfect,  with  the  fila- 
ments not  iuflexed  in  the  bud,  and  2  diverging  styles  or  long 
stigmas.  Ovary  1-2-celled,  with  1  or  2  hanging  ovules,  in 
fruit  always  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

»  Fruit  dry,  winged  or  nut-like.    Anthers  turned  outwards. 

1.  TILMUS.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-9-cleft.    Stamens  4-9  ;   filaments  long  and  slender. 

Ovary  mostly  2-celled,  becoming  a  1-celled  thin  samara  or  key-fruit  winged  all  round 
(Lessons,  Fig.  890).  Flowers  in  clusters  in  axils  of  last  year's  leaves,  in  early  spring, 
before  the  leaves  of  the  season,  purplish  or  yellowish-green.  Leaves  straight- veined, 
serrate. 

2.  PLANERA.    Like  Elm,  but  flowers  more  polygamous,  appearing  with  the  leaves  in 

small  axillary  clusters ;  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  stamens  only  4  or  5 ;  the  1-celled 
1-ovuled  ovary  forming  a  wingless  nut-like  fruit. 

*  *  Fruit  a  berry -like  globular  small  drupe.    Anthers  turned  inward. 
8.  CELT1S.    Calyx  5-6-parted,  persistent.    Stamens  5  or  6.    Stigmas  very  long,  tapering. 
Ovary  and  drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded.    Flowers  greenish,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves ; 
the  lower  ones  mostly  staminate  and  clustered,  the  upper  fertile  and  mostly  solitary 
on  a  slender  peduncle. 

II.  HEMP    SUBFAMILY.      Eough    herbs,   with  watery 
juice  and  tough  fibrous   bark.     Leaves   mostly  opposite   and 
palmately  lobed  or  compound.     Flowers   dioecious,  greenish  ; 
the  sterile  in  axillary  loose  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  the 
fertile  in  close  clusters  or  catkins ;  calyx  of  the  former  with 
5  sepals,  of  the  latter  1  scale-like  sepal  embracing  the  ovary 
and  akene.     Stigmas  or  hairy  styles  2,  long. 

4.  CANNABIS.    Erect  herb.    Stamens  5,  drooping.    Fertile  flowers  in  irregular  spiked 

clusters.    Leaves  of  5-7  lanceolate  irregularly  toothed  leaflets. 

5.  HUMULUS.    Tall-twining.     Stamens  erect.    Fertile  flowers  in  solitary  short  catkins 

or  spikes,  2  flowers  under  each  of  the  broad  thin  bracts  which  make  the  scales  of  the 
strobile  or  hop  fruit. 

III.  FIG  SUBFAMILY.     Woody  plants,  generally  trees, 
with  milky  or  colored  acrid  or  poisonous  juice.     Leaves  alter- 
nate.    Flowers  strictly  monoecious  or  dioecious.     Styles   or 
stigmas  commonly  2. 

*  Flowers  of  both  kinds  mixed,  lining  the  insideofa  closed  fleshy  receptacle,  or  hollow 

flower  stalk,  which  ripens  into  what  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  berry. 

6.  FICUS.    Receptacle  in  which  the  flowers  are  concealed  borne  in  the  axil  of  the  leaves. 

Akene  seed-like.  Stipules  large,  successively  enveloping  the  young  leaves  in  the 
bud,  falling  off  as  the  leaves  expand.  (Lessons,  Figs.  405,  406,  40T.) 

*  »  Flowers  of  the  two  kinds  mostly  separate;  the  fertile  crowded  in  catkin-like  spikes 

or  heads,  which  become  fleshy  in  fruit;  filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud,  spreading 
elastically  when  the  calyx  expands. 

7.  MACLURA.    Flowers  dioecious  ;  the  sterile  in  racemes,  and  nearly  like  those  of  Mul- 

berry; the  fertile  densely  crowded  in  a  large  spherical  head,  its  calyx  of  4  unequal 
sepals,  in  fruit  inclosing  the  small  akene ;  the  whole  head  ripening  into  a  fleshy 
yellow  mass,  resembling  an  orange  with  a  roughish  surface. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  BOX.  —  26 


386  NETTLE  FAMILY. 

8.  MORUS.    Flowers  usually  monoecious,  both  sorts  in  catkin-like  spikes.    Calyx  4-parted. 

Stamens  4.  Fertile  spike  altogether  becoming  an  oval  or  oblong  multiple  pulpy 
fruit  imitating  a  blackberry,  but  the  pulp  consists  of  the  calyx,  bracts,  etc.,  of  the 
flowers,  each  inclosing  a  small  akene.  (Lessons,  Figs.  408,  409,  410.) 

9.  BROUSSONETIA.    Flowers  dioecious  ;  the  sterile  in  cylindrical  catkins,  and  like  those 

of  Mulberry ;  the  fertile  in  globular  heads,  mixed  with  little  bristly  scales,  their  calyx 
urn-shaped  and  S-4-toothed,  out  of  which  the  ripened  ovary  protrudes  and  forms  a 
club-shaped  rather  fleshy  fruit.  Style  single. 

IV.  NETTLE  SUBFAMILY,  PROPER.  Herbs,  as  to  our 
wild  species,  with  bland  watery  juice  and  tough  fibrous  bark ; 
many  are  armed  with  stinging  hairs.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
dioecious,  greenish.  Filaments  transversely  wrinkled  and  in- 
flexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  elastically  when  the  calyx 
opens.  Fruit  an  akene;  style  or  stigma  one  and  simple. 

»  Plant  bearing  stinging  bristles  or  hairs. 

10.  URTICA.    Flowers  in  racemed,  spiked,  or  head-like  clusters ;  the  calyx  in  both  sorts 

of  4  separate  sepals.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  a  sessile  globular  tuft.  Akene  flat,  ovate, 
straight  and  erect,  inclosed  between  the  larger  pah-  of  sepals.  Leaves  opposite. 

11.  LAPORTEA.    Flowers  in  loose  open  cymes,  the  upper  chiefly  fertile,  and  lower  sterile ; 

the  latter  with  5  sepals  and  stamens  ;  the  former  of  4  very  unequal  sepals,  the  two 
outer  or  one  of  them  minute.    Stigma  slender  awl-shaped,  hairy  down  one  side,  per- 
sistent on  the  ovate  flat  very  oblique  and  nearly  naked  akene,  which  is  soon  reflexed 
on  its  wing-margined  pedicel.    Leaves  large,  alternate. 
«  •  Plant  not  stinging. 

12.  BOSHMERIA.    Flowers  either  dioecious  or  intermixed,  clustered  in  spikes,  not  involu- 

crate  ;  the  sterile  as  in  Urtica;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  calyx  barely 
toothed  at  the  apex,  inclosing  the  ovary  and  closely  investing  the  oblong  flat  akene. 
Style  long  and  slender,  the  stigma  on  one  side.  Leaves  opposite  and  serrate. 
18.  PARIETARIA.  Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous,  the  different  kinds  intermixed  in 
Involncrate-bracted  cymose  axillary  clusters.  Sterile  flowers  like  Boehmeria.  Fertile 
flowers  with  a  tubular  or  bell-form  4-lobed  and  nerved  calyx  inclosing  the  akenes. 
Style  slender  or  none,  the  stigma  tufted.  Leaves  alternate,  entire. 

1.  ULMUS,  ELM.  (The  classical  Latin  name.)  Fine  trees  in  deep, 
mostly  moist  or  alluvial  soil.  Flowers  early  spring ;  fruit  in  early  summer. 

«  Leaves  rough  and  harsh  on  the  upper,  soft  and  usually  downy  on  the  lower 
surface ;  seed  in  the  middle  of  the  orbicular  or  round-oval  fruit,  far  aicay 
from  the  shallow  notch  ;  flower-clusters  globular  ;  pedicels  very  short. 

TJ.  Mlva,  Michx.  SLIPPERY  ELM.  Rather  small  tree,  with  tough  red- 
dish wood,  well-known  very  mucilaginous  inner  bark,  and  rusty-downy 
buds  ;  leaves  4'-8'  long,  doubly  serrate,  very  rough  above  ;  these  and  the 
flowers  sweet-scented  in  drying  ;  calyx  lobes  and  stamens  7-9  ;  fruit  much 
less  than  1'  long,  the  seed-bearing  center  pubescent.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

U.  montana,  Wither.  WYCH-ELM  or  SCOTCH  ELM.  Commonly  planted, 
from  Eu. ;  leaves  smaller  and  less  rough  ;  buds  not  downy ;  calyx  lobes 
and  stamens  about  5  ;  fruits  1'  long,  smooth. 

*  *  Leaves  smooth  above,  smaller ;  notch  at  the  summit  of  the  fruit  reach- 
ing nearly  to  the  seed-bearing  cell;  fruit  only  about  £'  long. 

•«-  Flowers  in  close  clusters ;  pedicels  very  short  or  hardly  any  ;  stamens 
4  or  5  ;  fruit  smooth,  round-obovate. 

U.  campestr/s,  Linn.  ENGLISH  ELM.  Large  tree  from  Eu.,  with  rather 
short  horizontal  or  ascending  branches ;  leaves  2'-4'  long,  mostly  or  soon 


NETTLE   FAMILY.  387 

smooth.  Immensely  variable  under  cultivation,  and  known  under  many 
names.  The  CORK  ELM,  U.  suBER6sA,  is  a  form  of  this  species  with 
thick  plates  of  cork  on  the  branches. 

t-  -t-  Flowers  soon  hanging  on  slender  stalks,  which  are  jointed  above  the 
middle;  fruit  ovate  or  oval,  with  2  sharp  teeth  at  apex,  the  margin 
downy-ciliate,  at  least  when  young. 

U.  Americana,  Linn.  AMERICAN  or  WHITE  ELM.  Well  known  large 
tree,  with  long  ascending  branches  gradually  spreading,  drooping  slender 
branchlets,  which  are  smooth  as  well  as  the  buds,  not  corky  ;  the  abruptly 
pointed  leaves  2 '-4'  long  ;  flowers  in  close  clusters,  with  usually  7-9  calyx 
lobes  and  stamens  ;  fruit  smooth  except  the  margins,  its  incurved  points 
closing  the  notch.  The  tree  is  very  variable  in  habit  of  growth.  Forms 
of  it  are  known  as  ROCK  ELM  and  WATER  ELM.  (Lessons,  Fig.  80.) 

TJ.  racem6sa,  Thomas.  CORKY  WHITE  ELM,  ROCK  ELM  of  some 
eastern  cuinmunities.  Resembles  the  foregoing,  but  with  downy-ciliate 
bud  scales  ;  branches  becoming  corky,  young  branchlets  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, leaves  with  straighter  veins,  and  flowers  racemed.  Vt.,  S.  and  W. 

U.  alata,  Michx.  WHAHOO  or  WINGED  ELM.  Va.  to  Mo.  and  S.; 
small  tree,  with  bud  scales  and  branchlets  nearly  smooth,  winged  plates 
of  cork  on  the  branches,  and  small  thickish  leaves  (l'-2'  long)  almost 
sessile. 

2.  FLANERA,   PLANER  TREE.     (J.  J.  Planer,  a  German  botanist.) 
Flowers  greenish,  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  early  spring. 

P.  aquatica,  Gmel.  AMERICAN  P.  River  swamps,  from  Ky.,  S.  and 
W.;  small  tree  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  smooth  ;  fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx, 
beset  with  irregular  warts  or  crests. 

3.  CELTIS,    HACKBERRY  or  NETTLE    TREE.      (Ancient  Greek 
name  for  the  Lotus  berry.)    Flowers  spring;   fruit  ripe  in  autumn, 
eatable. 

C.  occidentals,  Linn.  AMERICAN  H.  Small  or  middle-sized  tree,  of 
rich  low  grounds  ;  with  reticulated,  ovate  and  taper-pointed,  serrate  or 
entire  leaves,  oblique  or  partly  heart-shaped  at  base,  sweet  thin-fleshed 
fruit  as  large  as  a  pea.  Var.  pumila,  a  straggling  bush,  chiefly  S.,  only 
4°-10°  high. 

4.  CANNABIS,   HEMP.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.)    Flowers  all 
summer.     ® 

C.  sativa,  Linn.  COMMON  HEMP.  Tall  coarse  plant  from  the  Old 
World  ;  cult,  for  the  fibers  of  its  stem,  and  spontaneous  in  moist  yards. 

5.  HUMULUS,    HOP.     (Name  obscure.)     Flowers  summer,     if 

H.  Lupulus,  Linn.  COMMON  HOP.  Wild  in  alluvial  soil  N.  Eng.,  W., 
and  also  cult,  from  Eu.  for  hops ;  the  aromatic  bitterness  resides  in  the 
yellow  resinous  grains  which  appear  on  the  fruiting  calyx,  akenes,  etc.; 
stems  almost  prickly  downwards  ;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  strongly  3-7- 
lobed. 

6.  PICUS,  FIG.     (The  Latin,  altered  from  the  Greek  name  of  the 

Fig-) 

F.  C&rica,  Linn.  COMMON  FIG.  Cult,  from  the  Levant,  as  a  house- 
plant  N.;  leaves  broad,  3-5-lobed,  roughish  above,  rather  downy  beneath  ; 
figs  single  in  the  axils,  pear-shaped,  luscious.  (Lessons,  Figs.  405-407.) 


388  NETTLE   FAMILY. 

F.  eldstica,  Roxb.  INDIA-RUBBER  TREE  of  E.  Indies  (not  that  of  S. 
Amer.);  tree  cult,  in  conservatories  for  its  beautiful  leaves,  6'-10'  long, 
oval-oblong,  entire,  thick,  smooth,  bright  green,  glossy  above. 

F.  pdrnifa,  Linn.  (F.  REPENS  and  F.  STIPULATA).  China;  a  delicate 
creeping  species,  fixing  itself  firmly  by  rootlets  and  covering  walls  in  con- 
servatories; leaves  1'  or  less  long,  oblong-ovate,  with  unequal  partly 
heart-shaped  base. 

7.  MACLURA,  OSAGE  ORANGE.    (Named  for  the  late  Mr.  Maclure, 
founder  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia.) 

M.  aurantlaca,  Nutt.  COMMON  O.,  or  Bois  D'ARC  (Bow  WOOD,  the 
tough  yellow  wood  used  for  bows  by  the  Indians).  Low  bushy  tree  from 
Kan.  and  Mo.,  S.;  multiplying  rapidly  by  its  running  roots;  planted  for 
hedges,  especially  W. ;  armed  with  slender  and  very  sharp  spines  ;  leaves 
lance-ovate,  entire,  very  glossy  ;  flowers  spring. 

8.  MORUS,   MULBERRY.      (Old  Greek  and  Latin  name.)     Trees. 
Leaves  heart-shaped  or  ovate,  mostly  serrate,  often  palmately  lobed ; 
short  catkin-like  spikes  axillary  or  lateral ;  flowers  spring ;  fruit  in 
summer,  eatable.     (Lessons,  Figs.  408-410.) 

*  Leaves  bright  and  glabrous,  and  mostly  glossy  above. 

M.  dlba,  Linn.  WHITE  MULBERRY.  Leaves  light  green,  rather  small, 
smooth  or  very  nearly  so  above  and  often  shining,  the  veins  prominent 
beneath  and  whitish,  variously  lobed  or  divided,  the  basal  lobes  unequal, 
the  teeth  large  and  for  the  most  part  rounded  or  nearly  obtuse,  the 
branches  gray  or  grayish-yellow.  Fruits  small  in  the  half  wild  form, 
which  is  common  along  fences  in  the  E.  States,  whitish  or  purple,  but  in 
the  cultivated  varieties,  as  New  American,  an  inch  or  two  long  and  purple- 
black.  The  commonest  mulberry  of  the  N.  From  China.  The  RUSSIAN 
MULBERRY  is  a  form  of  it  (var.  Tatfirica,  London). 

*  *  Leaves  dull  green,  mostly  more  or  less  rough. 

M.  fat/folia,  Poiret.  (M.  MULTICACLIS).  MULTICAULIS  MULBERRY.  A 
strong-growing  small  tree  or  giant  shrub,  with  dull,  roughish,  and  very 
large  long-pointed  leaves,  which  are  seldom  or  never  prominently  lobed, 
and  which  are  often  convex  above,  bearing  black  sweet  fruit.  Original 
of  the  Downing  Mulberry,  although  the  New  American  (M.  alba)  often 
passes  for  that  variety ;  also  used  for  stocks  upon  which  to  graft  other 
sorts.  Not  fully  hardy  in  the  Northern  States.  Once  much  recommended 
here  for  the  silkworm.  China. 

Iff.  nlgra,  Linn.  BLACK  MULBERRY.  Leaves  dark  dull  green,  rather 
large,  tapering  into  a  prominent  point,  commonly  very  rough  above, 
usually  not  lobed,  the  base  equal  or  very  nearly  so  upon  both  sides,  the 
teeth  rather  small  and  close,  the  branches  brown  ;  fruit  large  and  sweet, 
black  or  very  dark-colored.  Native  of  Asia,  probably  of  Persia  and  adjacent 
regions.  Cult,  in  the  Old  World  for  its  fruit,  but  in  America  it  is  very  little 
grown.  It  is  not  hardy,  except  in  protected  places,  in  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y. 

M.  rubra.  Linn.  RED  MULBERRY.  Leaves  usually  large,  very  various, 
those  on  the  young  shoots  deeply  lobed,  with  very  oblique  and  rounded 
sinuses  in  the  base  of  which  there  are  no  teeth,  the  upper  surface  rough 
and  the  lower  one  soft  or  variously  pubescent,  the  teeth  medium  or  com- 
paratively small  and  either  rounded  or  bluntish.  Generally  distributed 
from  western  N.  Eng.  to  Neb.,  and  southward  to  the  Gulf,  being  much 
more  abundant  and  attaining  a  larger  size  in  the  south.  The  fruit  is  deep 
red,  or  when  fully  ripe,  almost  black,  variable  in  size,  often  very  good, 
nearly  always  having  an  agreeable  slight  acidity.  Also  cult,  as  Hicks, 
Stubbs,  etc. 


PLANE   TREE   FAMILY.  389 

9.  BROUSSONETIA,  PAPER  MULBERRY.     (Named  for  P.  N.  V. 
Broussonet,  a  French  herbalist.) 

B.  papyrifera,  Vent.  Cult,  as  a  shade  tree  from  N.  Y.,  S.;  spreading 
by  suckers,  with  a  very  fibrous  bark  ;  leaves  rough  above,  downy  beneath, 
serrate,  some  of  them  ovate  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  others  3-cleft  or 
variously  lobed  ;  flowering  in  spring.  Japan  and  adjacent  regions. 

10.  URTICA,  NETTLE.     (The   classical  Latin  name.)     Common  in 
waste  grounds  and  near  dwellings ;  flowers  summer. 

*  Flower  clusters  in  branching  panicled  spikes  ;  often  dioecious.     2/ 

U.  gracilis,  Ait.  Fence  rows,  etc.,  common ;  2°-6°  high,  with  ovate- 
lanceolate,  serrate  leaves,  long  petioles,  rather  few  stings,  and  slender 
spikes. 

U.  diolca,  Linn.  A  weed  from  Eu.,  full  of  stings,  2°-3°  high,  with 
heart-ovate  more  deeply  serrate  leaves,  downy  beneath  and  shorter  petioles. 

*  *  Flower  clusters  shorter  than  the  petiole,  mostly  2  in  the  same  axil, 
containing  both  sorts  of  flowers  ;  stings  scattered.     (D 

U.  tirens,  Linn.  Weed  from  Eu.,  not  common  ;  8'-12'  high,  with  ovate 
leaves  deeply  cut  into  long  spreading  teeth ;  flower  clusters  small,  loose  ; 
stings  few. 

U.  chamaedryoldes,  Pursh.  Slender,  with  heart-ovate  or  lance-ovate 
leaves  moderately  toothed,  and  dense  flower  clusters ;  stings  sparse.  Ky.,  S. 

11.  LAPORTEA,  WOOD  NETTLE.     (Named  for  M.  Laporte. )     ^ 

L.  Canadensis,  Gaud.  Moist  and  rich  woods ;  2°-3°  high ;  ovate 
leaves  4'-7'  long  and  long-petioled,  a  single  2n3left  stipule  in  the  axil ; 
flowers  all  summer. 

12.  BCEHMERIA,   FAXSE  NETTLE.     (Named  for  Pro/.  G.  B.  Boh- 

mer  of  Germany.)     1J. 

B.  cylindrica,  Willd.  Moist  shady  grounds,  l°-3°  high,  smoothish  ; 
leaves  mostly  opposite,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  3-nerved,  serrate,  long-peti- 
oled; flower- clusters  crowded  in  long  narrow  interrupted  spikes,  in  summer. 

B.  nivea,  Gaud.  RAMIE,  or  the  GRASS-CLOTH  PLANT  of  China ;  3°-4° 
high,  with  ovate  leaves  white-downy  beneath  ;  planted  S.  for  its  valuable 
textile  fibers. 

13.  PARIETARIA,  PELLITORY.     (Latin,  from  its  habit  of  growing 

on  walls.)     (£> 

P.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.  Low,  only  sparingly  branched,  or  simple, 
minutely  downy ;  leaves  thin  and  veiny,  roughish  with  opaque  dots, 
oblong-lanceolate.  Shady  places,  Mass.,  W.  and  S. 

CVL    PLATANACE2E,   PLANE  TKEE  FAMILY. 

This  small  order  consists  merely  of  the  genus 

1.  PL  AT  ANUS,  PLANE  TREE.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Oriental 
species,  from  the  Greek  word  for  broad,  alluding  either  to  the  leaves 
or  the  wide-spreading  branches.)  Flowers  monoecious,  in  separate 
naked  heads  hanging  on  slender  peduncles ;  the  sterile  of  many  short 
stamens  with  club-shaped  little  scales  intermixed  ;  the  fertile  of  club- 


390  WALNUT  FAMILY. 

shaped  or  inversely  pyramidal  ovaries  mixed  with  little  scales  and 
tipped  with  a  slender  awl-shaped  simple  style,  ripening  into  a  sort  of 
akene  with  a  tawny-hairy  contracted  base.  No  evident  calyx.  Leaves 
alternate,  palmately  lobed  or  angled,  the  hollowed  base  of  the  petiole 
covering  and  concealing  the  axillary  bud  (Lessons,  Fig.  74) ;  stipules 
sheathing,  like  those  of  the  Polygonum  Family.  Flowers  spring. 

P.  occidentals,  Linn.  AMERICAN  PLANE,  SYCAMORE,  or  BUTTOXWOOD. 
Well-known  large  tree  by  river  banks,  with  white  close  bark  separating 
in  thin  brittle  plates ;  leaves  truncate  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  rather 
scurfy-downy  until  old,  the  short  lobes  sharp-pointed,  and  fertile  heads 
solitary. 

/*.  or/entalist  Linn.  ORIENTAL,  PLANE,  especially  its  var.  ACERIF6LIA, 
occasionally  planted  in  this  country,  is  very  like  ours,  but  is  not  so  hardy, 
has  leaves  more  cut  and  sooner  smooth,  the  heads  larger. 


CVIL    JUGLAITDACKfi,   WALNUT  FAMILY. 

Trees  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  monoe- 
cious flowers;  the  sterile  ones  in  catkins  with  an  irregular 
calyx  and  several  stamens ;  the  fertile  single  or  2  or  more  in 
a  cluster,  with  a  3-5-lobed  calyx,  the  tube  of  which  is  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  sometimes  bearing  petals.  Ovary  incompletely 
2-4-celled,  but  with  only  a  single  ovule,  erect  from  its  base,  and 
ripens  into  a  large  fruit,  the  bony  inner  part  of  which  forms 
the  nut,  the  fleshy  at  length  dry  outer  part  the  husk.  Seed 
4-lobed,  filled  with  the  fleshy  and  oily  embryo,  the  large  and 
separated  cotyledons  deeply  2-lobed  and  crumpled  or  corru- 
gated. 

1.  JUGLANS.    Sterile  flowers  In  solitary  catkins  from  the  wood  of  the  preceding  year, 

each  with  12-40  stamens  on  very  short  filaments.  Fertile  flowers  on  a  terminal 
peduncle,  with  a  4-toothed  calyx,  4  little  green  petals  and  2  club-shaped  and  fringed 
conspicuous  stigmas.  Husk  of  the  fruit  drying  up  before  splitting.  Bark  and  shoots 
resinous-aromatic  and  strong-scented.  Buds  several,  one  over  the  other,  the  upper- 
most far  above  the  axil  (Lessons,  Fig.  78).  Pith  in  plates.  Leaflets  numerous. 

2.  CARYA.    Sterile  flowers  in  clustered  lateral  catkins,  with  3-10  almost  sessile  anthers. 

Fertile  flowers  2-5  in  a  cluster  on  a  terminal  peduncle ;  no  petals ;  stigmas  2  or  4, 
large.  Husk  of  the  fruit  splitting  into  4  valves,  and  falling  away  from  the  smooth 
nut.  Valuable  timber  and  nut  trees,  with  very  hard  and  tough  wood,  and  scaly  buds 
single  (Lessons,  Fig.  73),  from  which  are  usually  put  forth  both  kinds  of  flowers, 
the  sterile  below  and  the  fertile  above  the  leaves. 

1.  jtTGLANS,  WALNUT.   (Name  from  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.) 
Flowers  spring ;  fruit  ripe  in  autumn.     Seed  sweet  and  edible. 

»  Nut  with  rough  and  furrowed  surface,  from  which  the  dried  husk  does 
not  fall  away;  seed  very  oily. 

J.  c  infer ea,  Linn.  BUTTERNUT  or  WHITE  W.  Middle-sized  tree  with 
smooth  gray  branches,  growing  from  N.  Eng.  to  Kan.  and  S.;  stalks  and 
shoots  clammy-downy ;  leaflets  downy,  at  least  beneath ,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, pointed,  serrate ;  fruit  oblong ;  nut  with  very  rugged  ridges. 


WALNUT  FAMILY.  391 

J.  Sieboldiana,  Maxim.  JAPANESE  W.  Tree  of  medium  to  large  size, 
with  pubescent  shoots  and  leaves ;  leaflets  11-17,  large,  elliptic-oblong 
and  acuminate,  sessile,  sometimes  not  strictly  opposite,  rather  coarsely 
serrate  ;  fruits  in  long  clusters  of  10-20,  inversely  top-shaped  when  the 
husk  is  on,  the  shell  thin  and  very  little  furrowed,  the  nude  nut  l'-2' 
long.  Japan. 

J.  nigra,  Linn.  BLACK  W.  Large  tree,  with  dark  rough  branches  ; 
stalks  and  shoots  not  clammy,  minutely  downy;  leaflets  smoothish, 
ovate-lanceolate,  serrate ;  fruit  spherical  (rarely  ovoid  and  sometimes  the 
husk  striped).  Mass.,  S.  and  W. 

*  *  Husk  friable,  separating  when  dry  from  the  roundish  and  smoothish 

thin-shelled  nut. 

J.  regia,  Linn.  ENGLISH  WALNUT,  so  called,  but  native  of  Asia  ;  leaf- 
lets oval,  entire,  smoothish ;  fruit  ripens  sparingly  in  Middle  States. 

2.  CART  A,  HICKORY.  (Greek  name  of  the  Walnut,  applied  to  these 
North  American  trees.)  Flowers  in  rather  late  spring;  nuts  fall  in 
autumn. 

*  Sterile  catkins  in  a  sessile  cluster;   leaflets  13-15,  short- stalked ;  nut 

edible. 

C.  olivaefdrmis,  Nutt,  PECAN.  Along  rivers,  from  Ind.  and  la.,  S.; 
leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  ;  nut  cylindrical-oblong,  olive- 
shaped,  the  seed  delicious.  Now  cult,  in  the  S. 

*  *  Sterile  catkins  3  or  more  together  on  a  common  peduncle;  leaflets 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  of  5-9  or  rarely  11-13  leaflets;  nut  globular  or 
short-oval. 

-H-  Nuts  sweet-tasted  and  edible  (the  hickory-nuts  of  the  market)  ;  the 
husk  splitting  into  4  thick  and  hard  valves;  buds  large,  of  about  10 
scenes. 

C.  alba,  Nutt.  SHELLBARK  or  SHAGBARK  H.  Bark  of  old  trunks 
very  shaggy,  separating  in  rough  wide  strips ;  inner  bud  scales  becoming 
very  large  and  conspicuous  on  the  young  shoot;  leaflets  5,  the  3  upper 
much  larger  and  lance-obovate ;  nut  white,  the  meat  high-flavored.  N. 
Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

C.  sulcata,  Nutt.  WESTERN  or  BIG  SHELLBARK  H.,  KINGNDT.  Dif- 
fers from  the  foregoing  in  lighter-colored  heart  wood,  7-9  leaflets  more 
downy  beneath ;  fruit  with  very  thick  husk  4-ribbed  above  the  middle, 
and  larger  yellowish  or  dull-white  nut  (sometimes  2'  long)  mostly  with 
a  point  at  both  ends.  N.  Y.,  S.  W. 

C.  tomentdsa,  Nutt.  MOCKER  NUT  or  WHITEHEART  H.  Bark  rough, 
but  not  splitting  off  in  strips;  shoots  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves 
woolly-downy  when  young;  leaflets  7-9,  lance-obovate,  or  the  lower 
lance-oblong ;  fruit  with  very  thick  hard  husk,  and  globular  nut  (not 
flattish  on  the  sides)  brownish,  very  thick-shelled,  hardly  fit  to  eat.  N. 
Eng.,  W.  and  S.,  commonly  on  rich  hillsides. 

C.  microcarpa,  Nutt.  Bark  somewhat  shaggy,  but  separating  in  nar- 
row thin  plates ;  foliage  glabrous ;  fruit  rather  small  and  thin-husked, 
edible,  but  not  rich.  N.  Y.  to  Del.  and  111.  Foliage  and  fruit  smaller 
than  C.  alba. 

•*-  •*-  Nuts  bitter,  in  a  rather  thin  and  friable  husk,  which  splits  only  at 
the  top,  or  tardily  to  near  the  base  ;  bark  on  the  trunk  close  ;  bud  scales 
falling  early. 

C.  porcina,  Nutt.  BROWN  or  BROOM  H.,  PIGNUT.  Bark  of  trunk 
rough  and  furrowed,  but  not  separating  in  plates ;  bud  scales  about  10, 


392  OAK   FAMILY. 

small ;  shoots  and  leaves  nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets  5-7,  obovate-lanceolate  ; 
fruit  pear-shaped ;  nut  oblong  or  oval,  hard-shelled,  seed  at  first  sweet, 
then  bitterish.  Me.,  S.  and  W. 

C.  amara.  Nutt.  BITTER  NUT.  Moist  or  low  grounds,  N.  Eng.,  W. 
and  S. ;  bark  of  trunk  smooth  and  very  close  ;  yellowish  bud  scales  about 
6;  shoots  and  leaves  pubescent  when  young;  leaflets  7-11,  lanceolate  or 
lance-oblong ;  fruit  globular ;  nut  white,  thin-shelled,  and  tender,  also 
globular ;  seed  at  first  sweet,  then  very  bitter. 

C.  aquatica,  Nutt.  WATER  H.  River  swamps,  S.  Car.,  S.  Small 
tree,  with  rough  bark ;  bud  scales  as  in  the  last ;  leaflets  9-13,  lanceolate, 
smooth  ;  nut  thin-shelled,  4-angular,  flattish;  seed  very  bitter. 


MYRICACEJJ,   SWEET  GALE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  with  resinous-dotted  often  fragrant  simple  leaves, 
and  monoecious  or  dio3cious  flowers  solitary  under  a  scale-like 
bract,  both  kinds  in  short  scaly  catkins  or  heads,  and  destitute 
of  any  proper  calyx  or  involucre,  the  1-seeded  fruit  a  fleshy 
little  drupe  or  at  length  dry  nut,  commonly  coated  with  wax. 

1.  MTEICA.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  the  catkins  from  lateral  scaly  buds  ;  each 
flower  with  a  pair  of  bractlets ;  the  sterile  of  2-8  stamens  ;  the  fertile  of  an  ovary  bear- 
Ing  2  slender  stigmas  and  surrounded  by  a  few  little  scales. 

1.  MYRICA,  BAYBERRY,  SWEET  GALE.    (Ancient  name  of  some 
aromatic  shrub.)     Flowers  spring,  with  or  earlier  than  the  leaves. 

*  Leaves  entire  or  simply  serrate  ;  flowers  mostly  dioecious,  the  ovary  with 

2-4  scales  at  base  and  the  nut  globular. 

M.  Gale,  Linn.  SWEET  GALE.  Cold  bogs  N.;  l°-4°  high,  with  pale 
wedge-lanceolate  leaves,  serrate  towards  the  apex ;  little  nuts  crowded, 
and  as  if  winged  by  a  pair  of  scales. 

M.  cerifera,  Linn.  BAYBERRY,  WAX  MYRTLE.  Along  the  coast, 
Canada  S.,  and  on  Lake  Erie  ;  shrub  2°-8°  high,  with  fragrant  lance- 
oblong  or  lanceolate  mostly  entire  leaves,  becoming  glossy  above,  the 
scattered  bony  nuts  thickly  incrusted  with  greenish  or  white  wax,  and 
appearing  like  berries. 

*  *  Leaves  pinnatifid;  flowers  mostly  monoecious,  the  ovary  icith  8  long 

linear  scales  at  base,  the  nut  ovoid-oblong. 

M.  asplenifdlia,  Endl.  SWEET  FERK.  In  sterile  soil,  N.  Eng.  to 
Minn. ,  and  S. ;  l°-2°  high,  with  linear-lanceolate  downy  leaves,  pinnatifid  , 
into  many  short  and  rounded  lobes,  resembling  a  Fern,  and  sweet-aro- 
matic. 

CLX.    CTTPULIFERJ!,  OAK  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  and  simple  straight-veined 
leaves,  very  deciduous  stipules,  and  monoecious  flowers ;  the 
sterile  in  slender  catkins  (except  in  the  Beech);  the  fertile 
solitary,  clustered  or  spiked,  and  furnished  with  an  involucre 
which  forms  a  cup  or  covering  to  the  1-celled  1-seeded  nut,  or  in 
the  Birches  and  Alders  with  no  involucre.  Fruit  a  rounded, 


OAK   FAMILY.  393 

angled  or  winged  nut,  coming  from  an  ovary  with  2  or  more 
cells  having  1  or  2  ovules  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each; 
but  all  except  one  cell  and  one  ovule  are  abortive.  There  is 
a  calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary,  as  is  shown  by  the  minute 
teeth  crowning  its  summit.  Seed  filled  by  the  embryo,  which 
has  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledons. 

*  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  separate  scaly  catkins  ;  fertile  flowers  with  no  calyx  or 

involucre;  fruit  flat  or  winged,  small;  stigmas  -2,  thread-like. 

1.  BETULA.  Sterile  catkins  long  and  hanging,  with  3  flowers  under  each  shield-shaped 
scaly  bract,  each  with  a  scale  bearing  4  short  stamens  with  1-celled  anthers.  (Lessons, 
Fig.  207.)  Fertile  catkins  stout ;  2  or  8  flowers  under  each  3-lobed  bract,  each  of  a 
naked  ovary  ripening  into  a  rounded  broadly  winged  scale-like  little  key -fruit,  tipped 
with  the  2  stigmas. 

8.  ALNUS.  Flowers  much  as  in  Betula,  but  usually  a  distinct  3-6-parted  calyx  ;  anthers 
2-celled  ;  oval  fertile  catkins  composed  of  thick  and  at  length  woody  persistent  scales ; 
and  the  little  nutlets  les.s  winged  or  wingless. 

»  *  Sterile  flowers  in  pendulous  catkins,  the  fertile  in  a  short  cluster  or  head  ;  the 
sterile  consisting  of  a  few  short  stamens  partly  adhering  to  the  bract,  and  des- 
titute of  any  proper  calyx  ;  the  anthers  \-celled ;  fertile  flowers  in  pairs  under 
each  bract  of  a  head,  spike,  or  short  catkin,  each  with  one  or  two  bractlets,  form- 
ing afoliaceous  or  sac-like  involucre  to  the  nut.  Sterile  catkins  rather  dense. 

8.  CORYLUS.  Scales  of  the  sterile  catkin  consisting  of  a  bract  to  the  inside  of  which  2 
bractlets  and  several  stamens  adhere.  Fertile  flowers  in  a  little  head,  like  a  scaly 
bud ;  stigmas  2,  long  and  red.  Nut  rather  large,  bony,  wholly  or  partly  inclosed  in 
a  leaf-like  or  tubular  and  cut-lobed  or  toothed  involucre. 

4.  OSTRYA.    Scales  of  the  sterile  catkin  simple.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  sort  of  slender  cat- 

kin, its  bracts  deciduous,  each  flower  an  ovary  tipped  with  2  long  slender  stigmas 
and  inclosed  in  a  tubular  bractlet,  which  becomes  a  bladdery  greenish-white  oblong 
bag,  in  the  bottom  of  which  is  the  little  nut ;  these  together  form  a  sort  of  hop-like 
fruit. 

5.  CARPINTJ  S.    Sterile  catkin  as  in  Ostrya.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  sort  of  slender  loose  cat- 

kin ;  each  with  a  pair  of  separate  3-lobed  bractlets,  which  become  leaf-like,  one  each 
side  of  the  small  nerved  nut. 

*  »  *  Sterile  flowers  in  hanging  catkins  or  a  pendulous  head,  with  a  distinct  4-~-lobed 

calyx  and  3-20  slender  stamens  ;  fertile  flowers  1-4  in  a  cup  or  bur-like  invo- 
lucre. 

-,-  Sterile  flowers  clustered  in  slender  catkins;  their  bracts  inconspicuous  or  decid- 
uous. 

6.  QUERCUS.    Stamens  8-12.    Fertile  flower  only  one  in  the  bud-like  involucre,  which 

becomes  a  scaly  cup.  Stigma  3-lobed.  Nut  (acorn)  terete,  with  a  firm  shell,  from 
which  the  thick  cotyledons  do  not  emerge  in  germination.  (Lessons,  Figs.  36,  37, 388.) 

f.  CASTANEA.  Stamens  8-20.  Fertile  flowers  few  (commonly  3)  in  each  involucre,  one 
or  more  ripening ;  stigmas  mostly  6  or  7,  bristle-shaped.  Nuts  coriaceous,  ovoid, 
when  more  than  one  flattened  on  one  or  both  sides,  inclosed  in  the  hard  and  thick 
very  prickly  bur-like  at  length  4-valved  involucre.  Cotyledons  somewhat  folded 
together  and  cohering,  remaining  underground  in  germination. 

•»-  -i-  Sterile  flowers  in  small  heads  on  drooping  peduncles. 

8.  FAGUS.  Calyx  of  sterile  flowers  bell-shaped,  5-7-cleft.  containing  8-16  long  stamens. 
Fertile  flowers  2  together  on  the  summit  of  a  scaly-bracted  peduncle  ;  the  innermost 
scales  uniting  form  the  4-lobed  involucre  ;  ovary  3-celled  when  young,  crowned  by  6 
awl-shaped  calyx  teeth  and  a  3-cleft  or  3  thread-like  styles  ;  in  fruit  a  pair  of  sharply 
3-sided  nuts  in  the  4-cleft  soft-prickly  rigid  involucre.  Cotyledons  thick,  somewhat 
crumpled  together,  but  rising  and  expanding  in  germination.  (Lessons,  Figs.  31-38.) 


394  OAK  FAMILY. 

1.  BETULA,  BIECH.    (The  ancient  Latin  name.)     Trees  with  slender 
spray  (or  a  few  low  shrubs),  more  or  less  spicy-aromatic  twigs,  sessile 
scaly  buds,  flowers  in  early  spring  along  with  the  leaves ;  the  sterile 
catkins  golden  yellow  ;  the  fertile  ones  mostly  terminating  very  short 
2-leaved  branches  of  the  season. 

*  Trunk  with  brown  or  yellow-gray  bark,  the  inner  bark,  twigs  and  thin 
straight-veined  leaves  spicy -aromatic ;  petioles  short;   thick  fruiting 
catkins  with  their  thin  scales  rather  persistent ;  fruit  with  narrow  wing. 

B.  16nta,  Linn.  SWEET,  BLACK,  or  CHERRY  BIRCH.  A  rather  large  tree, 
60°-75°,  with  fine-grained  valuable  wood,  dark  brown  close  bark  on  the 
trunk  (not  peeling  in  thin  layers)  and  bronze-reddish  twigs,  very  aromatic ; 
leaves  oblong-ovate  and  somewhat  heart-shaped,  sharply  doubly  serrate  all 
round,  soon  glossy  above  and  almost  smooth ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong- 
cylindrical,  the  scales  with  divergent  lobes.  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

B.  lutea,  Michx.  f.  YELLOW  or  GRAY  BIRCH.  Less  aromatic ;  bark 
of  trunk  yellowish-gray  and  somewhat  silvery,  separating  in  thin  layers  ; 
leaves  duller,  more  downy,  and  rarely  at  all  heart-shaped  ;  fruiting  cat- 
kins short-oblong,  with  thinner  and  narrower  barely  spreading- lobed 
scales.  Same  general  range. 

*  »  Trunk  with  chalky-white  bark  peeling  horizontally  in  thin  sheets  ; 
leaves  and  narrow  cylindrical  smooth  catkins  slender-stalked;  bracts 
fatting  with  the  broad-winged  fruit. 

B.  dlba,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  WHITE  BIRCH,  but  much  cultivated,  partic- 
ularly the  weeping  and  cut-leaved  forms ;  tree  50°-60°,  with  open  top,  and 
small  (in  the  normal  form)  leaves  which  are  triangular-ovate  with  a  truncate 
or  rounded  (or  even  somewhat  cordate)  base,  and  not  strongly  acuminate. 

B.  populif61ia.  Ait.  AMERICAN  WHITE  BIRCH,  GRAY  BIRCH.  Small 
slender  tree,  15°-30°,  with  mostly  larger  dangling  leaves  than  the  last, 
very  lustrous  above,  strongly  triangular-ovate  or  diamond-ovate,  the  base 
slanting,  and  the  apex  very  long-acuminate.  Poor  soils,  N.  Eng.  to  Del., 
and  L.  Ontario. 

B.  papyrifera,  Marsh.  PAPER  or  CANOE  BIRCH.  Large  tree,  from  upper 
part  of  Penn.  N.,  mostly  far  N.  and  N.  W.;  with  ovate  and  even  heart- 
shaped  leaves  (dull  and  often  pubescent  beneath,  and  dark  green  above), 
and  more  papery  bark  than  in  White  Birch,  separating  in  ample  sheets. 

*  *  *  Trunk  with  greenish-brown  bark,  hardly  peeling  in  layers,  reddish 
twigs  little  aromatic,  and  oblong  downy  short-stalked  catkins  ;  wings  of 
fruit  broad. 

.  B.  nigra,  Linn.  RIVER  or  RED  BIRCH.  Middle-sized  tree  of  low  river 
banks,  commonest  S.  (but  growing  from  Mass,  to  Minn,  and  S.);  leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  whitish  and  mostly  downy  beneath. 

«  *  *  *  Shrubs  with  brown  tight  bark,  small  thickish  crenate  leaves,  and 
oblong  or  cylindrical  glabrous  mostly  erect  short-peduncled  catkins. 
B.  pumila,  Linn.    Low  or  DWARF  BIRCH.    Erect  or  ascending,  2°-8°  ; 
leaves  obovate  or  orbicular,  soft-downy  beneath.    Bogs,  Conn.,  S.  and  W. 

2.  ALNUS,    ALDER.     (Ancient  Latin  name. )    Small  trees  or  shrubs, 
with  narrow  leaf-buds  of  very  few  scales  and  often  stalked,  and  catkins 
mostly  clustered  or  racemed  on  leafless  branchlets  or  peduncles. 

»  Flowers  with  the  leaves  in  spring,  the  sterile  from  catkins  which  were 
naked  over  winter,  while  the  fertile  catkin  was  inclosed  in  a  scaly  bud. 
A.  viiidis,  DC.     GREEN  or  MOUNTAIN  ALDER.     On  mountains  and  far 
N.;  3°-8°  high  ;  leaves  round-oval  or  ovate,  glutinous  ;  fruit  with  a  broad 
thin  wing. 


OAK   FAMILY.  395 

*  *  Flowers  in  earliest  spring,  much  before  the  leaves,  both  sorts  from 
catkins  which  have  remained  naked  over  winter  •  wing  of  fruit  narrow 
and  thickish. 

A.  serrulata,  Willd.  SMOOTH  A.  Common  especially  S.  (Mass,  to 
Minn.,  and  S.);  6°-12°  high,  with  obovate  smooth  or  smoothish  leaves 
green  both  sides  and  sharply  serrate. 

A.  incana,  Willd.  SPECKLED  or  HOAKT  A.  Common  N.,  along 
streams  ;  8°-20°  high  ;  with  broadly  oval  or  ovate  leaves  rounded  at  base, 
serrate,  and  often  coarsely  toothed,  whitened  and  commonly  downy 
beneath. 

A.  glutinbsa,  Willd.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  under  several  names,  some  forms 
cut-leaved ;  leaves  round-obovate  and  scalloped,  and  finely  sharp-toothed, 
a  tuft  of  down  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  the  young  growth  and 
petioles  glutinous. 

3.  CORYLUS,    HAZELNUT,    FILBERT.     (Classical  Latin  name.) 
Shrubs,  with  flowers  in  early  spring  preceding  the  rounded-heart-shaped, 
doubly  serrate,  at  first  downy  leaves.    Edible  nuts  ripe  in  autumn. 

C.  Avellana,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  H.,  FILBERT  or  COBNUT.  Occasionally 
planted ;  6°-10°  high,  with  bristly  shoots,  and  smoothish  deeply-cleft 
involucre  about  the  length  of  the  (!'  long)  oval  nut. 

C.  Americana,  Walt.  AMERICAN  H.  Thickets;  4°-6°  high,  with 
more  downy  shoots,  leaves,  and  involucre,  the  latter  open  down  to  the 
smaller  globular  nut  in  the  form  of  a  pair  of  broad  cut-toothed  leafy 
bracts.  N.  Eng.  to  Dak.,  and  S. 

C.  rostrata,  Ait.  BEAKED  H.  Thickets  and  banks,  mostly  N. ;  2°-5° 
high,  with  more  ovate  and  scarcely  heart-shaped  leaves,  the  densely  bristly 
involucre  prolonged  in  a  narrow  curved  tube  much  beyond  the  ovoid  nut. 

4.  OSTRY A,  HOP  HORNBEAM.   (Classical  name.)  Slender  trees,  with 
very  hard  wood;  flowers  appearing  with  the  Birch-like  leaves,  in  spring. 
O.   Virginica,  Willd.   AMERICAN  H.,  IRONWOOD  or  LEVERWOOD.    Tree 

20°-50°  high,  with  brownish  rough  bark,  and  oblong-ovate  taper-pointed 
sharply  doubly-serrate  leaves  downy  beneath,  the  sacs  of  the  fruit  bristly 
at  base.  Wood  white.  Common. 

5.  CARPINUS,  HORNBEAM.     (Ancient  Latin  name.)     Low  trees  or 
tall  shrubs,  with  furrowed  trunks  and  very  hard  wood,  the  close  gray 
bark  and  small  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  Beech  ;  flowers  with  the 
leaves,  in  spring. 

C.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  AMERICAN  H.,  BLUE  or  WATER  BEECH.  Banks 
of  streams  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  S.;  10°-20°  high;  with  ovate-oblong 
pointed  doubly  serrate  leaves,  becoming  smooth,  and  halberd-3-lobed 
bracts  of  the  involucre. 

6.  QUERCUS,    OAK.     (The  classical  Latin  name.)    Flowers  in  spring ; 
acorns  ripe  in  autumn.    Natural  hybrids  occur. 

§  1.  ANNUAL-FRUITED  OAKS,  the  acorns  maturing  the  autumn  of  the  first 
year,  therefore  on  the  wood  of  the  season,  usually  in  the  axil  of  the 
leaves,  out  of  which  they  are  often  raised  on  a  peduncle ;  kernel  com- 
monly sweet-tasted;  no  bristles  on  the  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  leaves. 

*  WHITE  OAKS,  icith  lyrately  or  sinuately  pinnatifid  and  deciduous  leaves. 

•*-  Leaves  not  glaucous  or  white  beneath. 

Q.  Rbbur,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  or  ENGLISH  OAK.  Large,  strong  tree ; 
leaves  small,  sinuate-lobed,  but  hardly  pinnatifid ;  acorn  oblong,  over  1' 


396  OAK  FAMILY. 

long,  one  or  a  few  in  a  cluster,  which  is  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  in  var. 
SE8SILIFL6RA,  raised  on  a  slender  peduncle  in  var.  PEDUNCULATA.  Various 
forms  are  cult,  for  ornament,  especially  yellow-leaved  and  cut-leaved 
varieties.  Eu.  ^  ^  j^^^p^  or  whitish  beneath. 

Q.  dlba,  Linn.  WHITE  OAK.  Rich  soil,  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  S.;  large 
tree  with  whitish  bark  ;  leaves  soon  smooth,  bright  green  above,  whitish 
beneath,  with  3-9  oblong  or  linear  obtuse  and  mostly  entire  oblique  lobes  ; 
the  shallow  rough  cup  very  much  shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  (about 
1'  long)  acorn;  seed  edible. 

Q.  stellata,  Wang.  POST,  ROUGH,  Box  WHITE  or  IKON  OAK.  Small 
tree  in  barren  soil,  commonest  S.,  with  very  durable  wood  ;  thickish  leaves 
grayish-downy  beneath,  pale  and  rough  above,  sinuately  5-7-lobed,  the 
lobes  divergent  and  rounded,  the  upper  pair  larger  and  sometimes  1-3- 
notched  ;  naked  cup  deep  saucer-shaped,  half  or  one  third  the  length  of 
the  small  acorn. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.  BUR  OAK,  OVER-CUP  or  MOSSY-CUP  OAK. 
Middle-sized  tree  in  fertile  soil,  commonest  W.,  but  occurs  in  N.  Eng.; 
with  obovate  or  oblong  lyrately  pinnatifid  leaves  of  various  shape,  pale 
or  downy  beneath,  smooth  above ;  cup  deep,  thick  and  woody,  from 
hardly  1'  to  2'  in  diameter,  covered  with  hard  and  thick  pointed  scales, 
the  upper  ones  tapering  into  bristly  points,  making  a  mossy-fringed 
border  ;  acorn  I'-IJ'  long,  half  or  wholly  covered  by  the  cup. 

Q.  lyrata,  Walt.  SOUTHERN  OVER-CUP  OAK.  Large  tree  in  river 
swamps,  from  N.  Car.,  S.  and  W.;  leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of  the 
branchlets,  obovate-oblong,  with  7-9  triangular  and  entire  acute  lobes, 
glossy  above,  whitish-downy  beneath ;  cup  sessile,  globular,  rough  with 
rugged  scales,  almost  covering  the  globular  nut. 

*  *  CHESTNUT  OAKS,  with  toothed  or  sinuate  leaves,  not  lobed  except 
slightly  in  the  first  species,  white  or  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  cup  hoary, 
about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong-ovoid  edible  acorn. 

•>-  Tall  forest  trees. 

Q.  bicolor,  Willd.  SWAMP  WHITE  OAK.  Handsome  tree,  with  leaves 
intermediate  between  the  White  and  the  Chestnut  Oaks,  being  more  or 
less  obovate  and  sinuate- toothed,  or  some  of  them  nearly  pinnatifid,  hoary 
with  soft  down  beneath,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  the  main  veins  only  6-b 
pairs  and  not  prominent ;  peduncle  in  fruit  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  cup 
often  mossy-fringed  at  the  margin ;  acorn  hardly  1'  long.  Streams, 
banks,  and  swamps,  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  S. 

Q.  Michaiixii,  Nutt.  BASKET  or  Cow  OAK.  Leaves  oval  or  obovate, 
acute,  blunt  or  even  cordate  at  the  base,  dentate,  rigid,  very  tomentose 
beneath  ;  fruit  short-peduncled,  the  cup  shallow  and  without  fringe,  but 
covered  with  hard  and  stout  acute  scales  ;  acorns  !£'  long.  Large  tree, 
growing  in  swamps  and  along  streams  from  Del.  and  S.  Ind.,  S. 

Q.  Prlnus,  Linn.  CHESTNUT  OAK.  Large,  rough-barked  tree,  on  banks 
and  hillsides,  from  Mass,  and  N.  Y.,  S.;  leaves  variable,  thick,  obovate, 
oblong  or  even  nearly  lanceolate,  base  acute  or  obtuse,  undulately  crenate- 
toothed,  pale  and  minutely  downy  beneath ;  fruiting  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaf  stalks  ;  cup  thick,  generally  tuberculate  ;  acorn  I'-IJ-'  long. 

Q.  Muhlenb^rgii,  Engelm.  YELLOW  OAK,  CHESTNUT  OAK.  Leaves 
much  like  those  of  the  Chestnut,  5'-7'  long,  slender- stalked,  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  acute,  obtuse  at  the  base,  nearly  equally  and  rather  sharply 
toothed ;  cup  nearly  sessile,  shallow  and  thin,  with  small  appressed  scales  ; 
acorn  small,  J'-f  long.  Rich  lands,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  S. 

•H-  +-  Bush,  rarely  tree-like  at  the  West. 

Q.  prinoldes,  Willd.  DWARF  CHESTNUT  OAK,  or  CHINQUAPIN  OAK. 
Barren  or  sandy  soil,  ranging  with  the  last ;  shrub  2°-4°  high,  with  obo- 


OAK   FAMILY.  397 

vate  or  oblong-sinuate  leaves  narrowed  at  base  ;  and  acorn  and  cup  like 
that  of  Q.  Muhlenbergii,  but  very  much  smaller  ;  producing  little  abor- 
tive acorns  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  scales  of  the  cup. 

*  *  *  LIVE  OAK,  with  evergreen  coriaceous  leaves,  not  lobed. 

Q.  virens.  Ait.  LIVE  OAK.  Barrens  or  sands  along  the  coast,  from 
Va.,  S. ;  small  or  large  tree,  or  a  mere  shrub,  with  very  durable  firm  wood, 
the  branchlets  and  lower  face  of  the  small  oblong  entire  (or  rarely  spiny- 
toothed)  leaves  hoary ;  conspicuous  peduncle  bearing  1-3  small  fruits, 
with  top-shaped  cup  and  oblong  acorn. 

§  2.  BIENNIAL-FRUITED  OAKS,  the  acorns  not  maturing  until  the  autumn 
of  the  second  year,  and  therefore  borne  on  old  wood  below  the  leaves  of 
the  season,  on  short  and  thick  peduncles  or  none;  kernel  always  bitter; 
tip  or  lobes  of  the  leaves  commonly  bristle-pointed. 

*  BLACK  and  RED  OAKS,  with  long-petioled  and  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid 
deciduous  leaves. 

-»-  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides  or  nearly  so,  generally  ovate,  oblong, 
or  some  of  the  larger  obovate  in  outline,  and  varying  from  sinuately  to 
deeply  pinnatifid,  turning  various  shades  of  red  or  crimson  in  late 
autumn  ;  wood  coarse-grained. 

++  Leaves  with  wedge-shaped  base  and  short  petiole,  rather  thick  and  cori- 
aceous. 

Q.  Catesbeei,  Michx.  TURKEY  or  BARRENS  SCRUB  OAK.  Small  tree 
in  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.,  S. ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  or  3-5-cleft,  the 
long  and  narrow  or  unequal  lobes  somewhat  scythe-shaped  and  often 
nearly  entire  ;  cup  very  thick  and  of  coarse  scales,  1'  or  less  broad,  half 
inclosing  the  ovoid  nut. 

*+  +H-  Leaves  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  slender-petioled,  thinner. 

Q.  rfobra,  Linn.  RED  OAK.  Common  in  rich  and  poor  soil  in  N. 
States;  large  open-topped  tree,  with  dark  gray  smoothish  bark,  very 
coarse  reddish  wood,  and  thinnish  moderately  pinnatifid  leaves ;  cup 
saucer-shaped,  sessile  or  on  a  short  and  abrupt  narrow  neck,  of  fine  close 
scales,  very  much  shorter  than  the  nearly  oblong  acorn,  which  is  1'  or 
less  in  length. 

coccinea,  Wang.  SCARLET  OAK.  Dry  or  barely  moist  soil,  Me. 
i.,  and  S.;  large  tree  with  gray  bark,  the  interior  reddish,  rather 
firm  leaves  more  or  less  glossy  above  and  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  cup  coarse- 
scaly,  top-shaped  or  hemispherical  with  a  conical  scaly  base,  covering 
half  or  more  of  the  roundish  acorn  (this  $'-\'  long). 

Var.  tLnctdria,  Gray.  QUERCITRON,  YELLOW-BARKED,  or  BLACK  OAK. 
Bark  of  trunk  darker-colored,  thicker,  rougher,  internally  orange  (quer- 
citron) ,  and  much  more  valuable  to  the  tanner  and  dyer ;  cup  less  top- 
shaped  ;  leaves  less  pinnatifid  or  some  of  them  barely  sinuate,  thinner, 
less  glossy,  and  more  like  those  of  Q.  rubra.  Ranges  with  the  species. 

Q.  palustris,  I3u  Roi.  SWAMP  SPANISH  or  PIN  OAK.  Low  grounds, 
Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  S.;  middle-sized  tree,  with  less  coarse  wood,  deeply 
piunatifid  smooth  leaves  with  their  divergent  lobes  separated  by  broad 
and  rounded  sinuses ;  cup  flat-saucer-shaped,  with  a  short  scaly  base  or 
stalk,  of  fine  scales,  very  much  shorter  than  the  roundish  acorn,  which  is 
barely  4 '  in  length. 

t~  t-  Leaves  downy  beneath  even  when  mature;  cup  saucer-shaped  with 
top-shaped  base. 

Q.  falcata,  Michx.  SPANISH  OAK.  Dry  soil,  Long  Island  to  Mo.,  and 
6.;  large  tree,  with  oblong  leavee  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  3-6-lobed 


Q.  coc 

to  Minn., 


398  OAK  FAMILY. 

towards  the  top,  grayish  or  yellowish-downy  beneath,  the  lobes  mostly 
narrow  and  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  and  somewhat  curved ;  acorn 
globular,  hardly  £'  long. 

Q.  ilicif61ia,  Wang.  BEAR  or  BLACK  SCKUB  OAK.  Sterile  hills  and 
barrens,  mostly  N.  and  W. ;  shrub  3°-8°  high,  straggling  ;  leaves  obovate 
with  wedge-shaped  base,  above  angularly  3-7-lobed,  whitish-downy  be- 
neath ;  acorn  ovoid,  barely  £'  long. 

*  *  THICKISH-LEAVED  OAKS,  some  of  them  almost  or  quite  evergreen  at 
the  South,  coriaceous  but  deciduous  N.,  entire,  sparingly  toothed,  or 
barely  3-lobed  at  the  siimmit. 

-»-  Leaves  widening  upwards,  where  they  are  sometimes  moderately  3-5- 
lobed  •  acorns  globular,  ovoid,  small. 

Q.  aquatica,  Walt.  WATER  OAK.  A  small  tree,  with  very  smooth 
and  glossy,  obovate-spatulate,  oblanceolate,  or  wedge-oblong  leaves, 
long-tapering  at  base  ;  cup  saucer-shaped.  Wet  ground,  from  Del.,  S. 

Q.  iiigra,  Linn.  BLACK-JACK  or  BARREN  OAK.  Barrens,  from  N.  Y., 
S.  and  W.;  low  tree  (8°-25°  high),  with  wedge-shaped  leaves  widely 
dilated  and  mostly  3-lobed  at  summit,  but  often  rounded  at  the  narrow 
base,  rusty-downy  beneath,  smooth  and  glossy  above ;  cup  top-shaped, 
coarse-scaly. 

•«-  -i-  Leaves  generally  entire,  not  widened  upwards;   acorns  spherical, 
small. 

Q.  imbricaria,  Michx.  LAUREL  or  SHINGLE  OAK.  A  middle-sized 
tree,  with  laurel-like,  lance-oblong  leaves  glossy  above,  more  or  less  downy 
beneath ;  cup  saucer-shaped  or  top-shaped.  Rich  soils,  Penn.,  W. 
andS. 

Q.  cindrea,  Michx.  UPLAND  WILLOW  OAK.  Dry  pine  barrens,  N. 
Car.,  S. ;  small  tree  or  shrub  ;  resembles  Live  Oak,  but  more  downy,  nar- 
rower-leaved, the  cup  shallow,  and  small  acorn  globular. 

Q.  Fhellos.  Linn.  WILLOW  OAK.  Sandy  low  woods  from  N.  Y.,  S. 
and  W. ;  a  middle-sized  tree,  remarkable  for  its  linear-lanceolate,  smooth, 
willow-like  leaves  narrowed  at  both  ends. 

7.  CASTANEA,  CHESTNUT.  (Classical  name,  taken  from  that  of 
a  town  in  Thessaly.)  Flowers  in  summer,  appearing  later  than  the 
elongated  strongly  straight-veined  and  merely  serrate  leaves. 

C.  saf)va,  Mill.  EUROPEAN  CHESTNUT.  Large  tree,  with  oblong-lance- 
olate leaves,  which  are  abruptly  pointed  or  not  long-petioled,  the  teeth 
rather  small  but  ending  in  a  prominent,  generally  somewhat  incurved 
spine  ;  when  mature  smooth  and  green  both  sides ;  nuts  large,  2  or  3  in 
each  involucre.  Several  varieties  are  cult,  for  the  large  nuts. 

Var.  Americana.  Watson.  AMERICAN  C.  Larger  freer-growing  tree, 
with  mostly  larger  and  broader  and  thinner  leaves,  which  are  prominently 
taper-pointed,  the  teeth  large  and  crowned  with  longer  and  more  spread- 
ing spines  ;  nuts  smaller  but  better.  Also  cult,  in  a  few  named  varieties. 
Rocky  woods,  Me.  to  Mich.,  and  S. 

C.  Jap6nica,  Blume.  JAPANESE  C.  Small  tree,  with  narrow  (oblong- 
lanceolate)  small  leaves  which  are  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  and 
white-tomentose  beneath,  mostly  long-pointed,  the  teeth  small  and  sharply 
awn-pointed.  Somewhat  planted  for  its  very  large  nuts. 

C.  pfcmila,  Mill.  CHINQUAPIN.  Sandy  dry  soil  chiefly  Penn.,  S.  and 
W. ;  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  lance-oblong  leaves,  whitish-downy  beneath, 
and  very  sweet  nut,  solitary  in  the  involucre,  and  therefore  terete. 


WILLOW    FAMILY.  399 

8.  FAGUS,  BEECH.  (Classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek,  alluding 
to  the  nuts  being  good  to  eat.)  Flowers  appearing  with  the  (straight- 
veined  and  serrate)  leaves,  in  spring. 

F.  ferruglnea,  Ait.  AMERICAN  BEECH.  Forest  tree,  with  fine-grained 
wood,  close  and  smooth  light-gray  bark,  and  light  horizontal  spray  ;  the 
leaves  oblong-ovate  and  taper-pointed,  distinctly  toothed,  thin,  their  silky 
hairs  early  deciduous,  the  very  straight  veins  all  ending  in  the  salient 
teeth  ;  common  on  rich  lands. 

F.  sylv&tica,  Linn.  EUROPEAN  BEECH.  Occasionally  planted ;  is  dis- 
tinguished by  broader  and  shorter,  firmer,  more  hairy,  and  wavy-toothed 
leaves,  some  of  the  main  veins  tending  to  the  sinuses.  COPPER  BEECH  is 
a  variety  with  crimson-purple  foliage  ;  there  are  also  weeping  forms. 


CX.    SALICACKfi,   WILLOW  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  bark,  soft  light  wood,  alternate 
undivided  leaves,  either  persistent  or  deciduous  stipules,  and 
dioecious  flowers ;  both  kinds  in  catkins,  one  flower  under  each 
bract  or  scale,  the  staminate  of  naked  stamens  only,  the  fertile 
of  a  1-celled  ovary  which  becomes  a  2-4-valved  pod  with  2-4 
parietal  or  basal  placentae,  bearing  numerous  seeds  furnished 
with  a  tuft  of  long  cottony  down  at  one  end. 

1.  SALIX.    Scales  of  the  catkins  entire.    Sterile  flowers  of  few  or  rarely  many  stamens, 

accompanied  by  1  or  2  little  glands.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  little  gland  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  on  the  inner  side ;  stigmas  2,  short,  each  sometimes  2-lobed.  Catkins  gen- 
erally erect,  appearing  before,  with  or  following  the  leaves.  Shrubs  or  trees  with 
lithe  branches,  mostly  1-scaled  buds  and  narrow  leaves. 

2.  POPULUS.    Scales  of  the  catkins  cut  or  cleft  at  the  apex.    Flowers  on  a  cup-shaped 

oblique  disk.  Stamens  usually  numerous.  Stigmas  long.  Catkins  drooping ;  flowers 
preceding  the  leaves,  which  are  mostly  broad.  Buds  scaly. 

1.  SALIX,  WILLOW,  OSIER.  (The  classical  Latin  name.)  The 
Willows,  especially  the  numerous  wild  ones,  are  much  too  difficult  for 
the  beginner  to  undertake.  For  their  study  the  Manual  must  be  used. 
The  following  are  the  common  ones  planted  from  the  Old  World,  with 
some  of  the  most  tree-like  wild  ones. 

*  Flowers  earlier  than  the  leaves ;  catkins  sessile  along  the  shoot  of  pre- 
ceding year. 

S.  viminalis,  Linn.  BASKET  W.  or  OSIER.  Of  Eu. ;  twigs  used  for 
basket  work ;  has  lance-linear,  entire,  slender-pointed  leaves  3'-6'  long 
and  satiny-white  underneath.  Stamens  2,  separate.  Occasionally  planted. 

S.  purptirea,  Linn.  Known  by  the  reddish  or  olive-colored  twigs,  lateral 
catkins  before  the  oblanceolate,  serrulate,  and  glaucous  leaves  and  with 
dark  scales,  red  anthers,  and  sessile  downy  ovary.  Stamens  2,  but  their 
filaments  and  often  the  anthers  also  united  into  one.  Established  on  low 
grounds  and  banks  in  some  places,  and  planted  for  basket  and  tying 
material ;  also  ornamental  forms,  one  of  which  is  known  as  S.  NAPO- 

LE6NIS.       EU. 

S.  Caprea,  Linn.  GOAT  W.  of  Eu.  In  this  country  known  chiefly  in 
its  weeping  form  (the  KILMARNOCK  WILLOW)  ,  and  as  a  stock  upon  which 


400  WILLOW    FAMILY. 

many  other  ornamental  willows  are  grafted.  Moderate-sized  tree,  with 
brown  or  reddish  branches  and  thick  oval  or  lance-oval  wavy-margined 
and  irregularly  toothed  leaves,  which  are  white-tomentose  below  and 
short-stalked  ;  young  growth  pubescent. 

*  *  Flowers  slightly  earlier  than  the  leaves  but  rather  late  in  spring,  on 

lateral  catkins  which  have  4  or  5  leafy  bracts  at  their  base. 

S.  cordata,  Muhl.  A  common  wild  species  along  streams,  badly 
named,  as  the  leaves  are  seldom  heart-shaped  at  base  and  generally 
lanceolate,  often  tapering  to  both  ends,  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  pale  or 
whitish  beneath ;  stipules  on  young  shoots  conspicuous,  ovate  or  kidney- 
shaped;  ovary  slender-stalked,  tapering,  smooth.  Variable. 

S.  incana,  Schrank.  (S.  ROSsiARiNirdLiA  of  horticulturists.)  Leaves 
long-linear,  with  somewhat  revolute  entire  edges,  white-cottony  below, 
nearly  sessile,  dull-green  above;  catkins  small  and  slender;  young 
growth  more  or  less  cottony.  Cult,  for  ornament,  usually  as  a  graft 
upon  some  other  species. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  loose  catkins  terminating  leafy  lateral  shoots  of  the 
season,  therefore  later  than  the  leaves,  in  late  spring  or  early  summer. 

t-  Leaves  remotely  denticulate;  stamens  2  ;  capsule  glabrous  or  silky. 

S.  Iongif6lia,  Muhl.  LONG-LEAVED  W.  Banks  N. ;  shrub,  with  very- 
long  lance-linear,  nearly  sessile  leaves,  grayish-hairy  when  young  ;  catkins 
with  narrow  yellowish  scales ;  the  stalked  ovary  bearing  large  stigmas. 

f-  -»-  Leaves  closely  serrate  with  inflexed  teeth  ;  copsule  glabrous. 
•»•+  Stamens  generally  2  ;  leaves  lanceolate  and  long-acuminate. 

S.  frdgilis,  Linn.  CRACK  W.  Leaves  green  and  glabrous,  pale  or 
glaucous  beneath,  3'-6'  long ;  stipules  (if  present)  half-cordate ;  capsule 
long-conical,  short-stalked.  Tall  tree,  planted  for  shade  and  ornament.  Eu. 

S.  6lba,  Linn.  WHITE  W.  Leaves  ashy-gray  or  silky-white  on  both 
sides  except  when  old,  2'-4'  long ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  deciduous ; 
capsule  ovate-conical,  nearly  or  quite  sessile.  Eu.  Very  variable  and 
much  mixed  with  S.  fragilis.  Forms  with  yellow  twigs  (var.  VITELLINA) 
are  cultivated.  Var.  ARGENTEA,  with  very  silver-gray  foliage,  is  the  S. 
REGALIS  of  horticulturists. 

S.  Babyldnica,  Tourn.  WEEPING  W.  Planted  from  the  Orient;  a 
familiar  tree,  with  very  slender  drooping  branches,  and  linear-lanceolate 
leaves  white  beneath  ;  in  the  monstrous  variety  called  ANNULARIS,  HOOP 
W. ,  the  leaves  are  curved  into  a  ring. 

*+  -w-  Stamens  3  or  more  ;  leaves  often  broader. 

S.  nigra.  Marsh.  BLACK' W.  River  banks;  15°-50° ;  bark  rough; 
narrow-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  leaves  ;  3-6  stamens  ;  short-ovate  pods. 

S.  pentdndra,  Linn.  (S.  LAURir6LiA  of  horticulturists.)  BAT  W.  Hand- 
some tree,  planted  from  Eu.  for  the  very  glossy,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed 
leaves,  of  the  same  hue  on  both  sides,  the  staminate  catkins  of  golden- 
yellow  flowers  also  handsome  ;  stamens  commonly  5  ;  pods  tapering. 

8.  lucida.  Muhl.  AMERICAN  BAT  W.  Grows  in  wet  ground  N.;  like 
the  last,  but  a  shrub,  with  shorter  catkins  on  a  less  leafy  short  branch. 

2.    FOPULUS,    POPLAR,   ASPEN.     (Classical  name.)     Quick-grow- 
ing, soft-wooded  trees,  mostly  with  glossy  dangling  leaves. 
*  BALSAM  POPLARS,  with  more  or  less  elongated  resinous  sticky  buds. 
-»-  Petioles  terete  or  not  prominently  flattened. 

P.  balsamifera.  Linn.  BALSAM  POPLAR,  TACAMAHAC.  A  tall  upright 
tree,  with  a  narrow  straight  top,  growing  in  woods  and  along  streams  in 


WILLOW   FAMILY.  401 

the  N.  States,  and  also  in  N.  Eu.  and  Asia ;  leaves  thick  and  firm,  erect, 
whitened  beneath,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  tapering  towards  the  top  and 
sometimes  at  the  base,  finely  and  obtusely  toothed ;  young  branches 
nearly  cylindrical.  Also  cult,  in  many  forms,  the  marked  types  being : 
var.  viminalis,  Loudon,  of  moderate  stature,  sharply  angled  twigs  and 
broad-lanceolate  willow-like  twigs ;  and  var.  latifdlia,  Loudon  (P.  NOLESTII 
of  nurserymen),  with  large  ovate  or  cordate-ovate  rather  blunt  leaves. 

Var.  candicans,  Gray.  BALM  OF  GILEAD.  A  strong-growing,  spreading 
tree,  frequently  planted,  and  esteemed  for  its  vigor  and  hardjpess  and  the 
resinous  fragrance  of  its  large  buds  in  springtime.  Leaves  are  broad, 
heart-shaped,  green  above  and  veiny  and  rusty-white  beneath,  the  leaf -stalk 
usually  hairy  and  somewhat  flattened.  L.  Ontario,  Mich.,  etc.  Rare  wild. 

-t-  -*-  Petioles  prominently  flattened,  so  that  the  leaves  dangle  in  the  wind. 

P.  laurifdlia,  Ledeb.  (P.  CERTINENSIS.)  Large  tree,  planted  from 
Siberia ;  leaves  broad-ovate  in  outline,  with  a  rounded  or  tapering  base 
and  rather  short  point  at  the  apex ;  the  margin  rather  closely  toothed, 
wavy ;  leaf-stalk  comparatively  short,  only  moderately  flattened,  gland- 
less  at  the  top ;  stipules  present  and  conspicuous ;  shoots  slightly  hairy. 

P.  monilifera,  Ait.  COTTONWOOD,  CAROLINA  POPLAR.  Leaves  trian- 
gular-ovate in  outline,  with  a  straight  or  truncate  base  and  a  long  point 
at  the  apex ;  margin  coarsely  scallop-toothed,  plane ;  leaf-stalk  long, 
much  flattened  beneath  the  blade  of  the  leaf,  and  commonly  bearing  two 
or  three  gland-like  bodies  at  its  top ;  stipules  absent  or  minute  (falling 
early);  shoots  glabrous.  Large  tree  ;  common. 

P.  nlgra,  Linn.  BLACK  POPLAR,  of  Eu.  A  medium-sized  tree,  very 
sparingly  planted,  with  broadly  triangular  or  diamond-ovate,  small  leaves, 
which  are  not  deeply  toothed,  and  commonly  hairy  young  shoots.  It  is 
familiar  in  this  country  hi  the 

Var.  ltdlica,  Du  Roi.  (P.  DILAT!TA,  P.  FASTIGIA.TA.)  LOMBARDY  POP- 
LAR. A  tree  of  very  tall  strict  growth,  glabrous  young  shoots,  and  more 
tapering  base  to  the  leaves.  Probably  Asian. 

*  *  WHITE  POPLARS  or  ASPENS,  with  short,  non-glutinous,  often  pubescent 
buds. 

•H-  Petioles  terete. 

P.  heterophylla,  Linn.  DOWNY  POPLAR.  40°-80°  high ;  leaves  round- 
ovate  or  heart-shaped,  with  the  sinus  closed  by  the  overlapping  lobes, 
obtuse,  serrate  with  incurved  teeth,  3'-5'  long,  white  wool  deciduous  only 
with  age,  leaving  traces  on  the  veins  beneath  and  on  the  petioles ;  fruit- 
ing catkins  smooth.  Swamps,  Conn,  to  111.,  and  S. 

-»-  t-  Petioles  strongly  flattened  (except  in  some  forms  of  the  first). 
++  Leaves  cottony,  at  least  beneath,  even  when  old. 

P.  6lba,  Linn.  ABELE  or  WHITE  P.  Tree  planted  from  Eu.,  with 
spreading  branches,  roundish,  slightly  heart-shaped,  wavy-toothed  or 
lobed  leaves  soon  green  above,  very  white-cottony  beneath  ;  spreads  in- 
veterately  by  the  root.  Many  varieties,  of  which  the  most  marked  is  var. 
BOLLE\NA,  with  deeply  lobed  white-bottomed  leaves,  and  a  fastigiate  habit. 

++  ++  Leaves  cottony  when  unfolding,  but  soon  smooth  and  green  on  both 
sides  ;  bark  smooth  and  close,  greenish-white. 

P.  tremuloldes,  Michx.  AMERICAN  A.  Small  tree,  common  in  woods 
N. ;  small  roundish-heart-shaped  leaves  with  small  regular  teeth ;  scales 
of  catkins  cut  into  3  or  4  linear  lobes,  fringed  with  long  hairs. 

P.  grandidentata,  Michx.  LARGER  AM.  A.  Middle-sized  tree,  common 
in  woods  ;  larger  roundish-ovate  leaves  with  coarse  irregular  blunt  teeth  ; 
scales  unequally  5-6-cleft,  slightly  fringed.  Weeping  forms  in  cultivation. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  EOT.  — 26 


402  FKOGBIT   FAMILY. 


SUBCLASS  II.    MONOCOTYLEDONS  (or  ENDOGENS). 

Distinguished  by  having  the  woody  matter  of  the  stem  in 
distinct  bundles  scattered  without  obvious  order  through- 
out its  whyle  breadth,  never  so  arranged  as  all  to  come  in 
a  circle;  when  abundant  enough  to.  form  proper  wood,  as 
in  Palms  and  the  like,  this  is  hardest  and  the  bundles  most 
crowded  toward  the  circumference.  Embryo  with  a  sin- 
gle cotyledon;  the  first  leaves  in  germination  alternate. 
Leaves  mostly,  but  not  always,  parallel-veined.  Parts  of 
the  flower  almost  always  in  threes,  never  in  fives.  See 
Lessons,  p.  138,  and  for  style  of  vegetation,  p.  26,  Fig.  71. 

The  plants  of  this  class  may  be  arranged  under  three 
generally  well-marked  divisions. 

I.   PETALOIDEOTJS  DIVISION. 

Flowers  with  a  perianth  (calyx  and  corolla)  which  is 
usually  (except  in  Rush-like  plants)  colored,  not  on  a 
spadix. 

CXI.    HYDROCHARIDACKE,   FROGBIT  FAMILY. 

Water  plants,  with  dioecious,  monoecious,  or  polygamous 
flowers  on  scape-like  peduncles  from  a  sort  of  spathe  of  one 
or  two  leaves,  or  sessile,  the  perianth  in  the  fertile  flowers  of 
6  parts  united  below  into  a  tube  which  is  coherent  with  the 
surface  of  a  compound  ovary ;  stamens  3-12,  sometimes  mono- 
delphous ;  stigmas  3  or  6.  Fruit  ripening  under  water. 

»  Growing  under  water,  the  fertile  flowers  only  rising  to  the  surface ;  the  sterile  (not 
often  detected)  breaking  off  their  short  stalks,  and  floating  on  the  surf  ace  around 
the  pistillate  flowers. 

1.  ELODEA.    Stems  leafy  and  branching.    Fertile  flowers  rising  from  a  tubular  spathe; 

the  perianth  prolonged  into  an  exceedingly  slender  stalk-like  tube,  6-lobed  at  top, 
commonly  bearing  3-9  apparently  good  stamens ;  ovary  1-celled  with  a  few  ovules  on 
the  walls  ;  style  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth  ;  stigmas  3,  notched. 

2.  VALLISNERIA.     Stemless ;    leaves  all  in  tufts  from  creeping  rootstocks.    Fertile 

flowers  with  a  tubular  spathe,  raised  to  the  surface  of  the  water  on  an  extremely  long 
and  slender  scape  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  not  prolonged  beyond  the  1-celled  ovary,  with 
8  obovate  outer  lobes  (sepals)  and  8  small  inner  linear  ones  (petals),  and  no  stamens. 
Ovules  very  numerous,  lining  the  walls.  Stigmas  3,  sessile,  2-lobed.  Fruit  cylindrical, 
berry-like. 


ORCHIS   FAMILY.  403 

»  »  Floating,  spreading  by  proliferous  shoots ;  leaves  long-petioled,  rounded  heart- 
shaped. 

8.  LIMNOBIUM.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  from  sessile  or  short-stalked  leaf-like 
spathes,  the  sterile  spathe  of  one  leaf  surrounding  8  long-pediceled  staminate  flowers  ; 
the  fertile  2-leaved,  with  one  short-pediceled  flower.  Perianth  of  3  outer  oval  lobes 
(calyx)  and  3  narrow  inner  ones  (petals).  A  cluster  of  6-12  unequal  monadelphous 
stamens  in  the  sterile  flower  ;  some  awl-shaped  rudiments  of  stamens  and  a  6-9-celled 
ovary  in  the  fertile  flower ;  stigmas  6-9,  each  2-parted.  Fruit  berry-like,  many 
seeded. 

1.  ELODEA  (or  ANACHARIS),  WATER  WEED.    (Greek:  marshy.) 
Flowers  summer.     2Z 

E.  Canadensis.  Michx.  Slow  streams  and  ponds  ;  a  rather  homely 
weed,  with  long  branching  stems,  beset  with  pairs  or  whorls  of  pellucid 
and  veinless,  1-nerved,  minutely  serrulate,  sessile  leaves  (£'-!'  long), 
varying  from  linear  to  ovate-oblong,  the  thread-like  tube  of  the  yellowish 
perianth  often  several  inches  long. 

2.  VALLISNERIA,  TAPE   GRASS,   EELGRASS    of    fresh  water. 
(Xamed  for  A.  Vallisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.)     Flowers  late 
summer.     If. 

V.  spiralis,  Linn.  In  clear  ponds  and  slow  streams,  with  bright  green 
and  grass-like  linear  leaves  (l°-2°  long),  delicately  nerved  and  netted; 
fertile  scapes  rising  2°-4°  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water,  after- 
wards coiling  up  spirally  and  'drawing  the  fruit  under  water  to  ripen. 
The  leaves  of  this  and  the  preceding  are  excellent  to  show  cyclosis. 

3.  LIMITOBIUM,   FROGBIT.      (Greek:   living  in  pools.)     Flowers 
whitish,  the  fertile  ones  larger,  in  summer.     2/ 

L.  Sp6ngia,  Richard.  Floating  free  on  still  water,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S. ; 
rooting  copiously ;  leaves  l'-2'  long,  purple  beneath,  tumid  at  base,  with 
spongy  air  cells. 


CXH.    ORCHIDACEJS,   OECHIS  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  perfect  flowers  of  peculiar  structure,  the  perianth 
adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary  (which  has  numberless  minute 
ovules  on  3  parietal  placentae),  its  chiefly  corolla-like  6  parts 
irregular,  3  in  an  outer  set  answering  to  sepals,  3  within  and 
alternate  with  these  answering  to  petals,  one  of  these,  generally 
larger  and  always  different  from  the  others,  called  the  labellum 
or  lip;  the  1  or  2  stamens  are  gynandrous,  being  borne  on  or 
connected  with  the  style  or  stigma  (Lessons,  Fig.  284)  ;  the 
pollen  is  mostly  coherent  in  masses  of  peculiar  appearance, 
celled  pollinia  (Lessons,  Figs.  320,  321,  322).  All  perennials, 
and  all  depend  more  or  less  upon  insects  for  fertilization. 
Beginners  will  not  very  easily  comprehend  the  remarkable 
structure  of  most  Orchideous  flowers.  There  are  numerous 


404  ORCHIS   FAMILY. 

species  and  hybrids  in  cultivation  in  choice  greenhouses,  but 
only  the  commonest  or  most  conspicuous  wild  species  are 
mentioned  here. 

*  EPIPHYTE  or  A  IB-PLANT  ORCHIDS.     Of  these  a  great  variety  are  cultivated  in  the 

choicest  conservatories.    We  have  one  genus  in  the  most  Southern  States. 

1.  EPLDENDRUM.  The  3  sepals  and  2  petals  nearly  alike  and  widely  spreading ;  the  odd 

petal  or  lip  larger  and  3-lobed,  its  base  united  with  the  style,  which  bears  a  lid-like 
anther,  containing  4-stalked  pollen  masses,  over  the  glutinous  stigma. 

*  »  TERRESTRIAL  ORCHIDS,  growing  in  the  soil,  in  woods  or  low  grounds,  but  sometimes 

leafless  and  parasitic  on  roots. 

+-  Anther  only  one,  but  of  2  cells,  which  when  separated  (as  in  Orchis)  must  not  be  mis- 
taken for  two  anthers ;  pollen  collected  into  one  or  more  masses  in  each  cell  ; 
stigma  a  glutinous  surface. 

++Lip,  or  odd  petal,  sac-like  and  inflated. 

2.  CALYPSO.    Sepals  and  petals  nearly  similar,  lanceolate  and  pointed.    Lip  larger  than 

the  other  parts  (j*  long),  Lady's  Slipper-like  and  hairy  inside.    Pollen  masses  2, 

waxy,  each  2-parted,  sessile.    Delicate  little  plant  with  a  1-flowered  scape,  and  a 

single  radical  leaf. 
++  ++  Lip  neither  saccate  nor  spurred  (or  spur  adnate  to  the  ovary);  anther  inverted 

on  the  apex  of  the  style,  commonly  attached  by  a  sort  of  hinge  ;  pollen  2  or  4 

separate  soft  masses,  not  attached  to  a  stalk  or  gland. 
«=  Flowers  mostly  small,  dull-colored,  in  a  spike  or  raceme  on  a  brownish  or  yellowish 

leafless  scape  ;  pollen  masses  4,  globular,  soft-waxy. 
8.  APLECTKTJM.    Flowers  as  in  the  next,  but  no  trace  of  a  spur  or  sac,  larger.    Scape 

rising  from  a  large  solid  bulb  or  conn,  which  also  produces,  at  a  different  season,  a 

broad  and  many-nerved  green  leaf. 

4.  COEALLOEHIZA.    Flowers  with  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike ;  the  lip  broader,  2, 

ridged  on  the  fece  below,  from  its  base  descending  a  short  sac  or  obscure  spur  which 
adheres  to  the  upper  part  of  the  ovary.    Scape  with  sheaths  in  place  of  leaves ;  the 
root  or  rootstock  thickish,  much  branched  and  coral-like. 
•=  =  Flowers  rather  large  ;  pollen  masses  soft,  of  lightly-connected  powdery  grains. 

5.  ABETHUSA.    Flower  only  one,  on  a  naked  scape ;  the  3  sepals  and  2  petals  lanceolate 

and  nearly  alike,  all  united  at  the  base,  ascending  and  arching  over  the  top  of  the 
long  and  somewhat  wing-margined  style,  on  the  petal-like  top  of  which  rests  the 
helmet-shaped  hinged  anther,  over  a  little  shelf,  the  lower  face  of  which  is  the  stigma. 
Lip  broad,  erect,  with  a  recurving  rounded  apex  and  a  bearded  crest  down  the  face. 
Pollen  masses  4,  2  hi  each  cell  of  the  anther. 

6.  CALOPOGON.    Flowers  2,  3,  or  several,  in  a  raceme-like  loose  spike ;  the  lip  turned 

towards  the  axis,  diverging  widely  from  the  slender  (above  wing-margined)  style, 
narrower  at  base,  larger  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  strongly  bearded  along  the  face. 
Sepals  and  the  2  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-ovate,  separate  and  spreading.  Anther 
lid-like;  pollen  masses  4. 

1.  POGONIA.  Flowers  one  or  few  terminating  a  leaf-bearing  stem  ;  the  sepals  and  petals 
separate;  lip  crested  or  3-lobed.  Style  club-shaped,  wingless;  stigma  lateral. 
Anther  lid-like,  somewhat  stalked  ;  pollen  masses  2,  only  1  in  each  cell. 
•H-  ++  ++  Lip  not  spurred  or  saccate ;  anthers  borne  on  the  back  of  the  style,  below  its 
tip,  erect  or  inclined  ;  the  ovate  stigma  on  the  front.  Flowers  in  a  spike,  small, 
white. 

8.  8PIRANTHES.  Flowers  oblique  on  the  ovary,  all  the  parts  of  the  perianth  erect  or 
conniving,  the  lower  part  of  the  lip  involute  around  the  style  and  with  a  callosity  on 
each  side  of  the  base,  its  narrower  tip  somewhat  recurved  and  crisped.  Pollen  masses 
2  (one  to  each  cell),  each  2-parted  into  a  thin  plate  (composed  of  grains  lightly  united 
by  delicate  threads),  their  summits  united  to  the  back  of  a  narrow  boat-shaped  sticky 
gland  set  in  the  beaked  tip  over  the  stigma.  Leaves  not  variegated. 


ORCHIS   FAMILY.  405 

9.  QOODYERA.  Flowers  like  Spiranthes,  bat  the  lip  more  sac-shaped,  closely  sessile, 
and  destitute  of  the  callous  protuberances  at  base.  Leaves  variegated  with  white 
veining. 

++  -H-  ++  -H-  Lip  produced  underneath  into  a  free  honey-bearing  horn  or  spur  ;  pollen  of 
each  cell  all  connected  by  elastic  threads  with  a  central  axis  or  stalk  ;  the  lower- 
end  of  which  is  a  sticky  gland  or  disk,  by  adhesion  to  which  the  whole  mass  of 
pollen  is  dragged  from  the  opening  anther  and  carried  off  by  insects. 

10.  OKCHIS.    The  3  sepals  and  2  petals  are  conniving  and  arched  on  the  upper  side  of  the 

flower;  the  lip  turned  downwards  (i.e.  as  the  flower  stands  on  its  twisted  ovary). 
Anther  erect,  its  two  cells  parallel  and  contiguous  ;  the  2  glands  side  by  side  just 
over  the  concave  stigma,  and  inclosed  in  a  sort  of  pouch  or  pocket  opening  at  the 
top. 

11.  HABENARIA.    Flower  generally  as  in  Orchis,  but  the  lateral  sepals  commonly  spread- 

ing ;  the  glands  attached  to  the  pollen  masses  naked  and  exposed. 

•t-  +-  Anthers  2  (Lessons,  Fig.  284),  borne  one  on  each  side  of  the  style,  and  a  trowel- 
shaped  body  on  the  upper  side  answers  to  the  third  stamen,  the  one  that  alone  is 
present  in  other  Orchids ;  pollen  powdery  or  pulpy ;  stigma  roughish,  not 
glutinous, 

12.  CYPRIPEDItJM.    Sepals  in  appearance  generally  only  2,  and  petals  2,  besides  the  lip 

which  is  a  large  inflated  sac,  into  the  mouth  of  which  the  style,  bearing  the  stamens 
and  terminated  by  the  broad  terminal  stigma,  is  declined.  Pollen  sticky  on  the  sur- 
face, as  if  with  a  delicate  coat  of  varnish,  powdery  or  at  length  pulpy  underneath. 

1.  EFIDENDRUM.     (Name  in  Greek  means  upon  a  tree,  i.e.  an  epi- 
phyte.) 

E.  condpseum.  Ait.  S.  Car.,  S.  and  W.,  on  the  boughs  of  Magnolia, 
etc.,  clinging  to  the  bark  by  its  matted  roots,  its  tuberous  rootstocks 
bearing  thick  and  firm  lanceolate  leaves  (l'-3'  long),  and  scapes  2'-6' 
long,  with  a  raceme  of  small  greenish  and  purplish  flowers,  in  summer. 
(Lessons,  Fig.  88.) 

2.  CALYPSO.     (The  goddess  Calypso.) 

C.  borealis,  Salisb.  Local  plant,  in  mossy  bogs  and  woods,  Me.  to 
Minn.;  conn  solid ;  flowers  handsome,  large  and  showy,  purple,  pink  and 
yellow,  on  a  scape  3'-6'  high  ;  leaf  ovate  and  thin,  petioled,  with  3  ribs. 

3.  APLECTRUM,  PUTTYROOT,  ADAM-AND-EVE.  (Name,  Greek: 
destitute  of  spur. ) 

A.  hyemale,  Nutt.  Woods,  in  rich  mold,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  S. 
in  the  mountains  ;  scape  and  dingy  flowers  in  early  summer ;  the  large 
oval  and  plaited-nerved  petioled  leaf  appears  towards  autumn  and  lasts 
over  winter ;  solid  bulbs  one  each  year,  connected  by  a  slender  stalk, 
those  of  at  least  two  years  found  together  (whence  one  of  the  popular 
names),  1'  thick,  filled  with  strong  glutinous  matter,  which  has  been  used 
for  cement,  whence  the  other  name. 

4.  CORALLORHIZA,   COEAL  ROOT  (which  the  name  means  in 
Greek).     No  green  herbage  ;  plants  probably  parasitic  on  roots. 

C.  innata,  R.Br.  Low  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  S.  in  the  moun- 
tains ;  3'-6'  high,  yellowish,  with  5-10  very  small  almost  sessile  flowers  ; 
lip  3-lobed  or  halberd-shaped  at  base  ;  flowers  in  spring. 

C.  odontorhlza,  Nutt.  Rich  woods,  Mass,  to  Mich.,  and  S.;  6'-16' 
high,  thickened  at  base,  brownish  or  purplish,  with  6-20  pediceled  flowers, 
and  lip  not  lobed  but  rather  stalked  at  base,  the  spur  obsolete. 


406  ORCHIS   FAMILY. 

C.  multifl6ra,  Nutt.  In  dry  woods,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S.;  9'-20'  high, 
purplish,  stout,  with  10-30  short-pediceled  flowers,  lip  deeply  3-lobed,  and 
adnate  spur  manifest. 

5.  ARETHUSA.     (Arethusa,  the  nymph. )     Flowers  late  spring. 

A.  bulbdsa,  Linn.  A  charming  little  plant,  in  wet  bogs  N.;  consists 
of  a  scape  6'-10'  high  rising  from  a  solid  bulb  or  corm,  sheathed  below 
with  one  or  two  green  bracts,  and  terminated  with  the  bright  rose-pink 
flower  l'-2'  long. 

6.  CALOPOGON.      (Greek:    beautiful  beard,  referring  to  the  lip.) 
Flowers  early  summer. 

C.  pulch<mus,  R.Br.  Scape  l°-2°  high,  from  a  small  solid  bulb, 
slender,  bearing  next  the  base  a  long  linear  or  lanceolate  many-nerved 
grass-like  leaf,  and  at  the  summit  2-6  beautiful  pink-purple  flowers  (!' 
broad),  the  lip  as  if  hinged  at  its  base,  bearded  with  white,  yellow,  and 
purple  club-shaped  hairs.  Bogs,  N. ;  one  of  the  common  orchids. 

7.  POGONIA.     (Greek:  bearded,  i.e.    on  the  lip;   this  is  hardly  the 
case  in  most  of  our  species. )     We  have  several,  but  the  only  widely 
common  one  is 

P.  ophioglossoldes,  Nutt.  Wet  bogs,  ranging  with  the  Calopogon, 
and  in  blossom  at  the  same  time ;  stem  6'-9'  high,  from  a  root  of  thick 
fibers,  bearing  an  oval  or  lance-oblong,  closely  sessile  leaf  near  the  middle, 
and  a  smaller  one  or  bract  near  the  terminal  flower,  with  sometimes 
a  second  flower  in  its  axil ;  flower  1'  long,  pale  rose-color  or  whitish, 
sweet-scented;  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike;  lip  erect,  beard-crested 
and  fringed. 

8.  SFIRANTHES,   LADIES'   TRESSES.      (Name  Greek,   denoting 
that  the  flowers  are  spiral ;  they  often  are  apparently  spirally  twisted 
in  the  spike.)     Flowers  white.    The  species  are  difficult ;  the  following 
are  the  commonest. 

*  Flowers  crowded  in  3  ranks  in  a  close  spike  ;  wet  banks  or  bogs. 

3.  Iatif6lia,  Torr.  Known  by  its  oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaves  (l'-3' 
long),  all  at  the  base  of  the  scape,  and  narrow  spike  of  small  smooth 
flowers,  early  in  June.  Moist  places,  Vt.  to  Minn,  and  Del. 

S.  Romanzoffiana,  Cham.  Cold  bogs,  N.  Eng.,  W.;  5'-15'  high, 
with  oblong-lanceolate  or  grassy-linear  leaves,  a  dense  spike  of  flowers 
at  midsummer,  all  3  sepals  and  2  petals  conniving  to  form  an  upper  lip. 

S.  c^rnua,  Richard.  6'-20'  high,  with  lance-linear  leaves,  cylindrical 
often  lengthened  spike,  and  lower  sepals  not  upturned  but  parallel  with 
the  lower  petal  or  lip  ;  flowers  in  autumn.  Moist  sandy  places.  Variable. 

*  *  Flowers  in  one  straight  or  often  spirally  twisted  rank,  in  summer. 

S.  praecox,  Watson.  Wet  grassy  places  from  N.  Eng.,  S.;  stem  l°-2° 
high,  towards  its  base  and  at  the  fleshy  root  bearing  linear  or  lance-linear 
leaves,  which  mostly  last  through  the  flowering  season  ;  spike  dense  and 
much  twisted,  rather  downy. 

S.  gracilis,  Bigelow.  Hills  and  sandy  plains ;  scape  slender,  8'-18' 
high,  bearing  a  slender  spike ;  leaves  all  from  the  tuberous  root,  short, 
ovate  or  oblong,  apt  to  wither  away  before  the  small  flowers  appear  in 
late  summer. 


ORCHIS   FAMILY.  407 

9.  GOODYERA,   RATTLESNAKE   PLANTAIN.      (John  Goodyear, 
an  English  botanist.)   Flowers  small,  in  summer,  greenish-white,  spiked 
on  a  scape  ;  the  leaves  all  clustered  at  the  root,  ovate,  small. 

*  Lip  strongly  saccate,  with  a  short  and  spreading  or  recurved  tip. 

Or.  r&pens,  R.Br.  Evergreen  woods,  N.;  3'-8'  high,  slender;  flowers 
in  a  loose  one-sided  spike,  with  ovate  recurved  tip. 

G.  pub^scens,  R.Br.  6'-12'  high  ;  larger,  with  leaves  more  beautifully 
white-reticulated,  and  flowers  not  one-sided  in  the  denser  spike ;  lip 
globular,  the  tip  very  short.  Rich  woods. 

*  *  Lip  barely  saccate  and  tapering. 

G.  Menzi&sii,  Lindl.  Woods  from  N.  Eng.,  W.;  9'-12'high;  leaves 
less  reticulated ;  flowers  loose  in  the  spike,  narrower  and  pointed  in  the 
bud,  the  lip  hardly  sac-shaped  at  the  base  and  tapering  to  a  narrow  apex. 

10.  ORCHIS.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.)     We  have  only  two  true 

Orchises,  viz., 

O.  spectabilis,  Linn.  SHOWY  ORCHIS.  Plant  with  2  oblong-obovate, 
thick,  glossy  leaves  (3'-5'  long)  from  the  fleshy-fibrous  root,  and  a  leafy- 
bracted  scape  4'-7'  high,  bearing  in  a  loose  spike  a  few  pretty  flowers, 
pink-purple,  the  ovate  lip  white ;  in  late  spring.  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng., 
W.  and  S. 

O.  rotundif61ia,  Pursh.  Stem  5'-9'  high,  1-leaved  at  the  base  and 
naked  above,  the  leaf  orbicular  to  oblong,  3'  or  less  long ;  flowers  rose- 
purple  except  the  lip,  which  is  white  and  spotted  with  purple.  Woods 
and  bogs,  N.  Eng.,  W. 

11.  HABENARIA,  REIN  ORCHIS.     (Latin  habena,  a  rein  or  thong, 
from  the  shape  of  the  lip  of  the  corolla  in  some  species.)     Flowers  in 
a  terminal  spike,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  in  late  spring  and  summer. 
In  all  but  one  species  the  ovary  twists  and  the  lip  occupies  the  lower 
or  anterior  side  of  the  flower.     (Lessons,  Figs.  320-322.)     The  follow- 
ing is  an  easy  arrangement  of  the  commonest  species. 

#  Lip  not  fringed,  often  entire  ;  flowers  never  rose  or  purple. 

•«-  Stem  leafy;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  flowers  small;  anther  cells 
nearly  parallel. 

•w-  Flowers  yellow. 

H.  Integra,  Spreng.  Pine  barrens  from  N.  J.,  S.;  resembles  H.  cris- 
tata,  having  small,  bright,  orange-yellow  flowers,  but  the  lip  is  ovate  and 
entire  or  barely  crenulate  ;  one  or  two  lower  leaves  elongated  and  acute, 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  others  becoming  bract-like ;  spur  awl-shaped, 
descending.  ^  ^  Fiowers  white  (greenish-white  in  the  last). 

H.  nfvea,  Spreng.  Sandy  bogs,  Del.,  S.;  l°-2°  high,  all  the  upper 
leaves  bract-like ;  flowers  in  a  loose  cylindrical  spike,  very  small,  dif- 
ferent from  all  the  rest  in  having  the  (white)  ovary  without  a  twist,  and 
the  linear-oblong  entire  lip  with  its  long  thread-like  spur  therefore  looking 
inwards. 

H.  dilatata.  Gray.  Resembles  the  next,  grows  in  same  places,  but  is 
commonly  more  slender  and  with  linear  leaves  ;  flowers  white  and  nar- 
row, open,  the  lanceolate  lip  having  a  rhombic-dilated  base  ;  glands  strap- 
shaped,  large,  approximate.  Bogs,  N. 


408  ORCHIS   FAMILY. 

H.  hyperbbrea,  R.Br.  Cold  low  woods  and  bogs,  N.;  6 '-2°  high, 
very  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  spike  dense,  often  long ;  flowers  greenish, 
the  lanceolate  lip  like  the  other  petals,  spreading,  entire,  about  the  length 
of  the  incurved  spur  ;  glands  orbicular. 

«-i.  .M.  .M.  Flowers  green. 

H.  vir^scens,  Spreng.  Stem  10'-20'  high,  with  a  conspicuously 
bracted  at  length,  long  and  loose  spike  of  small  flowers  ;  the  lip  oblong, 
almost  truncate  at  the  apex,  its  base  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  and  a 
nasal  protuberance  on  the  face  ;  spur  slender,  club-shaped.  Wet  places, 
N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

H.  bracteata,  R.Br.  Cold  damp  woods  N.  (S.  in  the  mountains); 
6'-12'  high,  with  lower  leaves  obovate,  upper  reduced  to  bracts  of  the 
short  spike,  which  are  much  longer  than  the  flowers ;  lip  truncate  and 
2-3-toothed  at  the  tip,  very  much  longer  than  the  sac-shaped  spur. 

•*-  •*-  Stem  a  naked  scape;  the  leaves  only  2  at  the  ground;  flowers  pretty 
large  in  a  loose  spike  ;  anther  cells  widely  diverging  at  their  tapering 
or  beak-like  projecting  base. 

H.  orbiculata,  Torr.  GREAT  GREEN  O.  Rich,  mostly  evergreen 
woods  and  hillsides  N.,  and  in  the  mountains  S. ;  a  striking  plant ;  its 
exactly  orbicular  leaves  4'-8'  wide,  bright  green  above  and  silvery  be- 
neath, lying  flat  on  the  ground  ;  scape  l°-2°  high,  bracted,  bearing  many 
large  greenish-white  flowers  in  a  loose  raceme ;  sepals  roundish  ;  lip 
narrowly  spatulate-linear  and  drooping ;  spur  1^'  long,  curved,  gradually 
thickened  towards  the  blunt  tip  ;  flowers  July. 

H.  Hodkeri,  Torr.  Smaller  in  all  parts ;  flowers  in  June ;  the  orbicular 
leaves  only  3'-5'  broad  and  flat  on  the  ground  ;  scape  naked,  6'-12'  high, 
bearing  fewer  yellowish-green  flowers  in  a  strict  spike  ;  sepals  lance- 
ovate  ;  lip  lanceolate  and  pointed,  incurved,  the  other  petals  lance-awl- 
shaped ;  spur  slender,  acute,  nearly  1'  long.  Swamps  and  damp  woods, 
N.  A  variety  (var.  oblongif6lia,  Paine)  has  oblong  leaves. 

*  *  Lip  and  often  the  other  petals  cut-fringed  or  cleft,  shorter  than  the 
long  curving  spur  ;  cells  of  the  anther  more  or  less  diverging  and  tapering 
below,  the  sticky  gland  at  their  lower  end  strongly  projecting  forwards. 
These  are  our  handsomest  wild  Orchises;  all  grow  in  bogs  or  low 
grounds;  stems  leafy,  l°-4°  high. 

•t-  Flowers  bright  orange-yellow,  in  late  summer;  glands  orbicular,  pro- 
jecting on  the  beak-pointed  bases  of  the  very  diverging  anther  cells; 
ovary  and  pod  long,  tapering  to  the  summit. 

H.  cristata,  R.Br.  Leaves  narrow,  and  flowers  small ;  petals  crenate, 
and  the  ovate  lip  with  a  narrow  lacerate  fringe  ;  bracts  nearly  the  length 
of  the  crowded  flowers ;  incurved  spur  little  longer  than  the  lip.  Bogs, 
N.  J.,  S. 

H.  ciliaria,  R.  Br.  YELLOW  FRINGED  O.  Taller  ;  1  £°-2°  high  ;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  spike  short,  of  many  crowded,  very  showy  and 
much  larger  flowers ;  petals  cut- fringed  at  apex,  the  oblong  body  of  the 
lip  (about  half  the  length  of  the  spur)  narrower  than  the  copious  long 
and  fine  fringe  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries.  N.  Eng.,  S.  and  W. 

••-  t-  Flowers  bright  white,  in  summer;  the  lip  fringe-margined  but  not 
cleft. 

H.  blepharigldttis,  Torr.  WHITE  FRINGED  O.  Like  the  last,  but 
rather  smaller,  1°  high,  the  fringe  of  the  lance-oblong  lip  hardly  equal  to 
the  width  of  its  body.  There  is  a  form  with  less  fringed  lip.  Peat 
bogs,  N. 


ORCHIS   FAMILY.  409 

•(-•»--»-  Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish-white,  in  late  summer ;  glands  oval 
or  lanceolate,  almost  facing  each  other ;  spike  long  and  loose. 

H.  leucophaea,  Gray.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.;  2°-4°  high;  leaves  lance- 
oblong;  flowers  rather  large,  the  fan-shaped  lip  3-parted,  y  long,  and 
many-cleft  to  the  middle  into  a  thread-like  fringe. 

H.  Idcera,  R.Br.  RAGGED  FRINGED  O.  Lower,  l°-2°  high;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  oblong ;  petals  oblong-linear,  entire ;  divisions  of  the  slen- 
der-stalked 3-parted  lip  narrow  and  slenderly  fringed.  Bogs  N.,  also  S., 
in  high  lands. 

-•-  1-  H-  1-  Floioers  violet-purple,  in  summer ;  the  lip  fan-shaped,  3-parted 
nearly  down  to  the  stalk-like  base,  and  the  divisions  more  or  less  fringed. 

H.  psycddes,  Gray.  SMALLER  PDRPLE  FRINGED  O.  Frequent  in 
moist  grassy  places,  especially  N.;  leaves  oblong,  above  passing  into 
lance-linear  bracts ;  spike  cylindrical,  4'-10'  long,  crowded  with  smaller 
and  fragrant  flowers ;  lateral  petals  wedge-obovate,  almost  entire ;  lip 
spreading,  only  £'  wide,  cut  into  denser  fringe. 

H.  fimbriata,  R.Br.  LARGER  PURPLE  FRINGED  O.  Lower  leaves 
oval  or  oblong,  upper  few  and  small ;  raceme-like  spike  oblong,  with 
rather  few  large  flowers  in  early  summer ;  petals  oblong,  toothed  down 
the  sides ;  lip  almost  1'  wide,  hanging,  cut  into  a  delicate  fringe.  Wet 
meadows  N.,  also  S.  to  N.  Car. 

H.  peramnoea,  Gray.  Meadows  and  banks,  Penn.,  W.  and  S.,  along 
and  near  the  mountains  ;  flowers  of  size  intermediate  between  the  two 
preceding,  the  broad  wedge-shaped  lobes  of  the  lip  moderately  cut-toothed, 
but  not  fringed. 

12.  CYPRIPEDIUM,  LADY'S  SLIPPER,  MOCCASIN  FLOWER. 
(Greek  name  for  Venus,  joined  to  that  for  a  slipper  or  buskin.)  Among 
the  most  ornamental  and  curious  of  our  wild  flowers,  blooming  in 
spring  and  early  summer.  Rootstocks  very  short  and  knotty,  produc- 
ing long  and  coarse  fibrous  roots.  Many  tropical  species  and  hybrids 
are  in  cultivation.  (Lessons,  Fig.  284.) 

*  The  three  sepals  separate  ;  stem  leafy,  one-flowered. 

C.  arietinum,  R.Br.  RAM'S-HEAD  L.  The  smallest  species,  with 
slender  stem  6'-10'  high,  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  dingy,  purplish, 
drooping  flower,  the  sac  conical  and  in  some  positions  resembling  a  ram's 
head,  one  sepal  lance-ovate,  the  two  others  and  the  two  petals  linear. 
Cold  woods  and  swamps,  Me.  to  Minn. 

»  *  Two  of  the  sepals  united  by  their  edges  into  one  under  the  sac  or 
slipper,  but  their  very  tips  sometimes  separate. 

•»-  Stem  l°-2°  high,  leafy  to  the  l-3-ftowered  summit ;  leaves  lance-oblong 
or  ovate,  with  many  somewhat  plaited  nerves,  more  or  less  pubescent  ,* 
sac  or  slipper  horizontal,  much  inflated,  open  by  a  rather  large  round 
orifice. 

++  Sepals  and  linear  wavy-twisted  petals  brownish,  pointed,  larger  than 
the  sac. 

C.  c^ndidum,  Muhl.  SMALL. WHITE  L.  Small,  barely  1°  high, 
slightly  pubescent ;  sac  like  that  of  the  next,  but  white-purple  inside ; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate.  Bogs  (rare),  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 

C.  parvifldrum,  Salisb.  SMALLER  YELLOW  L.  Like  the  next,  and 
in  similar  situations,  but  stems  and  leaves  generally  smaller,  and  flower 
about  half  the  size,  somewhat  fragrant,  the  sac  broader  than  high,  deep 
yellow,  and  the  lance-ovate  sepals  browner. 


410  BANANA   FAMILY. 

C.  pub^scens,  Willd.  YELLOW  LADY'S  SLIPPER.  Sac  light  yellow, 
higher  than  broad,  convex  above ;  sepals  long-lanceolate ;  flowers  early 
summer,  scentless ;  woods  and  bogs  N.,  and  S.  in  the  mountains.  A 
leafy  plant,  2°  high. 

++  •»-«•  Sepals  and  petals  broad  or  roundish  and  flat,  white,  not  larger  than 
the  sac. 

C.  spectdbile,  Swartz.  SHOWY  L.  In  bogs  and  rich  low  woods  N., 
and  along  the  mountains  S.;  downy,  2°  or  more  high,  with  leaves  6'-8' 
long,  white  flowers  with  the  globular  lip  (!£'  long)  painted  with  pink- 
purple,  in  July.  One  of  the  handsomest  and  most  interesting  of  all  wild 
flowers. 

t-  -i-  Scape  naked,  bearing  a  small  bract  and  one  flower  at  summit. 

C.  acaiile,  Ait.  STEMLESS  L.  Moist  or  sandy  ground  N.,  mostly  in 
the  shade  of  evergreens  ;  soape  8'-12'  high  ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish  or 
purplish,  the  latter  linear,  shorter  than  the  rose-purple  (often  whitish) , 
oblong-obovate,  drooping  sac,  which  is  split  down  the  front  but  nearly 
closed ;  flowers  in  spring. 


CXm.    SCITAMLNKE,   BANANA  FAMILY. 

A  group  of  tropical  or  subtropical  perennial  plants,  with 
leaves  having  distinct  petiole  and  blade,  the  latter  traversed 
by  nerves  running  from  the  midrib  to  the  margin;  flowers 
irregular,  with  a  perianth  of  at  least  two  ranks  of  divisions, 
below  all  combined  into  a  tube  which  is  adherent  to  the  3-celled 
ovary;  the  stamens  1-6  and  distinct.  We  have  two  wild 
representatives  on  our  southeastern  borders ;  the  many  culti- 
vated ones  are  chiefly  grown  for  their  ornamental  foliage,  and 
some  of  them  are  rarely  seen  in  blossom.  They  are  therefore 
seldom  available  for  botanical  study. 

I.  GINGER   SUBFAMILY.     Seeds,  rootstocks,   or  roots 
hot-aromatic.      Stamen   1,  with  a  2-celled  anther,  commonly 
embracing  the  style,  but  not  united  with  it ;  staminodia  some- 
times present.     GINGER  is  the  dried  rhizomes  of   ZINGIBER 
OFFICINALE  of  the  tropics. 

1.  HEDYCHITTM.  Flowers  with  a  slender  tube  bearing  6  divisions  which  may  be  likened 
to  those  of  an  Orchideous  flower,  one  (answering  to  the  lip)  much  larger  and  broader 
than  the  5  others,  and  a  very  long,  protruding,  reddish  filament  terminated  by  a  yellow 
unappendaged  anther  sheathing  the  style  up  almost  to  the  stigma. 

II.  ARROWROOT   or   INDIAN    SHOT    SUBFAMILY. 
No  hot-aromatic  properties,  the  thick   rootstocks,   etc.,  com- 
monly containing  much  starch,  from  which  genuine  arrowroot 
is  produced.     Stamen  1,  with  a  1-celled  anther.     ARROWROOT 
is  the  product  of  species  of  MARANTA. 


BANANA   FAMILY.  411 

*  Capsule  \-celledand  I -seeded. 

2.  THALIA.    Stemless  herbs,  with  an  elongated  scape  and  radical  long-stalked  leaves. 

Corolla  tubular,  the  three  exterior  divisions  similar  and  equal,  the  interior  ones  une- 
qual (the  anterior  division  broad  and  hooded,  one  elongated  and  clawed  and  one  partly 
adnate  to  the  stamen  and  furnished  with  two  bristles  on  one  side).    Stigma  2-lipped. 
*  *  Ovary  3-celled  (rarely  2-celled) ,  the  cells  \-ovuled. 

3.  CALATHEA.     Strong-growing  ornamental-leaved  plants  with  flowers  in  imbricated 

bracteate  heads  or  cone-like  spikes  or  rarely  in  somewhat  lax  spikes.  Outer  3  seg- 
ments of  perianth  lanceolate,  the  3  inner  ones  irregular  and  obtus*.  Corolla  tube  often 
slender.  Staminodia  present  and  petal-like. 

*  *  *  Capsule  %-celled,  the  cells  several-**  -seeded. 

4.  CANNA.    Mostly  tall  plants  with  showy  flowers  in  an  erect  spike  or  raceme  terminating 

the  stem.    Stamen  a  petal-like  filament  with  the  anther  upon  one  side. 

III.  BANANA  SUBFAMILY  PBOPEB.  Not  aromatic  or 
pungent.  Stamens  5  with  2-celled  anthers,  and  an  abortive 
naked  filament. 

5.  MUSA.    Strong  somewhat  palm-like  plants  with  flowers  In  long  nodding  bracteate 

spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular  and  elongated,  8-5-toothed  and  inclosing  the  small 
corolla.  Fruit  fleshy  and  indehiscent. 

6.  STEELITZIA.    One  cultivated  species,  with  the  scape  bearing  at  apex  an  oblique  or 

horizontal  and  rigid  conduplicate  spathe,  from  which  several  large  and  strange-looking 
blossoms  appear  in  succession  ;  the  3  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth  3'-4'  long,  orange- 
yellow,  one  of  them  conduplicate  and  taper-pointed,  and  somewhat  like  the  two  larger 
of  the  bright  blue  inner  set,  or  true  petals,  which  are  united  and  cover  the  stamens, 
the  other  petal  inconspicuous. 

1.  HEDYCHIUM,   GARLAND  FLOWER.     (Greek,  sweet  and  snow, 
referring  to  the  fragrant  white  flowers  of  H.  coronarium.)     In  green- 
houses. 

H.  Gardnerianum,  Roscoe.  Stems  3°-5°  high ;  leaves  broadly  lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  clasping,  2-ranked;  flowers  light  yellow,  fragrant,  in  a 
large  terminal  spike.  India. 

H.  coronarium,  Kcern.  Plant  2°-5°,  with  2-ranked,  oblong,  sessile 
leaves,  and  large,  snow-white,  sweet  flowers,  the  lip  nearly  2'  wide. 
Often  grown  in  conservatories  with  aquatics.  E.  Indies. 

2.  THALIA.     (J.  Thalius,  a  German  botanist,  died  in  1588.) 

T.  dealbata,  Roscoe.  Plant  dusted  over  with  a  white  powder  ;  heart- 
ovate,  long-petioled  leaves  all  from  the  root ;  reed-like  scape  (3°-5°  high) 
branching  above  into  panicled  erect  spikes  of  small,  much-bracted,  purple 
flowers.  Ponds  and  bogs,  S.  Car.,  S.  and  W. 

3.  CALATHEA.      (Greek:    a  basket,  alluding  either  to  the  basket- 
shaped  stigma  or  to  the  use  of  the  leaves  in  basket-making  in  S.  Amer.) 
The  plants  are  generally  known  as  MARANTAS.    Natives  of  trop.  Amer. 
Following  are  the  commonest  in  greenhouses. 

*  Leaves  marked  only  by  transverse  bars. 

C.  zebrlna,  Lindl.  The  oblong  leaves  2  or  3  feet  long,  purple  beneath, 
the  upper  surface  satiny  and  with  alternating  stripes  of  deep  and  pale 
green  ;  flowers  dull  purple,  inconspicuous,  in  a  bracted  head  or  spike 
near  the  ground  on  a  short  scape.  The  commonest  species. 


412  BANANA    FAMILY. 

*  *  Leaves  margined,  or  marked  by  bands  running  lengthwise  the  blade. 

->-  Leaf  margined  with  green,  the  face  blotched. 

C.  Makoyana,  E.  Morr.  (MARANTA  OLIVARIS).  Leaves  small  for  the  genus 
(6'-8'long),  oblong,  mostly  unequilateral ;  central  part  of  the  leaf  semi- 
transparent  and  blotched  with  deep  green  between  the  veins,  intermediate 
portion  blotched  with  dull  yellow  and  white  ;  leaf  stalks  purplish. 

-i-  -i-  Leaf  more  or  less  regularly  banded  lengthwise. 

C.  rosea-plctd,  Regel.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  rich  glossy  green, 
banded  between  the  midrib  and  margin  by  a  rose-colored  zone  ;  midrib 
rose-colored. 

C.  Vandenheckei,  Regel.  Leaves  rich  dark  green  above,  with  lighter 
transverse  shades,  purplish  beneath  ;  midrib  broadly  margined  with  sil- 
very-white, and  the  face  marked  by  two  bands  of  the  same  color. 

C.  Warscewlczii,  Koern.  Leaves  large  (often  2°  long),  velvety-green, 
with  a  feathery  stripe  of  yellow-green  running  from  base  to  apex  upon 
either  side  of  the  midrib. 

4.  CANNA,  INDIAN  SHOT.  (Name  obscure.)  The  3  small  green 
leaves  which  remain  on  the  capsule  are  the  sepals.  The  showy  parts 
of  the  flower,  inside  the  petals,  are  the  petal-like  staminodia,  the  upper 
two  or  three  of  which  are  very  prominent.  Tropical  (mostly  American) 
plants,  now  much  used  in  lawn  decorations.  The  cultivated  forms, 
which  are  much  confused,  are  chiefly  from  the  following : 

*  Corolla  lobes  and  staminodia  united  into  a  short  tube,  the  two  or  three 

upper  staminodia  being  developed. 

•i-  Upper  staminodia  3. 

C.  Indica,  Linn.  INDIAN  SHOT.  First  species  introduced  ;  stem  slender, 
glabrous  and  green,  3°-5°  high ;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  green,  lower  ones 
a  foot  long ;  flowers  in  a  loose,  simple  raceme,  with  suborbicular  green 
bracts ;  sepals  green ;  petals  pale  green,  lanceolate,  !£'  or  less  long ; 
staminodia  bright  red,  lip  reddish-yellow,  spotted  with  red.  The  Cannas 
known  as  C.  LIMB\TA  or  AtREo-viTT\TA  (the  upper  staminodia  red  bor- 
dered with  yellow),  and  C.  coccfNEA  (with  red-tinged  sepals  and  petals, 
and  often  bordered  staminodia)  are  evidently  forms  of  this  species. 

C.  fati folia,  Miller  (C.  GIGANTEA).  Stem  very  stout,  often  10°  or  more 
high,  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  and  acute,  green,  the  lower  ones  some- 
times 3°-4°  long ;  flowers  in  a  lax  racemed  panicle,  the  lower  bracts 
brown  and  several  inches  long,  but  the  uppermost  oblong  and  green,  and 
becoming  less  than  an  inch  in  length  ;  sepals  small,  oblong,  green  ;  petals 
2'  long,  lanceolate,  red-tinged ;  staminodia  oblanceolate,  bright  red, 
large,  the  lip  plain  red  and  notched  at  the  apex. 

C.  gladca,  Linn.  Stem  6°-6°,  green  and  glaucous,  as  are  the  leaves ; 
the  latter  oblong-lanceolate  and  very  acute,  the  lower  ones  1J°  long; 
racemes  lax,  either  simple  or  forked ;  sepals  lanceolate,  small,  green  ; 
petals  2'  or  less  long,  lanceolate,  yellowish-green  ;  staminodia  clear  pale 
yellow,  3'  or  less  long,  the  lip  linear  and  notched,  pale  yellow.  C.  ANN.EI 
is  an  offshoot  or  hybrid  of  this,  and  was  the  parent  of  many  of  the  olcier 
tall  Cannas. 

+-  •<-  Upper  staminodia  usually  2. 

C.  Ititea,  Miller.  (Comprising  C.  PALLIDA  with  the  upper  staminodia 
pale  yellow  and  red-spotted  ;  and  C.  AURANT!ACA  with  red-tinged  petals, 
upper  staminodia  and  lip  bright  reddish-yellow,  the  lip  spotted  with  red.) 
Stems  slender,  green  and  glabrous,  3°-4°  high  ;  leaves  green,  oblong  and 


BANANA   FAMILY.  413 

acute,  1°  long ;  raceme  lax,  simple  or  forked,  the  bracts  small  and  obtuse, 
green ;  sepals  very  small  (£'  long),  oblong  and  greenish;  petals  lanceo- 
late, about  1'  long,  pale  green  ;  staminodia  oblanceolate  and  pale  yellow, 
2'  or  less  long,  the  lip  linear,  notched,  pale  yellow,  not  spotted. 

C.  Warscewiczii,  Dietr.  Stem  glabrous,  3°-4°  high,  light  purple; 
leaves  purple-brown,  oblong  and  acute,  1£°  or  less  long ;  raceme  simple 
and  rather  dense,  the  bracts  ovate,  brown  and  very  glaucous ;  sepals 
oblong-lanceolate,  small,  glaucous ;  petals  lanceolate,  red-tinged  and 
glaucous,  2'  long ;  staminodia  (sometimes  3)  oblanceolate,  3'  or  less  long, 
sometimes  obscurely  notched,  bright  scarlet,  the  lip  plain  bright  scarlet, 
and  distinctly  notched. 

C.  speciosa,  Roscoe.  Stem  5°-6°  high,  green  and  glabrous  ;  leaves  green, 
broad-oblong  and  acute,  the  lowermost  often  2°  long ;  panicle  deeply 
forked ;  sepals  lanceolate  and  pale  red ;  petals  2'  long,  lanceolate,  pale 
red  ;  staminodia  notched,  bright  red,  3'  long,  the  lip  also  notched  at  the 
apex,  and  bright  reddish-yellow.  Himalayas. 

C.  discolor,  Lindl.  Stem  5°-10°  high,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  purple; 
leaves  broad,  oblong  and  acute,  claret-brown,  the  lowermost  sometimes 
3°  long ;  panicle  deeply  forked,  the  bracts  orbicular  ;  sepals  small,  lance- 
olate and  green ;  petals  lanceolate,  pale  green ;  staminodia  oblanceolate 
and  entire,  bright  red,  2£°  long ;  lip  lanceolate  and  notched,  brick-red. 

*  *  Corolla  tube  2'  or  more  long;   upper  staminodia  3,  clawed;    lip 

orbicular. 

C.  flsiccida,  Salisb.  Wild  in  swamps,  S.  Car.,  S.;  2°-4°  high,  with 
ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  3'-4'  long ;  all  the 
inner  divisions  obovate  and  wavy,  lax,  the  3  corolla  lobes  reflexed. 

*  *  *  Corolla  tube  as  long  as  the  blades  of  the  staminodia  ;  flowers  large 

and  pendulous. 

C.  iridiflbra,  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  Stem  6°-10°  high,  green ;  leaves  oblong, 
slightly  pubescent  beneath,  bright  green;  panicle  composed  of  several 
drooping  racemes  ;  sepals  1'long,  lanceolate,  green  ;  corolla  lobes  lance- 
olate, red-brown ;  staminodia  3,  somewhat  longer  than  the  corolla  lobes, 
bright  red,  the  lip  of  the  same  color  and  notched. 

C.  EHEMANNI  of  gardens  is  a  hybrid  of  this  and  probably  C.  Warsce- 
wiczii.  The  modern  race  of  dwarf  and  Crozy  "flowering"  Cannas  is 
mostly  sprung  from  this  garden  form  again  crossed,  the  red-flowered  ones 
being  mainly  hybrids  of  C.  Ehemanni  and  C.  Warscewiczii,  and  the  yel- 
low-flowered ones  largely  of  C.  Ehemanni  and  C.  glauca. 

C.  liliifldra,  Warsc.  Similar  to  C.  iridiflora  in  habit,  but  the  flowers 
white  and  fragrant.  Not  yet  common,  but  it  will  undoubtedly  play  an 
important  part  in  garden  forms  in  the  future. 

5.    MUSA,   BANANA,   PLANTAIN.     (Antonius  Musa,  physician  to 

Augustus.) 

M.  Sapientum,  Linn.  BANANA.  Cult,  for  foliage  and  for  the  well- 
known  fruit ;  the  enwrapping  bases  of  the  huge  leaves  forming  a  sort  of 
tree-like,  succulent  stem,  10°-20°  high ;  the  flower  stalk  rising  through 
the  center,  and  developing  a  drooping  spike,  the  flowers  clustered  in  the 
axil  of  its  purplish  bracts ;  berry  oblong,  by  long  cultivation  (from  off- 
shoots) seedless.  (Lessons,  Fig.  71.) 

HI.  Cavendishii,  'Lamb.  A  dwarf  species,  flowering  at  a  few  feet  in 
height,  is  more  manageable  in  greenhouses  ;  leaves  2°-3°  long.  China. 

M.  Ensete,  Gmel.  Now  very  popular  amongst  gardeners,  much  used 
for  planting  out  in  summer  ;  leaves  nearly  erect,  10°-16°  long  and  3°-4° 
wide,  bright  green,  with  a  stout  crimson  midrib ;  stem  10°-20°  high  and 
becoming  very  thick.  Abyssinia. 


414  BLOODWORT   FAMILY. 

6.     STRELITZIA.       (Charlotte    of    Meckleriburgh-Strelitz,    wife    of 
George  III.) 

S.  Reglnce,  Ait.  PARADISE  or  BIED'S  TONGUE  FLOWER.  A  large  stem- 
less  conservatory  plant,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  winter-flowering, 
with  2-ranked  root-leaves,  their  long  rigid  petioles  bearing  an  ovate-oblong 
thick  blade. 

CXTV.    BROMELIACEJ1,   PINEAPPLE  FAMILY. 

Tropical  or  subtropical  plants  (mostly  herbs),  the  greater 
part  epiphytes,  with  dry  or  fleshy,  mostly  rigid,  smooth  or 
scurfy  leaves,  often  prickly  edged,  and  perfect  flowers  with  6 
stamens  and  6-cleft  perianth.  Represented  by  several  species 
of  Tillandsia  in  Florida,  a  small  one  further  north,  and  several 
species  of  various  genera  in  choice  conservatories. 


Andnas  satffj/s,  Schult.  (or  ANANASSA  SAT!VA)  .  PINEAPPLE.  Cult,  for 
its  "  fruit,"  which  is  a  fleshy  cone-like  spike,  comprising  the  fleshy  berries 
and  bracts  ;  flowers  abortive.  It  is  sometimes  grown  for  foliage,  especially 
a  striped-leaved  variety.  Trop.  Amer. 

Tillandsia  usneoldes,  Linn.  LONG  Moss  or  BLACK  Moss.  Hanging 
from  trees  in  the  low  country  from  the  Dismal  Swamp,  S.  ;  gray-scurfy, 
with  thread-shaped,  branching  stems,  linear-awl-shaped  recurved  leaves, 
and  small,  sessile,  green  flowers  ;  the  ovary  free,  forming  a  narrow,  3- 
valved  pod,  filled  with  club-shaped  hairy-stalked  seeds  ;  flowers  summer. 
(Lessons,  Fig.  88.) 

CXV.    HJEMODORACKE,   BLOODWOKT  FAMILY. 

Fibrous-rooted,  herbaceous  plants,  with  perfect  and  regular 
3-6-audrous  flowers,  which  are  scurfy  or  woolly  outside  ;  peri- 
anth tubular  below  and  united  with  the  3-celled  ovary,  6-lobed 
above  ;  style  1,  sometimes  3-parted  ;  capsule  loculicidal,  3-oo- 
seeded,  crowned  or  inclosed  by  the  persistent  perianth  ;  leaves 
usually  equitant. 

*  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  whole  length  of  the  ovary;  style  not  parted. 

1.  LACHNANTHES.   Flower  woolly  outside.   Stamens  3,  opposite  the  3  inner  divisions  of 

the  perianth,  the  filaments  exserted,  and  the  anthers  fixed  by  the  middle.     Leaves 
equitant. 

*  »  Calyx  tube  joined  only  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  style  at  length  ^-parted. 

2.  LOPHIOLA.     Flower  densely  woolly  outside.     Stamens  6,  included,  inserted  on  the 

base  of  the  perianth,  the  anthers  fixed  by  the  base.    Leaves  equitant. 

8.  ALETRIS.    Flower  scurfy-roughened  outside.    Stamens  6,  included,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  perianth.    Leaves  flat  and  spreading. 

1.   LACHNANTHES,   REDROOT.     (Greek  ;  woolly  blossom.)     % 

L.  tinctdria,  Ell.  Stem  2°-3°  high  ;  leaves  sword-shaped,  scattered 
on  the  stem  and  clustered  at  its  base  ;  flowers  dingy  yellow,  in  a  terminal 
dense  compound  cyme.  Sandy  swamps,  Mass.,  S. 


IRIS  FAMILY.  415 

2.  LOPHIOLA.     (Greek :  small  crest,  referring  to  a  woolly  tuft  near 
the  base  of  the  perianth  lobes.)     2/ 

L.  aurea,  Ker.  Stem  leafless  and  woolly  above,  creeping  at  the  base, 
2°  high ;  leaves  linear  and  nearly  smooth ;  flowers  dingy  yellow  inside, 
hi  a  crowded  cyme.  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S. 

3.  ALETRIS,   COLICROOT,  STAR  GRASS.     (Name  Greek,   allud- 
ing to  the  apparent  mealiness  of  the  flowers. )     Stemless,  the  flowers  in 
a  wand-like  raceme  ;  scape  2°-3°  high,  arising  from  a  cluster  of  lance- 
olate leaves.     2/ 

A.  farin&sa,  Linn.  Flowers  white,  oblong-tubular,  the  perianth  lobes 
lance-oblong.  Woods,  Mass,  to  Minn.,  and  S. 

A.  aurea,  Walt.  Flowers  yellow  and  shorter,  bell-shaped,  the  lobes 
short-ovate.  Barrens,  N.  J.,  S. 


CXVL    IRIDACEJ:,  IRIS  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  bulbous,  cormous  (Lessons,  Figs.  105, 
106),  or  tuberous  (sometimes  fibrous)  roots,  distinguished  by 
the  equitant  (Lessons,  Figs,  164,  165),  erect,  2-ranked  leaves, 
and  the  3  stamens  with  anthers  facing  outwards.  Flowers  per- 
fect and  showy,  colored,  mostly  from  a  spathe  of  two  or  more 
leaves  or  bracts ;  the  tube  of  the  perianth  coherent  with  the 
3-celled  ovary  and  often  prolonged  beyond  it,  its  divisions  6  in 
two  sets  (answering  to  sepals  and  petals),  each  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Style  1-,  or  rarely  3-cleft ;  stigmas  3,  opposite  the  3 
stamens  and  the  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth.  Fruit  a  3- 
celled  and  many-seeded  pod.  (Lessons,  Figs.  395,  396.) 

*  Spathe  generally  2-  or  more-flowered  (I -flowered  in  some  Irises),  terminal  or  pedun- 
culate ;  flowers  generally  stalked  in  the  spathe. 

+-  Perianth  of  3  outer  recurving,  and  3  inner  commonly  smaller  erect  or  incurving 
divisions;  stigmas,  or  more  properly  lobes  of  the  style,  petal-like. 

1.  IRIS.    Flowers  with  tube  either  slightly  or  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  in  the 

latter  case  coherent  also  with  the  style.  Stamens  under  the  overarching  branches  of 
the  style ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  base.  The  real  stigma  is  a  shelf  or 
short  lip  on  the  lower  face  of  the  petal-like  branch  of  the  style,  only  its  inner  surface 
stigmatic.  Pod  3-6-angled.  Roots  rhizomatons  or  tuberous. 

4-  +-  Perianth  deeply  cleft  or  parted  into  6  widely  spreading  divisions ;  stamens  mona- 
delphous  to  the  top  ;  style  long  ;  stigmas  8  or  6,  thread-like  ;  flowers  opening  in 
sunshine  and  but  once  for  a  few  hours. 

2.  TIGRIDIA.    From  a  conn  with  some  hard  brittle  coating.    Leaves  lanceolate,  large, 

very  much  plaited.  Three  outer  divisions  of  the  perianth  very  large  and  with  a  con- 
cave base;  the  other  8  very  much  smaller  and  fiddle-shaped.  Stigmas  3,  each 
2-cleft. 

8.  SISTRINCHIUM.  Root  mostly  fibrous.  Leaves  grass-like.  Divisions  of  the  wheel- 
shaped  flower  all  alike.  Stigmas  3,  simple. 


416  IRIS  FAMILY. 

-i-  -i-  -H  Perianth  parted  almost  to  the  base  into  6  nearly  equal  widely  spreading  divis- 
ions ;  stamens  separate  or  nearly  so  ;  style  3-6-lobed. 

4.  NEMASTYLIS.    Stem  simple  or  sparingly  branching  above,  from  a  conn.    Divisions 

of  the  flower  obovate.  Filaments  awl-shaped,  much  shorter  than  the  linear  anthers. 
Style  short,  ita  8  lobes  parted  each  into  two,  bearing  long  and  thread-like  diverging 
stigmas.  Pod  truncate.  Seeds  dry,  angular. 

5.  BELAMCANDA.      Foliage  and  aspect  of  an  Iris  with  leafy  branching  stem,  from  a 

rootstock.    Divisions  of  the  flower  oblong  with  a  narrow  base.    Filaments  slender, 
much  longer  than  the  anthers.     Style  long,  club-shaped,  its  simple  branches  tipped 
•with  a  broad  and  blunt  stigma.     Pod  pear-shaped ;  the  valves  falling  away  expose 
the  center  covered  with  black  berry-like  seeds. 
*  *  Spathe  l-flowered,  the  flowers  sessile  in  the  spathe  (except  No.  6.) 

+-  Perianth  regular  or  very  nearly  so,  the  stamens  equilateral. 

•H-  Plant  stemless,  i.e.,  the  leaves  and  flowers  arising  directly  from  the  corm.    (Lessons, 
Figs.  105,  106.) 

6.  CROCUS.    Ovary  and  pod  seldom  raised  above  ground  ;  perianth  with  a  long  and  slen- 

der tube  ;  its  oval  or  roundish  divisions  alike,  or  the  8  inner  rather  smaller,  concave, 
fully  spreading  only  in  sunshine.  Leaves  with  revolute  margins. 

-H-  -M-  Plants  with  prominent  stems. 
—  Three  branches  of  the  style  not  divided. 

T.  SCHIZO8TYLIS.  Root  a  scarcely  thickened  rhizome.  Flowers  spicate-scattered  on 
the  side  of  a  simple  peduncle,  red  and  showy,  the  tube  slender  and  somewhat  enlarged 
at  the  throat,  the  perianth  lobes  oblong  or  ovate  and  widely  spreading.  Branches  of 
the  style  long  and  subulate.  Spathe  greenish,  lanceolate. 

8.  IXIA.    Cormous  plants,  with  showy  flowers  in  simple  or  branched  spikes.    Perianth 

tube  long  and  slender,  the  limb  ascending  or  salver-shaped.  Branches  of  the  style 
linear,  recurved.  Spathe  short  and  membranaceous. 

«-  =  Branches  of  the  style  2-divided  or  -cleft. 

9.  FREESIA.   Plants  of  small  size,  with  coated  conns  and  flowers  erect  in  a  secund  lateral 

short  raceme ;  perianth  tube  long  and  expanding  upwards,  generally  curved,  the 
lobes  half-spreading.  Spathe  as  in  Ixia. 

•i-  -t-  Perianth  generally  oblique,  curved,  or  otherwise  irregular  ;  stamens  mostly  uni- 
lateral. 
•H-  Flowers  in  short  often  secund  racemes,  or  loose  panicled  spikes.    Style  branches  not 

divided. 
-=  Inflorescence  dense,  pilose. 

10.  BABIANA.    Cormous  plants,  with  flowers  of  striking  colors  and  usually  pilose  leaves 

and  stem.  Flowers  in  a  simple  short  pilose  spike-like  cluster  or  raceme,  the  tube 
generally  short,  erect,  the  lobes  erect-spreading,  and  clawed  or  contracted  at  the 
base.  Small  plants,  with  plaited  leaves. 

—  =  Inflorescence  mostly  looser,  essentially  glabrous. 

11.  CROCOSMA.    CormoQS,  with  a  slender  stem  ending  in  a  lax  panicle.     Perianth  tube 

slender,  cylindrical  and  curved,  not  dilated  at  the  throat,  the  lobes  spreading  in  star- 
like  form.  Stigmas  dilated  and  denticulate.  Leaves  sheathing  much  of  the  base  of 
the  stem. 

18.  TRITONTA.  Cormous,  mostly  rather  tall.  Flowers  showy,  mostly  in  loose  racemes, 
these  either  solitary  and  terminal,  or  spiked.  Perianth  with  a  slender  tube  either 
short  or  long,  and  which  is  not  prominently  dilated  above,  the  lobes  nearly  equal  or 
oblique  and  concave  or  bell-form-  spreading.  Branches  of  the  style  slender,  thick- 
ened or  dilated  at  the  apex.  Spathe  short  and  membranaceous,  often  toothed. 

18.  8PARAXIS.  Connous,  small,  nearly  simple  plants,  with  few  yellow  scattered  or  loosely 
spicate  yellow  flowers.  Perianth  tube  short,  dilated  in  the  throat,  the  limb  some- 
what unequal,  the  lobes  erect-spreading.  Branches  of  the  style  slender.  Spathe 
broad  and  scarious,  more  or  less  striate,  fimbriate  at  the  apex. 


IRIS   FAMILY.  417 

**++  Flowers  numerous  in  a  stiff  terminal  generally  \-sided  spike. 
14.  GLADIOLUS.  Cormous.  Stem  rather  tall,  leafy ;  flowers  irregular,  the  short-funnel- 
shaped  tube  being  somewhat  curved,  and  the  divisions  more  or  less  unequal,  the 
flower  commonly  oblique  or  as  if  somewhat  2-lipped.  Perianth  tubular  at  base,  the 
6  divisions  all  more  or  less  spreading.  Stamens  separate.  Style  long.  Stigmas  3, 
more  or  less  dilated.  Stamens  (inserted  on  the  tube)  and  style  ascending.  Leaves 
sword-shaped,  strongly  nerved. 

1.  IRIS,  FLOWER-DE-LUCE,  BLUE  FLAG.  (Greek,  the  rainbow.) 
Many  interesting  and  curious  species  cultivated  in  choice  collections. 
Flowers  spring  and  early  summer.  (Lessons,  Figs.  58,  69,  395,  396.) 

§  1.    IKIS  proper,  with  creeping  rootstocks  or  rarely  the  root  fibrous. 
(Native  species  of  our  region  belong  here. ) 

*  Tall,  the  several-flowered  often  branching  stems  l°-3°  high;  tube  of  the 
flower  short ;  flowers  late  spring  and  summer. 

•*-  Outer  divisions  (or  "falls")  of  the  perianth  beardless  and  crestless. 
•w-  Flowers  yellow. 

I.  Pseuddcorus,  Linn.  YELLOW  IRIS.  Wet  marshes  in  Eu.,  with  very 
long  linear  leaves  and  bright  flowers,  is  sparingly  cultivated,  and  some- 
times spontaneous. 

•M.  *+  Flowers  copper-colored  or  dull  reddish-brown. 

I.  fiilva,  Ker.  (I.  cfcpREA.)  Flowers  2'  long,  the  tube  about  the 
length  of  the  6 -angled  ovary,  the  divisions  spreading ;  ovary  6-angled 
and  not  surpassing  the  tube  of  the  perianth.  Swamps,  S.  111.,  S. 

.«•  ++  .w  Flowers  in  shades  of  blue  or  purple  (rarely  white),  sometimes 
spotted  and  streaked. 

=  Leaves  flat  and  broad,  sword-shaped. 

I.  laevigata,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  (I.  K^EMPFERI).  JAPANESE  IRIS.  Tall  spe- 
cies (2°-^3°  high),  with  very  large  flowers,  which  are  often  or  commonly 
borne  singly,  and  which,  in  some  garden  varieties,  measure  8'-10'  across, 
and  are  broad  and  flat ;  outer  lobes  of  the  perianth  mostly  purple  with 
a  yellow  blotch  at  the  base  and  often  streaked,  very  large  and  rounded  ; 
inner  divisions  commonly  bright  purple ;  leaves  thin  and  pale  green  j 
stem  glaucous.  Cultivated  (from  Japan)  in  many  forms  and  colors. 
Rhizome  short  and  stout. 

I.  tripetala,  Walt.  In  pine  barren  swamps,  N.  Car.,  S.;  with  rather 
short  sword-shaped  glaucous  leaves,  and  few  blue  flowers  (2'-3'  long), 
variegated  with  yellow  and  purple,  the  inner  divisions  very  short  and 
wedge-shaped,  the  tube  shorter  than  the  3-angled  ovary. 

I.  versicolor,  Linn.  LARGER  BLUE  FLAG.  Stout ;  stem  angled  on 
one  side  ;  leaves  sword-shaped,  f '  wide ;  flowers  light  blue,  variegated 
with  some  yellow,  white,  and  purple,  hardly  3'  long,  the  inflated  tube 
shorter  than  the  obtusely  3-angled  ovary ;  pod  oblong,  3-angled,  the  seeds 
more  or  less  2-rowed  in  each  cell.  Common  in  swamps. 

I.  Caroliniana,  Watson.  In  N.  Car.;  like  the  last,  but  the  leaves  long 
and  lax,  and  greener,  and  the  larger  seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell. 

=  =  Leaves  linear,  sometimes  stiffish. 

I.  prismatica.  Pursh.  (I.  ViRGfxiCA).  SLENDER  BLUE  FLAG.  Slender, 
with  very  narrow  leaves,  and  blue  flowers  with  some  white  (barely  2' 
long),  on  slender  peduncles,  with  hardly  any  tube  beyond  the  3-angled 
ovary.  Me.  to  N.  Car. 

GRAl   B  *.  c.  a.  u.  BOT-  27 


418  IRIS   FAMILY. 

/.  gramlnea,  Linn.  Root  leaves  2°-3°  long,  and  often  surpassing  the 
1-3-flowered  stem ;  flower  purple-blue,  with  yellow  in  the  throat,  slightly 
fragrant,  with  narrow  divisions.  Cult.  S.  Eu. 

/.  tuberdsa,  Linn.  SNAKE'S-HEAD  IRIS.  Leaves  very  long,  often 
twice  or  thrice  longer  than  the  1-flowered  stem  (which  is  12'-18'  high)  ; 
inner  perianth  divisions  erect  and  light  colored,  the  outer  drooping  and 
black-purple ;  root  short,  almost  bulb-like.  S.  Eu. 

-»-  -i-  Outer  divisions  of  the  perianth  bearded  or  crested. 

•M-  Flower  mostly  solitary  and  terminal,  very  large,  streaked  with  brown- 
black. 

I.  Susiana,  Linn.  A  curious  species  from  Persia,  not  quite  hardy  in  the 
N.  States ;  all  divisions  of  the  perianth  large  and  limp,  rounded,  about 
equal  in  size,  marked  with  dark  spots  and  lines  on  a  lilac-white  ground. 
Stem  10'-18'  high,  at  flowering  time  (early  spring),  exceeding  the  broad- 
ish  leaves. 

•H-  -w  Flowers  generally  few  or  several,  of  ordinary  size. 

=  Body  color  of  the  flowers  blue  or  violet. 

I.  hexagona,  Walt.  S.  Car.  and  S.,  near  the  coast ;  with  simple  stem, 
narrowish  long  leaves,  and  deep  blue  variegated  flowers,  4'  long,  the  outer 
divisions  crested,  the  tube  longer  than  the  6-angled  ovary. 

/.  Germdnica,  Linn.  COMMON  FLOWER-DE-LUCE  of  the  gardens,  with 
very  large,  scentless  flowers,  the  deep  violet  pendent  outer  divisions  3' 
long,  the  obovate  inner  ones  nearly  as  large,  lighter  and  bluer.  Eu. 

/.  sambOcina,  Linn.  ELDER-SCENTED  F.  Taller,  3°  or  4°  high,  and 
longer-leaved ;  the  flowers  about  half  as  'large  as  in  the  preceding,  the 
outer  divisions  less  reflexed,  violet,  but  whitish  and  yellowish  toward  the 
base,  painted  with  deeper-colored  lines  or  veins ;  upper  divisions  pale 
grayish-  or  brownish-blue  ;  spathe  broadly  scarious-margined.  S.  Eu. 

/.  squa/ens.  Linn.  Very  like  preceding,  with  longer  dull  violet  outer 
divisions  to  the  flower  whitish  and  striped  at  base,  and  purplish-buff- 
colored  inner  divisions.  Eu.  and  Asia. 

=  =  Body  color  of  the  flowers  white,  mostly  with  markings  of  yellow. 

I.  variegata,  Linn.  Flowers  small,  with  spatulate-obovate  divisions  2' 
long,  white  with  pale  yellow,  the  outer  divisions  veined  with  dark  purple 
and  purplish-tinged  in  the  middle.  Eu. 

/.  Florentine,  Linn.  FLORENCE  or  SWEET  F.  Stems  2°-3°  high,  with 
broad  leaves,  and  white  faintly  sweet-scented  flowers,  bluish- veined,  the 
obovate  outer  divisions  2.] '-3'  long,  with  yellow  beard.  Its  violet^scented 
rootstock  yields  orris  root.  S.  Eu. 

*  *  Dwarf,  with  simple  very  short  stems  (or  only  leafy  tufts},  l-3-flowered 
in  early  spring,  from  creeping  and  branching  slender  (or  thickened  in 
7.  pumila}  rootstocks,  here  and  there  tuberous-thickened;  flowers  violet- 
blue,  with  a  long  slender  tube. 

•*-  Outer  perianth  lobes  crestless. 

I.  v^rna,  Linn.  SLENDER  DWARF  IRIS.  Wooded  hillsides,  from  Penn. 
and  Ky.,  S.;  with  linear  grassy  leaves,  tube  of  flower  about  the  length  of 
its  almost  equal  divisons,  which  are  on  slender  orange-yellow  claws,  the 
outer  ones  crestless. 

H-  -»-  Outer  lobes  crested. 

I.  cristata,  Ait.  Along  the  Alleghanies,  and  W.,  sometimes  cult.; 
with  lanceolate  leaves,  or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  tube  of  flower  (2' 
long),  much  longer  than  the  scarcely  stalked  divisions,  the  outer  ones 
crested  ;  pod  sharply  triangular. 


IRIS   FAMILY.  419 

/.  pumila,  Linn.  DWARF  GARDEN  IRIS.  Stem  very  short  (4 '-6'  high) ; 
the  violet  and  purple  flower  close  to  the  ground,  with  slender  tube  and 
obovate  divisions  hardly  exceeding  the  short  sword-shaped  leaves.  Eu. 

§  2.   XIPHION  ;  the  roots  bulbous,  giving  rise  to  a  single  stem. 
*  Leaves  at  flowering  time  only  2'  or  3'  long. 

I.  PSrsica,  Linn.  PERSIAN  IRIS.  A  choice  tender  plant,  dwarf,  nearly 
stemless,  the  flower  on  a  long  tube,  earlier  than  the  leaves,  delicately  fra- 
grant, bluish,  with  a  deep-purple  spot  at  the  tip  of  the  outer  divisions, 
the  inner  divisions  very  small  and  spreading. 

*  *  Leaves  a  foot  or  more  long  at  flowering  time. 
H-  Flower  with  a  prominent  tube  (2'-3;  long). 

I.  reticu/ata,  Bieb.  From  Persia ;  stem  a  foot  or  so  high,  the  leaves 
equaling  the  flowers  and  finally  surpassing  them  ;  flower  one,  rather  large 
with  narrow  divisions,  violet-purple,  the  limb  spotted  with  violet  and 
streaked  with  yellow  ;  flowers  very  early ;  leaves  generally  2  together. 

•i-  H-  Flower  with  scarcely  any  tube. 

I.  Xlphium,  Linn.  (I.  VULGARIS  of  gardeners).  SPANISH  I.  Leaves  4-6 
on  the  stem,  remaining  green  during  winter ;  the  stem  l°-2°  high  and 
sometimes  2-flowered ;  flowers  3'-5'  across,  the  outer  divisions  orbicular 
and  reflexed,  the  inner  ones  erect,  all  purple  and  veiny ;  spathes  3'-4' 
long,  not  inflated.  Flowers  coriander-scented.  Spain. 

/.  xiphioldes,  Ehrh.  (I.  ANGLICA.)  S.  Eu.;  3  or  4  leaves  on  the  stem 
and  about  6  at  its  base,  larger  than  in  the  last  and  not  persisting  during 
winter ;  plant  l°-2°  high,  2-3-flowered ;  flowers  large,  lilac-purple,  more 
or  less  marked  with  yellow  and  feathered  with  white  on  the  face  of  the 
round-oblong  outer  divisions ;  tubers  larger  and  rounder  than  in  the  last ; 
spathe  3'-4'  long,  inflated.  Flowers  scentless,  later  than  the  last. 

2.  TIGRIDIA,   TIGER  FLOWER  (as  the  name  denotes).     Flowers 
summer. 

T.  Pavdnia,  Ker.  From  Mexico,  the  principal  species,  with  several 
varieties,  planted  out  for  summer  flowering,  sends  up  a  stem  2°  high, 
bearing  in  succession  a  few  very  large  showy  flowers  5'  or  6'  across, 
purple  or  orange-red,  the  dark  center  gaudily  spotted  with  crimson  or 
purple.  T.  CONCHIFL6RA  of  gardens  is  a  form  with  bright  yellow  flowers. 
T.  GRANDIFL6RA  is  a  form  with  very  large,  bright  orange-red  flowers. 

3.  SISYRINCHIUM,  BLUE-EYED  GRASS.     (Greek:  hog's  snout, 
the  application  not  apparent.)     Flowers  all  summer. 

S.  angustifdlium,  Mill.  Scape  4'-12'  high,  simple,  with  a  solitary 
terminal  spathe,  the  outer  bract  more  or  less  elongated ;  flowers  blue 
(rarely  white)  changing  to  purple,  the  divisions  notched  or  jagged  and 
bristle-pointed  ;  seeds  large  and  globose,  nearly  smooth.  Grassy  plants, 
growing  in  little  clumps  or  tufts  ;  common. 

S.  anceps,  Cav.  Usually  taller  and  branching,  the  spathes  2  or  more  ; 
seeds  small  and  ovate,  deeply  pitted.  Common. 

4.  NEMASTYLIS.     (Greek :  thread-like  style,  applicable  here  to  the 
stigmas. )     Flowers  spring  and  summer. 

N.  ccelestlna,  Nutt.  Pine  barrens  S.  Car.,  S.;  l°-2°  high,  with  hand- 
some but  fugacious  bright  blue  flowers  ;  the  leaves  mainly  from  the  small 
bulb,  linear  and  plaited. 


420  IRIS    FAMILY. 

5.  BELAMCANDA    (or  PARDANTHUS),   BLACKBERRY   LILY 

(East  Indian  name.)     Flowers  late  summer. 

B.  Chinensis,  Adans.     China ;  cult,  in  country  gardens  and  escaping 
into  roadsides ;  3°-4°  high,  more  branching  than  an  Iris ;  the  divisions 
of  the  orange-colored  flower  (!'  long)  mottled  above  with  crimson  spots, 
the  fruit,  when  the  valves  fall  and  expose  the  berry-like  seeds,  imitating 
a  blackberry,  whence  the  common  name. 

6.  CROCUS.     (Greek  name  of  Saffron.)     Cultivated  from  Eu.  and  W. 
Asia.     (Lessons,  Figs.  105,  106.) 

#  Spring  flowering. 
+-  Yellow-flowered. 

C.  Susianus,   Ker.     CLOTH  OF  GOLD  CROCUS.     Leaves  6-8  in  a  tuft, 
reaching  the  flower,  narrowly  linear,  the  edges  revolute  and  the  center 
with  a  white  stripe ;  perianth  tube  exserted,  the  segments   1  £'  or  less 
long,  bright  orange-yellow  and  soon  reflexed,  the  outer  ones  flushed  or 
brown-striped  on  the  outside  ;  anthers  orange,  longer  than  the  glabrous 
filaments ;  style  branches  exceeding  the  anthers.     Crimea. 

C.  /nees/dcus,  Ker.  DCTCH  C.  Later  flowered ;  leaves  6-8  in  a  tuft, 
surpassing  the  flower,  narrowly  linear,  the  edges  reflexed,  and  a  white 
stripe  ;  perianth  tube  2-3  times  longer  than  the  limb ;  flower  bright  yellow, 
the  segments  very  obtuse,  not  striped  (a  striped  variety)  ;  anthers  pale 
yellow  and  somewhat  hastate  at  the  base,  somewhat  longer  than  the 
papillose  filaments  ;  style  branches  not  equaling  the  anthers.  Greece  to 
Asia  Minor.  There  is  a  form  with  cream-white  flowers. 

C.  STELL\RIS,  with  fewer  leaves  in  a  tuft,  little  exserted  perianth 
tube,  flowers  bright  orange  and  the  outer  segments  striped  and  feathered 
on  the  back,  anthers  pale  yellow  and  longer  than  the  glabrous  filaments, 
and  style  branches  somewhat  exceeding  the  anthers,  is  a  supposed  hybrid 
of  the  above,  known  only  in  cultivation. 

-i-  +-  Lilac-  or  ichite-flowered. 

C.  biflorus,  Miller.  SCOTCH  C.  Leaves  4-6  in  a  tuft,  surpassing  the 
flowers,  white-striped  and  very  narrow ;  tube  exserted,  the  upper  seg- 
ments !£'  or  less  long,  tinged  with  purple,  the  lower  ones  with  3  purple 
stripes  down  the  back ;  throat  slightly  bearded,  yellowish ;  anthers 
orange,  longer  than  the  papillose  orange  filaments ;  style  branches  orange- 
red.  Sterile.  Variable. 

C.  verslcolor,  Ker.  Leaves  4-5,  like  the  last ;  tube  exserted  ;  upper 
segments  either  pale  or  dark  purple,  the  lower  ones  purple  outside  and 
also  purple-marked  ;  throat  glabrous,  whitish  or  yellow  ;  anthers  yellow, 
twice  longer  than  the  white  filaments  ;  style  branches  yellow.  S.  Eu. 

C.  vernus,  All.  Leaves  2-4,  equaling  the  flower,  glaucous  beneath  ; 
segments  1'-1J'  long,  lilac  or  white  and  often  striped  with  purple  ;  throat 
pubescent,  not  yellow  ;  anthers  lemon-yellow,  longer  than  the  white  fila- 
ments ;  style  branches  orange-yellow.  Eu.  The  commonest  species. 

*  *  Autumn  flowering. 

C.  satlvus,  Linn.  FALL  CROCUS.  With  violet  purple  and  fragrant 
flowers,  in  autumn,  is  rarely  seen  here.  Its  long  and  narrow  orange-red 
stigmas  are  saffron.  Asia  Minor. 

7.  SCHIZOSTYLIS.       (Greek:    cut  style,   referring  to  the  3  long 
branches.) 

S.  coccfnea,  Backh.  &  Harv.  CRIMSON  FLAG,  KAFFIR  LILY.  Not  very 
tender,  with  long  and  keeled  linear  leaver  apd  stems  3°  hisrh,  bearing  a 


IRIS   FAMILY.  421 

spike  of  bright  crimson-red  flowers  2'  across,  the  ovate  acute  lobes  all 
alike  and  widely  spreading  from  a  narrow  tube  ;  the  slender  style  deeply 
cleft  (whence  the  name)  into  3  thread-like  branches.  S.  Africa. 

8.   IXIA.     (Greek  for  birdlime,  referring  to  the  clammy  juice  of  some 
species.)     Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

*  Perianth  tube  short  and  cylindrical. 

I-  Filaments  distinct. 
-M-  Flowers  icith  a  black-purple  throat. 

I.  maculata,  Linn.  (I.  CONICA.)  Stem  terete  and  slender,  sometimes 
branched,  l°-2°  high  ;  flowers  many  in  dense  erect  spikes  ;  perianth  tube 
twice  longer  than  spathe,  the  bell-form  limb  yellow  and  an  inch  or  less 
long. 

/.  viridiflbra,  Lam.  Stem  long  and  slender  (lJ°-3°),  simple;  flowers 
many  in  a  long  spike  ;  perianth  tube  little  longer  than  the  spathe,  the 
limb  pale  green. 

/.  hybrida,  Ker.  A  foot  high,  slender,  the  raceme  flexuose  and  many- 
flowered  ;  flowers  white,  with  a  tinge  of  pink,  small. 

++  -M-  Flowers  with  no  marking  in  the  throat. 

I.  patens,  Ait.  Stem  terete,  12'-20'  high,  often  branched;  flowers 
many  in  rather  dense  spikes,  the  bell-form  limb  pale  red  ;  perianth  tube 
little  longer  than  the  spathe  ;  radical  or  basal  leaves  usually  4. 

/.  specidsa,  Andr.  (I.  CRATEROIDES.)  Stem  slender  and  terete,  com- 
monly simple,  6'-15'  high  ;  flowers  few  in  an  erect  spike,  the  tube  little 
longer  than  the  spathe,  and  the  limb  dark  crimson  ;  basal  leaves  5  or  6. 

+-  •»-  Filaments  more  or  less  united. 

I.  monadelpha,  Delar.  Stem  10'-20'  high,  slender,  simple  or  branched  ; 
flowers  few  in  a  short  spike,  the  tube  often  twice  as  long  as  the  spathe, 
the  limb  lilac,  throat  greenish  or  blue.  There  are  varieties  with  purplish 
flowers  (var.  puRpftREA),  with  yellow  and  black-blotched  flowers  (var. 
f  COLOR),  etc. 


*  *  Perianth  tube  dilated  into  funnel-shape  at  the  top. 

I.  odorata,  Ker.  (I.  ERECTA.)  Stem  slender  and  terete,  branched; 
flowers  fragrant,  in  a  short  spike,  yellow. 

9.  FREESIA.      (Derivation  unknown.)     Popular  plants  for  forcing, 
from  Cape  ol  Good  Hope. 

F.  refrdcta,  Klatt.  Stems  slender,  often  branched,  12'-20'  high,  the 
flowers  at  its  top  in  a  slender  secund,  nearly  horizontal  raceme  ;  flowers 
white  marked  by  violet  lines  or  yellowish,  or  pure  white  (var.  ALBA),  2'- 
3'  long,  very  fragrant,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  very  slender  tube,  the 
lobes  spreading  ;  leaves  flat. 

F.  Leichtlinii,  Klatt,  perhaps  a  form  of  the  above,  has  pale  yellow 
flowers  which  are  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  tube,  the  lobes  more 
erect. 

10.  BABIANA.     (Said  to  come  from  the  Dutch  word  for  baboon, 
because  the  bulbs  are  eaten  by  that  animal.)     Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

*  Perianth  nearly  rotate. 

B.  stricta,  Ker.  (B.  FCRPUREA.)  Stem  12'-20'  high;  basal  leaves 
ensiform  and  hairy,  not  reaching  the  spikes,  the  latter  1-3,  moderately 


422  IRIS   FAMILY. 

dense  and  many -flowered  ;  perianth  usually  lilac-red,  the  tube  as  long  as 
the  spathe,  and  the  lobes  oblong-lanceolate.     There  are  many  forms,  as 
var.  RtjBRO-cyANEA,  with  lilac-red  limb  and  bright  red  throat,  and  var. 
suLPHtiREA,  with  flowers  milk-white  or  sulphur-yellow. 
*  *  Perianth  distinctly  ringent. 

-i-  Segments  oblong. 

B.  plicata,  Ker.  (B.  PUNCTATA,  B.  FRAGRANS.)  Stem  mostly  shorter 
than  the  hairy  lanceolate  leaves ;  flowers  in  a  simple  or  forked  spike, 
reddish  or  lilac,  with  the  tube  as  long  as  the  spathe. 

B.  disticha,  Ker.  Differs  from  the  above  chiefly  in  its  longer  perianth 
tube,  which  is  distinctly  projected  from  the  spathe. 

H-  -i-  Segments  oblong-  or  Ungulate-clawed. 

B.  rfngens,  Ker.    Stem  1°-1  J°  high,  pilose  ;  leaves  linear  and  glabrous, 
many,  thick ;  flowers  8-12  in  a  dense  1-sided  spike,  red  with  a  greenish 
tube,  the  latter  rather  longer  than  the  spathe. 

11.  CROCOSMA.      (Greek  for  saffron  smell,  alluding  to  the  odor  of 
the  dried  flowers.)     Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

C.  atirea,  Planch.    The  only  species  ;  stem  terete  and  branched,  2°-4° 
high,  with  a  few  small  leaves ;   spikes  lax  and  few-flowered,  flexuose  ; 
flowers  brownish-yellow,  the  tube  an  inch  or  less  long. 

12.  TRITONIA.     (Triton,  a  vane,  alluding  to  the  variable  directions 
of  the  anthers  in  different  species.)     Cape  of  Good  Hope.     In  gardens, 
more  often  known  as  MONTBRETIA. 

*  Perianth  segments  equal,  oblong  ;  flowers  small. 

T.  scillaris,   Baker.     (fxiA  SCILLARIS.)     Stem  1°,  slender,  simple  or 

branched ;  basal  leaves  4-6,  plane,  linear ;  spike  3'-4'  long,  lax  and  flexuose ; 

flowers  pink,  the  tube  cylindrical  and  somewhat  longer  than  the  spathe. 

*  *  Perianth  segments  more  or  less  unequal,  oblong  or  obovate. 

•»-  Flowers  whitish  or  pale  pink. 

T.  crfspa,  Ker.  (fxiA  CRfspA,  MONTBRETIA  LACERATA.)  Stem  slender 
and  terete,  simple  or  branched,  6'-12'  high  ;  basal  leaves  4-6,  linear  and 
very  crispy  or  ciirled  ;  spikes  secund,  4-10-flowered ;  perianth  tube  2'  or 
less  long,  funnel- form  at  the  top. 

•i-  •*-  Flowers  yellow,  sometimes  blotched. 

•M-  Segments  obovate,  much  imbricated. 

T.  crocata,  Ker.  Stem  slender,  12'-18'  high,  simple,  or  branched 
below ;  basal  leaves  4-6,  linear  and  plane ;  flowers  4-10  in  lax  secund 
spikes ;  flower  bright  brown-yellow,  the  tube  rather  longer  than  the 
spathe. 

7".  deusta,  Ker. ,  differs  only  in  having  a  purple-black  spot  on  the  claws 
of  the  3  outer  segments. 

7".  hyallna,  Baker.     Like  T.  crocata,  except  that  the  segments  are  nar- 
rowed into  a  spatulate  base  or  claw  which  has  an  inflexed  hyaline  margin. 
•M-  +•*  Segments  oblong,  less  imbricated. 

T.  Pdttsii,  Benth.  (MONTBRETIA  P6TSH.)  Stems  2°-3°  high  and 
branched ;  basal  leaves  4-6,  linear  and  plane ;  spikes  lax,  6'-9'  long ; 
flower  bright  yellow,  with  a  tinge  of  red,  the  segments  about  half  or  less 
the  length  of  the  broad  tube. 

MONTBRETIA  CROCOSM.£FL6RA  is  a  hybrid  of  the  above  and  Crocosma 
aurea. 


IBIS   FAMILY.  423 

13.  SPAR  AXIS.      (Greek:   to  tear,  referring  to  the  torn  spathes.) 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

S.  grand/flora,  Ker.  (S.  FIMBRIATA,  S.  LACEHA,  S.  LILI\GO,  S.  ATRO- 
puKPtREA,  and  others.)  Stem  terete  and  erect,  6'-2°  high,  simple  or 
branched,  with  a  few  linear  or  lanceolate  leaves  near  the  base ;  flowers 
yellow  or  purple  (but  variable  in  cultivation) ,  the  segments  1'  or  more  long. 

S.  tricolor,  Ker.  (S.  vERsfcoLOR,  S.  LINEATA,  and  others.)  Differs 
from  the  last  in  always  having  a  bright  yellow  throat  and  a  dark  blotch 
at  the  base  of  each  segment. 

14.  GLADIOLUS,   CORN  FLAG.     (Name  a  diminutive  of  the  Latin 
word  for  sword,  from  the  leaves.)     A  genus  of  about  130  species,  many 
of  which  are  in  cultivation.     The  commonest  garden  forms  are  hybrids, 
derived  from  the  following,  in  which  the  perianth  tube  is  funnel-shaped, 
and  the  segments  are  not  distinctly  narrowed  into  claws. 

*  Leaves  subterete  or  linear. 

G.  tristis,  Linn.  Leaves  3,  subterete,  strongly  3-5-ribbed,  a  foot  or 
two  long ;  stem  slender  and  terete,  l°-2°  high ;  flowers  3-4,  yellowish- 
white,  in  a  loose  secund  spike,  fragrant ;  flower  2'-3'  long,  the  tube  curved 
and  longer  than  the  oblong  and  acute  falcate  segments.  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  G.  COXCOLOR  is  a  form  with  paler  flowers,  noted  as  being  one  of 
the  parents  of  the  garden  race,  G.  CoLvfLLEi  (see  G.  cardinalis). 

G.  cuspidatus,  Jacq.  Leaves  3-4,  flat  but  linear ;  stems  l°-2°  high ; 
flowers  white  or  pale  pink  with  a  spade-shaped  blotch  in  the  center  of  the 
3  outer  segments,  4-8  in  a  very  lax,  nearly  or  quite  equilateral  spike ; 
perianth  tube  2'-3'  long,  slightly  curved,  the  segments  oblong-lanceolate 
and  wavy.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

*  *  Leaves  distinctly  ensiform. 
••-  Flowers  (at  least  the  body-color')  yellow. 

G.  purptireo-auratus,  Hook.  f.  Leaves  3-4,  rigid,  the  lowest  about  1° 
long ;  stem  2°-4°  high  ;  flowers  10-15  in  a  lax  secund  spike  ;  flower  yel- 
lowish, with  a  large  red-brown  blotch  on  the  2  inner  segments  of  the 
outer  series,  the  tube  curved  and  less  than  an  inch  long,  the  segments 
obovate  and  spatulate  or  clawed.  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  This,  with  the 
hybrid  G.  Gandavensis,  is  a  parent  of  the  hybrid  race  known  as  G.  LE- 
MolNEi,  which  has  bright  yellow  and  red  flowers  with  brown  blotches  on 
the  lower  segments. 

G.  psittacinus,  Hook.  Leaves  about  4,  rigid,  l°-2°  long ;  stem  2°-3° ; 
flowers  many  in  a  lax  secund  spike ;  flower  with  a  yellow  ground  and 
coarsely  grained  with  red,  the  curved  tube  2'  or  less  long,  the  upper  seg- 
ments obovate  and  much  hooded,  the  3  lower  reflexed  and  much  smaller. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Parent,  with  G.  cardinalis,  of  the  hybrid  class  G. 
GANDAVENSIS,  to  which  belong  most  of  the  older  bright-flowered  and  late 
varieties.  The  upper  segment,  in  these  varieties,  is  usually  horizontal 
and  strongly  hooded.  G.  BRENCHLYENSIS,  of  like  parentage,  is  still  a 
popular  strain. 

•»-  •*-  Flowers  normally  white,  at  least  in  ground-color. 

G.  oppositiflbrus,  Herb.  Leaves  3-4,  crowded,  the  lowest  l°-2°  long ; 
stem  2°-3°  high  ;  flowers  often  30-40,  in  a  dense  2-ranked  spike  ;  flower 
white,  the  tube  slender  and  curved  (l|f  or  less  long),  the  segments  oblong- 
spatulate  and  subacute.  Cape.  Interesting  as  being  a  parent,  with 
G.  cardinalis,  of  the  hybrids  known  as  G.  RAM6scs  (sometimes  called 
G.  FLORIBVNDUS,  but  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  species  of  that  name). 
This  hybrid  race  is  little  known  in  this  country,  as  it  does  not  flower 
well  unless  the  conns  are  planted  in  the  fall.  The  plants  are  tall,  with 


424  AMARYLLIS   FAMILY. 

large,  open,  bright  red  flowers  marked  with  dark  blotches  at  the  base  of 
the  3  lower  segments. 

G.  bldndus,  Ait.  Leaves  about  4,  crowded,  broad  ;  stems  l°-2°  high  ; 
flowers  4-8,  in  a  lax  spike  ;  flower  white,  tinged  with  red,  with  a  curved 
tube  1A'  long,  the  upper  segments  oblong,  and  the  lower  ones  oblong- 
clawed  with  a  reddish  blotch.  There  are  white,  lilac  and  pink-flowered 
varieties.  G.  PUDIBUNDUS  and  G.  SPOFFORTHIA.NUS  are  hybrids  of  this 
and  G.  cardinalis. 

+-•«-•»-  Flowers  normally  in  pronounced  shades  of  red  or  purple. 
*+  Lower  segments  with  a  median  white  line. 

G.  Byzantlnus,  Miller.  Leaves  commonly  3,  laxly  ribbed,  about  1° 
long;  stem  H°-2°  high;  flowers  many  in  a  lax  spike  which  is  6'-9' 
long ;  flower  dark  purple,  the  lower  3  segments  with  a  claw  as  long  as  the 
blade,  the  upper  segment  slightly  imbricated  when  the  flower  is  fully 
open,  the  tube  only  slightly  curved  ;  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers. 
Eastern  Mediterranean  region.  The  hardiest  species. 

G.  commtinis,  Linn.  Leaves  3-4,  laxly  nerved,  a  foot  or  less  long ; 
stem  1  i°-2°  high  ;  spike  lax,  secund,  4-8-flowered  ;  flower  bright  purple, 
smaller  than  the  last,  the  tube  curved,  the  segments  an  inch  long  and  all 
connivent  when  the  blossom  is  open,  the  3  lower  with  a  long  claw  ;  fila- 
ments the  length  of  the  anthers,  or  longer.  There  are  white  forms. 
S.  Eu.  Little  planted  now. 

•w  -M-  Lower  segments  white-blotched. 

G.  cardinalis,  Curt.  Leaves  glaucous-green,  not  rigid ;  stem  2°-3° 
high ;  spike  12-20-flowered,  in  a  lax  suberect  spike  ;  flower  bright  scar- 
let, the  tube  nearly  straight  and  !£'  long,  the  upper  segments  oblong- 
spatulate  and  the  3  lower  shorter  and  narrower.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
One  parent  (with  G.  tristis)  of  G.  CoLvfLLEi,  a  race  with  bright  scarlet 
nearly  erect  flowers  and  oblong  acute  segments,  the  lower  3  having  a  long- 
blotch  of  yellow  at  the  base.  A  white-flowered  form  of  this  race  is  in 
cultivation  (known  as  the  BRIDE).  G.  cardinalis  is  also  one  parent  of 
G.  Gandavensis,  G.  ramosus,  and  G.  pudibundus  (see  above). 

G.  Saundersii,  Hook,  f .  Leaves  4-6,  rigid  and  strongly  ribbed ;  stem 
l£-°-2°  high;  spike  very  lax  and  6-8-flowered  ;  flower  bright  scarlet,  with 
a  curved  tube  1J'  or  less  long,  the  3  upper  segments  oblong-spatulate  and 
connivent,  the  3  lower  narrower  and  shorter,  with  a  large  white  blotch 
and  scarlet  spots.  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  G.  NANCEI\NUS  type  is  a 
hybrid  of  this  and  G.  Lemoinei  (see  G.  purpureo-auratus). 


CXVH.    AMARYLLIDACK4J,   AMAEYLLIS  FAMILY. 

Chiefly  perennial  and  glabrous  herbs,  with  leaves  and  scape 
from  a  bulb,  corm,  etc.,  the  leaves  nerved  from  the  base,  and 
rarely  with  any  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole  ;  the  perianth 
regular  or  but  moderately  irregular  and  colored,  its  tube  ad- 
herent to  the  surface  of  the  3-celled  ovary;  and  6  stamens 
with  good  anthers.  Style  single.  Capsule  several-  oo-seeded. 
Bulbs  acrid,  some  of  them  poisonous.  To  this  family  belong 
many  of  the  choicer  bulbs  of  house  culture,  only  the  com- 
monest here  noticed.  Flowers  often  lily-like,  but  differing  in 
the  inferior  ovary. 


AMARYLLIS   FAMILY.  426 

•  Scape  and  linear  hairy  leaves  from  a  little  solid  bulb  or  corm. 

1.  HTPOXIS.    Perianth  6-parted  nearly  to  the  ovary,  spreading,  greenish  outside,  yellow 

within,  persistent  and  withering  on  the  pod. 

*  *  Scape  and  mostly  smooth  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb,  the  stem  leafless  or  nearly  so. 
-K  A  cup-shaped,  funnel-shaped,  or  saucer-shaped  crown  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth. 

2.  NARCISSUS.    Perianth  with  a  more  or  less  cylindrical  tube,  6  equal  widely  spreading 

divisions,  and  stamens  of  unequal  length  included  in  the  cup  or  crown.  Scape  with 
one  or  more  flowers,  from  a  scarious  1-leaved  spathe. 

-(-  -K  No  true  crown  in  the  throat  of  the  perianth,  but  sometimes  represented  by  scales, 
or  the  filaments  united  by  a  web-like  or  crown-like  tissue. 

++  Anthers  erect,  not  versatile;  perianth  tube  0 ;  filaments  on  the  ovary  at  the  base  of 
the  6-parted  perianth. 

8.  GALANTHU8.  Scape  with  usually  a  single  small  flower  on  a  nodding  pedicel.  Peri- 
anth of  6  oblong  separate  concave  pieces ;  the  three  inner  shorter,  less  spreading, 
and  notched  at  the  end.  Anthers  and  style  pointed. 

4.  LEUCOIUM.    Scape  bearing  1-7  flowers  on  nodding  pedicels.    Perianth  of  6  nearly 

separate  oval  divisions,  all  alike.    Anthers  blunt.    Style  thickish  upwards. 

++  -M-  Anthers  fixed  by  the  middle  and  versatile ;  perianth  tube  often  evident  or  long; 

filaments  borne  on  the  perianth. 
•=  Perianth  tube  0,  or  exceedingly  short. 

5.  SPREKELIA.   Scape  strong  and  tall,  mostly  1-flowered,  the  bract  one  and  spathe-like. 

Flower  very  showy,  with  no  tube,  the  upper  segments  ascending  and  the  lower  ones 
concave.  Scales  between  the  filaments  small. 

6.  NERINE.    Scape  strong,  several-  or  many-flowered,  the  perianth  tube  nearly  obsolete. 

Flowers  erect  or  slightly  declined,  the  segments  narrow  and  spreading  or  recurved. 
Filaments  thickened  at  the  base  with  no  scales  between  them,  prominently  pro- 
truded. Leaves  strap-shaped. 

-=  =  Perianth  tube  evident,  often  long. 
\  Scape  1-flowered. 

7.  ZEPHTRANTHES.    Scape  stout  but  low,  the  flower  arising  from  a  simple  bract. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  the  tube  mostly  short ;  segments  all  similar,  spreading.  Scales 
amongst  the  filaments  very  small  or  0. 

1 1  Scape  more  than  1-flowered  (except  rarely  in  No.  8). 

o  Filaments  distinct. 
x  Small  scales  between  the  filaments. 

8.  HIPPEASTRUM.    Scape  strong  and  hollow,  often  tall,  the  large  flowers  in  an  umbel 

(rarely  reduced  to  1).  Bracts  2,  involucrate,  distinct.  Perianth  tube  long  or  short, 
dilated  in  the  throat  and  more  or  less  declined,  the  lobes  nearly  equal  and  erect- 
spreading.  Scales  often  wanting  on  the  lower  segments. 

x  x  No  scales  between  the  filaments. 

9.  CRINUM.   Perianth  with  a  long  slender  straight  or  curved  tube  and  6  mostly  long  and 

narrow  spreading  or  recurved  divisions.  Stamens  long.  Scape  solid,  bearing  few 
or  many  sessile  or  short -pediceled  flowers,  in  an  umbel.  Bulb  often  columnar  and 
rising  as  if  into  a  sort  of  stem.  Leaves  in  several  ranks. 

10.  AMARYLLIS.    Perianth  various ;  the  divisions  oblong  or  lanceolate,  and  the  tube 

ribbed,  short  and  declined.  Flowers  large  and  fragrant,  umbellate  and  pediceled. 
Scape  solid.  Leaves  mostly  2-ranked. 

11.  VALLOTA.   Flowers  large  and  showy,  short-pediceled  and  umbellate.   Perianth  widely 

flaring  above,  the  tube  short  and  straight,  the  segments  oblong-ovate  and  connected 
at  the  base  by  a  small  callus.  Involucral  bracts  2  or  3.  Style  declined.  Scape  strong 
and  hollow. 


426  AMARYLLIS   FAMILY. 

o  o  Filaments  united  by  a  web-like  or  cup  like  tissue. 
x  Perianth  tube  much  dilated  at  the  throat. 

12.  PANCRATIUM.    Perianth  funnel-shaped,  the  tube  generally  long,  the  segments  nar- 

row and  erect-spreading.  Involucral  bracts  2,  thin.  Cup  uniting  the  filaments  bear- 
Ing  teeth  or  lobes  between.  Ovules  many  in  each  cell.  Flowers  generally  umbellate. 
Leaves  linear  or  strap-shaped. 

x  x  Perianth  tube  cylindrical. 

13.  HYMENOCALLIS.    Perianth  tube  long  and  slender,  straight,  the  lobes  narrow  or 

linear  and  recurved.  Involncral  bracts  2  or  more,  scarious.  Cup  not  toothed. 
Ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Flowers  white,  fragrant,  In  an  umbel-like  cluster.  Leaves 
strap-shaped. 

14.  EUCHARIS.    Perianth  tube  straight  or  curved,  the  segments  broad  and  spreading. 

Cup  entire  or  toothed  between  the  filaments.  Bracts  several  or  many,  the  2  or  8 
outer  ones  involucre-like.  Ovules  2-<x>  in  each  cell.  Flowers  white  in  umbels, 
showy.  Leaves  broad,  narrowed  into  distinct  petioles. 

»  »  *  Stems  leafy,  or  scape  beset  with  bracts,  from  a  tuberous  rootstock  or  crown. 
+-  Perianth  tube  0. 

15.  ALSTRCEMERIA.    Stems  slender  and  weak  or  disposed  to  climb,  leafy  to  the  top,  the 

thin  lanceolate  or  linear  leaves  commonly  twisting  or  turning  over.  Flowers  in  a 
terminal  umbel.  Perianth  6-parted  nearly  or  quite  to  the  ovary,  rather  bell-shaped, 
often  irregular  as  if  somewhat  2-llpped.  Stamens  more  or  less  declined.  Stylo 
slender;  stigma  3-cleft. 

+-  -K  Perianth  tube  evident. 

16.  POLIANTHES.    Stem  erect  and  simple  from  a  thick  tuber,  bearing  long-linear  chan- 

neled leaves,  and  a  spike  of  white  flowers.  Perianth  with  a  cylindrical  and  somewhat 
funnel-shaped  slightly  curved  tube,  and  6  about  equal  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
Included  In  the  tube ;  anthers  erect.  The  summit  of  the  ovary  and  pod  free  from 
the  calyx  tube ;  In  this  and  other  respects  it  approaches  the  Lily  Family. 

17.  AGAVE.    Leaves  thick  and  fleshy  with  a  hard  rind  and  a  commonly  spiny  margin, 

tufted  on  the  crown,  which  produces  thick  fibrous  roots,  and  suckers  and  offsets ; 
In  flowering  sends  up  a  bracted  scape,  bearing  a  spike  or  panicle  of  yellowish  flowers. 
Perianth  tubular-funnel-shaped,  persistent,  with  6  narrow  almost  equal  divisions. 
Stamens  projecting ;  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Pod  containing  numerous  flat  seeds. 

1.  HYFOXIS,   STAR  GRASS.      (Greek:  sub-acid,  once  applied  to 
some  other  plant.) 

H.  erdcta,  Linn.  Common  in  grass ;  with  few-flowered  scape  3'-8' 
high,  and  leaves  at  length  longer ;  yellow  star-like  flower  over  £'  broad. 

2.  NARCISSUS.     (Greek  name,  that  of  the  young  man  in  mythology 
who  is  said  to  have  been  changed  into  this  flower.)    Popular  ornamental 
bulbous  plants,  running  into  many  varieties  and  much  confused  by 
hybridization.    Following  are  the  chief  horticultural  types : 

*  Crown  as  long  as  the  divisions  of  the  perianth,  or  longer.  —  DAFFODILS. 
•«-  Leaves  flat,  glaucous. 

N.  Pseudo-Narcissus,  Linn.  DAFFODIL,  TRUMPET  D.  Scape  1-flowered, 
short ;  flower  large,  yellow,  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  and  a  large 
bell-shaped  cup,  having  a  wavy-toothed  or  crisped  margin  ;  double-flow- 
ered forms  are  common.  Eu. 

-i-  •*-  Leaves  linear,  subterete,  green. 

N.  Bulbocddium,  Linn.  HOOP  PETTICOAT  D.  Flowers  bright  yellow ; 
tube  and  crown  about  equal  in  length,  the  crown  expanded  and  very 


AMARYLLIS   FAMILY.  427 

indistinctly  toothed ;  segments  of  the  perianth  linear  and  ascending ; 
stamens  declined;  scape  4'-8'  high,  1-flowered,  more  or  less  surpassed 
by  the  leaves.  S.  Eu.  and  N.  Africa. 

*  *  Crown  half  to  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth  divisions. 
•i-  Leaves  flat,  glaucous. 

N.  incompardbilis,  Curt.  Flowers  yellow,  solitary,  2'-2£'  broad,  the 
tube  about  1'  deep  and  cylindrical,  the  perianth  divisions  spreading, 
oblong-lanceolate  ;  crown  plicate  and  lobed,  of  a  deeper  shade  than  the 
segments ;  scape  1°  high.  Eu. 

•i-  -i-  Leaves  linear  and  caniculate,  green. 

N.  odbrus,  Linn.  Flowers  yellow,  2-5  on  a  scape,  only  slightly  fra- 
grant ;  tube  J'-f '  long,  open  at  the  throat ;  segments  oblong-lanceolate 
and  acute  ;  crown  plaited ;  scape  1°-1£°  high.  Variable.  Spain. 

*  *  *  Grown  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  divisions. 

••-  Leaves  flat,  glaucescent. 

•M-  Scape  many-flowered. 

N.  Tazetta,  Linn.  (N.  POLYANTHOS).  POLYANTHUS  N.  Leaves  glau- 
cous ;  flowers  fragrant,  numerous  in  an  umbel,  yellow  or  sometimes 
white,  with  the  crown  golden  or  orange  color.  Bulb  large  (often  2 
thick),  the  scape  l°-2°  high.  Runs  into  many  forms.  Eu.  The  CHINESE 
SACRED  LILY  is  var.  OKIENTALIS,  with  a  more  spreading  and  crenulate 
crown. 

•w  ++  Scape  1-B-flowered. 

N.  bifldrus,  Curt.  PRIMROSE  PEERLESS  of  the  old  gardeners  ;  flowers 
white  or  pale  straw-colored,  1-3  on  the  scape,  the  crown  pure  yellow. 
Thought  to  be  a  hybrid  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

N.  poeticus,  Linn.  POET'S  N.  Scape  1-flowered ;  crown  of  the  snow- 
white  flower  edged  with  pink,  hardly  at  all  projecting  from  the  yellowish 
throat ;  in  full  double-flowered  varieties  the  crown  disappears.  Common 
in  cult.  S.  Eu. 

•t-  -t-  Leaves  linear  and  suoterete. 

N.  Jonqutlla,  Linn.  JONQUIL.  Flowers  2  to  5,  small;  yellow,  very 
fragrant ;  segments  spreading  horizontally,  oblanceolate  or  obovate-cus- 
pidate  ;  tube  slender.  There  is  a  double  form.  S.  Eu. 

3.  GALANTHUS,  SNOWDROP.    (Greek:  milk  and  flower,  probably 
from  the  color.)     Flowers  earliest  spring. 

G.  nivalis,  Linn.  Sends  up  in  earliest  spring  a  pair  of  linear  pale 
leaves  and  a  scape  3'-6'  high,  bearing  its  delicate  drooping  white  flower, 
the  inner  divisions  tipped  with  green  ;  a  variety  is  full  double. 

G.  Imperdtri,  Bertol.  Larger,  with  very  narrow-based  outer  segments. 
Italy. 

4.  LEUCOIUM,   SNOWFLAKE.      (Ancient    Greek   name,   meaning 
White   Violet.)     In  gardens  from  Eu.;  much  like   Snowdrops  on  a 
larger  scale,  flowering  later,  the  scape  more  leafy  at  base,  and  leaves 
bright  green. 

L.  vGrnum,  Linn.  Scape  about  1°  high,  mostly  1-flowered  in  spring; 
pod  pear-shaped  and  6-sided. 

L.  cesfivum,  Linn.  Scape  2°  high,  bearing  3-7  rather  broader  flowers 
in  late  spring  or  early  summer ;  pod  rounder. 


428  AMARYLLIS   FAMILY. 

5.  SFREKELIA.     (J.  H.  Sprekelsen,  a  German  botanist  of  last  cen- 
tury, who  wrote  upon  liliaceous  plants.) 

S.  formoslssima,  Herb.  JACOBEAN  or  ST.  JAMES'S  LILY.  Cult,  from 
Mexico  ;  scape  2°  high,  bearing  a  single  large  and  declined  deep  crimson- 
red  flower,  with  hardly  any  tube,  and  2-lipped,  as  it  were,  three  divisions 
recurved-spreading  upwards,  three  turned  downwards,  these  at  base 
involute  around  the  lower  part  of  the  deflexed  stamens  and  style. 

6.  NERINE.     (Name  of  the  water  nymph.)     Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

N.  Sarniensis,  Herb.  GUERNSEY  LILY.  Scape  2°-3°  high,  bearing  an 
umbel  of  wavy  pale  salmon-colored  flowers,  which  have  the  segments 
recurved  ;  leaves  thick,  appearing  after  the  flowers.  There  are  crimson- 
flowered  forms. 

7.  ZEPHYRANTHES.      (Greek:    wind  flower,   a  fanciful    name.) 
Generally  called  AMARYLLIS  in  gardens. 

Z.  Ataniasco.  Herb.  ATAMASCO  LILY.  Penn.,  S.  in  low  grounds  ; 
scape  6'-12'  high,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glossy  leaves  ;  flower  2'-3' 
long,  single  from  a  2-cleft  spathe,  regular,  funnel-form,  white  and  pink- 
ish ;  stamens  and  style  declined. 

Z.  cdndida,  Herb.  PERUVIAN  SWAMP  LILY.  Flowers  pure  white,  not 
fragrant,  rising  just  above  the  bright  green  fleshy  leaves  (scape  6'-12' 
high);  segments  nearly  equal,  ovate  and  obtuse,  an  inch  long.  S.  Amer. 

Z.  rdsecr,  Lindl.  FAIRY  LILY.  Flowers  larger,  rose-colored,  regular 
and  erect  ;  segments  rotate,  sharp-pointed,  green  below  the  middle  ;  plant 
tufted,  the  leaves  striate.  Cuba. 

8.  HIPPEASTRUM.     (Greek  :   knight  and  star,  from  some  fancied 
resemblance  in  the  flowers  of  H.  equestre.)     Often  known  in  gardens 
as  AMARYLLIS. 


H.  vittatum,  Herb.  Peru  ;  double  red  feathery  stripes  on  each  of  the 
segments  (which  are  erose  and  more  or  less  recurved  at  the  tip);  tube 
trumpet-like,  about  twice  longer  than  the  lobes,  greenish.  Very  hand- 

*  *  Flowers  red  or  orange. 

H.  atilicum,  Herb.  LILY  OF  THE  PALACE.  Brazil  ;  flower  very  large 
and  handsome,  the  large  segments  crimson  and  striate,  with  a  blotch  of 
red-purple  and  a  green  base  ;  leaves  green  and  striate  ;  l°-2°  high  ;  tube 
very  short  and  open,  the  segments  widely  spreading. 

H.  equSstre,  Herb.  BARBADOS  LILY.  Mexico  ;  flowers  medium  large 
and  normally  orange-red,  but  running  into  light  red  and  striped  sorts; 
stamens  strongly  curved  upwards  at  their  ends  ;  tube  slender  and  curved, 
becoming  dilated,  mostly  longer  than  the  wavy-cuspidate  segments. 

H.  -Reglnce,  Herb.  Mexico  ;  has  2-4  large,  almost  regular  nodding 
flowers,  crimson-red,  with  hardly  any  tube,  and  the  deflexed  stamens 
curved  strongly  upwards  at  the  end. 

H.  JoHNs6Ni  is  a  robust  hybrid  with  dull  red  flowers,  each  segment 
with  a  white  stripe.  Common. 

9.    CRINUM.     (Greek  name  for  a  Lily.)     Showy  conservatory  plants, 
chiefly  from  tropical  regions  ;  one  wild  S. 
*  Flowers  red. 

C.  am&bile,  Donn.  The  huge  bulb  rising  into  a  column  ;  leaves  becom- 
ing several  feet  long  and  3'-5'  wide  ;  flowers  numerous,  8'-10'  long,  crim- 
son-purple outside,  paler  or  white  within.  Sumatra. 


AMARYLLIS   FAMILY.  429 

*  *  Flowers  white. 

C.  Asidticum,  Linn.  Tropical  Asia  ;  slender  perianth  tube  3'-V  long, 
green  tinged;  flowers  about  20  in  an  umbel,  the  linear  segments  2'-3' 
long.  Bulb  4'-5'  in  diam.,  with  a  long  neck,  the  peduncle  sharp-edged, 
2°  high. 

C.  Americanum,  Linn.  River  swamps  Fla.,  W.;  scape  1°-2D  high, 
from  a  globular  bulb ;  flower  white,  Q'-T  long ;  leaves  concave  and  ob- 
tuse, remotely  denticulate. 

10.  AMARYLLIS.     (Dedicated  to  the  nymph  of  this  name.) 

A.  Be/faddnna,  Linn.  BELLADONNA  LILY.  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  has 
elongated  bulbs,  channeled  narrow  leaves  shorter  than  the  solid  scape, 
and  several  almost  regular  large  rose-red  fragrant  flowers,  funnel-form 
with  very  short  tube,  the  stamens  not  much  declined. 

11.  V  ALLOT  A.     (Pierre  Valot,  an  early  French  botanist.) 

If.  purptirea,  Herb,  (or  AMARYLLIS  SFECi6sA).  Cape  of  Good  Hope; 
the  scarlet-red  flowers  with  short  funnel-shaped  tube,  rather  longer  than 
the  broad-ovate  and  nearly  equal  spreading  divisions.  Popular  green- 
house plant,  with  scape  2°-3°  high,  the  leaves  (equaling  the  scape) 
lance-linear. 

12.  PANCRATIUM.     (Greek:  all  potent,  probably  in  reference  to 
some  supposed  medicinal  qualities.) 

P.  marftimum.  Linn.  SEA  DAFFODIL.  Glaucous ;  leaves  linear,  erect ; 
scape  barely  flattish  ;  perianth  5'  long,  its  green  tube  enlarging  at  summit 
into  the  funnel-shaped  12-toothed  cup,  to  the  lower  part  of  which  the 
spreading  narrow-lanceolate  divisions  of  the  perianth  are  united.  Salt 
marshes,  S.  Car.,  S.  (Eu.) 

13.  HYMENOCALLIS.    (Beautiful  membrane,  Greek  name  referring 
to  the  cup  connecting  the  filaments. )    Several  species  wild,  S.  and  W. 
H.  lacera,  Salisb.  (PANCRATIUM  ROTATUM,  or  P.  MEXICANUM).   Leaves 

linear  strap-shaped,  widely  spreading,  bright  green,  2'  or  more  wide  ; 
scape  sharply  2-edged,  2-6-flowered  ;  slender  tube  of  the  perianth  and  its 
linear  widely  spreading  divisions  each  about  3'  long,  the  latter  wholly 
free  from  the  short  and  broadly  open  wavy-edged  saucer-like  cup ;  bulb 
bearing  runners.  Low  banks  and  swamps,  N.  Car. ,  S. 

H.  occidentalis,  Kunth.  Leaves  strap-shaped,  glaucous,  !£'  or  less 
broad  ;  scape  3-6-flowered,  the  bracts  narrow  and  about  2'  long  ;  tube  4' 
or  less  long,  the  linear  white  segments  nearly  the  same  length ;  crown 
about  1'  long,  tubular  below  and  broadly  funnel-form  above,  the  margin 
either  entire  or  toothed  ;  bulbs  without  runners.  S.  111. ,  S. 

14.  EUCHARIS.     (Greek:  very  graceful.)     From  S.  Amer.,  in  green- 
houses. 

£.  grandifldra,  Planch.  &  Linden.  (E.  AMAZONICA).  Scape  2°-4°  high, 
bearing  3-6  white,  drooping,  large  (4 '-5'  wide)  flowers  in  an  umbel ;  crown 
green-tinged;  leaves  several,  the  petiole  mostly  rather  larger  than  the 
wide,  strongly  ribbed  blade. 

15.  ALSTRCBMERIA.      (Named  by  Linnaeus  for  his  friend  Baron 
Alstroemer.)     Several  species  of  the  conservatory,  from  W.  S.  Amer., 
of  mixed  species. 

A.  Pelegrlna,  Linn.  LILY  OF  THE  INCAS,  from  Peru.  Flowers  few  or 
solitary  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  open,  rose-colored  or  whitish,  blotched 


430  YAM  FAMILY. 

with  pink  and  spotted  with  purple,  with  some  yellow  on  the  inner 
divisions. 

A.  pulchella,  Linn.  f.  (A.  PSITTAC!NA).  Flowers  umbelled,  funnel-form 
in  shape,  the  spatulate  divisions  more  erect  and  close,  red,  tipped  with 
green  and  brown-spotted. 

A.  versi  color,  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  Flowers  few,  terminating  the  drooping  or 
spreading  branches,  yellow  spotted  with  purple. 

16.  FOLIANTHES,  TUBEROSE.    (Name  probably  from  Greek  words 
for  white  and  flower;  therefore  not  Polyanthes.     The  popular  name 
relates  to  the  tuberous  rootstock,  therefore  not  Tube-rose,  but  Tuber-ose.) 

P.  tuberosa,  Linn.  The  only  species  originally  from  Mexico ;  the  tall 
stem  with  long  several-ranked  leaves  at  base,  and  shorter  and  sparser  ones 
towards  the  many-flowered  spike  (produced  in  autumn  when  planted 
out)  ;  the  blossoms  very  fragrant,  white,  or  slightly  tinged  with  rose,  the 
choicer  sorts  full-double. 

17.  AGAVE,  AMERICAN  ALOE.     (Greek  word  for  noble. )    Plants 
flower  only  after  some  years,  and  die  after  maturing  the  fruit. 

A.  Virgfnica,  Linn.  Sterile  soil  from  Md.  to  111.,  and  S.;  has  lance- 
oblong  denticulate  and  spiny -tipped  leaves  6'-12'  long,  and  scape  bearing 
a  loose  simple  spike  of  small  flowers,  3°-6°  high. 

A.  Americana,  Linn.  The  COMMON  CENTURY  PLANT  or  AMERICAN  ALOE. 
With  very  thick  spiny-toothed  and  spine-pointed  leaves,  2°-4°  long,  pale 
green,  or  a  variety  yellowish-striped,  the  scape  when  developed  from  old 
plants  (said,  erroneously,  to  flower  only  after  100  years  in  cool  climates) 
tree-like,  bearing  an  ample  panicle.  Mexico.  (Lessons,  Fig.  169.) 

CXVUL    DIOSCOREACEJ!,  YAM  FAMILY. 

Twining  plants,  from  tubers  or  thick  rootstocks  or  roots, 
having  ribbed  and  netted-veined  petioled  leaves  more  or  less 
imitating  those  of  Exogens,  and  small  greenish  or  whitish 
regular  dioecious  flowers,  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth  in  the 
fertile  ones  adhering  to  the  3-celled  ovary ;  its  6  divisions 
regular  and  parted  to  near  the  base  or  to  the  ovary.  Styles  3, 
distinct  or  nearly  so.  Ovules  and  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell 

1.  DIOSCORilA.  YAM.  (Named  for  Dioscorides.')  Flowers  in  axillary 
panicles  or  racemes ;  stamens  6  in  the  sterile  ones,  separate.  Fertile 
ones  producing  a  3-celled,  3-winged  pod,  when  ripe  splitting  through 
the  wings.  Flowers  summer.  Several  species  are  cult,  in  the  tropics.  1J. 

D.  vil!6sa,  Linn.  WILD  YAM.  Sends  up  from  a  knotty  rootstock  its 
slender  stems,  bearing  heart-shaped,  pointed  leaves,  either  alternate, 
opposite,  or  some  in  fours,  9-11-ribbed,  and  with  prominent  cross- vein- 
lets.  In  thickets,  commoner  S.;  slightly  downy,  or  usually  almost 
smooth,  so  that  the  specific  name  is  not  a  good  one. 

D.  divaricata,  Blanco.  (D.  BATATAS) .  CHINESE  YAM,  CINNAMON  VINE. 
Cult,  from  China  and  Japan  (probably  native  to  the  Philippine  Is.),  for 
ornament,  or  for  its  very  deep  and  long  farinaceous  roots,  —  a  substitute 
for  potatoes ;  leaves  very  smooth,  heart-shaped,  partly  halberd-shaped, 
and  opposite,  with  little  bulblets  in  the  axils. 


LILY  FAMILY.  431 

D.  bulblfera,  Linn.  AIR  POTATO.  Leaves  alternate,  cordate-ovate  and 
prominently  cuspidate,  glabrous,  9-nerved  (the  two  lower  ones  upon 
either  side  united  at  the  base) ,  on  stalks  longer  than  the  blade  ;  flowers 
in  lax  and  simple  axillary  drooping  racemes.  Somewhat  cult,  in  Gulf 
States  for  the  large  angular  edible  gray  tubers  (4'-6'  long),  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.  Tropical  Asia. 


CXIX.    LILIACRffl,  LILY  FAMILY. 

Large  family,  known  as  a  whole  by  its  regular  symmetrical 
flowers,  with  perianth  of  6  (in  one  instance  of  4  and  another 
of  8)  parts,  as  many  stamens  with  2-celled  anthers  standing 
in  front  of  the  divisions,  and  a  free  3-celled  (rarely  2-celled) 
ovary.  Perianth  either  partly  or  wholly  colored,  or  greenish, 
but  not  glumaceous.  Fruit  a  few-many-seeded  dry  pod  or 
soft  berry.  Flowers  not  from  a  spathe,  except  in  Allium,  etc. 
Chiefly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves ;  perennials.  The  chief  genera 
are  here  presented  in  an  easy  arrangement. 

I.  SMILAX  SUBFAMILY.  Chiefly  woody-stemmed  plants, 
a  few  herbaceous,  climbing  or  supported  by  a  pair  of  tendrils 
on  the  sides  of  the  petiole,  having  3-9-ribbed  and  netted-yeined 
leaves  and  small  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  umbels ;  stigmas 
mostly  3,  long   and   diverging,    sessile ;    fruit   a  berry ;    the 
anthers  are  only  1-celled,  opening  by  one  longitudinal  slit 
(the  division  of  the  cell,  if  any,  corresponding  with  the  slit). 

1.  SMILAX.    Characters  of  the  Subfamily. 

II.  ASPAEAGUS   SUBFAMILY.      With   parallel-veined 
mostly  alternate  leaves,  branching  or  simple  stems  from  a 
rootstock  (at  least  there  is  no  bulb),  a  single  style  (if  cleft  or 
lobed   at  all  only  at  the  summit),  and  fruit  a  few-several- 
seeded  berry.     Pedicels  very  often  with  a  joint  in  the  middle 
or  under  the  flower.     Flower  almost  always  small,  and  white 
or  greenish,  chiefly  perfect. 

*  Plants  with  small  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  from  the  axils  of  which  are  produced 
false  leaves,  i.e.  bodies  which  by  their  position  are  seen  to  be  of  the  nature  of 
branches,  but  which  imitate  and  act  as  leaves.  Perianth  greenish  or  whitish, 
6  parted,  the  stamens  borne  on  its  base.  Berry  ^-celled,  the  cells  -2-seeded. 

8.  ASPAEAGUS.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  bell-shaped,  scattered  along  the  much  divided 
branches ;  or,  in  one  group,  2  or  8  In  the  axils,  greenish-white ;  the  linear-oblong 
divisions  of  the  perianth  recurved.  The  so-called  leaves  ranging  from  very  narrow 
to  lance-ovate.  Stems  often  twining. 


482  LILY   FAMILY. 

*  *  Herbs  with  ordinary  broad  leaves. 

t- Perianth  bell-shaped,  0/6  (4  in  No.  7)  separate  and  similar  deciduous  divisions;  sta- 
men* on  the  receptacle  or  nearly  so. 
++  flowers  erect,  few  or  several  in  an  umbel  on  a  naked  scape. 

3.  CLINTONIA.    Base  of  the  scape  sheathed  by  the  stalks  of  a  few  large  oval  or  oblong 

and  ciliate  root  leaves.  Filaments  long  and  slender  ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Style 
long.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  becoming  a  blue  berry.  Rootstocks  creeping,  like  those  of 
Lily  of  the  Valley,  which  the  leaves  also  resemble. 

«•  -H-  Flowers  single  or  few,  hanging  at  the  end  of  the  leafy  spreading  branches,  or  sub- 
axillary. 

4.  DISPOEUM.    Flowers  on  slender  simple  stalks,  yellowish.    Divisions  of  the  perianth 

lanceolate  or  linear.  Filaments  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt  anthers. 
Ovary  with  a  pair  of  hanging  ovules  in  each  of  the  8  cells,  becoming  an  ovoid  or 
oblong  and  pointed  red  berry.  Rootstock  short,  not  creeping ;  herbage  downy. 

5.  STREPTOPU8.    Flowers  single  or  rarely  in  pairs  along  the  leafy  and  forking  stem, 

just  out  of  the  axils  of  the  ovate  clasping  leaves  ;  the  slender  peduncle  usually  bent 
In  the  middle.  Divisions  of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  acute,  the  three  inner  ones 
keeled.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  on  short  and  flattish  filaments.  Ovary  3-ceUed, 
making  a  red  many-seeded  berry. 

++  -H-  -M-  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

6.  SMILACINA.    Raceme  or  cluster  of  racemes  terminating  a  leaf-bearing  stem.    Flowers 

small,  white.  Perianth  6-parted.  Filaments  slender;  anthers  short.  Ovary  8- 
celled,  making  a  berry.  Rootstocks  mostly  creeping. 

T.  MAIANTHEMUM.    Stem  low,  only  2-leaved.    Flower  4-parted,  with  4  stamens,  2- 
celled  ovary  and  2-lobed  stigma. 

+-  ••-  Perianth  of  one  piece,  more  or  less  deeply  lobed,  the  stamens  inserted  on 

the  tube. 
•H-  Segments  6 ;  flowers  on  a  conspicuous  scape  or  a  leafy  stem. 

8.  CONVALLABIA.    Flowers  nodding  in  a  one-sided  raceme,  on  an  angled  scape  whick 

rises,  with  the  (about)  two  oblong  leaves,  from  a  running  rootstock.  Perianth  short 
bell-shaped,  with  6  recurving  lobes.  Stamens  included.  Style  stout  Ovary  with 
several  ovules,  becoming  a  few-seeded  red  berry. 

9.  POLYGONATUM.    Flowers  nodding  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  along  a  leafy  and  re- 

curving simple  stem,  which  rises  from  a  long  and  thickened  rootstock.    Perianth 
greenish,  cylindrical,  6-lobed  or  6-toothed,  bearing  the  6  included   stamens  at  or 
above  the  middle  of  the  tube.    Style  slender.    Ovary  8-celled  with  few  ovules  in 
each  cell,  in  fruit  becoming  a  globular  black  or  blue  few-seeded  berry. 
++  *+  Segments  8 ;  flowers  inconspicuous  because  borne  close  to  the  ground. 
10.  ASPIDISTRA.    Remarkable  because  the  lurid-purple  flowers  are  borne  at  the  surface 
of  the  ground  upon  1-flowered  scapes.    Stamens  8.    Stigma  broadly  pellate,  mush- 
room-like.   Leaves  with  a  distinct  petiole  and  ovate-lanceolate  limb,  all  radical. 

III.  BELLWORT  SUBFAMILY.  With  alternate  and 
broad  not  grass-like  parallel-veined  leaves ;  stem  from  a  root- 
stock  or  from  fibrous  roots,  branching  and  leafy;  style  one  at 
the  base,  but  3-cleft  or  3-parted.  Fruit  a  pod,  few-seeded. 
Anthers  turned  rather  outwards  than  inwards.  Perianth  of  6 
almost  similar  and  wholly  separate  pieces,  deciduous.  Not 
acrid  nor  poisonous.  Plants  intermediate  between  the  preced- 
ing group  and  the  next  two. 


LILT  FAMILY.  433 

11.  UYTJLARIA.    Stem  terete.    Flowers  solitary,  drooping,  yellowish  ;  the  perianth  nar- 

rowly  boll-shaped  and  lily-like,  the  sepals  spatuiate-lanceolate  and  acuminate,  with 
a  honey-bearing  groove  or  pit  at  the  erect  narrowed  base.  Stamens  short,  one  at 
the  base  of  each  division ;  anthers  linear,  much  longer  than  the  filaments.  Pod 
truncate,  3-lobed,  loculicidal  from  the  top.  Seeds  thick  and  roundish.  Leaves  per 
foliate. 

12.  OAKESIA.    Stem  angled.     Flowers  opposite  the  leaves  (by  the  growth  of  the  stem), 

the  segments  not  acuminate.  Capsule  thin,  elliptical,  acutish  at  each  end,  sharply 
8-winged  and  tardily  dehiscent.  Leaves  sessile. 

IV.  TRILLIUM  SUBFAMILY.   With  netted-veined  leaves 
all  in  one  or  two  whorls  on  an  otherwise  naked  stem,,  which 
rises  from  a  fleshy  rootstock ;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  '3,  sepa- 
rate down  to  the  ovary.     Fruit  a  berry. 

18.  TRILLIUM.  Perianth  of  3  green  persistent  sepals,  and  3  colored  petals ;  the  latter  at 
length  withering  away  after  flowering,  but  not  deciduous.  Anthers  linear,  adnate, 
on  short  filaments,  looking  inwards.  Awl-shaped  styles  or  stigmas  persistent. 
Ovary  3-6-angled.  Berry  purple  or  red,  ovate,  many-seeded. 

14.  MEDEOLA.    Perianth  of  6  oblong  and  distinct  nearly  similar  pieces,  recurved,  decidu- 

ous. Anthers  oblong,  shorter  than  the  stender  filaments.  Stigmas  or  styles  long 
and  diverging  or  recurved  on  the  globular  ovary,  deciduous.  Berry  dark-purple, 
few-seeded. 

V.  MELANTHIUM   SUBFAMILY.     With  alternate  and 
parallel-veined  leaves ;  stem  simple,  at  least  up  to  the  panicles ; 
and  flowers  often  polygamous,  sometimes  dioecious ;  styles  or 
sessile  stigmas  3,  separate  down  to  the  ovary.     Fruit  a  pod. 
Anthers  almost  always  turned  outwards.     Perianth  withering 
or    persisting,   not  deciduous,  the  6  parts    generally  alike. 
Mostly  acrid  or  poisonous  plants,  some  used  in  medicine. 

»  Perianth  urith  a  long  tube  rising  directly  from  a  thin-coated  solid  bulb  or  corm  ; 
anthers  -2-cetted.    Stemless. 

15.  COLCHICUM.    Perianth  resembling  that  of  a  Crocus.    Stamens  borne  on  the  throat 

of  the  long-tubular  perianth.    Styles  very  long. 

«  »  Perianth  without  an  evident  tube,  of  6  distinct  or  almost  separate  divisions. 

+-  Anthers  ^-celled,  short ;  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike  ;  pod  loculicidal. 

++  Leaves  all  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  the  latter  sometimes  bracteate. 

16.  HELONIAS.    Flowers  perfect,  in  a  short  dense  raceme,  lilac-purple,  turning  green  in 

fruit ;  the  divisions  spatulate-oblong,  spreading.  Filaments  slender ;  anthers  blue. 
Pod  3-lobed  ;  cells  many -seeded. 

17.  TOFIELDA.   Flowers  perfect,  in  a  close  raceme  or  spike,  mostly  with  a  small  8-bracted 

involucre  beneath.  Perianth  white  or  greenish,  the  sepals  concave,  oblong  or  obo- 
vate,  3-nerved.  Styles  awl-shaped.  Capsule  3-angled,  the  cells  many-seeded. 
Tufted,  from  creeping  rhizomes. 

~~  Stems  veryleafy. 

18.  CHAM^ELIRIUM.     Flowers  dioecious  or  mostly  so.    Perianth  of  6  small  and  narrow 

white  pieces.    Pod  ovoid-oblong,  many-seeded.    Spike  or  raceme  slender. 
iS.  XEROPHYLLUM.    Flowers  perfect,  in  a  compact  raceme,  white  ;  the  divisions  oval, 
sessile,  widely  spreading,  naked.    Filaments  awl-shaped.    Pod  globular    3-lobed, 
with  2  wingless  seeds  in  each  cell. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  BOX.  — 28 


434  LILY   FAMILY. 

+-  -i-  Anthers  kidney-shaped  or  round  heart-shaped,  the  two  cells  confluent  into  one, 
shield-shape  after  opening  ;  styles  awl-shaped  ;  pod  S-horned,  septicidal ;  seeds 
commonly  flat  or  thin-margined. 

•H-  Stem  pubescent  above,  tall  and  leafy,  from  a  rootstock  ;  leaves  generally  broader 
than  linear. 

20.  MELANTHIUM.   Flowers  polygamous,  in  racemes  forming  an  open  pyramidal  panicle. 

Perianth  cream -colored,  turning  green  or  brownish  with  age,  perfectly  free  from  the 
ovary,  its  heart-shaped  or  oblong  and  partly  halberd -shaped  widely  spreading  divis- 
ions raised  on  a  claw  and  marked  with  a  pair  of  darker  spots  or  glands.  Filaments 
short,  adhering  to  the  claws  of  the  perianth,  persistent.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell, 
broadly  winged.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  grass-like.  Stem  roughish- 
downy  above,  its  base  more  or  less  bulbous. 

21.  VERATRUM.      Flowers  polygamous,  in  panicled  racemes.     Perianth  greenish  or 

brownish,  its  obovate-oblong  divisions  narrowed  at  base,  free  from  the  ovary,  not 
spotted.  Filaments  short.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  wing-margined.  Leaves  broad, 
many-nerved.  Base  of  the  leafy  stem  more  or  less  bulb-like,  producing  many  long 
white  roots. 

•H-  ++  Stem  glabrous  and  more  slender,  generally  from  a  bulb  ;  leaves  linear. 

22.  8TENANTHIUM.    Flowers  polygamous,  in  panicled  racemes  on  a  leafy  stem.    Peri- 

anth white,  with  spreading  and  not  spotted  lanceolate  divisions  tapering  to  a  narrow 
point  from  a  broader  base,  which  coheres  with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  very 
short.  Seeds  several,  wingless.  Leaves  linear,  keeled,  grass-like. 

23.  ZYGADENUS.    Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  panicle.     Perianth 

greenish-white,  its  oblong  or  ovate  widely  spreading  divisions  spotted  with  a  pair  of 
roundish  glands  or  colored  spots  near  the  sessile  or  almost  sessile  base.  Stamens 
free  from  and  about  the  length  of  the  perianth.  Leaves  linear,  grass-like ;  stem  and 
whole  plant  smooth. 

24.  AMIANTHIUM.    Flowers  perfect,  mostly  in  a  simple  raceme.    Perianth  white,  the 

oval  or  obovate  spreading  divisions  without  claws  or  spots.  Filaments  long  and 
Blender.  Seeds  wingless,  1-4  in  each  cell.  Leaves  chiefly  from  the  bulbous  base  of 
the  scape-like  stem,  linear,  keeled,  grass-like. 


VI.  LILY  SUBFAMILY  PROPER  (including  Asphodel 
Family).  Distinguished  by  the  single  undivided  style  (or 
rarely  a  sessile  stigma),  and  fruit  a  loculicidal  pod.  Perianth 
with  all  6  parts  generally  corolla-like,  and  in  all  the  following 
nearly  similar.  Leaves  parallel-veined  or  ribbed,  sometimes 
with  netted  veins  also.  Stem  or  scape  mostly  simple. 

»  Bulbous  plants  (bulbs  either  tunicate  or  coated);  stem  always  herbaceous  ;  radical 
leaves  not  in  large  clumps. 

•»-  Stem  leafy,  especially  above,  the  leaves  often  whorled  or  crowded;  divisions  of  the 
perianth  with  a  honey-bearing  furrow  or  spot  at  or  near  the  base ;  style  long  ; 
stigmas  or  lobes  3 ;  pod  packed  with  2  rotes  of  depressed  and  flat  soft-coated 
seeds  in  each  cell.  Flowers  large,  often  several. 

25.  LILIUM.    Flower  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form  with  the  separate  or  partly  united  divis- 

ions spreading  or  recurved  above  ;  the  honey-bearing  groove  beginning  at  their  base. 
Anthers  linear,  at  first  erect,  at  length  versatile.  Pod  oblong.  Bulb  mostly  scaly. 
(Lessons,  Figs.  107-110.) 

26.  FRITILLARIA.    Divisions  of  the  bell-shaped  flower  distinct,  not  at  all  recurving ;  the 

honey-bearing  spot  above  their  base.  Bulb  coated  or  scaly.  Flowers  always  nodding, 
often  spotted. 


LILY  FAMILY.  435 

+-  -i-  Stem  2-leaved  or  few-leaved  at  or  toioards  the  base,  naked  above  and  ordinarily 
1-flowered  at  summit ;  the  six  pieces  of  the  bell-shaped  perianth  separate  ;  sta- 
mens on  the  receptacle  or  nearly  so  ;  anthers  erect ;  seeds  many,  pale, 

27.  TULIPA.    Stem  1-2-leaved  above  the  ground,  bearing  an  erect  large  flower.    Divisions 

of  the  perianth  broad,  not  recurved  nor  spreading.  Ovary  and  pod  triangular,  colum- 
nar ;  stigmas  3,  sessile.  Seeds  nearly  as  in  Lily. 

28.  CALOCHORTUS.    Stem  few-leaved,  1-few-flowered.    Flowers  large  and  handsome,  of 

various  colors,  erect  or  pendulous,  the  3  outer  divisions  small  greenish,  and  sepal- 
like,  but  the  3  inner  ones  very  broad  and  bearded  on  the  inside  and  usually  blotched 
at  the  base,  all  widely  spreading.  Capsule  oblong,  3-angled. 

29.  ERYTHRONIUM.    Scape  2-leaved  from  the  ground,  bearing  a  nodding  flower.  Divis- 

ions of  the  perianth  lanceolate,  recurved  or  spreading  above.  Ovary  and  pod  obo- 
vate ;  seeds  globular.  Style  long,  more  or  less  club-shaped. 

«-  •*-  +-  Scape  naked,  bearing  1  to  several  or  many  flowers ;  seeds  few,  globular  or 
angled  ;  leaves  linear  or  nearly  so. 

•H-  Flowers  in  umbels  (or  in  Nos.  30  and  31  sometimes  solitary  or  twin). 

30.  BRODI^EA.    Perianth  of  various  colors,  funnel-form  or  companulate,  the  lobes  erect 

or  somewhat  spreading  and  equaling  or  exceeding  the  length  of  the  tube.  Stamens 
6  or  3,  with  staminodia  between,  the  filaments  very  short.  Stigma  3-fld  or  3-sulcate. 
Leaves  channeled  or  flat. 

81.  MILLA.  Perianth  white,  greenish  outside,  salver-like,  the  6  lobes  rotate-spreading ; 
tube  long-campanulate.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  tube,  exserted,  the  anthers  long 
and  connivent  about  the  style,  but  the  filaments  very  short.  Stigma  3-parted.  Leaves 
very  narrow,  glaucous,  hollow. 

32.  ALLIUM.    Flowers  in  a  simple  umbel,  from  a  1-2-leaved  or  scarious  spathe,  the  lobes 

colored ;  cells  of  ovary  1-2-seeded,  and  pod  lobed  ;  style  persistent,  slender ;  stigma 
entire.  Plants  onion-scented. 

33.  NOTHOSCORDUM.    Differs  from  Allium  In  the  greenish  or  yellowish-white  flowers, 

several-seeded  cells,  scarcely -lobed  pod,  and  absence  of  onion  odor. 

*+  -H-  Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes  (subcorymbose  in  2fo.  84). 
=  Perianth  parted  almost  or  quite  to  the  bate. 

84.  ORNITHOGALUM.    Flowers  bracted,  white,  wheel-shaped.    Style  8-sided;  stigma 

3-angled. 

85.  SCILLA.    Flowers  mostly  blue,  the  divisions  1-nerved.    Filaments  often  broadened  at 

the  base.    Stigma  capitate. 

86.  CAMASSIA.    Flowers  blue  in  ours,  the  divisions  8-  or  more-nerved.    Filaments  fill- 

form.    Stigma  8-fld. 

-=  •=  Perianth  with  a  pronounced  tube,  the  stamens  upon  the  throat. 

87.  CHIONODOXA.    Flowers  small,  mostly  blue,  stalked  in  a  short  raceme,  the  tube 

shorter  than  the  recurved-spreading  acute  segments.  Filaments  all  broadly  dilated. 
Style  short,  the  stigmas  small  or  capitate.  Cells  4-6-seeded. 

88.  MU8CARI.      Flowers  in  a  dense  raceme;  the  globular  or  urn-shaped  constricted- 

mouthed  perianth  nearly  6-toothed. 

89.  HTACINTHUS.    The  short-funnel-shaped  or  bell-shaped  perianth  6-cleft,  throat  open, 

the  lobes  spreading. 

*  *  Plants  with  tuberous  rootstocks  or  fibrous-rooted  crown ;  stem  always  herbaceous  ; 
radical  leaves  often  forming  large  clumps  by  the  spread  of  the  rootstock. 
Scape  (in  ours)  leafless. 

+-  Flowers  in  a  2-bracted  umbel. 

40.  AGAPANTHUS.  Perianth  blue,  tubular  at  base,  with  6  widely  spreading  divisions 
nearly  regular.  Pod  triangular,  many-seeded-  Seeds  flat,  brownish,  winged,  above, 
Leaves  linear,  flat, 


436  LILY   FAMILY* 

+-  +-  flowers  paniculate  on  a  somewhat  branching  scape. 

41.  HEMEROCALLIS.  Perianth  yellow,  lasting  but  a  day,  funnel-form,  with  short  narrow 

tube  closely  investing  the  ovary  ;  the  nearly  similar  divisions  more  or  less  spreading. 
Pod  thick,  at  first  fleshy.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell,  roundish,  with  a  hard  and  brittle 
black  coat.  Leaves  linear,  grassy  and  soft,  keeled. 

42.  PHOEMIUM.    Perianth  lurid  or  yellowish,  with  a  short  incurved  tube,  the  3  exterior 

segments  lanceolate  and  erect,  the  8  interior  slender  and  slightly  spreading  at  the 
tips.  Stamens  exserted.  Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell.  Capsule  3-angled.  Rhi- 
zome short,  not  fleshy.  Leaves  radical,  long-linear-ensiform,  stiff  and  evergreen, 
strongly  keeled.  Panicle  long,  with  short  secund  branches. 

•t-  -n-  Flowers  in  a  dense  spike. 

48.  KNIPHOFIA.  Flowers  very  many,  reflexed  in  a  dense  spike  on  a  bracted  scape. 
Perianth  tubular,  regular,  red  or  yellow,  6-toothed.  Stamens  and  style  straight,  pro- 
trading  from  the  tubular  perianth.  Filaments  of  two  lengths.  Pod  many-seeded. 
Leaves  narrow -linear,  long  and  grassy,  keeled,  crowded  at  the  root. 

•i-  -t-  +-  +-  Flowers  in  racemes,  which  are  mostly  simple. 
++  Leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  netted-veined  between  the  ribs,  and  on  long  petioles. 

44.  FUNKIA.  Flowers  in  a  raceme,  blue  or  white.  Perianth  funnel-form,  6-cleft,  the 
lobes  hardly  spreading,  somewhat  irregular.  Pod  oblong,  prismatic,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  flat,  black,  with  a  soft  and  thin  coat,  winged  at  the  apex. 

++  ++  Leaves  narrow,  mostly  linear. 

46.  A8PHODELUS.  Perianth  segments  distinct  or  Hearty  so,  white  with  a  yellowish  line 
in  the  center.  Stamens  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  segments,  erect  or  slightly 
declined,  the  filaments  dilated  at  the  base  and  covering  the  ovary.  Ovules  2  in  each 
cell.  Capsule  obscurely  3-angled.  Rhizome  small,  sometimes  annual.  Leaves  linear, 
strap-shaped  or  fistulose. 

46.  SCHO3NOLIRION.  Perianth  white  or  yellow,  withering-persistent,  the  segments  dis- 
tinct and  3-5-nerved.  Stamens  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  segments,  the  filaments 
filiform.  Ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Capsule  short  and  truncate,  3-angled.  Rhizome 
tuberous.  Leaves  long-linear. 

4T.  PARADISEA.  Perianth  funnel-form,  the  segments  distinct  and  erect-spreading,  nar- 
row at  the  base,  the  upper  portion  oblong-spatulate  and  8-nerved.  Stamens  hypo- 
gynous and  declined,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  perianth,  the  filaments  filiform. 
Ovules  many  in  each  cell.  Capsule  ovoid  and  coriaceous.  Rhizome  very  short. 

*  *  *  Stem  a  woody  trunk,  either  short  or  tree-like,  bearing  a  crown  of  sword  shaped, 
fleshy  or  thin  leaves  ;  no  bulb. 

+-  Leaves  short,  very  thick  and  fleshy,  2-ranked,  crowded  on  the  very  short  stem,  at  the 
base  of  the  scape. 

48.  ALOE.  Flowers  racemed  on  a  slender  bracted  scape.   Perianth  tube  straight  or  slightly 

curved,  the  segments  elongated.  Stamens  hypogynous,  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
perianth.  Seeds  many,  8-angled. 

•»-  f-  Leaves  long,  often  stiff  and  sharp-edged,  mostly  many -ranked,  either  clustered 
near  the  ground  or  borne  upon  the  short  trunk. 

49.  TUOCA.    Flowers  in  an  ample  terminal  compound  panicle,  large,  often  polygamous, 

white  or  whitish.  Perianth  of  6  separate  oval  or  oblong  acute  divisions,  not  decid- 
uous, the  8  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Stigmas  3,  sessile.  Pod  oblong, 
many-seeded  ;  the  depressed  seeds  as  in  Lily. 

60.  CORDYLINE.  Stem  woody,  often  eventually  rising  several  feet  high.  Leaves  mostly 
at  the  top  of  the  stem,  firm,  mostly  about  lanceolate.  Perianth  cylindraceous  or 
narrowly  bell-form,  the  tube  short.  Ovules  many  in  each  cell.  Fruit  fleshy,  small 
and  nearly  globular,  mostly  indehiscent.  Flowers  small  in  a  large  panicle. 


LILT   FAMILY.  437 

1.   SMILAX,   GREEN   BRIER,    CAT   BRIER,   or   CHINA   BRIER. 

(Ancient  Greek  name.)  In  thickets  and  low  grounds;  flowers  small, 
greenish,  in  clusters  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  summer,  or  several  of 
the  Southern  prickly  ones  in  spring. 

*  Stems   herbaceous,    never  prickly,    smooth;   leaves  thin,    mucronate- 
tipped;  ovules  and  seeds  usually  a  pair  in  each  cell ;  berries  blue-black, 
icith  a  bloom;  plant,  or  parts  of  it,  sometimes  pubescent. 

S.  herbacea,  Linn.  CARRION  FLOWER  (the  scent  of  the  blossoms  jus- 
tifies the  name).  Erect  and  recurving,  often  without  tendrils,  or  low- 
climbing,  very  variable  in  size,  generally  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or 
roundish  and  mostly  heart-shaped,  7-9-nerved ;  peduncles  sometimes 
short,  generally  3'-4'  or  even  6'-8'  long,  even  much  surpassing  the  leaves, 
20-40-flowered.  Moist  places.  Common. 

S.  tamnifdlia,  Michx.  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S.;  differs  in  its  heart- 
shaped  and  some  halberd-shaped  only  5-nerved  leaves  ;  peduncles  rather 
longer  than  the  petioles,  and  berry  fewer-seeded. 

S.  ecirrhata,  Watson.  Erect,  3°  or  less  high,  the  upper  petioles  ten- 
dril-bearing or  commonly  no  tendrils,  glabrous  ;  lower  leaves  bract-like, 
the  others  thin  and  5-7 -nerved,  broadly  ovate-elliptical  to  roundish,  acute, 
mostly  cordate  at  the  base,  sometimes  verticillate,  sparsely  pubescent 
beneath ;  umbels  10-20-flowered  on  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the 
petioles  ;  berry  3-seeded.  Mich,  to  Minn,  and  Mo.,  and  S.  Car. 

*  *  Stems  woody,  often  prickly;  ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell; 

plant  glabrous  throughout  (except  the  third). 

->-  Leaves  often  glossy,  b-Q-ribbed;  stigmas  and  cells  of  ovary  3  (except  in 
S.pumila). 

•M-  Berries  red;  peduncles  rather  short;  leaves  5-  ribbed  ;  prickles  few. 

S.  lanceolata,  Linn.  Climbs  high  ;  leaves  evergreen,  lance-ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends ;  rootstock  tuberous ;  fruit  ripening  the 
second  year.  Va. ,  S.  and  W. 

S.  Walter!,  Pursh.  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S.;  6°  high ;  leaves  decid- 
uous, ovate  or  lance-oval,  roundish  or  slightly  heart-shaped ;  peduncles 
flat ;  rootstock  creeping. 

S.  pumila,  Walt.  Rising  only  l°-3°  high,  not  prickly,  soft-downy, 
with  ovate  or  oblong  and  heart-shaped,  6-ribbed,  evergreen  leaves,  when 
old  smooth  above  ;  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  petioles,  densely-flowered ; 
berries  ripening  the  second  year.  Dry  soil,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

•w-  •"•  Berries  black,  often  with  a  bloom ;  leaves  mostly  roundish  or  some- 
what heart-shaped  at  base;  peduncles  almost  always  flat. 

=  Peduncle  not  longer  than  the  petiole. 

3.  rotundifdlia,  Linn.  COMMON  GREEN  BRIER.  Common  in  thickets ; 
yellowish-green,  often  high-climbing ;  branchlets  more  or  less  square, 
armed  with  scattered  prickles ;  leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  thickish, 
green  both  sides,  2'-3'  long ;  peduncles  few-flowered. 

Var.  quadraiigularis,  Gray,  more  common  W.,  has  4-angled  branchlets. 

=  =  Peduncle  longer  than  the  petiole,  but  not  twice  as  long. 

S.  glafcca,  Walt.  Mostly  S.  of  N.  Y.,  but  less  prickly  than  the  preced- 
ing, the  ovate  leaves  glaucous  beneath,  and  seldom  at  all  heart-shaped, 
smooth-edged,  and  peduncles  longer  than  petiole ;  branches  terete ; 
branchlets  obscurely  4-angled. 

S.  bona-n6x,  Linn.  Differs  from  preceding,  in  the  leaves  varying 
from  round- heart-shaped  to  fiddle-shaped  and  halberd-shaped,  green  both 


438  LILY   FAMILY. 

sides,  pointed,  and  the  edges  often  sparsely  bristly  ;  branches  and  branch- 
lets  angled.     S.  Mass.,  S.  and  W. 

=  =  =  Peduncle  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  petiole. 

S.  hlspida,  Muhl.  Rootstock  long ;  stem  high-climbing,  below  beset 
with  long  and  dark,  bristly  prickles  ;  leaves  ovate  and  heart-shaped,  green 
both  sides,  thin,  4'-5'  long;  flat  peduncles  l£'-2'  long  ;  flowers  larger  than 
in  the  Common  Green  Brier.  Conn,  to  Minn.,  and  S. 

S.  Pseudo-China,  Linn.  CHINA  BRIER.  Rootstock  tuberous  ;  prickles 
none  or  rare  ;  leaves  ovate  and  heart-shaped,  green  both  sides,  often  con- 
tracted in  the  middle,  and  rough-ciliate,  3'-5'  long ;  flat  peduncles  2'-3' 
long.  N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

•*-  -»-  Leaves  evergreen;  stigma,  cell  of  the  ovary,  and  seed  only  one. 

3.  Iaurif61ia,  Linn.  Very  smooth,  high-climbing  stem,  with  some 
prickles  ;  leaves  thick,  glossy,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-nerved  ; 
peduncles  not  exceeding  the  petiole  and  pedicels ;  berries  black.  Pine 
barrens,  N.  J. ,  S. 

2.  ASPARAGUS.   (The  ancient  Greek  name.)   Flowers  early  summer. 

A.  officinalis,  Linn.  COMMON  ASPARAGUS.  Cult,  from  Eu.,  for  its  escu- 
lent spring  shoots,  spontaneous  about  gardens  and  waste  places ;  tall, 
bushy- branched,  the  leaves  thread-shaped  ;  berries  red. 

A.  plumbsus,  Baker.  A  S.  African  plant,  much  grown  by  florists  for 
the  delicate  spray ;  climbing  (or  dwarf  in  var.  NANCS),  the  false  leaves 
y  or  less  long  in  tufts,  disposed  in  frond-like,  slender  branches ;  flowers 
small  and  white,  stalked,  on  the  tips  of  the  branchlets. 

A.medeololdes,  Thunb.  (or  MTRSIPHYLLUM  ASPARAGO!DES).  "  SMILAX  " 
of  the  florists  ;  a  very  smooth,  delicate  twiner,  cult,  in  conservatories  for 
winter  decoration;  the  bright  green  so-called  leaves  (see  Lessons,  Fig. 
167)  1'  or  more  long,  glossy-green  both  sides,  nerved,  set  edgewise  on  the 
branch,  but  turning  so  as  to  present  an  upper  and  under  face  ;  the  small 
flowers  produced  in  winter,  sweet-scented,  with  reddish  anthers  ;  berries 
greenish.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

3.  CLINTONIA.     (Named  for  DeWitt  Clinton,  once  governor  of  New 
York. )     Cold  moist  woods ;  flowers  early  summer. 

C.  borealis,  Raf.  Only  N.  and  along  the  mountains ;  flowers  2-7, 
greenish-yellow,  over  £'  long  ;  berry  rather  many-seeded. 

C.  umbellata.  Torr.   Along  the  Alleghanies,  N.  Y.,  S.;  flowers  numer- 
ous, i'  long,  white,  speckled  with  green  or  purplish  dots ;  seeds  only  2  in 
each  cell. 

4.  DISPORUM.     (Greek:  double-seeded,  from  the  2-o vuled  cells.) 

D.  Ianugin6sum,  Benth.  &  Hook.     Rich  woods,  the  whole  length  of 
the  Alleghany  region  to  Canada ;   branches  widely  spreading ;   leaves 
ovate-oblong,  pointed,  rounded,  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  sessile  base  ; 
flowers  £'  long,  greenish  ;  style  with  3  stigmas  ;  flowers  late  spring. 

5.  STREPTOFUS,   TWISTED   STALK  (which  the  name  denotes  in 
Greek).    In  cold  or  wet  woods  ;  flowers  in  late  spring  and  early  sum- 
mer ;  small,  barely  £'  long. 

S.  aniplexifdlius,  DC.  Stem  stout,  rough  at  base,  2°-3°  high  ;  leaves 
strongly  clasping,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath ;  flower  whitish,  on  a  long 
stalk  with  abrupt  bend  above  the  middle  ;  anthers  slender-pointed  ; 
stigma  truncate.  N.  Eng.  to  Minn,  and  O.,  and  S.  in  the  mountains. 


LILY    FAMILY.  439 

S.  rdseus,  Michx.  Stem  l°-2°  high  ;  leaves  green,  finely  ciliate,  and 
with  the  few  branches  beset  with  more  short  and  fine  bristly  hairs  ;  flower 
rose-purple,  on  a  less  bent  stalk ;  anthers  2-horned ,  stigma  3-cleft.  Simi- 
lar range. 

6.  SMILACINA,    FALSE   SOLOMON'S  SEAL.     (Name  a  diminu- 
tive of  Smilax,  which  these  plants  do  not  resemble.)     Woods  or  low 
grounds  ;  white  flowers  late  spring. 

*  Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle ;  stamens  exserted. 

S.  racemdsa,  Desf.  FALSE  SPIKENARD.  2°  high,  minutely  downy,  leafy 
to  the  top ;  the  oblong  or  lance-oval  leaves  ciliate,  pointed  at  each  end ; 
flowers  small  (sometimes  pinkish),  crowded  in  a  compound  raceme ;  the 
divisions  of  perianth  narrow ;  berries  pale  red  and  speckled.  Canada,  S. 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  simple  small  raceme  ;  stamens  included. 

S.  stellata,  Desf.  Moist  places,  N.;  l°-2°  high,  smooth,  or  the  7-12 
lance-oblong  leaves  minutely  downy  when  young ;  raceme  several-flow- 
ered ;  berries  blackish. 

S.  trif6lia,  Desf.  Cold  bogs  N.;  3'-6'  high,  smooth,  with  mostly  3 
oblong  leaves  tapering  to  a  sheathing  base  ;  raceme  loose,  few-flowered  ; 
berries  red. 

7.  MAIANTHEMUM.     (Greek:  mayflower.) 

M.  Canad^nse,  Desf.  In  moist  woods  and  on  banks  N.;  3'-6;  high ; 
stem  bearing  2  (sometimes  3)  heart-shaped  leaves,  and  a  short  raceme  of 
small  flowers  ;  berries  red.  Common. 

8.  CONVALLARIA,    LILY  OF   THE   VALLEY.      (Name  altered 
from  the  Latin  Lilium  convallium,  of  which  the  English  name  is  a 
translation.)     Flowers  late  spring. 

C.  majalis,  Linn.  The  only  true  species,  cult,  everywhere,  from  Eu., 
and  wild  on  the  higher  Alleghanies ;  its  small,  sweet-scented,  white 
flowers  familiar.  (Lessons,  Fig.  113.) 

9.  POLYGONATUM,  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.    (Greek:  many-jointed.) 
The  English  name  is  from  the  rootstocks,  the  impression  of  the  seal 
being  the  scar  left  by  the  death  and  separation  of  the  stem  of  a  former 
year ;  Lessons,  Fig.  99.)    Stem  recurving  or  turned  to  one  side.    Flow- 
ers late  spring  and  early  summer. 

P.  bifldrum,  Ell.  SMALLER  S.  Wooded  banks ;  l°-3°  high ;  the 
ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  leaves  nearly  sessile  and  glaucous,  or  mi- 
nutely whitish-downy  beneath ;  peduncles  mostly  2-flowered ;  filaments 
roughened,  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  tube. 

P.  gigant&um,  Dietr.  LARGER  S.  Alluvial  grounds  N. ;  3°-8°  high, 
smooth  ;  leaves  ovate,  partly  clasping  ;  peduncles  2-8-flowered ;  filaments 
smooth  and  naked,  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  tube. 

10.  ASPIDISTRA.     (Greek:   a  small  round  shield,  alluding  to  the 
shape  of  the  flower.) 

A.  lUrida,  Ker.  China;  a  popular  florist's  plant,  grown  for  the  stiff, 
evergreen,  shining,  striate-green  (or  white-striped),  oblong-lanceolate, 
sharp-pointed  leaves,  all  of  which  are  radical ;  blade  12'-20'  long,  nar- 
rowed into  a  channeled  petiole  a  third  its  length. 


440  LILY   FAMILY. 

11.  UVULARIA,   BELLWOKT.     (Name  from  the  Latin  uvula  or 
palate;  from  the  hanging  flowers.)     Stems  6'-2°  high,  naked  below, 
leafy  above  ;  flowers  spring.     All  in  rich  woods. 

TT.  grandif!6ra,  Smith.  The  common  one  from  W.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and 
S.;  with  pale,  greenish-yellow  flower  \\'  long  and  smooth,  or  nearly  so 
inside ;  stamens  exceeding  the  styles  ;  plant  not  glaucous. 

U.  perfoliata,  Linn.  Smaller,  with  sharper  tips  to  the  anthers,  and 
parts  of  the  barely  yellowish  perianth  granular-roughened  inside ;  stamens 
shorter  than  the  styles ;  plant  glaucous  throughout.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 
(Lessons,  Fig.  162.) 

12.  OAKESIA.     (Named  for  William  Oakes^  an  early  New  England 
botanist. ) 

O.  sessilif6lia,  Watson.  Common,  especially  N.;  6'-12'  high,  with 
pale,  lance-oblong,  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping  leaves,  which  taper  at 
each  end  and  are  glaucous  beneath,  and  whitish,  cream-colored  flower  f ' 
long ;  pod  stalked. 

O.  pub^rula,  Watson.  Slightly  puberulent ;  leaves  oval  and  rounded 
at  base,  shining,  the  edges  slightly  rough  ;  pod  not  stalked.  Va.,  S. 

13.  TRILLIUM,  THREE-LEAVED  NIGHTSHADE,  WAKE-ROBIN, 
BIRTHROOT.     (Latin :  triplum,  triple,  the  parts  throughout  being  in 
threes.)     Low  stem  from  a  short  tuber-like  rootstock  (Lessons,  Figs. 
100,  226,  227),  bearing  a  whorl  of  three  green,  conspicuously  netted- 
veined,  ovate  or  rhomboidal  leaves,  and  a  terminal  flower,  in  spring. 
All  grow  in  rich  or  moist  woods,  or  the  last  in  bogs. 

*  Flower  sessile;  petals  and  sepals  narrow,  the  former  spatulate,  dull 
purple. 

T.  sessile,  Linn.  From  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and  S.;  leaves  sessile,  often 
blotched,  ovate,  or  rhomboidal ;  petals  sessile,  rather  erect,  turning 
greenish,  long-persisting. 

T.  recurvatum,  Beck.  Differs  in  having  the  ovate  or  obovate  leaves 
narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole,  sepals  reflexed,  and  pointed  petals  with 
a  narrowed  base.  O.,  W.  and  N.W. 

«  *  Flower  raised  on  a  peduncle;  petals  withering  away  soon  after  flow- 
ering. 

-•-  Peduncle  erect  or  inclined;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  sessile  by  a  wedge- 
shaped  base,  abruptly  taper-pointed;  petals  flat. 

T.  er^ctum,  Linn.  PURPLE  T.  or  BIRTHROOT.  Not  so  large  as  the 
next ;  the  petals  (varying  from  dull  dark  purple  to  white  or  pink)  ovate, 
widely  spreading,  little  longer  than  the  sepals,  I'-l^'  long;  stigmas  stout 
and  spreading  or  recurved  ;  flowers  ill-scented.  N.'Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

T.  grandifldrum,  Salisb.  GREAT-FLOWERED  WHITE  T.  Flowering 
rather  late  ;  handsome,  the  obovate  petals  2'-2£'  long,  much  larger  than 
the  sepals,  gradually  recurving  from  an  erect  base,  pure  white,  in  age 
becoming  rose-colored ;  stigmas  very  slender  and  erect,  or  nearly  so. 
Common  N. 

t-  *-  Peduncle  recurved  from  the  first  under  the  short-petioled  or  almost 
sessile  leaves,  not  longer  than  the  ovary  and  recurved  white  petals. 

T.  c^muurn,  Linn.  NODDING  T.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate  ;  petals  oblong, 
ovate,  acute,  5'-$'  long;  styles  separate.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

T.  styl6sum,  Nutt.  Upper  country  N.  Car.  to  Fla. ;  leaves  oblong, 
tapering  to  both  ends ;  petals  oblong,  tinged  with  rose-color,  much  longer 
and  broader  than  the  sepals  ;  styles  united  at  base. 


LILY   FAMILY.  441 

«-•*-•<-  Peduncle   nearly  erect;   leaves  rounded  at  the  base  and  short- 
petioled. 

T.  nivale,  Riddell.  DWAHF  WHITE  T.  From  W.  Pean.,  N.  W.;  very 
early-flowering,  2 '-4'  high  ;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse ;  petals  oblong, 
obtuse,  pure  white,  1'  long;  styles  slender. 

T.  erythrocarpum,  Michx.  PAINTED  T.  Low  woods  or  bogs  N.; 
leaves  ovate,  taper-pointed  ;  petals  lance-ovate,  pointed,  wavy,  white  with 
pink  stripes  at  the  base ;  berry  bright  red. 

14.  MEDEOLA,  INDIAN  CUCUMBEK  (from  the  taste  of  the  tuber- 
ous white  and  horizontal  rootstock ;  the  Latin  name  from  Medea,  the 
sorceress).     Flowers  early  summer. 

M.  Virglnica,  Linn.  The  only  species  ;  simple  stem,  lc-3°  high,  cot- 
tony when  young,  bearing  near  the  middle  a  whorl  of  5-9  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  thin  and  veiny,  but  also  parallel-ribbed  leaves,  and  another  of  3 
(rarely  4  or  5)  much  smaller  ovate  ones  at  the  top,  around  an  umbel  of 
a  few  small  recurved-stalked  flowers.  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

15.  COLCHICUM.     (The  country,  Colchis,  in  Asia  Minor.)     Flowers 
in  autumn  ;  sends  up  the  lanceolate  root  leaves  the  next  spring.     Spar- 
ingly cult,  from  Eu.  for  ornament. 

C.  autumnale,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  Mostly  with  rose-purple  or  lilac 
flowers  ;  leaves  6'-12'  long,  lanceolate. 

C.  variegatum,  Linn.  Has  shorter  and  wavy  leaves,  and  perianth 
variegated  with  small  purple  squares,  as  if  tessellated. 

16.  HELONIAS.     (Probably  from  the  Greek  for  swamp,  in  which  the 
species  grows. )     Flowers  spring. 

H.  bullata,  Linn.  Rare  and  local  plant,  from  N.  J.  to  E.  Va.,  but 
sometimes  cult. ;  very  smooth,  the  tuberous  rootstock  producing  a  tuft  of 
oblong  or  lance-spatulate,  evergreen  leaves,  from  the  center  of  which 
rises  in  spring  a  leafless  scape  l°-2°  high,  bearing  the  rather  handsome 
flowers. 

17.  TOPIELDIA,   FALSE  ASPHODEL.     (Tofleld  was  a  Yorkshire 
botanist  of  last  century.) 

*  Glabrous ;  pedicels  solitary  or  in  pairs,  in  a  raceme. 

T.  glabra,  Nutt.  Stem  l°-3°  high,  2-3  leaved  ;  raceme  2'-8'  long,  the 
pedicels  sometimes  in  pairs  ;  flowers  whitish,  small.  N.  Car.,  S. 

*  *  P^lbescent,  at  least  above  ;  pedicels  mostly  in  3's. 

T.  glutindaa,  Wffld.  Stem  1  j°  or  less  high,  that  and  the  pedicels  very 
glutinous  with  dark  glands ;  leaves  broad-linear  but  short ;  perianth  re- 
maining soft  in  withering.  Me.  to  Minn.,  and  S.  in  the  mountains,  in 
moist  grounds. 

T.  pfrbens,  Ait.  Taller,  roughened  with  minute  glands ;  leaves  narrow 
and  longer ;  perianth  becoming  rigid  about  the  capsule.  Pine  barrens, 
N.  J. ,  S. 

18.  CHAM^ELIRIUM,  DEVIL'S  BIT.     (Greek :  Ground  Lily,  the 
genus  having  been  founded  upon  an  undeveloped  specimen.)     Flowers 
summer. 

C.  Carolinanum,  Willd.  BLAZING  STAR.  Low  grounds,  N.  Eng.,  S. 
and  S.  W.  Rootstock  short  and  abrupt,  sending  up  a  stem  l°-3°  high, 


442  LILY  FAMILY. 

bearing  flat,  lanceolate  leaves  at  base,  some  shorter  ones  up  the  stem,  and 
a  wand-like  spike  or  raceme  of  small  bractless  flowers,  the  sterile  ones, 
from  the  stamens,  appearing  yellow. 

19.  XEROPHYLLUM.     (Greek :  arid-leaved,  the  narrow  leaves  being 
dry  and  rigid.)     Flowers  early  summer. 

X.  setif6lium,  Michx.  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S. ;  a  striking  plant,  with 
the  aspect  of  an  Asphodel ;  simple,  stout  stem  rising  2°-4°  high  from  a 
thick  or  bulb-like  base,  densely  beset  at  base  with  very  long,  needle- 
shaped,  rigid,  recurving  leaves,  above  with  shorter  ones,  which  at  length 
are  reduced  to  bristle-like  bracts  ;  the  crowded,  white  flowers  showy. 

20.  MELANTHIUM.     (Greek:    black  flower,   the  perianth  turning 
darker,  yet  not  black. )    Flowers  summer. 

*  Sepals  bearing  a  double  gland  on  the  claw. 

M.  Virgfnicum,  Linn.  BUNCH  FLOWER.  Moist  grounds,  N.  Eng., 
S.  and  W.  ;  3°-5°  high  ;  lowest  leaves  sometimes  1'  wide,  the  upper  few 
and  small ;  flowers  rather  large  ;  the  sepals  flat,  ovate  to  oblong  or 
slightly  hastate  ;  seed  10  in  each  cell. 

M.  Iatif61ium,  Desr.  Leaves  twice  broader,  rather  oblanceolate ; 
sepals  undulate ;  the  claw  very  narrow ;  seeds  4-8  in  each  cell.  Conn.,  S. 

*  *  Sepals  glandless,  oblanceolate. 

M.  parvifldrum,  Watson.  Alleghaiiies,  Va.,  S.;  stem  2°-5°,  naked 
above ;  leaves  oval  to  oblanceolate ;  seeds  4-6  in  each  cell ;  flowers 
greenish. 

21.  VERATRUM,  FALSE   HELLEBORE.     (Old  name,  from  Latin 
vereater,  truly  black.)     Mostly  pubescent,  stout  herbs ;  the  roots  yield 
the  acrid  poisonous  veratrin.    Flowers  summer. 

V.  vlride,  Ait.  AMERICAN  WHITE  HELLEBORE,  or  INDIAN  POKE. 
Low  grounds,  mostly  N.;  stout  stem  2°-4°  high,  thickly  beset  with  the 
broadly  oval  or  ovate  strongly  plaited,  sheath-clasping  leaves ;  panicle  of 
spike-like  racemes  pyramidal ;  flowers  yellowish-green,  turning  greener 
with  age. 

22.  STENANTHIUM.      (Name  Greek:    narrow  flower.)      Flowers 
summer. 

3.  anguatifdlium,  Gray.  Alleghanies,  Va.,  S. ;  2°-4°  high,  very 
slender ;  the  leaves  long  and  narrow  (  £'  or  less  broad)  ;  flowers  white, 
only  \'  long,  in  a  prolonged  terminal  and  many  shorter  lateral  racemes, 
making  an  ample,  light  panicle ;  pod  strongly  reflexed,  with  spreading 
beaks. 

S.  robiistum,  Watson.  Stem  stout  and  leafy  (3°-5°  high)  ;  the  leaves 
f '  or  less  broad ;  panicle  sometimes  2°  long ;  sepals  white  or  green,  '-' 
long ;  pod  erect,  with  recurved  beaks.  Penn.,  S. 

23.  ZYGADENUS.     (Name  in  Greek  means  yoked  glands.)     Flowers 
summer. 

Z.  glab^rrimua,  Michx.  Pine  barren  bogs,  Va.,  S. ;  l°-3°  high,  from 
a  running  rootstock  ;  leaves  rather  rigid,  keeled,  nerved,  taper-pointed  ; 
panicle  many- flowered ;  divisions  of  perianth  J'  long,  a  pair  of  round 
spots  above  the  narrowed  base. 


LILY   FAMILY.  443 

Z.  41egans,  Pursh.  Bogs  in  the  Northern  States  ;  l°-3°  high,  from  a 
bulb ;  leaves  flat,  pale ;  flowers  rather  few ;  base  of  perianth  coherent 
witli  that  of  the  ovary,  the  divisions  marked  with  an  inversely  heart- 
shaped  spot. 

Z.  angustif6liua,  Watson.  Pine  barrens,  N.  Car.,  S.  ;  stem  hardly 
bulbous  at  base,  2'  high ;  leaves  narrow,  acute,  pale ;  seeds  linear,  not 
fleshy  ;  perianth  free  from  the  ovary. 

24.  AMIANTHIUM,  FLY   POISON.     (Name,  from  the  Greek,  al- 
ludes to  the  flowers  destitute  of  the  spots  or  glands  of  Melanthium  and 
Zygadenus.)     Flowers  summer,  turning  greenish  or  purplish  with  age. 

A.  muscaetdxicum,  Gray.  BROAD-LEAVED  F.  Open  woods  from 
N.  J.,  S. ;  with  a  rather  large  bulb  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  bearing  many 
broadly  linear  (£'-!'  wide)  blunt  leaves;  raceme  dense;  flowers  rather 
large  ;  seeds  few,  red,  and  fleshy. 

25.  LILIUM,    LILY.     (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek.) 
The  following  are  the  commonest  types,  wild  and  cultivated.     (Les- 
sons,  Figs.  107,  108,  109,  110,  309.) 

»  Perianth  funnel-form,  the  segments  oblanceolate  ;  leaves  linear  or  lance- 
olate, sessile,  or  nearly  so ;  flowers  chiefly  white  in  ours. 

4-  Leaves  scattered. 

L.  longiflbrum,  Thunb.  LONG-FLOWERED  WHITE  L.  Japan  and  China  ; 
l°-3°  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  single  horizontal  funnel-form 
flower,  5'  or  6'  long,  the  narrow  tubular  portion  longer  than  the  rather 
widely  spreading  portion  ;  leaves  shining-green,  5-nerved,  linear  to  lance- 
olate. Var.  ExfMiusi  (L.  HARRfsn  of  florists),  EASTER  LILY,  is  a  rather 
more  showy  form  used  for  forcing. 

L.  Japdnicum,  Thunb.  (L.  ODORUM).  JAPAN  WHITE  L.  Cult,  from 
Japan ;  2°  high,  with  mostly  only  one  flower,  which  is  nodding  and 
larger  than  in  the  foregoing,  below  connivent  into  a  narrower  tube,  and 
above  with  the  divisions  more  widely  spreading ;  leaves  dark  green,  longer 
and  broader  (often  f '  wide)  than  the  last.  L.  BROWNII  is  a  taller  form 
with  larger  flowers,  more  leaves,  the  flowers  often  3  or  4  together,  and 
purple  on  the  outside. 

L  candidum,  Linn.  COMMON  WHITE  LILY.  From  S.  Eu.  to  Persia  ; 
with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  few  or  many,  small  (2'-3'  long),  bell-shaped 
flowers,  smooth  inside,  sometimes  double  ;  stem  2°-3°,  with  many  spread- 
ing, mostly  linear  leaves.  Flowers  sometimes  colored  outside. 

•*-  •*-  Leaves  more  or  less  verticillate. 

L.  Washingtonianum,  Kellogg.  Stem  3°-6°  high,  with  many  oblanceo- 
late leaves  ;  flowers  horizontal  or  nearly  so,  white  but  becoming  purplish, 
very  fragrant,  2'-4'  long,  in  racemes  1°  long;  segments  not  recurved. 
Ore.  and  Cal. 

*  *  Perianth  open-funnel-shaped,  nodding,  the  segments  widest  below  the 
middle  and  widely  spreading ;  leaves  sessile  or  short-stalked ;  flowers 
speckled  or  spotted  in  ours.  ^ 

+-*  Leaves  sessile.  ' 

L.  tigrlnum,  Ker.  TIGER  BCLBLET-BEARING  L.  Stem  4°-5°  high, 
cottony  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scattered,  with  bulblets  in  the  axils ;  flowers 
mostly  nodding,  panicled,  numerous,  very  showy,  orange-red,  the  divis- 
ions about  4'  long,  black-spotted  inside,  the  divisions  without  claws, 
rolled  back.  China  and  Japan.  (Lessons,  Fig.  110.) 


444  LILY   FAMILY. 

*-  •»-  Leaves  short-stalked. 

L.  specidsum,  Thunb.  Stem  l°-3°  high ;  leaves  scattered,  lance-ovate 
or  oblong,  pointed,  slightly  petioled ;  flowers  few,  odorous,  the  strongly 
revolute  divisions  about  5'  long,  white  or  pale  rose-color,  with  prominent 
purple  warty  projections  inside  ;  now  of  many  varieties.  Japan. 

L.  aurdtum,  Lindl.  GOLDEN-BANDED  L.  Japan;  stem  l°-2°  high] 
leaves  lanceolate,  scattered ;  flowers  1-3,  barely  nodding,  sweet-scented, 
very  large,  the  ovate-lanceolate  divisions  6'  or  more  long,  spreading  almost 
from  the  base  and  the  tips  revolute,  white,  with  a  light  yellow  band  down 
the  middle  of  the  upper  face,  which  is  spotted  all  over  with  prominent 
purple  spots  and  rough  with  bristly  projections  near  the  base ;  one  of  the 
most  showy  species,  in  many  forms. 

*  *  *  Perianth  open  and  erect,  the  segments  falcate-expanded   (rarely 

somewhat  revolute) ;  flowers  orange  or  scarlet. 

+-  Leaves  mostly  verticillate. 

It.  Fhiladelphicum,  Linn.  WILD  ORANGE-RED  LILT.  Dry  land, 
N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S.;  l°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate  or  lance-linear  leaves 
nearly  all  in  whorls  of  5-8,  and  1-3  open-bell-shaped,  reddish-orange 
flowers  2J'-3'  long,  spotted  inside  with  dark  purple,  the  divisions  widely 
separate  and  on  slender  claws. 

+-  -»-  Leaves  few  or  scattered. 
-M-  Stem  slender,  terete,  and  glabrous. 

L.  Catesbaei,  Walt.  SOUTHERN  RED  L.  l°-2°  high,  with  scattered, 
linear-lanceolate  leaves,  a  solitary  and  large,  nearly  scarlet  flower ;  the 
oblong-lanceolate  divisions  wavy-margined,  recurving  above,  3'-4'  long, 
with  very  slender  claws,  crimson-spotted  on  a  yellow  ground  within.  Pine 
barrens,  N.  Car.  and  Mo.,  S. 

•w  -*  Stem  stouter,  furrowed,  mostly  loosely  cobwebby. 

L.  bulbiferum,  Linn.  BULBLET-BEARING  L.  Cult,  in  old  gardens,  from 
Eu.;  l£°-3°  high,  producing  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  lanceolate  irregu- 
larly scattered  leaves,  and  few  reddish-orange  flowers,  the  divisions  2'-2 $' 
long,  with  some  rough  brownish  projections  inside  at  base,  but  hardly 
spotted,  without  claws,  conniving  at  the  broad  base,  the  upper  part 
spreading. 

L.  crdceum,  Chaix.  Stem  3°-6°,  purple-spotted  above,  the  3-5-nerved 
leaves  linear  and  squarose ;  flowers  (in  cult,  forms)  several  in  a  deltoid- 
umbellate  raceme,  the  segments  2'-3'  long,  exterior  ones  oblong-lanceo- 
late with  a  spatulate  base,  interior  ones  ovate-lanceolate  with  a  distinctly 
clawed  base,  all  of  a  beautiful  golden  color  and  scarlet-tinted.  Eu.  Once 
common  in  gardens. 

L.  elegans,  Thunb.  A  Japanese  Lily,  now  much  cultivated  under  a 
variety  of  forms  and  names  ;  stem  often  only  1°  high,  with  broad  (!'  wide) 
leaves  5-7-nerved,  lanceolate  ;  flowers  1-4  and  terminal,  expanding  to  5' 
or  6'  across,  the  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  segments  3'— 4'  long,  all  (in  the 
type)  pale  scarlet,  red,  and  not  spotted. 

*  *  *  #  Perianth  very  open  or  spreading,  erect,  with  strongly  reflexed  seg- 

ments ;  flowers  mostly  in  colors. 

•«-  Leaves  verticillate. 
•M-  Bulbs  producing  rhizomes. 

L.  Canad^nse,  Linn.  CANADA  L.  Rhizomes  slender;  stem  2°-5° 
high,  bearing  few  or  several  long-peduncled  flowers  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
all  in  remote  whorls,  their  edges  and  nerves  minutely  rough  ;  divisions 


LILY   FAMILY.  445 

of  the  flower  2'-3'  long,  recurved-spreading  abovo  the  middle ;  capsule 
top-shaped  and  obtuse  ;  moist  meadows  ;  the  commonest  wild  Lily  N. 

L.  sup^rbum,  Linn.  AMERICAN  TURK'S-CAP  L.  Stem  3'-7'  high, 
bearing  few  or  many  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  panicle  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
smooth,  lower  ones  whorled,  scattered  ;  divisions  of  the  flower  strongly 
rolled  backwards,  about  3'  long. 

Var.  Carolinidnum,  Chapm.  In  the  low  country  S  ;  2°-3°  high,  with 
broader  leaves  and  only  1-3  flowers  more  variegated  with  yellow. 

L.  parc/allnum,  Kellogg.  Rhizomes  thick' and  branching;  leaves  flat 
and  smooth,  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  the  middle  ones  in  whorls  of 
9-15  ;  flowers  3-6  in  a  corymb  or  lax  umbel,  bright  orange-red  and  lighter 
yellow  in  the  center,  2'-3'  long,  the  segments  strongly  revolute  ;  capsule 
oblong  and  acutish.  Central  Cal.,  N. ;  cult,  in  various  forms. 

•M-  -M-  Bulbs  not  rhizomatous. 

L  Humbo/dtii,  Roezl.  &  Leicht.  Cal. ;  a  handsome  species  4°-5°  high, 
with  red-spotted  stems ;  leaves  in  a  few  10-15-leaved  whorls,  oblanceo- 
late,  undulate  and  somewhat  scabrous ;  flowers  several  or  many  in  a  deltoid 
panicle,  3'-4'  long,  reddish-orange,  the  acute  segments  strongly  revolute 
and  the  outer  ones  narrowed  abruptly  into  a  short  broad  claw. 

L.  Mfirtagon,  Linn.  TURK'S-CAP  or  MARTAGON  L.  Eu.;  3°-5°  high, 
with  lance-oblong  leaves  in  whorls,  their  edges  rough,  and  a  panicle  of 
rather  small  but  showy,  light  violet-purple  or  flesh-color  (rarely  white) 
flowers,  dotted  with  small,  brown- purple  spots. 

-«-  -i-  Leaves  few  or  scattered. 
•w-  Lanceolate  many-nerved  leaves. 

L  monadelphum,  M.  Bieb.  Variable  species  from  the  Caucasus  and 
Persia  ;  3°-5°  high,  stout ;  leaves  ciliate,  ascending ;  flowers  bright  pale 
yellow,  with  light  red  at  the  base,  2'-4'  long,  20-30  of  them  in  a  tall 
pyramidal  cluster.  Grown  also  as  L.  COLCHICUM  and  L.  SzovfrsiANUM. 

•M.  +•*  Narrow-linear  1-  or  few-nerved  leaves. 

L.  testaceum,  Lindl.  Unknown  wild,  and  probably  a  hybrid  of  L.  can- 
didum  and  L.  Chalcedonicum  ;  stem  4°-6°  high,  furrowed,  lightly  brown- 
puberulent;  leaves  many,  ascending,  obscurely  3-5-nerved,  the  margins 
often  whitish-puberulent ;  flowers  yellow  tinged  with  dull  red,  2 '-3'  long, 
3-10  of  them  in  a  thyrsoid  raceme,  the  broad  (f '-!')  segments  minutely 
red-punctate  near  the  base  and  strongly  revolute. 

L.  Pompdnium,  Linn.  TURBAN  L.  Eu.;  slender,  with  scattered  and 
crowded  lance-linear  or  lance-awl-shaped  leaves,  and  several  small  orange- 
red  or  scarlet  (rarely  white)  flowers,  their  lanceolate  acute  divisions  some- 
what bearded  inside.  This  and  the  next  small-flowered,  and  not  common 
in  gardens. 

L.  Chalceddnicum,  Linn.  RED  L.  Stem  thickly  beset  with  scattered, 
narrow,  lance-linear,  erect  leaves,  their  margins  rough-pubescent ;  flowers 
several,  scarlet  or  vermilion,  the  narrow  divisions  bearded  towards  the 
base  within,  not  spotted.  Southeastern  Eu. 

26.  FRITILLARIA.  (Latin :  fritillus,  a  dice-box,  from  the  shape  of 
the  flower,  which  differs  from  a  Lily  in  its  more  cup-shaped  outline,  the 
divisions  not  spreading.)  Flowers  spring. 

F.  Meleagris,  Linn.  GUINEA-HEN  FLOWER.  Cult,  from  Eu. ;  1°  high, 
with  linear  alternate  leaves,  mostly  solitary  terminal  flower  purplish, 
tessellated  with  blue  and  purple  or  whitish ;  the  honey-bearing  spot 
narrow. 

F.  imperialism  Linn.  CROWN-IMPERIAL.  Cult,  from  Asia ;  a  stately 
herb  of  early  spring,  3°-4°  high,  rather  thickly  beset  along  the  middle 


446  LILY   FAMILY. 

with  lanceolate  or  lance-obloug,  bright  green  leaves,  more  or  less  in 
whorls ;  flowers  several,  hanging  in  a  sort  of  umbel  under  the  terminal 
crown  or  tuft  of  leaves,  large,  orange-yellow,  or  sometimes  almost  crim- 
son, a  round  pearly  gland  on  the  base  of  each  division  ;  pod  6-angled. 

27.  TULIPA,   TULIP.     (Name  from  the  Turkish  word  for  turban, 
which  the  flower  sometimes  resembles.)     Flowers  spring  and  early 
summer  ;  much  mixed  in  cultivation.     Following  are  the  chief  types. 

*  Flower  white,  funnel-form  or    narrow- campanulate ;    leaves  linear; 

bulb  pilose. 

T.  Clusiana,  Vent.  LADY  TULIP.  Slender  species,  12'-18'  high,  with 
four  or  five  long-linear  and  channeled  leaves ;  flower  delicate  white,  red- 
tinged  on  the  outside,  and  a  black-purple  base,  the  narrow  segments 
bluntish  ;  filaments  and  anthers  black.  Mediterranean  region. 

*  *  Flower  mostly  in  shades  of  red  or  yellow,  bell-form;  leaves  broad; 

bulb  nearly  or  quite  glabrous. 
+-  Perianth  segments  all  acuminate. 

T.  suaveolens,  Roth.  Due  VAN  THOL  T.  An  early-flowering  Tulip  of 
dwarf  habit,  from  the  Caspian  region  ;  perianth  large,  with  the  six  oblong 
segments  all  alike,  fragrant,  in  shades  of  red  and  yellow ;  peduncle 
downy  ;  leaves  few,  very  broad. 

T.  acuminata,  Vahl.  TURKISH  T.  Flower  variable  in  color,  mostly 
red,  3'-4'  long,  the  segments  very  long-acuminate-poiuted ;  peduncle 
glabrous  ;  leaves  3-6,  broad.  Native  country  unknown. 

T.  E'LEGANS  is  a  garden  form  (probably  hybrid  of  T.  suaveolens  and  T. 
Gesneriana,  with  a  minutely  downy  peduncle,  campanulate  perianth  3'-4' 
long,  which  is  bright  red  with  a  yellow  eye,  the  segments  acute-pointed. 

T.  RETROFLEXA,  an  evident  hybrid  of  T.  acuminata  and  T.  Gesneriana, 
has  bright  yellow  flowers,  about  3'  long,  the  oblong  segments  gradually 
narrowed  to  a  point ;  stamens  yellow. 

•»-  t-  Perianth  segments  all  very  obtuse,  with  a  small  cusp  in  the  center. 
T.  Gesneriana,  Linn.  COMMON  T.  Parent  of  most  of  the  common  late- 
flowering  sorts,  from  Asia  Minor ;  leaves  3-6  and  broad ;  peduncle  gla- 
brous ;  flower  large,  very  variable  in  color.  T.  FULGENS  is  a  form  with 
bright  red  flowers  with  a  yellow  eye.  The  PARROT  TULIPS,  with  long, 
loose  and  fringed  segments,  are  var.  DRACONTIA. 

28.  CALOCHORTUS,  MARIPOSA  LILY.  (Greek:  beautiful  grass.) 
Californian  plants  of  many  species,  some  now  becoming  frequent  in 
cultivation.     Glands  at  the  base  of  the  perianth. 

*  Inner  perianth  segments  strongly  arched  and  pitted,  the  glands  with  a 

transverse  scale  or  fringe. 

C.  61  bus,  Dougl.  Stem  l°-3°,  branching,  the  nodding  flowers  white, 
with  a  purplish  base  ;  inner  segments  acute,  1'  long,  bearded  and  ciliate. 

C.  pulchellus,  Dougl.  Stem  l°-2°  high,  branching,  the  nodding  flower 
yellow  or  orange ;  inner  segments  bearded  and  ciliate,  deeply  pitted. 

*  *  Flowers  open-campanulate  {segments  not  arched},  the  glands  densely 

hairy  but  without  scales. 

C.  luteus,  Dougl.  Stem  bulbiferous  at  the  base,  1-6-flowered ;  leaves 
narrow ;  outer  segments  narrow-lanceolate,  yellow  with  a  brown  spot ; 
inner  segments  yellow  or  orange,  lined  with  brownish  purple.  Variable. 

C.  venustus,  Benth.    Differs  in  having  white  or  pale  lilac  inner  seg- 
ments with  a  reddish  spot  at  the  top,  a  brownish  yellQ.w4tord.ere4 
and  a  brownish  base. 


LILY   FAMILY.  447 

29.  ERYTHRONIUM,    DOGTOOTH    VIOLET.      (Name  from  the 
Greek  word  for  red.)     Flowers  spring. 

E.  Americanum.  Ker.  YELLOW  D.  or  ADDER'S  TONGUE.  Moist  or 
low  woods,  very  common  E. ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mottled  and  dotted 
with  dark -purplish  and  whitish ;  flower  light  yellow. 

E.  &lbidum,  Nutt.  WHITE  D.  N.  J.,  W.;  leaves  less  or  not  at  all 
spotted ;  flower  bluish-white. 

30.  BRODL2EA.     (J.  J.  Srodie,  a  botanist  of  Scotland.)    Several  spe- 
cies upon  the  Pacific  coast,  several  of  them  occasionally  cultivated,  but 
only  the  following  species,  from  S.  Amer.,  is  common  in  gardens. 

B.  uniflbra.  (TRITELE!A,  or  MfLLA,  CNIFL6RA).  STAR  FLOWER. 
Scape  4'-14'  high,  1-flowered  (very  rarely  2-flowered),  with  a  sheathing 
spathe  below  the  flower,  the  latter  pale  violet  or  almost  white  with  a 
purple  stripe  in  the  center  of  each  oblong  blunt-pointed  segment,  !'-!$' 
long ;  leaves  several,  flat  and  grass-like,  striate,  glaucous,  as  long  as  the 
scape.  Often  confounded  with  the  next. 

31.  MtLLA.     (J.  Milla,  a  Spanish  gardener.) 

M.  biflora,  Cav.  Scape  smooth,  4'-12'  high,  bearing  1-6  nearly  equal 
pedicels  3'-6'  long;  perianth  l£'-2'  long,  snow-white  inside  but  greenish 
outside  ;  leaves  nearly  terete  and  rough.  Mexico. 

32.  ALLIUM,  ONION,  LEEK,  GARLIC,  etc.    (Ancient  Latin  name.} 
Taste  and  odor  alliaceous. 

*  Leaves  broad  and  flat;  flowers  white,  in  summer. 

A.  tric6ccum,  Ait.  WILD  LEEK.  Rich  woods  N. ;  bulbs  clustered, 
large,  pointed,  sending  up  in  spring  2  or  3  large,  lance-oblong,  flat  leaves, 
and  after  they  wither,  in  summer,  a  many-flowered  umbel  on  a  naked 
scape. 

A.  Hlbly,  Linn.    GOLDEN  GARLIC.    Cult,  for  ornament  in  some  gardens; 
leaves  broadly  lanceolate  ;  scape  1°  high  ;  flowers  numerous,  large,  golden 
ye  ow.      ^  ^  £eaves  nnear^  grass-like,  or  awl-like,  not  hollow. 
•»-  Umbel  nodding. 

A.  c^muum,  Roth.  Banks,  through  the  Alleghany  region  and  N.  W.; 
scape  angular,  1°-2C  long,  often  nodding  at  the  apex ;  pedicels  of  the 
loose,  many-flowered  umbel  drooping ;  flowers  light  rose-color ;  leaves 
linear,  sharply  keeled  on  the  back,  channeled. 

t-  +-  Umbel  erect. 

A.  mutdbile,  Michx.  Dry  sandy  soil  N.  Car.,  S.;  scape  1°  high, 
terete,  bearing  an  umbel  of  white  flowers  changing  to  rose-color ;  leaves 
narrow,  concave ;  bulb  coated  with  a  fibrous  network. 

A.  sativum,  Linn.  GARDEN  GARLIC.  Bulbs  clustered,  pointed;  leaves 
lance-linear,  keeled  ;  flowers  few,  purple,  or  bulblets  in  their  place  ;  fila- 
ments all  broad  and  3-cleft.  Eu. 

A.  Pdrrum,  Linn.  GARDEN  LEEK.  Bulb  elongated,  single;  leaves 
broadly  linear,  keeled  or  folded  ;  flowers  in  a  head,  white,  with  some  rose- 
colored  stripes ;  3  of  the  filaments  3-forked.  Em. 

*  *  *  Leaves  terete  and  hollow. 
-t-  Bulbs  cespitose,  crowning  a  rhizome  ;  the  plant,  therefore,  tufted. 

A.  Schoen6prasum,  Linn.  CHIVES.  Low,  in  mats  ;  leaves  awl-shaped, 
equaling  the  scape  ;  flowers  purple-rose-color,  its  divisions  lanceolate  and 


448  LILY   FAMILY. 

pointed,  long  ;  filaments  simple.    Cult,  for  flavoring,  and  also  wild  on  our 
northern  borders. 

•*-  -»-  Bulbs  distinct,  the  plant  not  tufted. 

A.  vineale,  Linn.  FIELD  or  CROW  GARLIC.  A  weed  from  Eu.  in  gar- 
dens and  waste  low  grounds ;  slender  scape  sheathed  to  the  middle  by 
the  hollow  thread-shaped  leaves,  which  are  grooved  down  the  upper  side  ; 
flowers  greenish-rose-color ;  often  their  place  is  occupied  by  bulblets. 

A.  Ascaldnicum,  Linn.  SHALLOT.  Bulb  with  oblong  offsets;  leaves 
awl-shaped ;  flowers  lilac-purple ;  3  of  the  filaments  3-forked.  Old 
World. 

A.  Cepa,  Linn.  ONION.  Bulb  depressed,  large,  sometimes  making 
offsets ;  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  hollow,  inflated  scape ;  flowers 
white,  or  bulblets  in  their  place.  Persia. 

A.  fistuldsum,  Linn.  WELSH  ONION,  CIBOULE.  Differs  from  the  last 
in  forming  no  distinct  bulb,  the  numerous  glaucous  leaves  somewhat 
clustered.  The  leaves  are  used  for  soups  and  flavoring.  Siberia. 

33.  NOTHOSCORDUM.     (Greek:  false  garlic.) 

N.  stri^tum,  Kunth.  Low  pine  barrens  and  prairies,  Va.  to  111.,  and 
S. ;  scape  and  leaves  6'-12'  high,  the  latter  involute  and  striate  on  the 
back ;  flowers  3-10  in  the  umbel ;  ovules  and  seeds  several  in  each  cell; 
flowers  nearly  white,  in  spring. 

34.  OHNITHOQALUM,  STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM.    (Name  in  Greek 
means  bird's-milk,  a  current  expression  for  some  marvelous  thing.) 
Flowers  early  summer. 

*  Flowers  nodding  in  a  loose  unilateral  raceme. 

0.  ntitans,  Linn.  Scape  8'-16'  high ;  flowers  5  or  6,  1'  long,  on  very 
short  pedicels,  white  with  green  on  the  under  side.  Cult.,  and  sparingly 
escaped  E.  S.  Eu. 

#  *  Flowers  erect  in  racemes  or  corymbs. 

0.  umbelldtum,  Linn.  COMMON  S.  or  TEN-O'CLOCK.  From  Eu. ;  in  old 
gardens  and  escaped  into  some  low  meadows  ;  leaves  long  and  grass-like  ; 
flowers  bright  white  within,  green  outside,  opening  in  the  sun,  on  slender 
stalks. 

0.  Ardbicum,  Linn.  Mediterranean  region,  now  frequent  in  green- 
houses ;  scape  stout,  l°-2°,  with  a  6-12-flowered,  rounded  or  deltoid 
raceme ;  leaves  flat,  1'  or  less  broad ;  flowers  large,  white,  with  a  black 
center,  odorous. 

0.  caudatum,  Ait.  SEA  ONION.  Scape  terete  and  often  3'  high,  with 
30-100  small,  greenish- white  flowers  in  a  long  raceme  ;  leaves  few,  fleshy, 
flat,  strap-shaped  and  long-pointed.  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Conservato- 
ries and  window  gardens. 

35.  SCILIiA,   SQUILL.     (The  ancient  name.)'    Several  species  are  hi 
cultivation  ;  the  commonest  is 

S.  5/6/r/ca,  Andr.  Scapes  several  from  each  bulb,  3'-8'  high,  2  to  3- 
flowered  in  earliest  spring ;  leaves  2  to  4,  narrow-strap-shaped  and  finely 
striate ;  flowers  deep  blue,  f '  or  less  long,  often  slightly  drooping,  on 
short  stalks,  the  acute  segments  widely  spreading.  Russia  and  Siberia. 

36.  CAMASSIA,    CAMASS.     (From  the  Indian  name.) 

C.  Frslseri,  Torr.  WILD  HYACINTH,  QUAMASH.  Moist  banks  and 
prairies  from  W.  Penn.,  W.  and  S.  W.;  scape  and  linear-keeled  leaves  1° 
high  ;  flowers  pale  blue,  in  a  long  loose  raceme,  in  spring. 


LILY   FAMILY.  449 

37.  CHIONODOXA.     (Greek:   gloi~y  of  the  show,  referring  to  the 
early  flowering.) 

C.  Luci/ice,  Boiss.  A  pretty  little  bulbous  plant  from  Asia  Minor ; 
scape  6'  high,  bearing  a  raceme  of  3  to  6,  and  sometimes  more,  flowers 
which  are  deep  blue  shading  to  white  in  the  center  (a  variety  is  white- 
flowered),  the  acute  segments  widely  spreading  or  even  recurved,  and  ex- 
panding to  nearly  1 '  across ;  leaves  narrow. 

38.  MUSCARI,   GRAPE  or  GLOBE  HYACINTH.     (Name  from  the 
musky  scent  of  the  flowers  in  one  species. )     Flowers  spring. 

Nl.  botryoldes,  Mill.  COMMON*  GRAPE  HYACINTH  of  country  gardens, 
escaping  into  lawns  and  fields ;  a  pretty  little  plant,  sending  up  in  early 
spring  its  narrow  linear  leaves,  and  a  scape  (5'-7'  high)  bearing  a  dense 
raceme  of  globular  deep  blue  flowers  which  are  barely  £'  long,  resembling 
minute  grapes,  scentless.  Eu. 

HI.  moschatum,  Willd.  MUSK  HYACINTH.  Glaucous,  with  larger  and 
ovoid-oblong,  livid,  musky-scented  flowers,  and  linear-lanceolate  shorter 
leaves.  Asia  Minor. 

HI.  comosum.  Mill.  Larger,  9'  high,  with  violet-colored  oblong  flowers, 
on  longer  pedicels  in  a  loose  raceme,  the  uppermost  in  a  tuft  and  abor- 
tive ;  the  monstrous  variety  most  cultivated  produces,  later  in  the  season, 
from  the  tufted  apex  of  the  scape  a  large  panicled  mass  of  abortive,  con- 
torted, bright  blue  branchlets,  of  a  striking  and  handsome  appearance. 
S.  Eu. 

39.  HYACINTHUS,   HYACINTH.     (Mythological  name.)     The  so- 
called  H.  CANDICANS,  of  gardens,  a  plant  4°-6°  high  and  bearing  20  to 
100  bell-shaped,  creamy  flowers,  is  GALT&NIA  CANDICANS,  Decne.,  of  S. 
Africa. 

H.  orientalis,  Linn.  COMMON  H.  Of  the  Levant,  with  its  raceme  of 
blue  flowers,  is  the  parent  of  numberless  cultivated  varieties,  of  divers 
colors,  single,  and  double  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  more  or  less  ventricose, 
the  segments  oblong-spatulate.  Flowers  spring. 

Var.  d/bu/us.  Baker,  of  S.  France,  is  the  parent  of  the  ROMAN  HYA- 
CINTHS. It  is  slenderer,  with  more  erect  leaves,  flowers  small  and  white, 
and  the  tube  scarcely  ventricose,  bearing  oblong  segments. 

40.  AGAPANTHUS.    (Of  Greek  words  for  amiable  flower.)    One 
species. 

A.  umbellatus,  L'Her.  A  handsome  house  plant,  turned  out  blooms  in 
summer;  leaves  large,  bright-green  (a  variegated  variety),  l°-2°  long; 
scape  li°-2°  high,  bearing  an  umbel  of  pretty  large  blue  flowers.  There 
are  many  garden  forms,  varying  chiefly  in  color  of  flowers  (some  white) 
and  size  of  plant.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

41.  HEMEROCALLIS.  DAY  LILY.   (Name,  in  Greek,  means  beauty 
of  a  day,  the  large  flower  ephemeral.)     Cult,  from  the  Old  World, 
especially  in  country  gardens ;  the  first  species  escaped  into  roadsides  ; 
flowers  summer. 

H.  fulva,  Linn.  COMMON  DAY  LILY.  A  familiar,  rather  coarse  and 
tall  plant,  with  broadish  linear  leaves  and  tawny  orange  flower,  the  inner 
divisions  wavy  and  obtuse. 

H.  flava,  Linn.     YELLOW  D.     Less  coarse,  with  narrower  leaves  and 
clear  light  yellow,  fragrant  flowers,  the  inner  divisions  acute.     Less  com- 
mon than  the  other,  but  handsomer. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  EOT.  — 29 


450  LILY   FAMILY. 

42.  PHORMIUM,   NEW  ZEALAND  FLAX.     (Greek :  basket,  from 
the  use  made  of  the  fiber.) 

P.  tenax,  Linn.  Nearly  hardy  N.,  but  does  not  flower ;  the  very  firm, 
finely  nerved,  linear,  evergreen  leaves  (a  variegated  variety)  tufted  on 
matted  rootstocks,  strongly  keeled,  couduplicate  below,  nearly  flat  above, 
yielding  a  very  strong  fiber  for  cordage.  New  Zealand. 

43.  KNIPHOFIA.     (Johann  H.  Kniphof,  a  German  physician  of  the 
last  century.)     Flowers  unpleasantly  scented,  showy,  in  autumn. 

If.  aloldes,  Moench.  (or  TRIT6MA  UVARIA).  RED-HOT  POKER  PLANT, 
or  FLAME  FLOWEK.  Ornamental  in  autumn,  the  scape  rising  from  the 
thick  clumps  of  long  grassy  leaves  3°  or  4°  high,  the  cylindrical  spike  or 
raceme  producing  a  long  succession  of  flowers,  which  are  at  first  erect 
and  coral-red ;  soon  they  hang  over  and  change  to  orange  and  at  length 
to  greenish  yellow.  Roots  half  hardy  N.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

44.  FUNKIA.     (Named  for  H.  Funck,  a  German  botanist.)     Orna- 
mental, hardy  plants  with  large  cordate-ovate  ribbed  leaves  in  clumps, 
cult,  from  Japan  and  China ;  flowers  summer. 

F.  subcordata,  Spreng.  WHITE  DAT  LILT.  The  species  with  long, 
white,  and  tubular-funnel-form  flowers. 

F.  ovata,  Spreng.  BLUE  D.  (F.  ccERtjLEA).  With  smaller,  more  nod- 
ding, blue  or  violet  flowers,  abruptly  expanded  above  the  narrow  tube. 

45.  ASPHODELUS,   ASPHODEL.      (Ancient  name.)     The  A.    Lti- 
TEUS  of  gardens  is  ASFHODEL!NE   LtiTEA,  Reichb.,  from   Eu.,  distin- 
guished from  the  true  asphodels  chiefly  by  the  leafy  stem  and  yellow 
flowers.    The  ones  seen  in  gardens  are : 

A.  fistuldsus,  Linn.    Leaves  hollow,  striate  and  awl-like ;  stem  16'-20' 
high.     Eu. 
A.  6/bus,  Willd.    Leaves  linear  and  keeled ;  peduncles  clustered.    Eu. 

46.  SCHCENOLIRION.     (Greek:   rush  lily.)    We  have  two  species 
in  Georgia  and  Florida. 

8.  cr6ceum,  Gray.  Stem  1°  high,  very  slender ;  raceme  l'-4'  long, 
simple  ;  bracts  ovate  and  somewhat  obtuse,  purple  ;  flowers  yellow  tinged 
with  red,  the  segments  narrow. 

S.  Ellidttii,  Feay.  Stouter,  2°  high ;  racemes  mostly  panicled,  each 
becoming  2'-4'  long ;  bracts  ovate  or  acuminate  ;  flowers  white,  the  seg- 
ments oval  and  5-nerved. 

47.  PARADISE  A.      (Paradise,  of  which  this  very  ordinary  plant  is 
supposed  to  be  a  fit  inhabitant.)     The  genus  ANTHERICUM  (including 
PHALANGIUM)  differs  from  this  in  its  rotate  perianth,  4-8-ovuled  cells, 
often  angular  pod,  and  the  anthers  attached  between  their  basal  lobes 
(in  Paradisea,  attached  on  the  back).     There  are  two  or  three  species 
sometimes  found  in  gardens,  chiefly  the  European  A.  LILI\GO,  Linn., 
with  stem  sparingly  branched,  large  white  flowers  (!'-!£'  across)  and 
curved  style ;  and  A.  RAM6suM,  Linn.,  with  more  branching  stems, 
smaller  flowers  and  a  straight  style. 

P.  Lilidstrum,  Bertol.  ST.  BRUNO'S  LILT.  Stems  or  scapes  simple,  1°- 
2°  high,  bearing  10-20  white,  bell-like,  fragrant  flowers,  nearly  or  quite 


LILY   FAMILY.  451 

2'  long ;  segments  with  a  greenish  spot  on  the  point ;  leaves  narrow  and 
flat,  all  radical.     S.  Eu.;  the  only  species. 

48.  ALOE.     (Name  from  the  Arabic.)     A  large  and  difficult  genus  of 
succulent  mostly  S.  African  plants.    Probably  the  commonest  is 

A.  variegata,  Linn.  Leaves  ascending  and  lanceolate,  4'-6'  long,  con- 
cave above  and  keeled  below,  denticulate,  green  spotted  with  gray  and 
margined  with  white  ;  flowers  !£'  long,  reddish,  in  a  simple  loose  raceme 
3'-4'  long ;  scape  1°  or  less  high. 

49.  YUCCA,    BEAR  GRASS,   SPANISH  BAYONET.      (American 
aboriginal  name.)     Cult,  for  ornament,  but  only  the  nearly  stemless 
species  is  really  hardy  N.     Flowers  summer,  large ;  and  whole  plant  of 
striking  appearance.    The  common  ones,  under  various  names  and 
varieties,  mainly  belong  to  the  following: 

*  Trunk  short,  covered  with  leaves,  rising  only  a  foot  or  two  above  the 

ground;  flowering  stalk  scape-like;  pod  dry. 

Y.  filament6sa,  Pursh.  COMMON  BEAR  GRASS,  or  ADAM'S  NEEDLE. 
From  Md.  S. ;  leaves  lanceolate,  l°-2°  long,  spreading,  moderately  rigid, 
tipped  with  a  weak  prickly  point,  the  smooth  edges  bearing  thread-like 
filaments ;  scape  3°-6°  high ;  flowers  white  or  pale  cream-color,  some- 
times tinged  purplish. 

Y.  angustifdlia,  Pursh.  Smaller,  with  erect  and  narrow  linear  leaves, 
few  threads  on  their  white  margins,  and  yellowish-white  flowers. 
S.  Dak.,  S. 

*  *  Trunk  arborescent,  2°-8°  high  in  wild  plants  on  the  sands  of  the  coast 
S.,  or  much  higher  in  conservatories,  naked  below;  no  threads  to  the 
leaves. 

Y.  gloribsa,  Linn.  Trunk  low,  generally  simple  ;  leaves  coriaceous, 
smooth-edged,  slender-spiny  tipped,  l°-2°  long,  1'-1J'  wide  ;  flowers  white, 
or  purplish-tinged  outside,  in  a  short-peduncled  panicle.  N.  Car.,  S. 

Y.  aloif61ia,  Linn.  SPANISH  BAYONET.  Trunk  4°-20°  high,  branch- 
ing when  old ;  leaves  very  rigid,  strongly  spiny-tipped,  with  very  rough- 
serrulate,  saw-like  edges,  2°  or  more  long,  lJ'-2'  wide  ;  the  short  panicle 
nearly  sessile.  N.  Car.  S. 

50.  CORDYLINB.     (Greek:  club,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the  roots 
in  some  species.)     Various  species  in  choice  conservatories,  commonly 
known  as  DRACAENAS,  cultivated  for  the  foliage,  which  is  often  hand- 
somely colored. 

C.  indivlsa,  Steud.  Leaves  2°-4°  long,  and  only  an  inch  or  two  broad, 
long-tapering,  curving,  dark  green.  New  Zealand. 

C.  austra/is,  Hook,  f .  Hardier ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  2°-3°  long 
and  2'-4'  broad,  prominently  striate.  New  Zealand. 

C.  Bdnksii,  Hook,  f .  Stem  trunk-like  and  becoming  several  feet  high ; 
leaves  long-lanceolate  (4°-6°  long),  finely  striate,  with  several  prominent 
veins  or  ribs  ;  flowers  white.  New  Zealand ;  an  excellent  species,  but  not 
yet  very  common. 

C.  terminalis,  Kunth.  The  commonest  one  in  cultivation,  from  tropical 
Asia;  leaves  l°-2°  long,  lanceolate  and  coriaceous,  narrowed  to  both 
ends,  green,  bronze  or  crimson,  clustered  near  the  ends  of  the  branches 
or  the  top  of  the  trunk  (the  latter  ordinarily  4°  or  less  high)  ;  flowers 
in  branched  panicles.  Parent  of  most  garden  DRACAENAS.  C.  CANN-K- 
FOLIA  is  a  form  of  this. 


452  PICKEEEL   WEED   FAMILY. 


CXX.    PONTEDERIACRE,    PICKEREL   WEED   FAMILY. 

A  few  water  plants,  with  perfect  and  more  or  less  irregular 
flowers  from  a  spathe,  the  perianth  with  6  petal-like  divisions 
and  free  from  the  3-celled  ovary ;  stamens  3  or  6,  unequal  or 
dissimilar,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  perianth;  style  1,  the 
stigma  3-  or  6-lobed  or  toothed. 

*  Stamens  6 ;  perianth  funnel-form. 

1.  PONTEDERIA.   Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.   Perianth  of  6  divisions  irregularly  united 

below  in  a  tube,  the  3  most  united  forming  an  upper  lip  of  8  lobes,  the  others  more 
spreading  and  with  more  or  less  separate  or  lightly  cohering  claws  forming  the  lower 
lip,  open  only  for  a  day,  rolling  up  from  the  apex  downwards  as  it  closes  ;  the  6-ribbed 
base  thickening,  turning  green,  and  inclosing  the  fruit.  Stamens  6,  the  8  lower  in  the 
throat,  with  incurved  filaments  ;  the  3  upper  lower  down  and  shorter,  often  imperfect. 
Ovary  3-celled,  2  cells  empty,  one  with  a  hanging  ovule.  Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded 
utricle. 

2.  EICHHORNIA.    Differs  in  having  the  flowers  spicate-racemose  or  paniculate,  the  3 

calls  of  the  ovary  all  developing  and  each  many-ovuled,  the  upper  stamens  Included 
and  the  lower  ones  exserted.  Plant  (in  ours)  floating  free. 

*  *  Stamens  3 ;  perianth  salver-form. 

3.  HETERANTHEEA.    Flowers  1-few  from  a  spathe  which  bursts  from  the  sheathing 

side  or  base  of  a  petiole.  Perianth  tube  slender,  the  limb  nearly  equally  parted  and 
ephemeral.  Capsule  1-celled  or  incompletely  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

1.  PONTEDERIA,  PICKEREL  WEED.      (J.    Pontedera,   an   early 
Italian  botanist.) 

P.  cordata,  Linn.  COMMON  P.  Everywhere  in  shallow  water ;  stem 
l°-2°  high,  naked  below,  above  bearing  a  single,  petioled,  heart-shaped 
and  oblong  or  lance-arrow-shaped,  obtuse  leaf,  and  a  spike  of  purplish- 
blue,  small  flowers  ;  upper  lobe  with  a  conspicuous  yellowish-green  spot ; 
flowers  all  summer.  2/ 

2.  EICHHORNIA.     (J.  A.  F.  Eichhorn,  a  German.) 

£.  specidsa,  Kunth.  (E.  CRASSIPES,  PONTEDERIA  AZ^REA).  From  S. 
Amer.,  now  frequent  in  greenhouses,  and  in  lily  ponds  in  summer  ;  leaf 


blade  nearly  orbicular,  shining  green,  the  petiole  terete  and  swollen  mid- 
way into  a  hollow  bladder;  flower  large  (!£'  long),  violet,  several  in  a 
raceme  ;  roots  feather-like  and  purplish,  free  in  the  water. 

3.    HETERANTHERA,  MUD  PLANTAIN.    (Greek :  unlike  anthers.) 

*  Stamens  unequal,  the  two  posterior  with  ovate  yellow  anthers,  the  other 
longer  with  an  oblong  or  sagittate  greenish  anther. 

H.  renifdrmis,  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  In  mud  or  shallow  water,  Conn.,  S.  and 
W.;  with  floating,  round-kidney-shaped  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  3-5 
ephemeral  white  flowers,  their  perianth  with  a  slender  tube,  bearing  6 
nearly  equal  divisions. 

H.  Iim6sa,  Vahl.  In  mud,  Va.,  S.  and  W.;  distinguished  by  its  oblong 
or  lance-oblong  leaves,  and  solitary,  larger,  blue  flower. 

*  *  Stamens  all  alike,  with  sagittate  anthers. 

H.  (or  ScnbLLERA)  graminea,  Vahl.  WATER  STAR  GRASS.  A  grass- 
like  weed  growing  under  water  in  streams,  from  N,  Eng.,  W.  and  S.,  with 


SPIDERWORT   FAMILY.  453 

branching  stems  beset  with  linear,  pellucid,  sessile  leaves  ;  the  flower  with 
a  slender,  pale  yellow  perianth,  of  6  narrow,  equal  divisions  raised  to  the 
surface  on  a  very  slender  tube. 


CXXI.    COMMELIffACKffi,  SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  mucilaginous  juice,  jointed  and  mostly  branch- 
ing leafy  stems,  and  perfect  sometimes  irregular  flowers,  hav- 
ing a  perianth  of  usually  3  green  and  persistent  sepals,  and  3 
ephemeral  petals  (these  commonly  melt  into  jelly  the  night 
after  expansion) ;  6  stamens,  some  of  them  often  imperfect, 
and  a  free  2-3-celled  ovary ;  style  and  stigma  one.  Pod  2-3- 
celled,  few-seeded.  Leaves  ovate  to  linear,  flat,  sheathing  at 
the  base.  Not  aquatic,  the  greater  part  tropical. 

»  Perfect  stamens  3,  the  other  3  with  sterile  cross-shaped  anthers. 
\.   COMMELINA.    Flowers  blue,  irregular.    Sepals  unequal,  2  of  them  sometimes  united 
by  their  contiguous  margins.    Two  of  the  petals  rounded  and  on  slender  claws,  the 
odd  one  smaller  or  abortive.     Filaments  naked.    Leaves  abruptly  contracted  and 
sheathing  at  base,  the  uppermost  forming  a  spathe  for  the  flowers. 

*  *  Stamens  all  6  perfect,  or  rarely  1  imperfect. 

2.  TEADESCANTIA.  Flowers  regular.  Petals  all  alike  and  distinct,  ovate,  sessile.  Sta- 
mens with  bearded  filaments.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  the  cells  2-ovuled.  Erect  herbs  with 
flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  umbellate  clusters  or  heads  (Lessons,  Fig.  330). 

8.  ZEBRINA.  Flowers  irregular.  Calyx  tubular  below,  either  equally  3-parted,  or  2-parted 
above  and  a  broader  lobe  below.  Corolla  with  a  slender  tube  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  lobes  ovate  and  spreading,  subequal.  Filaments  nude  or  bearded.  Ovary  3-celled, 
each  cell  1-2-ovuled.  Trailing  or  scandent  herbs,  with  flowers  mostly  in  2's. 

1.  COMMELINA,  DAY  FLOWER.  (J.  &  G.  Commelin,  early  Dutch 
botanical  authors.  A  third  brother  published  nothing.  In  naming  this 
genus  for  them,  Linnaeus  is  understood  to  have  designated  the  two 
former  by  the  full-developed  petals,  the  latter  by  the  smaller  or  abortive 
petal.)  Ours  are  branching  perennials,  or  continued  by  rooting  from 
the  joints  ;  in  alluvial  or  moist  shady  soil ;  flowers  all  summer. 

*  Cells  1-seeded;  seeds  smooth. 

C.  erdcta,  Linn.  Stem  slender  and  low  ;  leaves  Ihuar ;  cells  all  dehis- 
cent. Penn.,  S. 

C.  Virglnica,  Linn.  S.  N.  Y. ,  S.  and  W. ;  stems  reclining  and  root- 
ing at  base ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrower ;  spathes  scattered, 
conduplicate,  round-heart-shaped  when  laid  open  ;  odd  petal  inconspicu- 
ous ;  dorsal  cell  indehiscent,  scabrous. 

*  *  Ventral  cells  usually  2-seeded  (2-ovuled),  and  the  dorsal  one  1-seeded. 

C.  nudifldra,  Linn.  Slender  and  creeping,  glabrous ;  leaves  small  and 
lanceolate  ;  margins  of  the  cordate-ovate  spathe  not  united  ;  seeds  reticu- 
lated. Del.  to  Ind.,  and  S. 

C.  hirt^lla,  Vahl.  Stem  erect  (2°-4°)  and  stout ;  leaves  larger,  lance- 
olate, the  sheaths  brown-bearded ;  margins  of  the  spathe  united ;  seeds 
smooth.  Penn.,  W.  and  S. 


454  "WATER    PLANTAIN    FAMILY. 

2.  TRADESCANTIA,    SPIDERWORT.     (Named  for  the  gardener- 
botanist  Tradescant.)     Leaves  sheathed  at  the  base.     2/ 

*  Umbels  sessile  at  the  end  of  the  stem  and  branches  between  a  pair  of 

leaves,  or  later  also  in  the  lower  axils  ;  flowering  in  summer. 

T.  Virginica,  Linn.     W.  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.;  also  in  gardens;  leaves 

lance-linear,  tapering  regularly  from  the  base  to  the  point,  ciliate  ;  umbels 

terminal ;   flowers  blue,  in  garden  varieties  purple  or  white.    There  are 

forms  with  broader  leaves,  lower  stature,  and  pubescent  stems  and  leaves. 

*  *  Umbels  one  or  two  on  a  naked  peduncle. 

T.  rdsea,  Vent.  Sandy  woods,  Md.,  S.  and  W.;  slender,  6'-12'  high, 
smooth,  with  linear,  grass-like  leaves,  and  rose-colored  flowers  £'  wide. 

3.  ZEBRINA.   (Name  refers  to  the  stripes  often  present  on  the  leaves.) 
Z.    pendula,   Schnitzl.    (TRADESCANTIA  ZEBRINA   and  T.   TRICOLOR). 

WANDERING  JEW.  Common  in  greenhouses  and  window  baskets ; 
spreads  by  branching  and  rooting  freely ;  the  lance-ovate  or  oblong 
rather  succulent  leaves  crimson  beneath,  and  green  or  purplish  above, 
often  variegated  with  two  broad  stripes  of  silvery  white.  Mexico.  2/ 

CXXII.    ALISMACRE,   WATER  PLANTAIN   FAMILY. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  flowers  on  scapes  or  scape-like  stems,  in 
panicles,  racemes,  or  spikes,  with  distinct  calyx  and  corolla, 
viz.  3  persistent  green  sepals  and  3  conspicuous  white  petals, 
and  many  distinct  pistils  which  are  1-celled  and  mostly  1- 
ovuled ;  stamens  6  or  more,  on  the  receptacle.  Flowers  long- 
stalked,  loosely  racemed  or  panicled,  with  dry  lanceolate  bracts 
at  the  base.  Fruit  an  akene  in  ours.  Leaves  sheathing,  some- 
times reduced  to  petioles.  Juice  sometimes  milky. 

1.  ALISMA.    Flowers  perfect,  loosely  panicled.     Petals  involute  in  the  bud.    Stamens  6. 

Ovaries  many,  in  a  ring,  very  flat-sided,  becoming  coriaceous  flat  akenes,  2-8-keeled 
on  the  back. 

2.  ECHINODORU8.    Flowers  perfect,  in  proliferous  umbels.    Petals  imbricated  in  the 

bud.    Stamens  9  or  more.    Ovaries  heaped  in  a  head,  becoming  wingless  akenes. 
8.   SAGITTARIA.    Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  successive 
whorls,  the  sterile  at  the  summit  of  the  scape  ;  the  lowest  fertile.    Stamens  usually 
numerous.    Ovaries  very  many,  heaped  on  the  globular  receptacle,  in  fruit  becom- 
ing flat  and  winged  akenes. 

1.  ALISMA,   WATER  PLANTAIN.     (The  old  Greek  name,  of  un- 
certain meaning. )     Flowers  all  late  summer. 

A.  Plantago,  Linn.  Shallow  water;  leaves  long-petioled,  varying 
from  ovate  or  oblong-heart-shaped  to  lanceolate,  3-5-ribbed  ;  panicle  l°-2° 
long,  of  very  many  and  loose,  small,  white  flowers.  Variable,  y. 

2.  ECHINODORUS.     (From  Greek  words  for  prickly  flask,  the  head 
of  fruit  being  as  it  were  prickly-pointed  by  the  styles,  but  hardly  so  in 
our  species.)   The  following  occur  in  muddy  or  wet  places ;  flowers  sum- 
mer ;  the  flowering  shoots  or  scapes  mostly  proliferous  and  creeping. 
E.  pdrvulus,  Engelm.     A  tiny  plant,  l'-3'  high,  with   lanceolate  or 

spatulate  leaves,  few-flowered  umbels,  9  stamens,  and  almost  pointless 
akenes.  Mass.,  W.  and  S.  (£) 


WATER  PLANTAIN   FAMILY.  455 

E.  rostratua,  Engelm.  Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped  (l'-3'  long,  not 
including  the  petiole),  shorter  than  the  erect  scape,  which  bears  a  panicle 
of  proliferous  umbels  ;  flower  almost  £'  wide  ;  12  stamens  ;  akenes  beaked 
with  slender  styles.  HI.,  W.  and  S.  ® 

E.  radlcans,  Engelm.  Leaves  broadly  heart-shaped  and  larger  (3'-8' 
wide) ,  which  are  very  open  or  almost  truncate  at  base ;  the  creeping 
scapes  or  stems  becoming  l°-4°  long  and  bearing  many  whorls  ;  flowers 
$'-4'  broad  ;  akenes  short-beaked.  HI.,  W.  and  S.  ^  ? 

3.  SAQITTARIA,  ARROWHEAD.  (From  the  Latin  for  arrow, 
on  account  of  the  sagittate  leaves  which  prevail  in  the  genus.)  In 
shallow  water ;  flowers  all  summer.  2£ 

*  Filaments  long  and  slender,  i.e.  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  anthers. 

3.  varidbilis,  Engelm.  The  common  species  everywhere,  exceedingly 
variable;  almost  all  the  well- developed  leaves  arrow-shaped;  filaments 
nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  anthers,  smooth  ;  sepals  reflexed  after 
flowering ;  akenes  broadly  obovate,  with  a  long  and  curved  beak  ;  calyx 
remaining  open.  The  lobes  of  the  leaves  are  sometimes  very  narrow- 
linear  (var.  grcicilis,  Engelm),  and  sometimes  the  petioles,  upper  part 
of  the  scape,  the  bracts,  and  sepals  are  pubescent  (var.  pubescena, 
Engelm).  Other  well-marked  forms  occur. 

S.  Montevidensis,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  From  S.  Ainer.,  now  frequently 
grown  in  aquaria  ;  distinguished  from  the  above  by  a  deep  purple  spot  at 
the  base  of  the  flower  inside,  thick  pedicels  of  the  pistillate  flowers,  and 
sepals  erect  after  flowering. 

B.  Iancif6lia,  Linn.  Common  from  Md.  and  Ky.,  S.  ;  with  the  stout 
leaves  l°-3°  and  scapes  2°-5°  high,  the  coriaceous  blade  of  the  former 
lance-oblong  and  always  tapering  into  the  thick  petiole,  the  nerves  nearly 
all  from  the  thick  and  prominent  midrib. 

3.  calycina,  Engelm.  Along  rivers,  often  much  immersed ;  many  of 
the  leaves  linear  or  with  no  blades ;  the  others  mostly  halberd-shaped ; 
scapes  weak,  3'-9'  high  ;  pedicels  with  fruit  recurved  ;  filaments  roughish, 
only  as  long  as  the  anthers  ;  akenes  obovate,  tipped  with  short  horizontal 
style  ;  calyx  appressed  to  head  of  fruit  and  partly  covering  it ;  the  fertile 
flowers  show  9-12  stamens,  the  sterile  occasionally  some  rudiments  of 
pistils.  Me.,  W.  and  S. 

*  *  Filaments  very  short  and  broad. 

S.  heterophyila,  Pursh.  Scapes  3'-2°  high,  weak ;  the  fertile  flowers 
almost  sessile,  the  sterile  long-pediceled  ;  filaments  glandular-pubescent ; 
akenes  narrow-obovate,  with  a  long,  erect  beak  ;  leaves  linear,  lanceolate 
or  lance-oblong,  arrow-shaped  with  narrow  lobes  or  entire.  N.  Eng., 
W.  and  S. 

B.  gramlnea,  Michx.  Common  S.  ;  known  from  the  foregoing  by 
the  slender  pedicels  of  both  kinds  of  flowers ;  small,  almost  beakless 
akenes  ;  and  leaves  rarely  arrow-shaped ;  the  phyllodia  flat.  N.  Eng., 
W.  and  S. 

B.  teres,  Watson.  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  in  shallow  water  ;  scape  6'-20' 
high;  phyllodia  terete,  acutely  attenuate  upwards,  very  rarely  with  a 
narrow  blade  ;  pedicels  all  very  slender  and  spreading,  in  1-3  whorls ; 
filaments  12,  dilated  and  pubescent ;  akene  obovate,  with  an  erect  beak, 
the  margins  crenate-crested. 

B.  natans,  Michx.,  var.  lorata,  Chapm.  Known  by  the  small  size 
(l'-3'  high),  few  flowers,  usually  only  one  of  them  fertile  and  recurved 
in  fruit ;  stamens  only  about  7,  with  glabrous  filaments  ;  akenes  obovate, 
with  erect  beak ;  and  leaves  without  a  true  blade.  N.  Y. ,  S. ,  near  the 
coast. 


456  BUSH  FAMILY. 

Four  small  families,  mostly  of  rush-like  plants,  are  some- 
what related  to  the  foregoing,  but  they  are  unattractive  to  the 
beginner  and  are  rather  too  recondite  for  description  here. 
For  their  study,  the  Manual  should  be  consulted.  These  are 

CXXm.    XYRIDACRE,   YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  F. 

Small,  rush-like  herbs,  with  equitant  leaves,  like  Bulrushes 
in  having  flowers  in  a  head  or  spike,  one  under  each  firm 
glume-like  bract,  but  with  a  regular  perianth  of  3  sepals  and 
3  colored  (yellow)  petals ;  also  a  1-celled  many-seeded  ovary 
and  pod  with  3  parietal  placentae,  and  a  3-cleft  stigma.  Over 
a  dozen  species  of  XYKIS  in  our  territory,  mostly  in  boggy 
places  or  pine  barrens. 

CXXIV.    MAYACR2E,  MAYACA  FAMILY. 

Moss-like  aquatic  plants,  densely  clothed  with  narrow-linear, 
sessile,  and  pellucid  leaves,  and  bearing  axillary,  naked,  1- 
flowered  peduncles,  the  perfect  white  flower  3-androus.  One 
species,  MAYACA  MICHAUXII,  in  shallow  water,  Va.,  S. 

CXXV.    ERIOCAULONACEE,   PIPEWORT  FAMILY. 

Another  small  group  of  marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  of  rush-like 
appearance,  with  a  head  of  monoecious,  white-bearded  flowers, 
in  structure  somewhat  like  the  Yellow-eyed  Grass,  terminat- 
ing a  naked  scape,  at  the  base  of  which  is  a  tuft  of  grassy  awl- 
shaped,  linear,  or  lanceolate  leaves  of  loose  cellular  texture, 
not  equitant,  but  the  upper  surface  concave.  A  half  dozen  spe- 
cies in  the  genera  EBIOCAULON,  P^EPALANTHUS,  LACHNOCAULON. 

CXXVI.    JTTNCACKE,   RUSH  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  the  appearance  and  herbage  of  Sedges  and 
Grasses,  yet  with  flowers  of  the  structure  of  the  Lily  Family, 
having  a  complete  perianth  of  6  parts,  3  outer  and  3  inner, 
but  greenish  and  glume-like.  Stamens  6  or  3,  style  1 ;  stigmas  3. 

1.  JTTNCUS.    Ovary  and  pod  3-ceUed  or  almost  3-celled,  many-seeded.     Herbage  smooth ; 

stems  often  leafless,  generally  pithy. 

2.  LUZULA.    Ovary  and  pod  1-celled,  with  8  parietal  placentae,  and  one  seed  to  each. 

Stems  and  leaves  often  soft-hairy. 

The  only  conspicuous  species  is  Jtmcus  EFFUSUS,  Linn.,  the  COMMON 
BULRUSH,  in  low  grounds ;  has  soft  and  pliant  stems  in  clumps,  2°-4° 
high  ;  panicle  of  many  greenish  flowers ;  3  stamens  ;  and  very  blunt  pod. 


ARUM   FAMILY.  457 


II.    SPADICEOUS  DIVISION. 

Flowers  either  naked,  i.e.  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla, 
or  these,  if  present,  not  brightly  colored,  collected  in  the 
sort  of  spike  called  a  spadix,  which  is  embraced  or  sub- 
tended by  the  kind  of  developing  bract  termed  a  spathe. 
The  most  familiar  examples  of  this  division  are  offered  by 
the  Arum  Family.  There  are  various  exceptions  to  this 
style  of  inflorescence,  and  the  division,  like  all  others,  is 
merely  artificial,  but  it  will  serve  to  aid  the  beginner. 
The  first  two  families  are  too  difficult  for  the  beginner. 

CXXVH.    NAIADACKE,   PONDWEED  FAMILY. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  stems  mostly  leafy  and  jointed, 
the  leaves  stipulate  or  sheathing,  the  flowers  (sometimes  not 
spathaceous)  perfect  or  unisexual,  with  4  or  6  distinct  incon- 
spicuous segments,  or  the  perianth  tubular,  or  even  wanting. 
Stamens  1-6.  Ovaries  1-6,  distinct  or  nearly  so,  1-celled  and 
usually  1-ovuled,  the  fruit  follicular  or  fleshy.  Our  genera  are 
TRIGLOCHIN,  SCHEUCHZERIA,  with  bladeless  leaves,  allied  to 
the  water  Plantain  Family,  the  former  with  naked,  scape-like 
stems ;  and  POTAMOGETON,  the  POND  WEEDS,  with  many  diffi- 
cult species,  RUPPIA  and  ZOSTERA,  grass-like  immersed  plants 
on  the  seacoast,  ZANXICHELLIA,  a  similar  plant  in  fresh  water, 
and  NAIAS,  slender  and  inconspicuous  branchy  plants,  mostly 
in  fresh  water. 

CXXVm.    LEMNACEfi,  DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 

Minute,  stemless  plants  reduced  to  a  floating  leaf-like  body 
three  fourths  inch  or  less  long  (in  LEMNA)  or  even  to  minute, 
green  grains  (in  WOLFFIA).  The  least  of  flowering  plants. 

CXXIX.    ARACILE,   ARUM  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  pungent  or  acrid  watery  juice,  leaves 
often  with  veins  reticulated  so  as  to  resemble  those  of  Dicoty- 
ledons, small  perfect  or  imperfect  flowers  in  a  fleshy  head  or 
spike  called  a  spadix,  usually  furnished  with  the  colored  or 
peculiar  enveloping  bract  called  a  spathe.  Floral  envelopes 


458  ARUM  FAMILY. 

4-6,  or  0.  Fruit  generally  a  berry.  A  large  family  in  the 
tropics,  and  comprising  many  plants  of  choice  collections,  cul- 
tivated for  the  foliage,  or  for  the  showy,  so-called  "flowers," 
which  are  really  colored  spathes. 

»  Plants  with  expanded  leaf  blade  (never  linear),  and  with  spreading  nerves  or  veins. 

+-  Spadix  surrounded  by  a  conspicuous,  generally  colored,  spathe. 

•H-  Leaves  (in  ours)  compound. 

1.  ARIS^EMA.    Leaves  only  one  or  two,  with  stalks  sheathing  the  simple  stem,  which 

rises  from  a  fleshy  conn,  and  terminates  in  a  long  spadix  bearing  nude  flowers  only 
at  its  hase,  where  it  is  enveloped  by  the  convolute  lower  part  of  the  greenish  or  pur- 
plish spathe.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile,  each  of  a  few  sessile  anthers ;  the 
fertile  each  a  1-celled  5-6-ovuled  ovary,  in  fruit  becoming  a  scarlet  berry ;  commonly 
dioecious,  the  stamens  being  abortive  in  one  plant,  the  pistils  abortive  in  the  other. 
•H-  ++  Leaves  simple. 

•=  Foliage  of  ordinary  size,  the  leaves  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped,  or  sometimes 

nearly  lanceolate. 
I  Spathe  convolute  (its  margins  overlapping  below)  about  the  spadix. 

2.  AEUM.    Leaves  hastate  or  sagittate,  with  the  scape  from  a  thick  rhizome.    Spathe 

convolute  below,  large,  the  blade  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  dark-colored, 
spotted  or  green.  Spadix  shorter  than  the  spathe,  sessile.  Flowers  without  enve- 
lopes, mono3cious,  the  staminate  above.  Ovary  oblong  and  obtuse,  1-celled,  6-00  - 
seeded.  Berry  obovoid,  many-seeded. 

8.  PELTANDRA.  Leaves  arrow-shaped  ;  these  and  the  scape  from  a  tufted  fibrous  root. 
Spathe  convolute  to  the  pointed  apex,  green,  wavy-margined.  Spadix  long  and 
tapering,  covered  completely  with  nude  flowers,  i.e.  above  with  naked  shield-shaped 
anthers  each  of  5  or  6  cells,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  top,  below  with  1-celled  ovaries 
bearing  several  erect  ovules,  in  fruit  a  1-3-seeded  fleshy  bag.  Seeds  obovate,  sur- 
rounded by  a  tenacious  jelly. 

4.  RICHARDIA.    Leaves  arrow-shaped  ;  these  and  the  long  scape  from  a  short  tuberous 

rootstock.  Spathe  broad,  spreading  above,  convolute  at  base  around  the  slender 
cylindrical  spadix,  which  is  densely  covered  above  with  yellow  anthers,  below  with 
ovaries,  each  incompletely  3-celled,  and  containing  several  hanging  ovules.  Flowers 
with  no  envelopes. 

[  I  Spalhe  shell-form  or  hooded,  inclosing  the  globular  spadix,  in  ichich  the  flowers  are 
as  it  were  nearly  immersed. 

5.  SYMPLOCARPUS.    Leaves  ovate,  very  large  and  veiny,  short-petioled,  appearing 

much  later  than  the  flowers  from  a  fibrous-rooted  conn  or  short  rootstock.  Spathe 
ovate,  incurved,  thick,  barely  raised  out  of  the  ground.  Each  flower  has  4  hooded 
sepals,  4  stamens  with  2-celled  anthers  turned  outwards,  and  a  1-celled,  1-ovuled 
ovary  tipped  with  a  short  awl-shaped  style  ;  the  fruit  is  the  enlarged  spongy  spadix 
under  the  rough  surface  of  which  are  imbedded  large  fleshy  seeds. 

1 1 1  Spathe  open  and  spreading  (not  rolling  around  the  spadix). 

6.  CALLA.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles  ;  these  and  the  peduncles  from  a  creep- 

ing rootstock.  Spathe  open,  the  upper  face  bright  white,  spreading  widely  at  the 
base  of  the  oblong  spadix,  which  is  wholly  covered  with  the  nude  flowers  ;  the  lower 
ones  perfect,  having  6  stamens  around  a  1-celled  ovary ;  the  upper  often  of  stamens 
only.  Berries  red,  containing  a  few  oblong  seeds,  surrounded  with  jelly. 

7.  ANTHURIUM.   Leaves  various.  Plant  sometimes  with  a  distinct  stem  or  trunk  (even 

climbing  in  some  species).  Flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile,  and  with  a  4-parted 
perianth,  the  spadix  generally  elongated  and  prominent.  Spathe  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  thickish  and  mostly  of  a  waxy  texture.  Ovary  2-celled, 
with  1-2  ovules  in  each  cell,  but  usually  only  1  seed  in  each  fruit. 


ARUM   FAMILY.  459 

-    =  Foliage  very  large,  often  handsomely  colored,  the  leaves  usually  peltate. 

8.  COLOCASIA.    Leaves  peltate,  and  with  a  notch  at  the  base.    Spathe  convolute,  yel- 

lowish, much  longer  than  the  spadix,  the  limb  spreading ;  the  latter  covered  with 
ovaries  at  base,  above  with  some  abortive  rudiments,  still  higher  crowded  with 
numerous  6-8-celled  sessile  anthers,  and  the  pointed  summit  naked.  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  numerous  ovules  in  2  series. 

9.  CALADIUM.    Leaves  mostly  peltate,  notched  at  the  base,  rich  green  or  party-colored. 

Spathe  convolute,  constricted  at  the  throat,  white,  the  limb  boat-shaped,  longer  than 
the  stipitate  spadix ;  the  latter  with  staminate  flowers  above  and  ovaries  below. 
Ovary  2-3-celled,  with  many  ovules  in  each. 

+-  -i-  Spadix  naked;  i.e.,  the  spathe  incomplete  and  distant,  appearing  like  a  bract  on 
the  scape. 

10.  OEONTIUM.    Leaves  oblong  and  veiny,  unequilateral,  blunt,  abruptly  narrowed  into 

a  stout  petiole.    Flowers  perfect,  crowded  on  the  narrow  short  spadix,  with  4  or  6 
sepals  and  as  many  stamens.    Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  green  utricle. 
»  «  Plants  with  leaves  linear,  flag-like,  nerved ;  spadix  appearing  lateral. 

11.  ACOEUS.    Spadix  cylindrical,  naked,  emerging  from  the  side  of  a  2-edged  simple  scape 

resembling  the  leaves,  densely  covered  with  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  6,  concave. 
Stamens  6,  with  linear  filaments  and  kidney -shaped  anthers.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  with 
several  hanging  ovules  In  each  cell,  becoming  dry  in  fruit,  ripening  only  one  or  two 
small  seeds. 

1.  APIS  JEM  A,    INDIAN  TURNIP,  etc.     (Greek:  blood  arum,  from 
the  spotted  leaves  of  some  species.)     Veiny-leaved  plants,  their  turnip- 
shaped  conn  farinaceous,  but  imbued  with  an  intensely  pungent  juice, 
which  is  somewhat  dissipated  in  drying.     2/ 

A.  triphyllum,  Torr.  COMMON  INDIAN  TURNIP.  In  rich  woods ;  leaves 
mostly  2,  each  of  3  oblong,  pointed  leaflets;  stalks  and  spathe  either 
green  or  variegated  with  whitish  and  dark  purple  stripes  or  spots,  the 
latter  with  broad  or  flat  summit  incurved  over  the  top  of  the  club-shaped 
and  blunt  spadix. 

A.  Drac6ntium,  Schott.  DRAGON  ARUM,  DRAGON  ROOT,  or  GREEN 
DRAGON.  Low  grounds  ;  leaf  mostly  solitary,  its  petiole  l°-2°  long,  bear- 
ing 7-11  pedate,  lance-oblong,  pointed  leaflets ;  the  greenish  spathe  wholly 
rolled  into  a  tube  with  a  short  slender  point,  very  much  shorter  than  the 
long  and  tapering  tail-like  spathe. 

2.  ARUM.     (Ancient  name.)     The  DRAGON  PLANT  of  Eu.,  known  as 
A.   DRACUNCULUS   (but  properly  DRACUNCULUS  VULGARIS,   Schott.), 
with  pedate  leaves  and  brown  spathe,  is  sometimes  cultivated. 

A.  palcestlnum,  Boiss.  (A.  SANCTUM  of  plant  merchants.)  BLACK 
CALLA.  Spathe  about  1°  long,  mossy-green  or  purplish  outside,  rich  vel- 
vety black  inside  and  yellowish-white  at  the  base  of  the  tube,  standing 
above  the  leaves,  the  latter  triangular-hastate.  Syria,  etc. 

3.  PELTANDRA,   ARROW  ARUM.     (Greek  words  meaning  shield- 
shaped  stamen,  from  the  form  of  the  anthers.)     Flowers  summer.     11 

P.  undulata.  Raf.  Root  fibrous;  scape  about  equaling  the  leaves, 
1°-1  £°  high  ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  acutish,  rather  long ;  spathe  greenish, 
wavy  on  the  margin  ;  sterile  (upper)  portion  of  the  spadix  several  times 
longer  than  the  pistillate  portion.  Ponds,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  S. 

P.  alba.  Raf.  Root  tuberous ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  short  and  broad, 
obtuse  ;  spathe  shorter,  white,  not  wavy ;  sterile  portion  of  the  spadix 
about  the  length  of  the  pistillate  portion.  N.  Car.,  S. 


460  ARTTM  FAMILY. 

4.  RICHARDIA.     (Named  for  the  French  botanist,  L.  C.  Richard.') 
The  first  species  is  referred  by  some  recent  writers  to  the  genus  ZAN- 

TEDESCHIA.        2Z 

R.  Africana,  Kunth.  ETHIOPIAN  or  EGYPTIAN  CALLA,  CALLA  LILT, 
of  common  house  culture,  but  a  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  not 
a  true  Calla.  A  familiar  plant,  with  glossy-green,  broadly  sagittate 
leaves  and  large,  pure  white  spathes.  There  are  dwarf  varieties. 

R.  6lbo-maculdta,  Hook.  f.  SPOTTED  CALLA.  Leaves  long-hastate, 
cuspidate  at  the  end,  with  oblong,  white  blotches  ;  spathe  smaller  than  in 
the  last,  greenish- white.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

R.  hastata,  Hook.  f.  YELLOW  CALLA.  Leaves  soft,  hastate-ovate,  cus- 
pidate, not  spotted ;  spathe  greenish-yellow,  with  a  long- cuspidate  limb. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

5.  SYMPLOCARFUS,  SKUNK  CABBAGE.     (Greek  for  fruit  grown 
together.)     "21 

3.  fcetidus,  Salisb.  The  only  species,  in  swamps  and  wet  woods, 
mostly  N. ;  sending  up,  in  earliest  spring,  its  purple-tinged  or  striped 
turtle-head-like  spathe  inclosing  the  head  of  flowers,  and  later  the  large 
leaves,  when  full  grown  l°-2°  long,  in  a  cabbage-like  tuft ;  the  fruit 
2' -3'  in  diameter,  the  hard  bullet-like  seeds  almost  \<  wide,  ripe  in 
autumn. 

6.  CALLA,    WATER  ARUM.     (An  ancient  name.)     Flowers  early 
summer.     2Z 

C.  palustris,  Linn.  Cold  and  wet  bogs  from  Penn.,  N. ;  a  low  and 
small,  rather  handsome  plant ;  leaves  3'-4'  long ;  filaments  slender ; 
anthers  2-celled. 

7.  ANTHURIUM.     (Greek :   tail  flower,  referring  to  the  projecting 
spadix.)     Many  species  are  cultivated  in  choice  collections,  but  the  fol- 
lowing are  probably  the  commonest,  the  two  first  being  grown  for  the 
gaudy  spathes  and  spadices,  and  the  two  last  chiefly  for  the  fine  foliage. 

*  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower. 

A.  Scherzerianum,  Schott.  Leaves  evergreen,  oblong-lanceolate,  deep, 
rich  green,  spreading  or  recurved,  tapering  at  the  base,  l°-2°  long,  the 
blade  not  oblique ;  scapes  slender  and  surpassing  the  leaves,  bright 
red ;  spathe  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  cordate,  brilliant  red  (like  the 
spadix),  3'-4'  long.  There  are  many  forms  in  cultivation,  including  one 
or  two  with  white  spathes.  Guatemala. 

A.  Andrceanum,  Linden.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate  at  the  base, 
deep  green,  the  blade  oblique  or  hanging  on  the  petiole  ;  scapes  some- 
what overtopping  the  leaves ;  spathe  broadly  ovate  and  cordate,  6'-10' 
long,  wrinkled,  orange-red ;  the  spadix  yellowish.  Colombia. 

*  *  Leaves  ovate  or  broader. 

A.  crystallinum,  Linden  &  Andre.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  and  deeply 
cordate,  acuminate,  bright  velvety  green,  and  the  principal  veins  mar- 
gined with  crystal-white  (violet  color  when  young),  the  blade  hanging  or 
oblique  on  the  petiole  ;  spathe  linear-oblong,  acuminate,  green.  Peru. 

A.  magnificum,  Linden.  Leaves  large,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate ;  the  basal  lobes  large  and  rounded,  the  blade  hanging ;  spathe  short- 
oblong  and  recurved,  both  it  and  the  spadix  green.  Colombia. 


CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.  461 

8.  COL  OC ASIA.      (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  common   spe- 
cies.)    11 

C.  antiqubrum,  Schott.  One  variety  (var.  escu/enta,  Schott.)  cult,  in 
the  hot  parts  of  the  world  for  its  farinaceous,  thick  rootstocks  (which  are 
esculent  when  the  acrid  principle  is  driven  off  by  heat,  as  also  the  leaves), 
and  in  gardens  for  its  magnificent  foliage,  the  pale  ovate-arrow-shaped 
leaves  being  2°-3°  long  when  well  grown  ;  the  stalk  attached  much  below 
the  middle,  the  notch  not  deep. 

9.  CALADIUM.      (Name   obscure.)      Well-known   plants  grown  in 
glass  houses  for  their  great  leaves,  which  are  now  broken  up  into  very 
many  styles  of  markings.    The  specific  types  are  often  unrecognizable 
in  the  horticultural  varieties,  but  most  of  them  have  come  from  the 
two  following  Brazilian  species. 

C.  bicolor,  Vent.  The  chief  species  ;  rhizome  depressed-globose  ;  leaves 
sagittate-ovate  or  ovate-triangular,  the  upper  portion  nearly  ovate  and 
narrowly  cuspidate  at  the  apex ;  the  lobes  oblong-ovate  and  obtuse  and 
more  or  less  connate,  the  blade  variously  colored  above  and  somewhat 
glaucous  below  ;  tube  of  spathe  green  outside,  but  whitish-green  or  violet 
inside,  the  limb  white  and  cuspidate  and  scarcely  twice  longer  than  the 
tube  ;  pistillate  portion  of  the  spadix  yellow  or  pale  orange,  the  sterile 
portion  narrow  and  of  about  equal  length. 

C.  picturatum,  C.  Koch.  Rhizome  spherical  and  tuberculous ;  leaves 
sagittate- lanceolate,  the  upper  portion  triangular  to  ovate-lanceolate,  the 
lobes  lanceolate  and  somewhat  acute  and  mostly  not  connate,  the  blade 
variously  colored  above  and  pale  beneath  ;  spathe  tube  green  outside, 
purplish-  or  yellowish-green  inside,  the  limb  cuspidate-apiculate  and 
shorter  than  the  tube,  white  or  yellowish ;  sterile  portion  of  spadix 
shorter  than  pistillate  portion. 

10.  ORONTIT7M,   GOLDEN  CLUB.     (Name  obscure.) 

O.  aqudticum,  Linn.  Leaves  and  scapes  arising  from  a  deep  root- 
stock  ;  scape  l°-2°  high,  mostly  decumbent ;  the  spike  or  spadix  2'-3' 
long  and  scarcely  thicker  than  the  scape.  Ponds,  Mass.,  S. ;  the  only 
species. 

11.  ACORUS,   SWEET  FLAG  or  CALAMUS.     (Ancient  name,  of 
obscure  origin.)     2/ 

A.  Calamus,  Linn.  COMMON  SWEET  FLAG.  In  wet  grounds  ;  send- 
ing up  the  2-edged  sword-shaped  leaves,  2°  or  more  high,  from  the  hori- 
zontal, pungent,  aromatic  rootstock ;  flowers  early  summer.  There  is  a 
striped-leaved  variety. 

CXXX.    TYPHACKfi,   CAT-TAIL   FAMILY. 

Perennial  marsh  herbs,  or  some  truly  aquatic,  with  linear 
and  straight-nerved  erect  (unless  floating)  long  sessile  leaves, 
sheathing  at  base,  and  monoecious  flowers  on  a  dry  spadix, 
destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla;  the  fruit  dry  and  nut-like, 
1-seeded,  rarely  2-seeded. 

1.  TYPHA.    Flowers  indefinite,  in  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  long  and 
simple  reed-like  stem ;  the  upper  part  of  stamens  only,  mixed  with  long  hairs ;  the 


462  SCREW    PINE    FAMILY. 

lower  and  thicker  part  of  slender-stalked  ovaries  tapering  into  a  style  and  below  sur- 
rounded by  numerous  club-shaped  bristles,  which  form  the  copious  down  of  the  fruit. 
2.  SPAKGANIUM.  Flowers  collected  In  separate  dense  heads,  scattered  along  the  summit 
of  the  leafy  stem  ;  the  upper  ones  of  stamens  only  with  some  minute  scales  inter- 
posed, the  lower  of  pistils,  each  ovary  wtth  a  few  small  scales  at  its  base,  the  whole 
ripening  Into  a  spherical  head  of  small  nuts,  which  are  wedge-shaped  below  and  with 
a  pointed  tip. 

1.  TYPHA,    CAT-TAIL  FLAG.      (Greek,    for  fen,  in   which  these 
plants  abound. )     Flowers  early  summer. 

T.  latifdlia,  Linn.  COMMON  C.  or  REED-MACE.  With  flat  leaves,  these 
and  the  stem  6°-10°  high  ;  pistillate  flowers  without  bractlets ;  no  in- 
terval between  the  sterile  and  fertile  part  of  the  spike.  Common  in 
marshes. 

T.  angustifdlia,  Linn.  NARROW-LEAVED  C.  Less  common,  mostly 
near  the  coast,  smaller ;  leaves  narrower,  more  channeled  toward  the 
base ;  pistillate  flowers  with  hair-like  bractlets ;  commonly  a  space  be- 
tween the  sterile  and  the  fertile  part  of  the  spike. 

2.  SPARGANIUM,   BUR  KEED.     (Name  from  Greek  for  a  fillet, 
alluding  to  the  ribbon-shaped  leaves.)     Flowers  summer. 

*  Fruit  sessile,  broad  and  'runcate,  often  2-seeded. 

S.  eurycarpiim.  Engelm.  GREAT  B.  Border  of  ponds  and  streams 
N.  Eng.  to  Va.,  and  W.;  3°-5°  high,  with  panicled-spiked  heads,  the 
fertile  when  in  fruit  1  i "  thick,  the  nuts  broad-tipped  ;  stigmas  2  ;  leaves 
£'_J'  wide,  flat  on  upper  side,  keeled  and  concave-sided  on  the  other. 

*  *  Fruit  slightly  stipitate,  narrower,  always  l-celled. 

S.  simplex.  SMALLER  B.  In  water  ;  erect,  or  sometimes  floating ;  l°-2° 
high,  mostly  with  a  simple  row  of  heads  ;  leaves  narrower  ;  stigma  simple, 
linear,  as  long  as  the  style  ;  nuts  tapering  to  both  ends  and  with  a  stalked 
base.  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  and  W.  Very  variable. 

S.  minimum,  Fries.  SMALLEST  B.  Mostly  with  leaves  floating  in 
shallow  water  (6'-10'  long)  and  flat ;  heads  few ;  stigma  simple,  oval ; 
nuts  oval,  short-pointed  and  short-stalked.  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  and  W. 


CXXXI.    PANDANACE^l,   SCREW  PINE  FAMILY. 

Represented  in  greenhouses  by  PANDANUS  UTILIS,  Bory,  the 
striped-leaved  P.  VEITCHII,  Hort,  and  some  other  species  of 
the  same  genus,  known  as  SCREW  PINES,  all  tropical.  They 
are  palm-like  bushes,  ranging  from  5°-15°  high  as  commonly 
grown,  with  prickly-toothed  ensiform  stiff  leaves  crowded  on 
woody  stems.  They  seldom  blossom  in  conservatories.  The 
flowers  are  dioecious,  the  staminate  ones  in  a  mostly  branched 
spadix,  the  pistillates  in  a  simple  dense  spadix.  Spathes  per- 
sistent or  deciduous,  dry  or  colored.  Perianth  0.  Stamens 
numerous.  Ovary  l-celled,  or  the  ovaries  united  into  a  2-oo  - 
celled  compound  one.  Fruit  berry-like  or  a  woody  drupe. 


PALM   FAMILY.  463 


CXXXH.    PALMACE.fi,   PALM  FAMILY. 

Tree-like  or  bushy,  with  thick  woody  trunk-like  stem,  grow- 
ing from  the  terminal  bud,  and  a  spadix  of  small  perfect  or 
imperfect  flowers;  sepals  and  petals  each  3,  distinct  or  con- 
nate ;  stamens  usually  6,  in  2  series,  opposite  the  sepals  and 
petals ;  staminodia  sometimes  present ;  ovary  free,  1-7-celled 
(commonly  3-celled),  sometimes  lobed  or  divided  into  nearly 
separate  carpels ;  fruit  a  berry,  or  a  dry  or  more  or  less  fleshy 
drupe.  There  are  three  genera  in  our  region  (more  in  extreme 
S.  Florida). 

*  Style  or  stigma  from  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

1.  8ABAL.     Flowers  perfect.     Ovary  3-lobed,  the  style  short,  stigma  truncate.     Spadix 

long-branching,  glabrous,  longer  and  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Either  low  or  tall  spe- 
cies of  fan-palms,  without  spines. 

»  *  Style  or  stigma  from  the  top  of  the  ovary. 

2.  EHAPIDOPHTLLUM.    Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  the  segments  imbricated  In  the 

bud.  Carpels  free,  the  stigmas  sessile  and  distinct.  Spadix  branching  and  densely 
flowered,  small,  short-peduncled.  Low  palms,  with  fan-like,  long-stalked  leaves  and 
dry  spiny  sheaths. 

3.  SEREN^EA.    Flowers  perfect,  the  segments  valvate.    Carpels  free  at  the  base,  the  style 

one,  long  and  slender.  Spadix  long  and  branching,  densely  tomentose,  much  shorter 
than  the  leaves.  Stem  creeping.  Leaves  fan-like.  No  spines. 

1.  SABAL,   PALMETTO.     (Name  unexplained.) 

S.  Palmetto,  Roem.  &  Schult.  CABBAGE  PALMETTO.  Of  the  sandy 
coast  from  N.  Car.,  S.,  our  only  tree  palm  ;  stem  20°-40°  high,  erect  and 
simple,  leafy  at  the  summit,  the  petiole  smooth  ;  leaves  5°-8°  long,  cor- 
date in  outline,  pinnatifid,  and  recurved  at  the  summit,  with  thread-like 
filaments  in  the  sinuses  ;  drupe  globose ;  spadix  spreading,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  leaves. 

S.  Adans6nii,  Guerns.  DWARF  PALMETTO.  Leaves  rising  from  a  stem 
underground,  smooth-edged,  and  circular  in  outline,  slightly  pinnatifid, 
glaucous,  with  a  few  filaments  in  the  sinuses,  the  petiole  smooth ;  fruit 
globose  ;  spadix  erect  and  much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Low  districts, 
N.  Car.,  S. 

2.  RHAFIDOPHYLLUM.     (Greek:  Rhapis-leaved,  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  genus  Rhapis.) 

R.  (or  CHAM^KOPS)  Hystrix,  Wendl.  &  Drude.  BLUE  PALMETTO. 
S.  Car.,  S.;  stems  erect  or  creeping,  only  2°-3°  long  ;  leaves  pale  or  glau- 
cous, 3°-4°  high,  circular  in  outline,  with  numerous  2-4-toothed  divis- 
ions, the  petiole  rough-edged ;  spathes  oblong  and  woolly  ;  drupe  ovoid. 
The  only  species. 

3.  SEREN-S3A.     (Named  for  Sereno  Watson,  late  curator  of  the  Gray 
Herbarium,  Cambridge,  Mass.) 

S.  serrulata,  Hook.  f.  SAW  PALMETTO.  Trmik  creeping  on  the 
ground  ;  short  petioles  spiny-margined,  whence  the  popular  name  ;  leaves 
circular,  with  15-30  erect  slightly  cleft  divisions  and  no  thread-like  fila- 


464  PALM   FAMILY. 

ments  in  the  sinuses;  drupe  ovoid-oblong.     Sandy  soil,  S.  Car.,  S.;  the 
only  species. 

The  COCOANUT  (Cdcos  NucfFERA)  and  the  DATE  PALM  (PHOENIX  UAC- 
TYLfFERA)  are  cultivated  in  the  extreme  south,  the  former  along  the 
coast  of  southeastern  Florida.  Many  palms  are  grown  in  conservatories, 
of  which  the  following  are  some  of  the  commonest : 

*  FAN  PALMS  ;  i.e.,  those  with  leaves  circular  in  general  outline  (but  often 

deeply  cleft}  and  digitate-veined. 

Livistbna  Chinensis,  R.Br.  (LATANIA  BORBONICA).  S.  China ;  leaves 
green,  4°-6°  across,  on  spiny  petioles  of  about  the  same  length,  the  blade 
cut  into  many  hanging  segments  which  extend  one  fourth  or  one  third  its 
depth.  A  common  species  with  very  wide-spreading  growth. 

Chamcerops  htimilis,  Linn.  Mediterranean  region  ;  dwarf  species,  with 
leaves  glaucous  on  both  sides,  the  blades  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into 
12-20  erect,  nearly  linear  segments  ;  petioles  twice  longer  than  the  leaves 
(3°-4°),  with  stout  spines  on  the  edges. 

Thrtnax  radiata,  Lodd.  (T.  ELEGANS).  S.  Amer.;  leaves  green,  either 
glabrous  or  puberulent  beneath,  l°-2£°  long,  the  blade  divided  two  thirds 
its  length  into  40  or  more  very  slender  spreading  or  recurved  divisions ; 
petioles  slender  but  stiff,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Known  for  its  graceful 
habit  and  umbrella-like  foliage. 

Rhapis  flabellifdrmis,  Linn,  f .  China  and  Japan ;  stems  several  and 
slender,  erect,  with  persistent  leaf  sheaths  ;  leaves  rather  small,  the  blade 
5-11-parted  into  plaited  truncate  or  erose  ciliate-margined  divisions,  the 
petiole  much  longer  than  the  blade,  and  very  obscurely  denticulate. 

*  *  FEATHER  PALMS;   i.e.,   the   leaves  long  and  pinnate  or  pinnately 

parted. 

Chrysalidoc&rpus  (or  ARECA)  futescens,  Wendl.  Madagascar ;  one  of 
the  best  of  the  feather-palms  for  general  culture ;  leaves  very  long  (4°- 
10°),  erect-spreading  and  arching  at  the  top,  light  green,  the  pinnae  70-100, 
alternate,  lanceolate  and  long-pointed  ;  petiole  shallow-grooved  on  top, 
especially  in  its  lower  half. 

Howea  (KENTIA)  Belmoreana,  Becc.  E.  Indies  ;  leaf  blade  much  shorter 
than  in  the  last,  the  pinnse  more  nearly  opposite  and  20-50  in  number ; 
petiole  flat  on  top. 

Ptychosperma  Cunninghdmii,  Wendl.  (SEAFORTHIA  ELEGANS).  Aus- 
tralia ;  trunk  slender  and  shedding  its  sheaths,  terete ;  leaves  4°-10° 
long,  with  many  very  slender  pinnse  which  are  unequally  bifid  at  the  apex, 
dark  green  above  and  silvery  beneath. 

Hyophbrbe  Verschaffelti,  Wendl.  Small  or  medium  sized  palm  from 
Madagascar,  with  nearly  erect  leaves,  4°-6°  long,  and  curving  gracefully 
at  the  end ;  midrib  white,  unarmed ;  pinnse  narrow-lanceolate,  10-30 
pairs,  2'  or  less  wide  ;  stem  triangular  from  the  sheathing  leaf  bases. 

Geonoma  grdcilis,  Wendl.  Costa  Rica ;  a  graceful,  small  species  with 
long-arching,  pinnate  leaves  which  are  red  when  young,  but  becoming 
dark  green  ;  monoecious. 

Chamceddrea  elegans,  Mart.  Mexico  ;  dwarf  species  with  unarmed 
stem  ;  dioecious ;  leaves  2°-4°  long,  drooping ;  pinnse  10'  or  less  long  and 
1'  broad,  but  tapering  each  way  ;  petioles  slightly  channeled. 

Cdcos  Weddelliana,  Wendl.  S.  Amer.  ;  a  very  elegant,  small  palm,  with 
a  slender,  fibrous-netted  trunk  ;  leaves  2°-6°  long,  dark  green  above  and 
glaucous  beneath,  gracefully  curved  ;  pinnse  numerous  and  very  narrow  ; 
petiole  short.  Popular,  and  stands  rough  usage. 

Carybta  sobo/ifera,  Linn.  A  rather  small  palm  of  tropical  Asia,  dis- 
tinguished by  2-pinnate  leaves,  the  pinnulae  fish-tail-shape  ;  petioles  black- 
scaly  when  young ;  foliage  bright  green  and  graceful ;  plant  suckers  from 
the  root.  Useful  species  for  decorative  work. 


SEDGE   FAMILY.  465 


III.   GLUMACEOUS  DIVISION. 

Flowers  inclosed  or  subtended  by  glumes  or  husk-like 
bracts ;  no  proper  calyx  or  corolla,  except  sometimes  mi- 
nute bristles  or  scales  which  represent  the  perianth.  Stems 
of  the  straw-like  sort,  called  culms. 

CXXXIIL    CYPERACKE,   SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Some  rush-like,  others  grass-like  plants,  with  flowers  in 
spikes  or  heads,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  glume,  the  glume 
being  a  scale-like  or  husk-like  bract.  No  calyx  nor  corolla, 
except  some  vestiges  in  the  form  of  bristles  or  occasionally 
scales,  or  a  sac  which  imitates  a  perianth;  the  1-celled  1- 
ovuled  ovary  in  fruit  an  akene.  Divisions  of  the  style  2  when 
the  akene  is  flattish  or  lenticular,  or  3,  when  it  is  usually  tri- 
angular. Leaves,  when  present,  very  commonly  3-ranked,  and 
their  sheath  a  closed  tube ;  the  stem  not  hollow.  A  large 
family,  to  be  studied  in  the  Manual,  and  too  difficult  for  the 
beginner.  The  most  prominent  genera  are  the  following: 

*  Flowers  commonly  all  perfect. 

•*-  Spikelets  usually  many-flowered  with  only  one  or  two  of  the  lower 
scales  without  flowers. 

•«-»•  Scales  2-ranked,  the  spikelet  therefore  flat. 
=  No  bristles  about  the  akene,  and  no  beak  at  its  top. 

1.  CYPERUS.  Spikelets  few-many-flowered,  mostly  flat  and  slender, 
in  simple  or  compound  terminal  umbels  or  heads.  Culms  mostly  tri- 
angular and  simple,  most  of  the  leaves  at  the  base.  Many  species  in 
low  grounds  ;  three  should  be  mentioned  here : 

C.  rotiindus,  Linn.  NOT  GRASS,  Coco  GRASS.  A  bad  weed  in  sandy 
lands  from  L.  I.,«S. ;  early  leaves  grass-like  and  tufted,  3'-6'  high,  followed 
later  in  the  season  by  a  single,  leafless,  triangular  culm,  6'-20'  high ; 
umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  about  equaling  its  involucral  leaves, 
its  rays  few,  and  each  one  bearing  4-9  dark-chestnut,  12-40-flowered, 
acute  spikelets ;  scales  nerveless.  The  plant  is  introduced  in  the  N. 
It  persists  in  the  soil  by  means  of  little,  nut-like  tubers  which  are  borne 
from  several  inches  to  4°  away  from  the  base  of  plant,  on  stolons. 

C.  escule'ntuB,  Linn.  CHUFA.  Cultivated,  especially  at  the  S.,  for 
its  edible  tubers,  which  are  clustered  about  the  base  of  the  plant,  and 
also  wild ;  early  leaves  15'-30'  high,  slightly  rough,  about  as  long  as  the 
stem ;  umbel  4-7-rayed,  sometimes  compound,  much  shorter  than  the 
involucrai  leaves  ;  spikelets  numerous  and  light  colored,  12-30-flowered, 
the  scales  nerved.  The  cultivated  form  rarely  flowers  in  the  N. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  BOX.  —  30 


466  SEDGE   FAMILY. 

C.  alternifblius,  Linn.  UMBRELLA  PLANT.  A  greenhouse  aquatic  from 
Madagascar ;  culms  in  clumps,  2°-6°  tall,  smooth  and  triangular,  leafless 
below,  but  bearing  a  leafy,  many-rayed,  great  involucre  at  the  top,  from 
the  axils  of  which  spring  slender-peduncled  small  clusters  of  flowers. 

C.  Papyrus,  Linn.  (PAPYRUS  ANTIQU&RUM).  EGYPTIAN  PAPER  PLANT. 
Sometimes  grown  in  aquaria,  not  hardy  N. ;  sends  up  a  jointless  triangular 
stem  4°-10°  high,  which  is  terminated  by  a  great  involucre  of  very  narrow 
drooping  or  bending  leaves. 

=  =  Bristles  about  the  akene,  which  is  beaked  on  top. 

2.  DULICHIUM.     Spikelets  6-10-flowered,  sessile  in  2  ranks  on  axil- 
lary peduncles  springing  from  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves.    Perianth  com- 
posed of  6-9  barbed  bristles. 

One  species,  D.  spathaceum,  Pers.,  in  bogs  and  on  borders  of  ponds, 
remarkable  in  the  family  for  having  terete  and  hollow  culms,  l°-2°  high. 

-M.  -w  Scales  not  2-ranked,  the  spikelet  therefore  terete. 
=  Bristles  0 ;  culm  leafy. 

3.  FIMBRISTYLIS.     Spikelets  umbelled,  the  involucral  leaves  2-3. 
Small  plants  of  either  low  or  dry  grounds,  of  about  a  half  dozen  species 
in  our  territory. 

=  =  Bristles  generally  present ;  culm  leafy  or  naked. 

II  Style  somewhat  thickened  or  bulbous  at  the  base,  and  persistent  upon  the 
top  of  the  akene. 

4.  ELEOCHARIS.     Spike  one,  and  without  involucre,  terminating  a 
slender,  simple,  leafless  culm.     Many  species  (mostly  small)  in  moist 
grounds  and  borders  of  ponds. 

||  ||  Style  not  swollen  at  the  base,  deciduous. 

5.  SCIRPUS.      Spikelets  generally  clustered  in  a  compound  umbel. 
Bristles  (sometimes  0)  barbed.     Mostly  tall,  rush-like,  leafy,  common 
plants,  but  in  some  species  the  stems  are  slender  and  leafless,  and  the 
spike  is  single  and  terminal,  thus  approaching  Eleocharis,  but  the  invo- 
lucre is  present  in  the  form  of  a  scale  or  small  leaf.     This  genus  now 
includes  ISOLEPIS,  to  which  the  slender  species  with  a  solitary  terminal 
spike,  leafless  and  jointless  culms,  have  been  referred. 

6.  ERIOFHORUM.     Like  Scirpus,  but  the  bristles  not  barbed  and 
often  becoming  silky  and  long  exserted  in  fruit.    A  few  plants  in  bogs, 
mostly  distinguished  when  mature  by  the  white,  or  rusty,  woolly  heads. 

t-  -»-  Spikelets  only  l-2-flowered,  and  2  or  many  of  the  lower  scales  flower- 
less. 

7.  RHYNCHOSPORA.      Spikelets    flattish,   clustered,    or    panicled, 
often  whitish  or  rusty  in  color.     Bristles   usually   surrounding    the 
beaked  or  tubercle-topped  akene.     A  score  of  critical  species,  mostly 
small  and  slender  plants,  in  bogs. 

8.  CLADITJM.     Spikelets  terete.     Akene  not  tubercled,  and  no  bris 
ties.     A  single  species,  C.  mariscoldes,  Torr.,  l°-2°  high,   in  wet 
places,  with  small,  rusty  cymes  of  capitate  spikelets. 


GRASS    FAMILY.  467 

*  *  Flowers  unisexual  (plants  monoecious  or  dioecious"). 

9.  SCLERIA.     Monoecious.    No  bristles,  and  the  bony  or  crustaceous 
akene  naked.     About  a  score  of  small  plants  known  as  NUT  RUSH. 

10.  CAREX.     Monoecious  or  dioecious.     Ordinarily  no  bristles,  but  the 
lenticular  or  triangular  akene  inclosed  in  a  sac  or  perigynium.     A  vast 
genus,  comprising  over  200  species  in  our  region,  much  too  difficult  for 
the  beginner.     Common  in  all  lo*w  grounds  and  in  open  woods. 


CXXXTV.    GRAMINKE,   GKASS   FAMILY. 

Grasses,  known  from  other  glumaceous  plants  by  their  2- 
ranked  leaves  having  open  sheaths,  the  jointed  stems  com- 
monly, but  not  always  hollow,  and  the  glumes  in  pairs,  viz.  a 
pair  to  each  spikelet  even  when  it  consists  of  a  single  flower 
(these  called  glumes  proper),  then  a  succeeding  pair  (flowering 
glumes),  rarely  one  of  them  wanting,  these  each  inclosing  a 
thinner  scale  or  palet.  Flower,  when  perfect,  as  it  more  com- 
monly is,  consisting  of  3  stamens  (rarely  1,  2,  or  6),  and  a 
pistil,  with  2  styles  or  a  2-cleft  style,  and  2  either  hairy  or 
plumose-branched  stigmas;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming 
a  caryopsis  (the  thin  pericarp  adnate  to  the  seed  and  seeming 
to  be  an  integral  part  of  it)  ;  the  floury  part  is  the  albumen  of 
the  seed,  outside  of  which  lies  the  embryo  (Lessons,  Figs. 
66-70). 

The  real  structure  and  arrangement  of  the  flowers  and  spike- 
lets  of  Grasses  are  too  difficult  and  recondite  for  a  beginner. 
For  their  study  the  Manual  must  be  used ;  in  which  the  gen- 
era both  of  this  and  the  Sedge  Family  are  illustrated  by  plates. 
Here  is  offered  merely  a  short  way  of  reaching  the  names  of 
the  commonest  or  most  conspicuous  species. 

I.   CEREAL  GRAINS,  cultivated  for  the  seed-like  fruits.     (II.,  p.  468;  III., 
p.  469 ;  IV.,  p.  470  ;  V.,  p.  471 ;  VI.,  p.  473  ;  VII. ,  p.  475). 

*  Stems  hollow,  or  soon  becoming  so,  making  straw  when  cut. 
••-  Spikelets  in  panicles,  often  crowded,  but  not  so  as  to  form  a  spike. 

Oryza  saflva,  Linn.  RICE.  Cult.  S.,  from  Asia,  in  low  grounds ;  2°-4° 
high,  with  upper  surface  of  the  lance-linear  leaves  rough  ;  flowers  one  and 
perfect  in  each  spikelet,  with  or  without  rudiments  of  others  ;  branches  of 
the  panicle  erect ;  outer  glumes  minute,  the  inner  coriaceous,  very  much 
flattened  laterally,  so  as  to  be  strongly  boat-shaped  or  conduplicate,  clos- 
ing over  the  grain  and  falling  with  it,  the  outer  one  commonly  bearing  an 
awn  ;  stamens  6.  ® 


468  GRASS   FAMILY. 

Kvena  saflva,  Linn.  COMMON  OAT.  From  Old  World ;  soft  and  smooth, 
with  a  loose  panicle  of  large,  drooping  spikelets,  the  palets  investing  the 
grain  ;  one  flower  with  a  long,  twisted  awn  on  the  back,  the  other  awn- 
less  ;  flowers  2  or  3  in  the  spikelet,  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  rudimen- 

A.  ndda,  Linn.  NAKED  OAT.  Rarely  cult.,  from  Old  World;  has  nar- 
rower, roughish  leaves,  3  or  4  flowers  in  the  spikelet,  and  grain  loose  in 
the  palets.  ® 

•»-  +-  Spikelets  in  strict  spikes,  or  in  such  a  dense  panicle  as  to  appear  to 
be  spicate. 

•M-  Glumes  2  to  each  spikelet. 

Trlticum  sativum,  Lam.  WHEAT.  Spike  dense,  somewhat  4-sided; 
the  spikelets  crowded,  4-5-flowered,  turgid;  glumes  ventricose,  blunt; 
palet  either  awned  or  awnless ;  grain  free.  Unknown  wild.  ® 

Secale  ceredle,  Linn.  RYE.  Tall ;  spike  as  in  wheat ;  spikelets  with 
only  2  perfect  flowers ;  glumes  a  little  distant,  bristly  towards  the  base  ; 
lower  palet  ventricose,  long  awned;  grain  brown.  Probably  from  W. 
Asia.  ® 

•H-  -w  Glumes  6  at  each  joint,  in  front  of  the  3  spikelets,  forming  an  involucre. 

Hdrdeum  satlvum,  Jessen.  COMMON  BARLEY.  From  the  Old  World ; 
spike  dense,  the  3  spikelets  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  all  with  a  fertile 
flower,  its  lower  palet  long-awned.  Originally  from  W.  Asia.  ® 

H.  distichon,  Linn.  TWO-ROWED  BARLEY.  From  Tartary  ;  evidently 
a  cultivated  state  of  the  above  ;  only  one  spikelet  at  each  joint  of  the 
rhachis  with  a  fertile  flower,  the  two  lateral  spikelets  being  reduced  to 
sterile  rudiments ;  the  flowers  therefore  two-rowed  in  the  spike.  ® 

H.  hex&stichon,  Linn.  SIX-ROWED  BARLEY.  Another  form  of  H. 
sativum,  with  roundish  spikes,  its  joints  very  short  and  the  flowers  diver- 
gently 6-rowed.  Not  common. 

*  *  Stems  pithy  and  thick,  not  becoming  hollow. 

Z&a  Mays,  Linn.  MAIZE,  INDIAN  CORN.  Stem  terminated  by  the  clus- 
tered, slender  spikes  of  staminate  flowers  (the  tassel)  in  2-flowered  spike- 
lets  ;  the  pistillate  flowers  in  a  dense  and  many-rowed  spike  borne  on  a 
short  axillary  branch  (the  ear),  two  flowers  within  each  pair  of  glumes, 
but  the  lower  one  neutral,  the  upper  pistillate,  with  an  extremely  long 
style,  the  silk.  Very  many  forms.  Cent,  and  S.  Amer.  ©  (Lessons, 
Figs.  66-70.) 

II.  CANES  AND  SORGHUMS,  with  pithy,  solid  stems.  Cultivated  for  sugar 
or  broom-making  (occasionally  for  fodder).  Spikelets  clustered  or 
scattered  in  an  ample  panicle,  each  with  one  perfect  and  one  neutral  or 
staminate  flower. 

Sdrghum  vulgare,  Pers.  (ANDROPOGON  SORGHUM  of  some  writers).  IN- 
DIAN, PEARL  or  BLACK  MILLET.  From  Africa  or  India ;  a  tall,  maize- 
like  plant  without  silky  down  in  the  spikelets  ;  glumes  coriaceous,  russet- 
color.  Var.  CERNUUM,  GUINEA  CORN,  has  densely  contracted  panicle, 
and  is  cult,  for  the  grain.  Var.  DURRA,  DOURA,  or  KA.FFIR  CORN,  has 
densely  contracted  panicles.  Var.  SACCHAR\TUM,  COMMON  SORGHUM, 
CHINESE  SUGAR  CANE,  IMPHEE,  &c.,  cult,  for  the  syrup  of  the  stem  and 
for  fodder ;  and  BROOM  CORN,  with  open,  long-rayed  panicles,  for  the 
well-known  corn  brooms,  (p 

S&ccharum  officinarum,  Linn.  SUGAR  CANE.  Cult,  far  S.  ;  rarely  left 
to  flower,  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  stem  ;  stem  8°-20°  high,  l'-2' 
thick ;  long,  white,  silky  down  with  the  flowers.  2/ 


GRASS   FAMILY.  469 

III.  MEADOW  AND  FODDER  GRASSES.  Species  of  widely  differing  char- 
acteristics in  the  different  parts  of  the  country.  Oat  Grass  (see  V.)  is 
sometimes  grown  in  meadows,  and  Gama  Grass  (see  VII.)  is  used  for 

*  Flowers  in  loose  panicles. 
••-  Spreading  inveterately  by  creeping  rootstocks. 

S6rghum  Halapense,  Linn.  (ANDROPOGON  ARUNDINACEUS).  JOHNSON 
GRASS.  GUINEA  GRASS  (erroneously).  A  coarse  grass,  4°-7°  high,  much 
prized  for  hay  in  the  S. ;  leaves  long,  loose,  and  flat,  with  a  prominent, 
white,  raised  midrib  ;  panicle  long  and  very  open ;  the  spikelets  reddish 
and  each  bearing  one  or  two  awns.  Old  WorkL  By  some  thought  to  be 
the  parent  of  the  Sorghums.  U. 

+-  t-  Not  spreading  widely  by  rootstocks. 
*+  Flower  1  in  each  spikelet  and  perfect,  but  sometimes  rudiments  of  others. 

Agrdstis  6lba,  Linn.  FIORIN  or  WHITE  BENT  GRASS.  Stems  with  pro- 
cumbent or  creeping  base ;  ligule  long,  acute,  and  conspicuous ;  panicle 
contracting  after  flowering,  with  roughish  branches,  greenish  or  slightly 
purplish  ;  a  valuable  meadow  grass.  2/ 

Var.  vulgaris,  Thurb.  REDTOP.  Rather  low  (1°-2J°)  and  delicate 
grass  of  meadows  and  pastures,  with  oblong  spreading  panicle  of  small 
purple  or  purplish  spikelets  ;  ligule  short  and  truncate.  If. 

Calamagrdstis  Canade'nsis,  Beauv.  BLUE  JOINT  GRASS.  In  all  bogs 
N. ,  and  in  reclaimed  low  meadows,  much  liked  by  cattle  ;  3°-6°  high  ; 
resembles  an  Agrostis,  but  taller,  and  with  a  tuft  of  downy  long  hairs 
around  the  flower  almost  its  length,  the  flowering  glume  with  a  delicate 
awn  low  down  on  its  back  and  scarcely  stouter  than  the  surrounding 
down.  2/ 

Panicum  mi/idceum,  Linn,  TRUE  MILLET.  Spikelets  all  pedicellate  in 
an  umbel-form  panicle,  each  with  3  empty  glumes  and  1  flower;  tall 
grass  (3°-4°)  with  loose,  soft  leaves  and  drooping  panicle.  Probably  E. 
Indian.  (I) 

++  +*  Flowers  several  in  each  spikelet,  most  or  all  of  them  perfect. 

=  Panicle  contracted  in  1-sided  clusters  ;  glumes  compressed  on  the  sides 
and  carinate. 

D&ctylis  glomerata,  Linn.  ORCHARD  GRASS.  Nat.  from  Eu.  in  mead- 
ows and  yards  ;  a  tall  and  coarse,  but  valuable  grass  for  hay,  etc. ,  flour- 
ishes in  shady  places,  3°  high ;  with  broadly  linear,  rather  rough,  pale, 
and  keeled  leaves,  and  a  dense  panicle  of  one-sided  clusters,  on  which  the 
spikelets  are  much  crowded,  each  3-4-flowered,  the  glumes  tapering  into 
a  short  awn,  rough-ciliate  on  the  keel ;  flowers  early  summer.  ^ 

=  =  Panicle  symmetrical,  diffuse ;  glumes  compressed  and  carinate  and 
pubescent  or  cobwebby  at  the  base  in  the  Poas,  but  simply  convex  and 
glabrous  in  Festuca. 

P6a  ser6tina,  Ehrh.  FOWL  MEADOW  GRASS,  FALSE  REDTOP.  An 
important  native  grass  in  wet  meadows  N.;  flowers  in  late  summer  in 
a  loose  panicle,  the  2-4-flowered  spikelets  green  with  dull  purple  ;  flower- 
ing glume  very  obscurely  nerved.  2Z 

P.  trivialis,  Linn.  ROUGHISH  MEADOW  GRASS.  An  introduced  meadow 
and  pasture  grass,  N. ;  flowering  before  midsummer,  with  open  panicle  of 
green  spikelets,  these  mostly  3-flowered,  the  flowering  glume  prominently 
5-nerved  ;  sheaths  and  leaves  roughish ;  ligule  oblong,  acute.  A  white- 
striped  variety,  is  cult,  for  ornament,  y. 

P.  pratensis,  Linn.  JUNE  GRASS,  KENTUCKY  BLUE  GRASS.  Dry 
meadows  and  pastures,  spreading  by  running  rootstocks,  and  with  a 


470  GRASS   FAMILY. 

panicle  often  purplish  and  more  crowded  than  in  the  foregoing  ;  flowering 
in  earliest  summer,  the  sheath  smooth,  and  ligule  short  and  blunt ;  flow- 
ering glume  hairy  along  the  margins  and  the  5  nerves.  Makes  the  ear- 
liest hay.  Very  variable.  11 

Festtica  efatior,  Linn.  TALI,  MEADOW  FESCUE.  A  rather  rigid  grass  of 
meadows  and  pastures,  nat.  from  Eu.;  l°-4°  high,  with  green  flat  leaves, 
a  narrow  panicle  with  short  branches  appressed  before  and  after  flower- 
ing, 5-10-flowered  green  spikelets,  the  flowering  glume  blunt,  or  acute, 
or  rarely  with  a  short  awn.  H 

*  *  Flowers  in  densely  contracted  panicles  and  therefore  seeming  to  be 
spicate. 

••-  Awn  borne  low  down  on  the  back  of  one  or  two  palets. 

Anthox&nthum  odoratum,  Linn.  SWEET-SCENTED  VERNAL  GRASS.  Nat. 
from  Eu. ;  low,  slender,  soft  and  smooth ;  the  pale  brown  or  greenish 
spikelets  crowded  hi  an  evident,  spikelike  panicle ;  each  composed  of  a 
pair  of  thin,  very  unequal  glumes,  above  and  within  these  a  pair  of  obcor- 
date  or  2-lobed,  hairy,  empty,  flowering  glumes,  one  with  a  bent  awn 
from  near  its  base,  the  other  with  a  shorter  awn  higher  up  ;  above  and 
within  these  a  pair  of  very  small,  smooth  and  roundish  palets,  of  parch- 
ment-like texture,  inclosing  2  stamens  and  the  2-styled  pistil,  finally 
investing  the  gram.  11 

Alopecurus  pratensis,  Linn.  MEADOW  FOXTAIL.  Introduced  from  Eu., 
abundantly  into  meadows  E.;  flowering  in  spring;  stem  about  2°  high, 
bearing  few  pale  soft  leaves,  terminated  by  a  cylindrical  soft  and  dense 
spike,  or  what  seems  to  be  so,  for  the  spikelets  are  really  borne  on  short 
side  branches,  not  on  the  main  axis ;  these  spikelets  very  flat,  contrary 
to  the  glumes,  which  are  conduplicate,  united  by  their  edges  towards  the 
base,  keeled,  fringed-ciliate  on  the  keel ;  these  inclose  a  single  condupli- 
cate flowering  glume  (the  upper  one  wholly  wanting),  which  bears  a  long 
awn  from  below  the  middle  of  the  back,  and  surrounds  3  stamens  and 
the  pistil.  H 

•»-  -i-  Awn,  if  any,  from  the  apex  of  the  glumes  or  palets. 

Phleum  pratense,  Linn.  TIMOTHY,  CAT-TAIL  GRASS,  HERD'S  GRASS. 
introduced  from  Eu.;  a  coarse  but  most  valuable  meadow  grass,  2°-4° 
high,  with  green  roughish  head,  3'-8'  long ;  spikelets  densely  crowded  in 
a  long,  perfectly  cylindrical,  apparent  spike,  each  spikelet  strictly  1-flow- 
ered;  glumes  2,  keeled  and  nearly  conduplicate,  awn-pointed,  much 
larger  and  of  firmer  texture  than  the  thin  and  truncate  awnless  flowering 
glumes.  11 

Setdria  It&lica,  Kunth.  HUNGARIAN  GRASS,  BENGAL  GRASS.  Cult,  for 
fodder,  3°-6°  high,  with  rather  large  leaves,  a  compound  or  interrupted 
so-called  spike,  which  is  evidently  a  contracted  panicle,  sometimes  6'-9' 
long,  and  nodding  when  ripe  ;  bristles  short  and  few  in  a  cluster ;  spike- 
lets  each  with  a  single  perfect  flower,  and  by  the  side  of  it  one  or  two  thin 
palets  of  a  sterile  usually  neutral  flower.  Often  cult,  as  MILLET. 

IV.  LAWN  AND  PASTURE  GRASSES.  The  best  and  the  commonest  lawn 
grass  North  and  East  is  June  Grass  or  Kentucky  Slue  Grass,  already 
described,  and  it  is  the  commonest  basis  of  old  pastures.  Eedtop  is 
also  common  in  lawns  and  pastures,  but  it  is  generally  run  out  after  a 
time  by  June  Grass.  Sweet  Vernal  and  Orchard  Grass  are  often  found 
in  lawns.  Other  common  lawn  and  pasture  Grasses  are  the  following  : 

*  Flowers  in  open  panicles. 

Agr6stis  canina,  Linn.  BROWN  BENT,  RHODE  ISLAND  BENT.  A 
very  dwarf  fine  grass,  making  a  dense  close  sod  upon  poor  soils  ;  culms 
8'-2°  high ;  root  leaves  involute-bristle-form,  but  those  of  the  culm  flat ; 


GRASS   FAMILY.  471 

panicle  loose,  brownish,  rarely  pale ;  glumes  very  acute,  the  flowering 
one  awned  on  the  back  at  or  below  the  middle.     2Z 

Festfcca  ovina.  Linn.  SHEEP'S  FESCUE.  Fine-leaved  grass,  J°-2°  high, 
tufted,  with  slender  or  involute  pale  leaves,  3-8-flowered  spikelets  in  a 
short  1-sided  panicle,  open  in  flowering,  contracted  afterwards,  the  flower- 
ing glume  rolled  up,  almost  awl-shaped  and  tipped  with  a  sharp  point  or 
bristle- like  awn.  2/ 

*  *  Flowers  in  slender  spikes,  which  are  either  solitary  (in  the  first)  or 

digitate. 

Lblium  per^nne,  Linn.  DARNEL,  RYE  GRASS,  RAY  GRASS.  Intro- 
duced from  Eu.;  a  good  pasturage  grass,  l°-2°  high,  with  loose  spike 
5'-6'  long,  of  12  or  more  about  7-flowered  spikelets  placed  edgewise,  so 
that  one  row  of  flowers  is  next  the  glume,  the  other  next  the  zigzag 
rhachis  ;  glume  only  one  to  the  solitary  spikelet,  which  stands  edgewise  ; 
flowering  glume  short-awned  or  awnless.  TJ. 

Cynodon  Ddctylon,  Pers.  BERMUDA  or  SCUTCH  GRASS.  An  introduced 
weed  chiefly  S. ,  where  it  is  useful  in  sandy  soil,  where  a  better  grass  is 
not  to  be  had  ;  creeping  extensively,  the  rigid  creeping  stems  with  short 
flattish  leaves,  and  sending  up  flowering  shoots  a  few  inches  high,  bear- 
ing 3-5  slender  spikes;  flower  only  one  to  each  spikelet,  and  a  mere  rudi- 
ment beyond  it,  awnless.  11 

*  *  *  Plant  dioecious  or  monoecious ;  the  staminate  spikelets  2-3-flowered 
and  sessile  in  2  rows  in  2-4  short,  l-sided,  pedunculate  spikes ;  fertile 
spikelets  1-flowered,  in  a  pair  of  l-sided,  capitate  clusters,  sessile  in  the 
sheaths  of  the  upper  leaves. 

Buchloe  dactyloldes,  Engelm.  BUFFALO  GRASS.  Low  and  tufted, 
less  than  4'-8'  high ;  sterile  spikes  less  than  £'  long ;  male  plant  taller 
than  the  female.  Plains  W.  of  the  Miss.,  where  it  is  a  leading  pasture  grass. 

V.    WEEDY  AND  INTRODUCED  GRASSES,  mostly  in  cultivated  lands  or 
about  waste  places,  not  cultivated. 

*  Flowers  in  an  open  panicle. 
•i-  Spikelets  large,  drooping  when  mature. 

Br6mu8.  BROME  GRASS.  Spikelets  large,  at  length  drooping  in  an 
open  panicle  ;  containing  5-10  or  more  flowers,  the  flowering  glume  with 
a  short  bristle  point  or  an  awn  from  the  blunt,  rounded  tip  or  notch, 
the  palet  soon  adhering  to  the  grain.  Coarse  grasses  ;  2  or  3  wild 
species  are  common,  and  the  following  are  weeds  of  cultivation,  from  Eu. 
The  first  three  have  flowers  imbricated  over  each  other,  the  spikelets 
therefore  rather  dense.  The  last  three  have  loose  spikelets,  the  flowers 
soon  separating  from  one  another. 

B.  secd/inus,  Linn.  COMMON  CHESS,  CHEAT.  Well  known  in  wheat- 
fields,  and  once  thought  to  be  a  degenerated  form  of  wheat ;  nearly  smooth  ; 
panicle  open  and  spreading,  even  in  fruit ;  spikelets  turgid  ;  flowers  laid 
broadly  over  each  other  in  the  two  ranks  ;  flowering  glume  convex  on  the 
back,  concave  within,  awnless  or  short-awned.  ®  (55) 

B.  racemdsus,  Linn.  UPRIGHT  CHESS.  Like  the  other,  but  with  nar- 
rower erect  panicle  contracted  in  fruit,  flowering  glume  slender-awned, 
and  sheaths  sometimes  hairy.  ®  (2) 

B.  mdllis,  Linn.  SOFT  CHESS.  Like  the  preceding,  but  soft-downy, 
with  denser  conical-ovate  spikelets,  and  the  long-awned  glume  acute. 

®  © 

B.  dsper,  Linn.  Culm  slender  and  panicle  small ;  spikelets  loosely 
5-9-flowered  ;  the  flowers  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  glume  linear-lanceolate, 
scarcely  keeled,  and  hairy  near  the  margins,  rather  longer  than  the  awn ; 
sheaths  and  lower  leaves  downy  or  hairy.  %. 


472  GRASS   FAMILY. 

B.  stSrilis,  Linn.  Leaves  rather  downy,  but  the  culm  glabrous  ;  pani- 
cle open ;  the  spikelets  on  long,  nearly  straight,  and  simple  peduncles ; 
the  slender,  awl-like  flowers  5-9,  and  7-nerved,  and  roughish  ;  the  awn  1' 
long.  Not  yet  common.  (J)  (g) 

B.  tectdrum,  Linn.  More  common  than  the  last ;  panicle  lax  and  some- 
what 1 -sided ;  the  spikelets  pubescent  and  more  numerous,  on  very  slen- 
der, curving  pedicels  ;  leaves  short.  ®  @ 

•t-  -»-  Spikelets  of  ordinary  or  small  size,  spreading  or  erect. 
=  Flowers  not  awned. 

F6a.  MEADOW  GRASS.  Several  common  species ;  known  by  the  open 
panicle  of  .S-lO-flowered  spikelets  ;  the  glumes  and  flowering  glumes  blunt 
(no  awn  nor  pointed  tip),  the  latter  laterally  compressed  and  boat-shaped, 
with  scarious  or  white,  meinbranaceous  edges,  and  usually  some  delicate, 
cobwebby  hairs  towards  the  base.  The  commonest  is  JUNE  GRASS,  already 
mentioned,  which  is  sometimes  a  weed.  The  only  other  weedy  ones  are : 

P.  annua.  Linn.  Low  SPEAR  GRASS.  Very  low,  weedy  grass  in  cult, 
ground,  waste  places,  paths,  etc.  Flowers  in  spring  or  again  in  sum- 
mer. Eu.  ® 

P.  compressa,  Linn.  WIRE  GRASS,  ENGLISH  BLUE  GRASS.  In  cul- 
tivated soil,  often  a  very  bad  intruder ;  pale,  with  low,  very  flat  stems, 
rising  obliquely  from  a  creeping  base  ;  panicle  small.  Eu.  11 

Panicum  capillare,  Linn.  TUMBLE  GRASS,  OLD  WITCH  GRASS.  A 
diffuse  plant,  common  in  cornfields  and  other  cultivated  grounds,  and 
rolling  before  the  wind  in  the  fall ;  sheaths,  and  usually  the  leaves,  hairy  ; 
panicle  very  compound,  with  long,  capillary  divisions;  spikelet  with  1 
perfect  flower,  the  lower  glume  half  the  length  of  the  upper  empty  one.  (D 

=  =  Flowers  with  a  bent  or  twisted  awn. 
II  One  flower  perfect,  and  one  staminate  only. 

Arrenatherum  avenaceum,  Beauv.  OAT  GRASS,  GRASS  OF  THE  ANDES. 
Rather  coarse  but  soft  grass,  introduced  from  Eu.  into  meadows  and 
fields ;  thin  and  very  unequal  glumes,  including  a  staminate  flower,  the 
lower  glume  of  which  bears  a  long,  bent  awn  below  its  middle  ;  above  this 
a  perfect  flower  with  its  glume  bristle-pointed  from  near  the  tip,  and  above 
that  a  rudiment  of  a  third  flower.  Sometimes  grown  as  a  meadow  grass, 
S.  and  W.  11 

Hdlcus  lanatus,  Linn.  VELVET  GRASS,  MEADOW  SOFT  GRASS.  Intro- 
duced from  Eu.  into  meadows  and  yards,  not  very  common,  l£°-2°  high, 
well  distinguished  by  its  paleness  and  velvety  softness,  being  soft  downy 
all  over ;  panicle  crowded  ;  the  flowers  only  2  in  the  spikelet,  small,  rather 
distant,  the  lower  one  perfect  and  awnless,  the  upper  staminate  and  with 
a  curved  or  hooked  awn  below  the  tip.  11 

II  ||  Flowers  several  (about  7)  in  the  spikelet. 

Danth6nia  spicata,  Beauv.  POVERTY  GRASS.  A  thin,  wild  grass, 
l°-2°  high,  growing  in  sterile  soils ;  spikelets  few  and  whitish,  subspi- 
cate ;  flowering  glume  loosely  hairy,  with  stout  and  pointless  teeth,  be- 
tween which  arises  a  conspicuous  awn ;  tufted,  with  very  narrow  leaves.  11 

*  *  Flowers  in  spikes  or  dense  spike-like  panicles.     (For  Bermuda  Grass, 
see  IV.) 

••-  Spikelets  strictly  spiked,  all  on  one  side  of  a  flattened,  jointless  rhachis, 
much  crowded;  the  2-5  spikes  digitate,  i.e.  all  on  the  apex  of  the  flower- 
ing stem.  Finger  Grass  might  be  sought  here  ;  see  Pauicum,  next  payt 

Eluslne  Indica,  Gaertn.  CRAB  GRASS,  YARD  GRASS,  DOG'S-TAIL  GRASS, 
or  WIRE  GRASS.  Introduced  only  in  yards  or  lawns  N.,  more  abundant  S., 
where  it  is  valuable  for  cattle  ;  low,  spreading  pale  ;  flowers  3-5  or  more 


GRASS    FAMILY.  473 

in  each  splkelet,  the  uppermost  generally  imperfect ;  seed  loose,  propor- 
tionally large,  rough-wrinkled  ;  glumes  and  palets  pointless.  ® 

E.  &gyptiaca,  Pers.  EGYPTIAN  GRASS.  Yards  and  fields,  chiefly  a 
weed,  S.  ;  creeping  over  the  ground,  low ;  spikes  dense  and  thickish ; 
glumes  flattened  laterally  and  keeled,  one  of  them  awn-pointed,  the 
lower  one  awned.  Both  from  the  Old  World. 

Agropyrum  repens,  Beauv.  COUCH,  QDACK,  QUITCH,  or  QUICK  GRASS. 
Spreads  amazingly  by  its  vigorous,  long,  running  rootstocks,  is  a  pest 
in  cultivated  fields,  and  is  too  coarse  and  hard  for  a  meadow  grass ; 
2°-3°  high ;  many  forms,  introduced  from  Eu.  ;  spikelets  4-8-flowered ; 
flowering  glume  either  pointless  or  shorl^awned  ;  glumes  a  pair  to  the  sin- 
gle spikelet,  right  and  left  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis.  ^ 

•4-  H-  Spikelets  in  a  contracted  panicle  or  seeming  spike,  or  if  spiked  some- 
what on  one  side  of  the  rhachis  /  each  with  a  single,  perfect  flower,  its 
palets  of  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous  texture  ;  by  the  side  of  it  are  either 
one  or  two  thin  glumes  of  a  sterile,  usually  neutral  flower. 

+•<•  One  or  many  slender  bristles  at  the  base  of  each  spikelet. 

Setdria  glatica,  Beauv.  FOXTAIL,  PIGEON  GRASS.  In  stubble  and  cul- 
tivated grounds,  low  ;  spike  tawny  yellow,  dense ;  long  bristles  6-11  in  a 
cluster,  rough  upwards  ;  perfect  flower  wrinkled  crosswise.  Eu.  ® 

5.  viridis,  Beauv.  GREEN  FOXTAIL,  BOTTLE  GRASS.  Has  less  dense  and 
greener  spike,  fewer  bristles,  rough  upwards,  and  perfect  flower  striate 
lengthwise.  Eu.  Common.  (I)  Thought  by  some  to  be  the  parent  of 
Hungarian  Grass  (see  III.). 

S.  verticillata,  Beauv.  Spike  cylindrical  and  pale  green,  with  appar- 
ently whorled  spikelets  or  clusters ;  bristles  single  or  in  pairs  and  rough 
downwards.  Eu.  Not  common.  ® 

•w-  -w-  No  bristles  at  the  base  of  the  spikelets. 

P&nicum  sanguindle,  Linn.  FINGER  GRASS  or  CRAB  GRASS.  Chiefly  a 
weed  in  cult,  fields  and  about  yards  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  but  use- 
ful in  thin  grounds  S.  for  hay  ;  herbage  reddish ;  spikes  4-15,  slender, 
digitate,  nearly  1-sided ;  spikelets  seemingly  1-flowered,  the  upper  empty 
glume  half  the  length  of  the  flower,  the  lower  one  small ;  Eu.  (f) 

P.  glabrum,  Gaudin.  More  prostrate  and  lower ;  spikes  2-6,  widely 
spreading ;  upper  empty  glume  equaling  the  flower,  but  the  lower  one 
almost  wanting.  Waste  lands,  commonest  S.  Eu.  ® 

P.  Crus-g6lli,  Linn.  COCK'SFOOT,  BARNYARD  GRASS.  Common,  weedy 
grass  of  barnyards  and  low,  rich  grounds  ;  coarse,  with  rather  broad  leaves, 
and  numerous,  seeming  spikes  along  the  naked  summit  of  the  flowering 
stems,  often  forming  a  sort  of  panicle ;  spikelets  with  one  fertile  and  one 
sterile  flower,  the  glume  of  the  latter  bearing  a  rough  awn.  Eu.  0 

Phdlar/s  Canariensis,  Linn.  CANARY  GRASS.  Cult,  from  Eu.  for 
canary  seed,  and  running  wild  in  some  waste  places ;  l°-2°  high,  with 
the  panicle  contracted  into  a  sort  of  oblong  spike  ;  the  glumes  with  wing- 
like  keels  ;  and  a  little  scale  or  rudimentary,  sterile  flower  at  the  base.  ® 
^_  .|_  ^_  Spikelets  1—5,  inclosed  in  a  globular  and  spiny  bur  or  involucre. 

C^nchrus  tribuloldes,  Linn.  BUR  GRASS,  HEDGEHOG  GRASS.  A  low, 
spreading  grass  along  the  seashore  and  Great  Lakes,  and  in  sandy  places  ; 
spike  composed  of  8-20  spherical,  prickly  heads  or  burs  which  detach 
easily  and  adhere  to  clothing.  (J) 

VI.   ORNAMENTAL  GRASSES,  regularly  cultivated  in  gardens. 
*  Annual  (or  biennial)  grasses  grown  for  use  in  dried' flower  bouquets,  or 
one  cult,  for  curiosity.     (Feather  Grass,  in  *  *  *  may  be  sought  here.) 
•*-  Spikelets  compact  and  mostly  large,  oblong  or  ovate-shaped,  hanging. 
Srdmus   unioMdes,  HBK.   (CERATOCHLOA  PENDULA).      Rather   stout 


474  GRASS    FAMILY. 

and  broad-leaved,  with  drooping,  large,  6-10-flowered  spikelets  much  flat- 
tened laterally,  so  that  the  lower  glumes  are  almost  conduplicate  and 
keeled  on  the  back ;  awns  very  short.  If.  Trop.  Amer.  and  W.  United 
States  ;  has  been  recommended  for  fodder  S. 

B.  brizcef6rmis,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Elegant  grass,  in  clumps  ;  2°  high,  with 
many  large,  drooping,  oblong-ovate,  silvery -yellow,  12-30-flowered  spike- 
lets  ;  awns  0  ;  lower  sheaths  and  often  the  short  leaves  hairy.  Caucasus. 

Brlza  mdxima,  Linn.  LARGE  QUAKING  GRASS  or  RATTLESNAKE  GRASS. 
A  low  grass,  with  the  hanging,  ovate-heart-shaped,  12-20-flowered  spike- 
lets  somewhat  like  those  of  Bromus,  but  pointless,  very  tumid,  purplish, 
becoming  dry  and  papery,  rattling  in  the  wind,  —  whence  the  common 
name  ;  awns  0.  Eu. 

B.  minor,  Linn.  (B.  GRACILIS).  LITTLE  QUAKING  GRASS.  Smaller, 
with  triangular-ovate  spikelets,  which  are  about  7-flowered ;  glumes 
longer  than  the  flowers.  Very  delicate  and  pretty.  Eu.  and  Asia. 

-»-  t-  Spikelets  large,  but  loose,  oat-like. 

Avena  stSrilis,  Linn.  ANIMATED  OAT.  Sometimes  grown  for  the  curi- 
ous movements  of  the  ripe  florets  due  to  the  hygroscopic  action  of  the 
profuse  covering  of  hairs ;  panicle  very  large  ;  the  spikelets  about  twice 
the  size  of  those  of  the  Common  Oat.  Eu. 

-i-  -»-  •«-  Singular  grass,  with  imperfect  flowers  ;  the  perfect  one  (with  1  or 
2  sterile  ones)  borne  inside  a  seed-like,  pearly,  flask-shaped  pouch  formed 
by  the  sheath  of  a  leaf;  sterile  inflorescence  projecting  from  the  flask. 

Colx  Ldcryma-Jbbi,  Linn.  JOB'S  TEARS,  TEAR  GRASS.  Plant  2°^° 
high,  grown  for  the  ornamental  clusters  of  so-called  "seeds"  (these 
sometimes  used  for  rosaries),  which  are  as  large  as  a  cherry  stone,  shining 
and  whitish.  India  and  China. 

*  *  Diffuse,  half-creeping  perennial  grass  with  small  simple  panicles, 
grown  in  conservatories. 

Oplismenus  Burmdnni,  Pal.  (PANICUM  VARIEG\TUM  of  florists).  Slender 
and  spreading  plants  grown  in  pots,  hanging  baskets  and  under  benches, 
known  by  its  spreading,  narrow-lanceolate,  long-pointed  leaves  (2'-4' 
long),  which  are  more  or  less  perfectly  2-ranked  and  in  the  common  form 
neatly  striped  with  white  and  pink  after  the  manner  of  the  Wandering 
Jew.  Recalls  depauperate  forms  of  Barnyard  Grass.  Tropical  Asia. 

*  *  *  Tall  perennial  grasses,  grown  for  lawn  decoration. 
*-  Panicle  very  silky-hairy,  the  hairs  on  the  rhachis  or  in  the  flower. 

Miscdnthus  Sinensis,  Anders.  (EUL\LIA  JAPONICA  and  varieties). 
ZEBRA  GRASS.  A  stately  grass  from  Japan,  the  forms  with  leaves  striped 
or  banded  (EUL\LIA  ZEBRINA,  etc.,  of  nurserymen)  with  yellow,  now  the 
most  common  ;  4°-9°  high,  with  long  slender  leaves,  and  a  rather  small 
erect  panicle  late  in  the  season  ;  spikelets  1-flowered,  stamens  3,  flower- 
ing glumes  more  or  less  bifid,  and  awned  between  the  teeth. 

Gyn&rium  argenteum,  Nees.  PAMPAS  GRASS.  Tall,  reed-like  grass, 
from  S.  Amer.,  with  a  large  tuft  of  rigid  linear  and  tapering  recurved- 
spreading  leaves,  several  feet  in  length  ;  the  flowering  stem  6  to  12  feet 
high  and  overtopping  the  leaves  in  autumn,  bearing  an  ample  silvery- silky 
panicle  ;  spikelets  loosely  2-ao -flowered. 

Eridnthus  Ravennce,  Beauv.  PLUME  GRASS.  Stems  5°-10°  high,  bear- 
ing plume-like,  violet  or  brownish,  silky  panicles  l°-2°  long ;  leaves  for 
the  most  part  in  a  clump  at  the  base  of  the  stems  ;  spikelets  awned,  with 
one  perfect  flower ;  rhachis  of  the  branches  of  the  panicle  jointed.  S.  Eu. 

Arundo  Ddnax,  Linn.  8°-20°  high,  grown  for  its  stately  habit  (and  the 
striped  leaves  of  one  variety) ;  leaves  comparatively  short,  broad  and  flat, 


GRASS   FAMILY.  475 

alternate  and  sheathing  on  the  Maize-like  stem ;  spikelets  3-4-flowered, 
all  perfect ;  glume  bifid ;  axes  of  the  spikelets  naked,  but  the  flowers 
furnished  with  long  hairs.  S.  Eu.  Seldom  flowers  in  N.  States. 

-*-  -i-  Long  plumose  awns  from  the  empty  glumes ;  spikelets  \-flowered. 

Stlpa  pennata,  Linn.  FEATHER  GRASS.  Plant  2°-3°  high,  bearing  long, 
slender,  often  drooping,  feather-like  panicles  ;  awns  twisted,  8-10  times 
longer  than  the  glumes.  Eu.  Sometimes  used  for  bouquets. 

•<-  -t-  •<-  Spikes  not  silky-hairy  nor  plumose. 

Phalaris  arundinacea.  Linn.  REED  CANARY  GRASS  (the  striped 
variety  is  the  familiar  RIBBON  GRASS  of  country  gardens).  Bogs  and  low 
grounds ;  2°-4°  high,  with  flat  leaves  nearly  £'  wide,  flowering  in  early 
summer,  in  a  pretty,  dense,  contracted  panicle,  but  open  when  the  blos- 
soms expand ;  the  ovate  outer  whitish  glumes  longer  and  much  thinner 
than  the  blunt  coriaceous  flowering  glumes  ;  a  hairy  rudiment  or  append- 
age at  the  base  of  each  of  the  latter. 

VII.    WILD  GRASSES,  which  are  distinguished  for  tall  reed-like  growth. 
*  Stems  pithy,  not  hollow. 

Tripsacum  dactyloldes,  Linn.  GAMA  GRASS,  SESAME  GRASS.  Moist 
soil.  Conn.,  S.;  nutritious,  but  coarse  ;  leaves  almost  as  large  as  those  of 
Indian  corn ;  spike  (the  upper  part  staminate,  the  lower  pistillate)  nar- 
row, composed  of  a  row  of  joints  which  break  apart  at  maturity  ;  the  fer- 
tile cylindrical,  the  externally  cartilaginous  spikelets  immersed  hi  the 
rhachis,  the  sterile  part  thinner  and  flat.  Sometimes  used  for  fodder  S. 

*  *  Stems  hollow  at  maturity. 
H-  Flowers  monoecious,  staminate  and  pistillate  separate  in  the  panicle. 

Zizania  aquatica.  Linn.  INDIAN  RICE  or  WATER  OATS.  In  water, 
commonest  N.  W. ;  with  leaves  almost  as  long  as  those  of  Indian  Corn,  the 
upper  part  of  the  ample  panicle  bearing  pistillate  flowers  on  erect,  club- 
shaped  pedicels,  the  lower  bearing  staminate  flowers  on  spreading 
branches ;  each  flower  or  spikelet  with  only  one  pair  of  glumeSj  the  outer 
one  long-awned  ;  grain  slender,  £'  long,  used  for  food  by  N.  W.  Indians.  ® 

•i-  •»-  Flower  one  and  perfect  in  each  spikelet,  but  sometimes  with  rudi- 
ments of  others. 

Amm6phila  arundinacea,  Host.  SEA-SAND  REED.  Beaches,  Me.,  S., 
and  on  the  Great  Lakes,  where  it  serves  a  useful  purpose  in  binding  the 
sand  by  its  rootstocks  ;  has  the  panicle  contracted  into  a  long  spike-like 
inflorescence ;  leaves  long  and  strong  ;  spikelets  pale,  rather  rigid,  the  hairs 
at  the  base  of  the  flowers,  two  thirds  shorter  than  they.  11 

Phalaris  arundinacea,  Linn.  The  wild  form  may  be  sought  here  (see 
VI.). 

H-  4-  i-  Flowers  several  in  each  spikelet,  all  or  nearly  all  perfect. 

Phragmltes  communis,  Trin.  COMMON  REED.  Noble  grass,  in 
marshes;  5°-12°  high,  with  leaves  l'-2'  wide,  the  stems  dying  down  to 
the  base  ;  panicle  in  late  summer  or  autumn,  loose ;  spikelets  3-7 -flow- 
ered, beset  with  white,  silky,  long  hairs.  H 

Arundinaria  macrosperma.  Michx.  LARGE  CANE.  Forming  the 
cane  brakes,  Ky.,  S.;  with  woody  stems  10°-20°  high  and  leaves  l'-2' 
wide,  branching  the  second  year,  at  length  flowering  from  the  branches, 
in  February  or  March  ;  the  panicle  of  a  few  small  racemes  of  large  many- 
flowered  naked  spikelets,  the  flowering  glume  usually  downy.  %. 

Var.  suffrutic6sa,  Munro.  SMALLER  REED,  SWITCH  CANE.  Only 
4°-10°  high,  and  more  branching ;  leaves  narrower.  Md.,  W.  and  S. 


476  PINE    FAMILY. 


CLASS  II.    GYMNOSPERMS. 

Plants  with  no  closed  ovary,  style,  or  stigma,  but  ovules 
and  seeds  naked  on  a  scale  or  some  other  sort  of  trans- 
formed leaf,  or  in  Yew  at  the  end  of  a  scaly-bracted  stalk ; 
the  mouth  of  the  ovule  receiving  the  pollen  directly. 
Leaves  not  netted-veined.  Cotyledons  often  more  than  2. 
(Lessons,  Figs.  56,  57,  337-339,  411-413.) 


CXXXV.    CONIFEILffi,   PINE   FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  wood  of  homogeneous  fiber  (no  ducts), 
resinous  juice,  commonly  needle-shaped  or  awl-shaped  leaves 
(mostly  evergreen),  and  monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious 
flowers  destitute  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  and  in  catkins,  or 
the  like. 

Aside  from  the  species  here  described,  there  are  the  follow- 
ing, amongst  others,  in  cultivation:  ARAUCARIAS,  particularly 
A.  IMBRICATA,  Pav.,  the  MONKEY  PUZZLE,  from  Peru,  with 
ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  stiff,  keeled  leaves,  grown  under  glass, 
and  in  the  open  S. ;  SCIADOPITYS  VERTICILLATA,  Sieb.  &  Zucc., 
PARASOL  TREE,  from  Japan,  grown  out  of  doors,  with  long, 
linear,  verticillate  leaves;  CEPHALOTAXUS  DRUPACEA,  Sieb.  & 
Zucc.  (known  also  as  C.  FORTUXI),  a  straggling  shrub  planted 
from  Japan  in  the  middle  and  southern  states  with  dioecious, 
flat,  linear,  2-rowed  leaves,  and  a  drupe-like  fruit  the  size  of  a 
small  plum  which  ripens  the  second  year. 

I.  PINE  SUBFAMILY,  PROPER.  These  are  true  Coniferce, 
or  cone-bearing  trees,  the  fertile  flowers  being  in  a  scaly  catkin 
which  becomes  a  strobile  or  scaly  cone.  The  scales  are  each 
in  the  axil  of  a  bract  (which  is  sometimes  evident  and  pro- 
jecting, but  often  concealed  in  the  full-grown  cone) ,  and  I  ear 
a  pair  of  ovules  adhering  to  their  inner  face  next  the  base,  the 
orifice  downwards,  and  the  2-winged  seeds  peel  off  the  scale 
as  the  latter  expands  at  maturity.  They  all  have  scaly  buds. 
Leaves  scattered  or  fascicled. 


PINE  FAMILY.  477 

«  Cones  maturing  the  second  year,  and  the  scales  becoming  thick  and  corky. 

1.  PINUS.    Leaves  persistent,  long  and  needle-shaped,  2,  3,  or  5  in  a  cluster  from  the  axil 

of  dry  bud  scales,  developed  after  the  scaly  shoot  of  the  season  lengthens.  Sterile 
catkins  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the  season ;  each  stamen  answers  to 
a  flower,  reduced  to  a  2-celled  anther,  with  hardly  any  filament.  Cone  woody,  mostly 
large,  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  year.  Cotyledons  of  the  embryo 
several.  (See  Lessons,  Figs.  56,  5T,  184,  185,  411-418.) 
*  »  Cones  maturing  the  first  year  (except  in  ffo.  6),  the  scales  remaining  thin. 

+-  Leaves  persistent ;  i.e.,  evergreen. 
•H-  With  cones  pendulous  or  reflexed,  their  scales  persistent. 

2.  PICEA.    Cones  terminal.    Sterile  flowers  mostly  axillary  (sometimes  terminal),  on 

branchlets  of  the  preceding  year.  Leaves  needle-shaped  and  4-angled,  sessile,  scat- 
tered or  spirally  disposed. 

8.  TSUGA.  Cones  on  the  ends  of  last  year's  branchlets.  Sterile  flowers  in  a  sub-globose 
cluster  springing  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  Leaves  short,  flat  and  whitened 
beneath,  short-petioled,  2-ranked. 

4.  PSEUDOTSUGA.    Cones  large,  the  bracts  more  or  less  exserted  and  spreading  or 

reflexed,  causing  the  cones  to  appear  fringed.    Leaves  flat,  short-petioled,  2-ranked. 
•M-  -H-  With  cones  erect,  the  scales  at  length  deciduous. 

5.  ABIES.    Cones  on  the  upper  side  of  spreading  branches,  the  bracts  mostly  exserted. 

Sterile  flowers  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  Leaves  flat,  whitened,  and  with 
the  midrib  prominent  beneath,  sessile,  scattered,  but  appearing  2-ranked  on  hori- 
zontal branches. 

6.  CEDRUS.    Leaves  as  in  Larix,  but  rigid  and  persistent.   Cones  globular,  large,  of  very 

broad  thin  scales.  +.  +.  Leaves  deciduous. 

7.  LAEIX.    Leaves  all  felling  in  autumn,  soft,  short-needle-shaped,  in  spring,  developed 

very  many  in  a  dense  cluster  from  axillary  buds  of  the  previous  summer,  those  on 
shoots  of  the  season  similar  but  scattered.  Cones  as  in  Abies,  the  scales  persistent. 
(Lessons,  Figs.  184,  887.) 

II.  CYPRESS  SUBFAMILY.  These  have  both  kinds  of 
flowers  in  short,  often  globular,  catkins  of  few  scales ;  the  fer- 
tile making  a  globular  or  ovate,  small  cone,  which  is  often 
fleshy  when  young,  sometimes  imitating  a  berry.  The  branches 
appear  and  the  shoots  grow  on  without  the  intervention  of 
any  scaly  buds.  Leaves  often  opposite  or  whorled,  sometimes 
scale-like  and  adnate  to  the  branch. 

«  Scales  of  the  globular  cone  with  a  pointed  bract  behind  each  wedge-shaped  scale,  partly 
cohering  with  its  back. 

8.  CETPTOMEBIA.    Cone  terminating  a  leafy  branch,  the  recurved  tip  of  the  bract  and 

awl-shaped  lobes  of  the  top  of  the  scales  projecting. 

*  »  Scales  of  the  fruit  simple,  no  bract  behind  them. 

+-  Fruit  a  sort  of  cone,  dry  and  hard  when  mature ;  flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dioecious. 
•H-  Leaves  deciduous,  thin  and  delicate,  flat. 

9.  TAXODITJM.    Two  kinds  of  flowers  on  the  same  branches  ;  the  sterile  catkin  spike- 

panicled,  of  few  stamens  ;  the  fertile  in  small  clusters.  Cone  globular,  firmly  closed 
tin  mature,  of  several  very  thick-topped  and  angular  shield-shaped  scales,  a  pair  of 
erect  3-angled  seeds  on  their  stalk. 

•H-**  Leaves  evergreen,  linear  and  awl-shaped,  alternate,  free,  destitute  of  glands. 
10.  SEQUOIA.    Catkins  globular,  the  scales  of  the  fertile  ones  bearing  several  ovule*. 
Cone  woody ;  the  shield-shaped  scales  closed  without  overlapping,  and  bearing  8-6 
flat  wing-margined  seeds  hanging  from  the  upper  par'',  of  their  stalk-like  b*se. 


478  PINE   FAMILY. 

++++++ Leaves  evergreen,  opposite,  awl-shaped  and  scale- shaped  (the  former  on  the 
more  vigorous  lengthening  shoots,  the  latter  closely  imbricated  and  decussate 
on  the  succeeding  branchlets),  commonly  with  a  resinous  gland  on  the  back. 
Seeds  and  ovules  erect ;  cotyledons  only  2  or  3. 

11.  CUPEESSUS.    Cones  spherical ;  the  shield-shaped  scales  closing  by  their  well-fitted 

margins,  not  overlapping,  separating  at  maturity,  each  scale  bearing  many  ovules 
and  narrowly-winged  seeds,  its  broad  summit  with  a  central  boss  or  short  point. 

12.  CHAM^ECYPAEIS.    Cone  globose,  terminal,  firmly  closed,  but  opening  at  maturity, 

the  scales  peltate.  Sterile  flowers  composed  of  shield-shaped,  scale-like  filaments 
bearing  2-4  anther  cells.  Leaves  small  and  scale-like,  appressed  or  spreading.  Seeds 
2-3  below  each  scale,  in  which  it  differs  chiefly  from  Cupressus. 

13.  THUJA.    Cones  oblong  or  globular,  the  scales  not  shield-shaped,  but  concave  and  fixed 

by  their  base,  overlapping  in  pairs,  pointed  if  at  all  from  or  near  their  summit, 
spreading  open  at  maturity,  each  bearing  a  single  pair  of  ovules  and  winged  seeds. 
(Lessons,  Figs.  338,  389.) 

+-  +-  Fruit  berry-like  ;  flowers  commonly  dioecious. 

14.  JUNIPEKUS.    Catkins  very  small,  lateral ;  the  fertile  catkin  of  3-6  fleshy' scales  grow- 

ing together,  and  ripening  into  a  sort  of  globular  berry,  containing  1-3  bony  seeds. 
Leaves  evergreen,  opposite  or  whorled. 

III.  YEW  SUBFAMILY.  Distinguished  by  having  the 
fertile  catkin,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  reduced  to  a  single,  ter- 
minal flower,  consisting  of  an  ovule  only,  surrounded  by  some 
bracts  or  a  fleshy  disk,  ripening  into  a  nut-like  or  drupe-like 
seed ;  cotyledons  only  2.  There  is  nothing  answering  to  the 
scales  of  a  pine  cone.  Leaf  buds  scaly  as  in  the  true  Pine 
Family.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  axillary. 

15.  TAXUS.   Leaves  linear,  appearing  more  or  less  2-ranked,  green  both  sides.   Both  kinds 

of  catkins,  if  such  they  may  be  called,  are  small  axillary  buds  imbricated  with  per- 
sistent scales,  bearing  at  the  apex,  one  a  few  naked  stamens  each  with  3-8  anther 
cells  under  a  somewhat  shield-shaped  apex,  the  other  an  ovate  ovule.  This  in  fruit 
becomes  a  nut-like  blackish  seed,  resting  in  the  bottom  of  a  berry-like  red  cup. 

16.  TOEREYA.    Leaves,  catkins,  etc.,  nearly  as  in  Taxus.    Stamens  more  scale-shaped 

at  top,  each  bearing  4  hanging  anther  cells.  Xaked  seed  resembling  a  thin-fleshed 
drupe  or  when  dry  a  nut,  with  no  cup  around  it,  as  large  as  a  nutmeg,  which  it 
resembles  also  in  the  brain -like  interior  structure. 

17.  GINKGO.    Leaves  wedge-shaped  and  fan-shaped,  deeply  2-cleft  and  the  lobes  wavy- 

toothed  and  somewhat  cleft  at  the  broad  truncate  end,  traversed  with  straight  simple 
or  forking  nerves  or  veins,  like  a  Fern.  Flowers  not  often  seen.  Sterile  catkins 
slender  and  loose.  Seed  drupe-like,  and  with  a  fleshy  short  cup  around  its  base. 

18.  PODOCAEPUS.    The  fleshy  seed  raised  on  a  sort  of  stalk.    Leaves  sometimes  much 

unlike  those  of  other  Coniferous  trees,  being  large,  linear,  lanceolate,  or  even  ovate, 
and  veinless,  except  the  midrib. 

1.    PINUS,    PINE.      (The   classical   Latin   name.)      Flowers  in  late 
spring. 

*  WHITE   PINES,  with  soft  leaves  5  in  the  cluster,  their  sheath  and  the 
scale  underneath  early  deciduous;  cones  long,  cylindrical,  terminal, 
hanging,  falling  after  shedding  the  seeds,  their  scales  hardly  if  at  all 
thickened  at  the  end,  pointless  ;  seed  thin-shelled  and  winged. 
P.    Str6bua,    Linn.     WHITE   PINE.     Tall  tree  mostly  in  poor  soil, 

Perm.,  N.,  and  along  the  mountains  to  Ga. ;  with  soft,  white  wood  invalu- 


PINE    FAMILY.  479 

able  for  lumber,  smooth,  greenish  bark  on  young  trunks  and  branches ; 
pale  or  glaucous,  slender  leaves  3'-4'  long ;  and  narrow  cones  5'-6'  long. 

P.  exce/sa,  Wall.  BHOTAN  or  HIMALAYAN  WHITE  P.  Ornamental  tree 
barely  hardy  far  N. ;  with  the  drooping  and  glaucous-green,  slender  leaves 
and  the  cones  nearly  twice  the  length  of  those  of  White  Pine  ;  cone  6'-10' 
long,  with  large,  wedge-like,  loosely  imbricated  scales. 

*  *  NUT  PINES,  with  leaves,  etc.,  as  in  the  preceding  section,  but  short, 
thick  cones  of  fewer  and  thick,  pointless  scales,  and  large,  hard-shelled, 
edible  seeds  destitute  of  a  wing. 

P.  Cembra,  Linn.  CEMBRA  or  Swiss  STONE  P.  of  the  higher  Alps  ; 
small,  slow-growing,  very  hardy,  ornamental  tree,  with  green,  4-sided 
leaves  3'-4'  long  and  much  crowded  on  the  erect  branches ;  cones  round- 
oval,  erect,  2'  long ;  the  round  seeds  as  large  as  peas. 

#  *  *  PITCH   PINES  and  their  relatives,  with  leaves  only  2  or  3  in  the 
cluster,  scaly-sheathed  at  the  base ;  wood  resinous. 

•i-  Leaves  3  in  the  cluster.     All  natives,  but  the  last  Californian. 
++  Cones  terminal ;  leaves  long  and  slender. 

P.  paliistris,  Mill.  LONG-LEAVED  or  SOUTHERN  YELLOW  PINE.  Lofty, 
striking  tree  of  pine  barrens  from  S.  Va.,  S. ;  with  leaves  10'-15'  long, 
very  resinous  wood,  and  cones  6'-10'  long ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  re- 
flexed,  short  spine. 

*+  -w-  Cones  lateral  and  persistent  on  the  branch  long  after  shedding  the 
seed;  the  scales  thickened  at  the  end,  often  tipped  with  a  cusp  or  spine ; 
leaves  rigid. 

P.  Taeda.  Linn.  LOBLOLLY  or  OLD-FIELD  P.  Small  tree,  in  light 
soil,  from  Del.,  S.,  with  less  resinous  wood  than  the  last ;  dark-green 
leaves  6'-10'  long ;  and  solitary  cones  3'-5'  long ;  the  scales  tipped  with 
a  short,  straight,  or  incurved  spine. 

P.  rigida.  Mill.  NORTHERN  PITCH  P.  Sandy  or  thin,  rocky  soil, 
abounding  along  the  coast  N.  and  in  the  upper  country  S.;  a  stout  tree, 
with  dark-green  leaves  3'-5'  long  from  short  sheaths  ;  clustered,  ovate- 
conical  cones  2'-3'  long  ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  recurved  spine  or  prickle. 
(Lessons,  Figs.  411-413.) 

P.  serdtina,  Michx.  POND  P.  Small  tree  in  wet  ground  from  N.  Car., 
S.;  with  valueless  wood ;  leaves  4'-8' long,  and  mostly  opposite,  round- 
ovate  cones  2'-3'  long,  their  scales  tipped  with  a  very  small  and  weak 
prickle. 

P.  ponderdsa,  Dougl.  Planted  from  Cal.,  where  it  is  a  characteristic 
tree,  with  heavy  wood,  deep-green  leaves  6'-ll'  long,  and  clustered  cones 
about  3'  long,  reflexed  on  a  short  stalk. 

•»-  -i-  Leaves  only  2  in  the  sheath  (Lessons,  Fig.  185),  or  a  few  of  them 
sometimes  in  threes,  mostly  differ. 

**  Scales  of  the  cone  tipped  with  a  distinct  beak  or  prickle,  often  recurved. 

P.  sylvestris,  Linn.  SCOTCH  PINE  (wrongly  called  also  Scotch  Fir). 
The  common  Pine  of  N.  Eu.;  middle-sized  tree,  known  by  the  bluish- 
white  hue  of  its  flat  leaves  (2 '-4'  long),  reddish  bark  on  the  trunk,  and 
narrow,  tapering  cones  ;  the  scales  with  tubercle-like  tips.  Common  in 
cultivation. 

P.  montana,  Du  Roi.  The  dwarf  MCGHO  PINE,  or  P.  MUGHO  of  nurs- 
eries, is  a  native  of  S.  Eu.;  usually  a  spreading  shrub  or  bushy  tree, 
2°-10°  high,  with  stiff  leaves  2'-3'  long,  and  smallish,  tapering  cones  with 
slight  points  to  the  scales. 


480  PINE   FAMILY. 

P.  piingens,  Michx.  f.  TABLE  MOUNTAIN  or  PRICKLY  PINE.  Along 
the  Alleghanies  from  Penn.  to  S.  Car.  ;  middle-sized  tree,  with  dark 
bluish-green  leaves  only  about  2'  long ;  but  the  heavy  and  clustered,  ovate 
cones  fully  3'  long,  the  scales  being  armed  with  a  very  strong,  somewhat 
hooked  spine. 

P.  fnops.  Ait.  JERSEY  SCRUB  P.  Low,  straggling  tree  of  barrens 
and  sterile  hills,  from  Long  Island,  S.  and  W.,  with  drooping  branchlets  ; 
leaves  l'-3'  long  ;  solitary  ovate-oblong  cones  2'  long,  reflexed  on  a  short 
stalk;  the  scales  tipped  with  an  awl-shaped  prickle. 

P.  mltis.  Michx.  YELLOW  PINE,  SHORT-LEAVED  YELLOW  PINE.  A 
middle-sized  tree  in  sandy  or  dry  soil,  with  firm,  fine-grained  wood,  slen- 
der leaves  (not  rarely  in  threes)  3'-5'  long ;  and  mostly  solitary,  ovate, 
or  oblong-conical  cones  barely  2'  long ;  the  scales  tipped  with  a  minute, 
weak  prickle.  Staten  Island,  W.  and  S. 

•w-  -w.  Scales  of  the  cone  not  beaked,  but  often  wrinkled  or  uneven. 

P.  Austriaca,  Hoss.  AUSTRIAN  P.  A  probable  variety  of  P.  LARfcio, 
or  CORSICAN  P.  of  S.  Eu. ;  a  fast-growing,  massive  tree,  with  very  rough 
branches  ;  dark-green,  slender,  but  rigid  leaves,  4M5'  long ;  and  conical 
cones  2£'-3'  long.  Commonly  planted. 

P.  Massoniana,  Lamb.  China,  now  frequently  cultivated,  particularly 
the  form  with  party-colored  white  and  green  leaves,  which  are  5'-7' 
long  and  slender ;  cones  very  small,  solitary,  or  2-3-verticillate. 

P.  Banksiana.  Lamb.  GRAY  or  NORTHERN  SCRUB  P.  JACK  P.  Along 
our  northern  frontiers  and  extending  N. ,  on  rocky  banks ;  straggling 
shrub  or  tree,  5°-20°  high,  with  oblique  or  contorted  leaves  1'  long ; 
curved  cones  barely  2'  long  persisting  on  the  branches  several  years ; 
blunt  scales. 

P.  resin6sa.  Ait.  RED  PINE,  NORWAY  PINE.  The  Latin  name  not 
a  good  one,  as  the  tree  is  not  especially  resinous ;  dry  woods  N.  from  N. 
Eng.  to  Minn. ;  50°-800  high,  with  reddish  and  smoothish  bark,  compact 
wood,  dark-green  leaves  5'-6'  long  and  not  rigid ;  and  ovate-conical, 
smooth  cones  about  2'  long,  at  the  apex  of  the  branch  and  falling  after 
shedding  the  seed,  their  scales  slightly  thickened  at  the  end  and  without 
any  prickly  point.  Much  used  for  lumber  in  Mich,  and  W. 

2.   PICEA,  SPRUCE.     (Latin  name.) 

*  Foliage  distinctly  glaucous,  so  that  the  tree  has  a  whitish  or  bluish  cast. 

(Leaves  glaucous  both  above  and  below.} 

P.  pungens,  Engelm.  COLORADO  BLUE  SPRUCE.  Of  conical,  slow 
growth,  with  spreading,  horizontal  branches ;  branchlets  smooth  and 
shining ;  leaves  1'  or  less  long,  very  sharp -pointed,  stiff,  in  the  best 
forms  densely  glaucous-blue  (varies  into  almost  green  forms)  ;  cones 
solitary  or  clustered,  cylindrical,  2J'-5'  long.  Rocky  Mountains. 

P.  alba.  Link.  WHITE  SPRUCE.  Along  our  northern  borders  and  N.  ; 
when  planted  a  very  handsome  tree,  with  pale,  glaucous  leaves  ;  cylindri- 
cal, nodding  cones  about  2'  long,  falling  the  first  winter;  the  thinner 
scales  with  a  firm,  even  edge. 

*  *  Foliage  green  or  nearly  so  (leaves  glaucous,  if  at  all,  only  on  the 

under  side). 

•i-  Cones  4'  or  less  long. 

P.  nlgra.  Link.  BLACK  or  DOUBLE  SPRUCE.  Cold  woods  and  swamps 
N.  and  along  the  mountains  S. ;  middle-sized  tree,  with  leaves  (seldom 
over  i'  long)  dark-green  (a  glaucous- whitish  variety  E.);  its  ovate  cones 
recurving  on  short  branches,  !'-!£'  long,  persistent  for  several  years  ;  thin, 
rigid  scales  with  thin,  often  eroded  edge. 


PINE   FAMILY.  481 

P.  Alcockiana,  Carr.  Leaves  rigid  and  more  or  less  curved,  distinctly 
4-sided,  but  flattened,  sharp-pointed,  slightly  glaucous  on  the  two  under 
sides;  cones  oblong  and  tapering  at  both  ends,  2'-3'  long;  the  scales 
brown,  shining,  and  striate,  and  minutely  toothed.  A  tree  of  close, 
graceful  habit,  planted  from  Japan.  Confounded-  with  P.  Ajanensis, 
Fischer,  also  of  Japan  and  Northeast  Asia,  which  differs  in  having  flat 
leaves  which  are  glaucous-blue  beneath,  the  scales  of  the  cones  less 
rounded  and  more  deeply  toothed,  and  the  branches  more  rigid. 

P.  poDta,  Carr.  Tree  of  conical  growth  and  projecting  branchlets, 
these  latter  very  rigid  and  cream-yellow  ;  leaves  on  all  sides  of  the 
branches  short,  erect,  and  rigid,  slightly  falcate,  very  sharp-pointed,  4- 
sided,  with  the  faces  slightly  hollowed  ;  cones  ellipsoidal,  3'-4'  long ;  the 
coriaceous  scales  light-brown  and  minutely  notched.  Japan. 

P.  oriental/s,  Carr.  Handsome  tree  with  very  slender  branches  and 
retaining  its  lower  branches  next  the  ground ;  leaves  close-set  upon  all 
sides  of  the  branchlets  and  deep,  glossy  green,  stiff,  not  sharp ;  cones 
somewhat  cylindrical,  2  -3'  long,  pointed  at  the  top.  Caucasus.  Not 
fully  hardy  in  Northern  States. 

•<-  -i-  Cones  5  -7'  long. 

P.  exctilsa,  Link.  NORWAY  SPKDCE.  The  most  common  and  most 
vigorous  species,  planted  from  Eu. ;  fine,  large  tree,  with  stout  branches, 
deep-green  leaves  larger  than  in  the  next,  the  mature  hanging  cones  light 
colored  and  very  conspicuous.  Runs  into  numerous  horticultural  varie- 
ties, some  of  the  dwarf  ones  growing  only  3°-6°  high. 

3.  TSUGA,   HEMLOCK  SPRUCE.     (Japanese  name.) 

T.  Canadensis,  Carr.  HEMLOCK.  Common  forest  tree  on  hills  and 
in  swamps  N.,  and  planted  for  ornament ;  large  tree,  with  coarse  wood, 
light  and  spreading  spray,  broadish- linear  and  blunt  leaves  only  £'  long, 
green  above  and  whitish  beneath,  and  oval  cones  only  i'  or  f  long,  their 
bracts  very  short  and  hidden.  There  are  several  cultivated  varieties. 

4.  FSEUDOTSUGA,   DOUGLAS   SPRUCE.     (False  Tsuga.) 

P.  Dougldsii,  Carr.  One  of  the  tall  trees  from  Rocky  Mountains  and 
W.  to  the  Pacific,  planted  in  two  or  three  forms;  slender  leaves  1'  or 
more  long,  light  green,  indistinctly  2-ranked;  cones  2'-3'  long,  loose, 
with  pointed  and  toothed  bracts  projecting  beyond  the  scales. 

5.  ABIES,    FIR.      (Classical  Latin  name. — The  names  ABIES  and 
PICEA,  for  Fir  and  Spruce,  are  just  oppositely  used  by  different  authors. 
Linnaeus  employed  the  former  for  Spruce,  the  latter  for  Fir,  and  so  do 
some  late  writers.     The  ancients  used  the  names  just  the  other  way, 
and  the  later  botanists  mostly  follow  them.)     Flowers  late  spring. 

*  BALSAM    FIRS,   native    trees;    bark   yielding    Canada    balsam  from 
blisters,  etc. 

A.  balsimea,  Miller.  COMMON  B.  Small  tree  of  cold  or  wet  grounds 
N.;  handsome  when  young,  but  soon  becoming  ragged,  with  poor  wood, 
narrow  linear  leaves  if'  or  less  than  1'  long  and  much  crowded,  cylin- 
drical violet-colored  cones  2 '-4'  long  and  1'  thick,  their  bracts  with  only 
the  abrupt  slender  point  projecting. 

A.  Fraseri,  Lindl.     PHASER'S  or  SOUTHERN  B.    Along  the  higher  Alle- 
ghanies,  N.  Car.,  S. ;  small  tree,  like  the  preceding;  but  the  small  cones 
(only  l'-2'  long)  oblong-ovate,  with  the  short-pointed  upper  part  of  the 
bracts  conspicuously  projecting  and  reflexed. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  HOT. — 31 


482  PINE   FAMILY. 

*  *  SILVER  FIRS,  very  choice  ornamental  exotic  trees. 
•i-  Leaves  blunt. 

A.  pectinata,  DC.  EUROPEAN  SILVER  FIR.  Large  tree  having  slender 
horizontal  branches  with  narrow  leaves  (greener  above  than  in  Balsam  F. , 
nearly  as  white  beneath,  and  1J'  long)  forming  a  flat  spray  ;  cones  6'-8' 
long,  cylindrical,  with  slender  projecting  points  to  the  bracts. 

A.  Nordmanniana,  Spach.  Caucasus ;  with  thicker-set  and  broader, 
more  glossy  leaves  than  the  foregoing,  linear,  curved,  1'  long,  deep  green 
above  and  whitened  beneath  ;  cones  large  and  ovate  (5'-6'  long) ;  branches 
rigid  and  horizontal,  very  leafy. 

A.  Sibirica,  Ledeb.  (A.  PfcHTA).  SIBERIAN  SILVER  F.  With  thicker- 
set  leaves  than  those  of  European  Silver  Fir,  dark-green  above  and  less 
white  beneath  ;  cones  only  3'  long,  their  short  bracts  concealed  under  the 
scales. 

•i-  •»-  Leaves  acute  or  pointed,  especially  on  main  shoots,  rigid,  widely  and 
about  equally  spreading  on  both  sides. 

A.  Cephaldnica,  Link.  CEPHALONIAN  SILVER  FIR.  Remarkable  for  its 
very  stiff,  almost  prickly-pointed,  squarrose,  close-set  leaves,  dark-green 
above,  white  beneath ;  cones  5'-6'  long,  like  those  of  A.  pectinata. 
Greece,  etc. 

A.  P/nsapo,  Boiss.  SPANISH  SILVER  FIR.  Resembles  the  last,  but  not 
so  hardy,  with  leaves  less  pointed,  and  the  bracts  of  the  cones  concealed ; 
cones  cylindrical,  4'-5'  long.  Spain. 

6.  CEDRUS,  CEDAR,  i.e.  of  Lebanon.    (Ancient  Greek  name.)    Wood 
reddish,  fragrant.     Cult,  for  ornament,  but  precarious  in  this  climate. 

C.  Libani,  Barrel.  CEDAR  OF  LEBANON.  With  dark  foliage  and  stiff 
horizontal  branches,  the  terminal  shoot  erect ;  cones  3'-4'  long,  peduncled, 
oblong-oval,  maturing  the  second  (or  third  ?)  year ;  not  hardy. 

C.  Deodara,  Loud.  DEODAR  C.  Of  Himalayas  ;  with  lighter  drooping 
spray  on  young  trees,  and  larger  whitish  leaves.  Somewhat  planted  S. ; 
now  considered  to  be  only  a  form  of  the  first. 

7.  LARIX,    LARCH.     (The  ancient  name.)     Trees  planted  for  orna- 
ment and  valuable  for  timber ;  branches  slender,  the  young  ones  pendu- 
lous ;  flowers  in  earliest  spring,  much  before  the  leaves  appear ;  catkins 
from  lateral  spurs  or  broad  buds ;  the  sterile  globular,  yellow ;   the 
fertile  oval,  crimson-red,  being  the  color  of  the  bracts.    The  commonest 
ones  described  here.    Others  are  in  cultivation. 

L  Europcea,  DC.  EUROPEAN  LARCH.  A  fine  fast-growing  tree,  with 
leaves  about  1'  long,  and  cones  1'  long,  of  numerous  scales.  There  is  a 
weeping  form. 

L.  Americana,  Michx.  AMERICAN  LARCH,  TAMARACK  or  HACKMA- 
TACK. Swamps  N. ;  slender  tree  with  shorter  and  paler  leaves,  and  small 
cones  of  few  scales,  only  i'  or  jj'  long. 

8.  CRYPTOMERIA.     (From  the  Greek,  means   concealed  parts  or 
joints.}     Evergreen  tree  from  Japan. 

C.  Japdnica,  D.Don.  Often  in  conservatories  and  in  the  open  from 
Long  Island  (sparingly),  S.  ;  leaves  crowded,  awl-shaped,  many-ranked, 
edgewise  and  decurrent  on  the  stem. 


PINE   FAMILY.  483 

9.  TAXODIUM,   BALD  CYPRESS.     (Greek:    Tew-like;  the  resem- 
blance is  only  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves. )     Flowers  before  the  leaves, 
in  earliest  spring. 

T.  distichum,  Richard.  AMERICAN  B.  or  SOUTHERN  CYPRESS.  Large 
tree  in  swamps,  from  Del.,  S.,  and  planted  even  N.;  branchlets  slender, 
many  of  them  falling  in  autumn  like  leafstalks ;  leaves  light  green,  £' 
long,  narrow-linear,  2-ranked,  on  some  flower-bearing  shoots  awl-shaped 
and  imbricated  ;  cones  1'  or  less  thick. 

10.  SEQUOIA,   REDWOOD.     (Named  for  the  Cherokee  half-breed 
Indian  See-qua-yah,  who  invented  an  alphabet  for  his  nation.)     Very 
celebrated,  gigantic,  Californian  trees,  with  fibrous  bark,  not  unlike 
that  of  Taxodium,  and  soft,  fissile,  dull  red  wood.     Neither  species  is 
hardy  in  New  England,  or  safe  in  the  Middle  States ;  but  the  second 
is  disposed  to  stand. 

S.  semp6rvirens,  Endl.  COMMON  REDWOOD  of  the  coast  ranges  of  Cal.; 
with  flat  and  linear  acute  leaves  2-ranked  on  the  branches,  but  small  awl- 
shaped  and  scattered  ones  on  the  erect  or  leading  shoots,  and  small  globu- 
lar cones  (barely  1'  long). 

S.  gigantda,  Torr.  GIANT  REDWOOD  (in  Eng.  called  WELLiNGTbNiA) 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ;  with  all  the  leaves  awl-shaped  and  distributed 
round  the  branch  ;  cones  ovoid,  l|'-2'  long. 

11.  CUPRBSSUS,  CYPRESS.  Classical  name  of  the  Oriental  Cypress, 
namely, 

C.  sempervirens,  Linn.  Planted  only  far  S.;  stiff  narrow  tree,  with 
slender  erect  branches,  dark  foliage,  and  cone  1'  in  diameter,  each  scale 
many-seeded. 

12.  CHAMJECYPARIS,  FALSE  CYPRESS.  (Greek:  ground  cypress.) 

*  WHITE  CEDAR,  with  rather  stiff  branches  and  closely  oppressed  leaves. 
C.  sphraerofdea,  Spach.   COMMON  WHITE  CEDAR.  Tree  of  low  grounds, 

from  Me.,  S.,  with  white  valuable  wood,  slender  spray,  and  pale,  glaucous- 
green,  triangular-awl-shaped  leaves  much  finer  than  in  Arbor  Vitse  ;  cones 
hardly  i'  wide,  with  few  seeds  to  each  scale,  and  these  almost  wingless. 
*  *  CYPRESSES  of  cultivation,  ours  with  drooping  spray. 

C.  Lawsoniana,  Parl.  A  most  graceful  species,  with  thickly  set  and 
plume-like,  flat,  pendulous  spray  of  bluish-green  hue,  and  cones  scarcely 
above  %'  in  thickness,  their  scales  bearing  2-4  ovules  and  ripening  2  or  3 
seeds;  male  catkins  red.  N.  Cal.,  where  it  reaches  100°  in  height. 
Many  varieties  are  in  cultivation.  Half  hardy  N. 

C.  Nutkaensis,  Spach.  (THUYOPSIS  BORE\LIS).  NOOTKA  SOUND  CY- 
PRESS. Like  the  last,  but  more  robust  in  habit,  its  foliage  pale-green, 
and  its  male  catkins  sulphur-yellow.  Hardier,  and  cult,  in  several  forms. 
Ore.,  N. 

*  *  *  RETINOSPORAS  of  cultivation,  with  more  erect  branchlets  and  some- 

times slightly  spreading  leaves.    Japan. 

C.  pisifera,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Pyramidal  tree,  or  generally  a  bush  as 
seen  in  cultivation,  with  feathery  spray,  slender  branchlets,  and  dis- 
tinctly 4-rowed,  scale-like,  somewhat  distant,  sharp  leaves,  which  are 
brownish -green  above,  bearing  2  glaucous  lines  beneath ;  cones  the  size 
of  small  peas,  with  8-12  scales  which  are  irregularly  crenulate  on  the 
margin.  The  forms  in  cultivation,  as  RETINOSPORA  PLUM68A,  R.  ERI- 
CO!DES,  R.  SQUARR69A  and  R.  FiLfFERA,  are  considered  to  be  forms  of 
this  species. 


484  PINE  FAMILY. 

C.  obti)sa,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Distinguished  from  the  above  by  its  obtusish 
and  closely  appressed  leaves,  larger  cones  (£'  in  diam.)  which  have  8 
(rarely  9  or  10)  cones  with  entire-margined  scales,  which,  however,  are 
furnished  with  a  tubercle-like  tip  in  the  center.  RETINOSPORA  TETRA- 
&6NA,  R.  FILICOIDES,  and  R.  LYCOPODIOIDES  belong  here. 

13.  THUJA,  ARBOR  VIT^E.     (Ancient  name  of  some  resin-bearing 
evergreen. )     The  varieties  planted  in  collections  are  very  numerous ; 
the  following  are  the  principal  natural  types,  by  some  taken  for  genera. 
(Lessons,  Fig.  166.) 

T.  occidentals,  Linn.     AMERICAN  ARBOR  VIT^E,  or  WHITE  CEDAR 

(incorrectly)  of  the  N.  and  of  lumbermen.  Common  tree  N.,  in  swamps 
and  cool,  moist  woods,  much  planted,  especially  for  hedges  and  screens  ; 
leaves  mostly  of  the  scale-shaped  sort,  blunt,  and  adnate  ;  cones  oblong, 
rather  soft,  the  oblong  scales  pointless,  and  bearing  2  thin-winged  seeds. 
Many  nursery  varieties,  some  of  which,  especially  var.  ERICOIDES  or 
HEATH-LIKE  A.,  have  the  loose,  awl-shaped  sort  of  leaves.  SIBERIAN 
ARBOR  VIT.E  is  a  form  of  it. 

7".  orientalis,  Linn.  (Bi6TA  ORIENTALIS).  CHINESE  A.  Not  hardy  far 
N. ;  small  tree,  with  even  the  scale-shaped  leaves  acute ;  cone  larger, 
with  thicker  scales  tipped  with  a  recurving,  horn-like  apex  or  appendage, 
each  2-seeded,  and  the  seeds  hard-shelled  and  wingless.  Numerous  forms 
are  cultivated. 

7".  dolabrata,  Linn.  (THUYOPSIS  DOLABRATA).  Japan.  Remarkable  for 
its  very  flat  spray,  broad  and  very  blunt,  large  leaves  (sometimes  \'  long) 
green  above  and  white  beneath ;  the  cone  with  thick  and  rounded  scales, 
each  with  5  wing- margined  seeds. 

14.  JUNIPERUS,  JUNIPER.     (Classical  Latin  name.)     Flowers  late 
spring. 

*  Leaves  like  those  of  Cypress  and  Arbor  Vitce  (both  scale-like  and  awl- 

shaped,  small,  the  former  sort  minute  and  very  adnate) . 

3.  Virginiana,  Linn.  RED  CEDAR,  SAVIN.  A  familiar  shrub  and 
small  or  large  tree,  with  most  durable  and  valuable,  reddish,  odorous 
wood ;  the  small  fruit  dark  with  a  white  bloom,  erect  on  the  short  sup- 
porting branchlet. 

J.  Sabina,  Linn.,  var.  prociimbens,  Pursh.  Rocky  banks,  trailing 
over  the  ground  along  our  northern  borders,  with  the  scale- shaped  leaves 
less  acute,  and  the  fruit  nodding  on  the  short,  peduncle-like,  recurved 
branchlet. 

J.  Chinensis,  Linn.  Low  or  medium-sized,  dioecious  tree  of  upright 
habit ;  male  plant  with  numerous  branches,  the  upper  ones  ascending  or 
erect,  the  leaves  generally  in  3's,  stiff  and  spreading,  green  or  glau- 
cous ;  female  plant  with  longer  and  more  distant  branches,  the  leaves 
shorter  and  more  appressed  and  in  pairs;  berries  dull- violet,  small. 
China  to  Nepaul. 

*  *  Leaves  all  of  one  sort,  in  whorls  of  3,  jointed  with  the  stem,  linear 
with  an  awl-shaped,  prickly  point ;  the  midrib  prominent,  also  the  rib- 
like  margins. 

J.  comnrunis.  Linn.  COMMON  JUNIPER.  Erect  or  spreading  shrub, 
with  very  sharp-pointed  leaves,  green  below  and  white  on  the  upper  face  ; 
berries  large  and  smooth.  The  wild,  low,  much  spreading  variety  is  com- 
mon N.  in  sterile  or  rocky  ground.  Var.  HIBERNICA,  a  very  erect,  tree- 
like shrub,  forming  a  narrow  column,  is  most  planted  for  ornament- 
From  Eu.  Many  cult,  forms. 


GYCAB   FAMILY.  485 

15.  TAXUS,  YEW.     (Classical  name,  from  the  Greek  for  a  bow :  the 
tough  wood  was  chosen  for  bows.)     Flowers  early  spring. 

7".  baccata.  Linn.  EUROPEAN  YEW.  Low  tree,  with  thick,  upright 
trunk,  spreading,  short  branches,  and  pointed,  dark-green  leaves  about  1' 
long  ;  when  planted  in  this  country  forms  only  a  shrub.  Var.  FABTIGIATA, 
IRISH  YEW.  A  singular  form,  making  a  narrow  column,  the  branches 
appressed ;  the  leaves  shorter,  broader,  and  scarcely  in  two  ranks. 

T.  tardha,  Laws.  (T.  ADPRESSA).  Low  tree  or  shrub,  with  no  dis- 
tinct leader,  and  therefore  making  a  flat  top  ;  leaves  short,  ovate-oblong, 
and  very  dark-green,  2-rowed  ;  berries  pale-pink.  Said  to  have  come  from 
Japan,  but  probably  only  a  form  of  T.  baccata. 

T.  cusp/data,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Small  tree  or  hardy  bush,  with  the  habit  of 
T.  baccata,  but  looser ;  leaves  broader  and  abruptly  pointed,  leathery  in 
texture  and  lighter-colored,  2-ranked  on  the  branchlets,  but  scattered  on 
the  older  growth.  Japan. 

T.  Canad^nsis,  Willd.  AMERICAN  Y.,  GROUND  HEMLOCK.  A  strag- 
gling bush  on  shady  banks  and  hills,  N.  J.,  to  Minn,  and  N. ;  widely  spread- 
ing on  the  ground ;  leaves  green  and  linear,  short ;  berries  light-red. 

16.  TORREYA.     (Dr.  John  Torrey,  a  distinguished  American  botan- 
ist.)    Flowers  in  spring. 

T.  taxif6lia,  Arn.  Woods  in  Fla.  ;  a  handsome  tree,  but  with  the 
wood  and  foliage  ill-scented ;  leaves  like  those  of  Yew,  but  longer  and 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point ;  hardy  as  a  shrub  as  far  north  as  N.  Y. 

17.  GINKGO,   GINKGO  TREE.     (Japanese  name.) 

G.  6//o6a,  Linn.  (SALISBURIA  ADiANTirdLiA).  MAIDENHAIR  TREE. 
A  most  singular  tree,  planted  from  China  and  Japan,  hardy  N. ;  branches 
spreading ;  the  fan-shaped,  maidenhair-like,  alternate  leaves  with  their 
slender  stalks  3'  or  4'  long ;  fruit  a  drupe  an  inch  or  more  long,  with  a 
stone  like  that  of  the  plum,  the  meat  edible.  Dioecious  or  monoecious. 

18.  PODOCARPUS.     (Greek:  stalked  fruit.) 

P.  Chinensis,  Wall.  A  very  erect  shrub,  like  the  Irish  Yew  not  fully 
hardy  N. ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  2'-3'  long ;  fruit  ovoid.  China. 

P.  Nagela,  R.  Br.  Handsome,  erect  tree  with  slender  and  sometimes 
pendulous  branches ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  attenuated  at  the  point  and 
slightly  glaucous ;  fruit  globose,  dark-purple.  Japan, 


CXXXVI.  CYCADACKE,  CYCAD  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  palm-like  trunks  which  increase  by  a 
terminal  bud ;  the  leaves  pinnate  and  coiled  in  the  bud,  like 
ferns.  Flowers  dioecious,  the  fertile  consisting  of  2  ovules 
under  scales,  and  arranged  in  cones  or  on  the  margins  of  con- 
tracted leaves.  Only  two  species  need  be  mentioned  here : 

Cycas  revoltita,  Thunb.  (Lessons,  Fig.  47.)  Japan;  a  palm-like,  low 
tree  of  conservatories,  wrongly  called  SAGO  PALM  ;  leaves  2°-6°  long, 
curving  outwards,  the  pinnae  stiff,  dark-green  ;  stem  commonly  simple. 

Zamia  integrif6lia,  Willd.  COONTIE  of  S.  Fla.,  whose  root-like  trunk, 
which  does  not  rise  above  ground,  furnishes  a  kind  of  flour  called  FLORIDA 
ARROW  ROOT  ;  leaves  petioled  and  spreading,  with  numerous  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate  pinnae. 


SERIES   II. 


FLOWERLESS   OR  CRYPTOGAMOUS   PLANTS.1 

Those  which  fructify  without  true  flowers ;  that  is,  with- 
out stamens  and  pistils,  and  produce  spores  (simple  cells) 
in  place  of  seeds. 

CLASS  III.    ACROGENS. 

The  highest  class  of  Flowerless  Plants,  those  with  a 
distinct  axis,  or  stem,  growing  from  the  apex,  containing 
woody  matter  and  ducts,  and  bearing  leaves,  or  something 
answering  to  leaves. 

CXXXVH.    EftUISETACRfi,   HORSETAIL  FAMILY. 

Perennial  plants,  rising  from  creeping  rootstocks ;  the  stems 
mostly  hollow,  furrowed,  many-jointed,  with  mere  scales  at 
the  joints  united  into  a  sheath  in  place  of  leaves;  either 
simple  or  with  branches  in  whorls  about  the  joints  ;  fructifica- 
tion in  terminal  cone-like  spikes,  composed  of  5-angled,  short- 
stalked,  and  shield-shaped  scales,  each  bearing  on  the  under 
surface  about  6  one-celled  spore  cases.  Contains  but  one 
genus,  EQUISETUM,  the  HORSETAILS  or  SCOURING  RUSHES, 
in  low  places.  For  the  species  the  student  should  consult  the 
Manual.  (Lessons,  Figs.  493-498.) 

CXXXVIH.    FHICES,   FERN   FAMILY. 

Plants  with  creeping  or  ascending  rootstocks,  or  even  erect 
trunks,  bearing  distinct  leaves  (fronds)  on  stalks  (or  stipes) 
which  are  rolled  up  (circinate)  in  the  bud,  and  bear  commonly 

1  The  account  of  the  Flowerless  Plants  In  the  original  edition  was  prepared  by  Professor 
D.  C.  Eaton  of  Tale  College. 


FEKN   FAMILY.  487 

on  the  under  surface  or  on  the  edges  the  simple  fructification, 
consisting  of  1-celled  spore  cases  (technically  called  sporangia) 
variously  grouped  in  dots,  lines,  or  masses  (called  sort  or  fruit 
dots)  and  containing  but  one  kind  of  minute,  1-celled,  powdery, 
numerous  spores,  which  are  discharged  when  the  sporangia 
finally  split  open.  A  large  family,  most  abundant  in  warm 
and  moist  regions. 

[  The  divisions  of  a  pinnatiftd  frond  are  properly  called  segments  ;  of 
a  pinnate  frond,  pinnce  ;  of  a  2-3-4-pinnate  frond,  pinnules  or  ultimate 
segments.  The  stalk  of  the  frond  is  a  stipe  ;  its  continuation  through  the 
frond,  the  rhachis ;  its  branches,  partial  or  secondary  rhachises.  A  rha- 
chis  bordered  by  the  leafy  portion  becomes  a  midrib,  tohich  may  be  primary, 
secondary,  etc.~] 

I.  POL YPODIUM  SUBFAMILY.  Characterized  by  stalked 
spore  cases,  having  a  vertical,  incomplete,  many-jointed,  elastic 
ring,  which  straightens  at  maturity,  breaking  open  the  spore 
case  transversely,  and  so  discharging  the  spores.  Spore  cases 
rarely  if  ever  on  very  narrow  thread-like  branches ;  the  fruit 
dots  often  covered  by  a  scale-like  involucre  (the  indusium). 

§  1.  No  definite  fruit  dots,  but  the  spore  cases  in  large  patches  on  the  under  surface  of 
the  fertile  frond,  or  entirely  covering  the  under  surface ;  no  indusium. 

1.  ACEOSTICHUM  §  CHRYSODIUM.    Fronds  simple  or  pin nately  branched,  with  retic- 

ulated veins ;  spore  cases  covering  the  whole  under  surface  of  the  frond  or  of  its 
upper  divisions. 

2.  PLATTOERIUM.    Fronds  irregularly  forking ;  veins  reticulated ;  spore  cases  in  large 

patches  on  special  portions  of  the  under -surface. 

§  2.  Spore  cases  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  sometimes  near  the  margin,  in  dots  or  lines 
(sort}  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  but  without  indusium  of 
any  kind. 

3.  POLTPODITJM.    Fronds  simple  or  pinnate,  rarely  twice  pinnate ;  veins  free  or  retic- 

ulated ;  fruit  dots  round  or  roundish,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  or  at  the  point  where 
several  veins  meet  (anastomose).    Stalk  articulated  to  the  rootstock,  and  leaving  a 
distinct  scar  when  decayed  away. 
(15.   PHEGOPTERIS  may  be  sought  here.) 

4.  GYMNOGRAMME  §  CEROPTERIS.   Fronds  compound,  more  or  less  covered  beneath 

with  white  or  yellow  waxy  powder ;  fruit  dots  in  long  often  forking  lines  on  the 
veins. 

5.  NOTHOL.3ENA.    Fronds  once  or  twice  pinnate,  woolly,  scaly  or  powdery  beneath ; 

fruit  dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  forming  a  line  next  the  margin  of  the  divisions. 
§  3.    Spore  cases  on  the  back  along  the  margin  of  the  frond,  provided  with  an  involucre 
formed  of  its  reflexed  and  more  or  less  altered  margin. 

6.  ADIANTUM.    Fruit  dots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  borne  on  the  inner  side  of  a  reflexed 

portion  of  the  margin.    Stalk  dark  and  polished,  sometimes  chaffy -bristly.     Pinnules 
always  separate,  distinctly  stalked  or  almost  sessile,  but  never  decurrent  on  the 
'    rhachis. 

7.  PTERIS.    Spore  cases  on  a  transverse,  vein-like  receptacle  within  the  margin,  which 

connects  the  ends  of  the  veins,  and  is  covered  by  the  reflexed  thin  margin.  Stalk 
light-colored  (except  in  §  Doryopteris).  Pinnules  or  ultimate  segments  adnate  to 
the  rhachis,  often  decurrent. 


488  FERN   FAMILY. 

8.  PELIuEA.    Spore  cases  in  short  lines  on  the  upper  part  of  the  veins,  confluent  in  a 

sub-marginal  band  of  fructification,  white  within,  more  or  less  covered  by  the  re- 
flexed  and  commonly  thin  margin.  Stalk  dark  and  polished,  sometimes  chaffy. 
Pinnules  mostly  distinct,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

9.  CHEILANTHE9.    Fruit  dots  minute  and  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  distinct  or  nearly 

contiguous,  and  covered  by  an  indusium  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  pinnule 
or  of  its  lobes.  Fronds  mostly  hairy  or  chafly,  low,  2-3-pinnate,  the  sterile  and 
fertile  ones  nearly  alike. 

§  4.  Fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear,  on  transverse  reticulating  veinlets,  in  rows  near  the 
midrib  and  parallel  to  it;  indusium  of  the  same  shape  as  the  fruit  dot,  opening 
toward  the  midrib  and  attached  by  the  outer  edge  to  the  fruitful  cross-veinlet. 

10.  WOODWARDIA.    Fruit  dots  straight,  oblong-linear,  in  chain-like  rows,  partly  sunken 

in  shallow  cavities  of  the  under  surface  of  the  frond.  Rather  large,  native.  Veins  retic- 
ulated, often  very  much  so. 

11.  BLECHNUM.    Fruit  dots  linear  and  nearly  or  wholly  continuous,  parallel  with  the 

midrib  and  close  to  it.    Indusium  thin  and  membranaceous,  distinct  from  the  edge 
of  the  frond.    Veins  forked,  usually  free.     Fronds  pinnate  (in  ours). 
§  5.  fruit  dots  oblong  or  linear,  on  one  or  both  sides  of  oblique  veinlets,  with  involu- 
cres of  like  shape  attached  by  one  edge  to  the  veinlet  and  free  along  the  other. 

12.  ASPLENITJM.    Fruit  dots  single  and  placed  on  the  upper  side  of  the  veinlets,  rarely 

double  and  set  back  to  back  on  both  sides  of  the  same  veinlet.     Veins  mostly  free. 

13.  SCOLOPENDBITJM.  Fruit  dots  linear,  elongated,  double  and  placed  face  to  face  along 

contiguous  veinlets ;  each  pair  thus  seeming  to  be  a  single  one  with  an  indusium 
opening  along  the  middle.  Frond  simple,  ribbon-shaped  or  tongue-shaped,  with  free 
forking  veins. 

14.  CAMPTOSORUS.    Fruit  dots  various,  mostly  short ;  those  near  the  midrib  double,  as 

in  the  last ;  the  outer  ones  angled,  curved  or  straight,  simple  as  in  Asplenium.   Frond 
simple,  tapering  to  a  long  and  narrow  usually  rooting  point.    Veins  reticulated. 
§  6.  Fruit  dots  on  the  back  of  the  veins,  rarely  at  the  ends,  round  or  roundish,  covered 
at  least  when  young  by  a  special  indusium  of  the  same  general  shape  (except  in 
No.  15).    Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  alike  or  nearly  so. 

15.  PHEGOPTERIS.    Agrees  with  Polypodium  in  most  respects ;  but  has  the  fruit  dots 

smaller,  and  commonly  on  the  free  veins,  not  at  their  ends,  and  the  stalk  is  not  artic- 
ulated to  the  rootstock.  Indusium  0.  Fronds  thin,  ternate  or  bipinnate. 

16.  ASPIDIUM.    Indusium  flat,  round  or  kidney-shaped,  fixed  at  or  near  the  center,  open- 

ing all  round  the  edge.  Mostly  rather  large  Ferns,  from  once  to  thrice  pinnate. 
Veins  free  in  the  native  species. 

17.  CYSTOPTERIS.    Indusium  convex,  fixed  by  the  base  partly  under  the  fruit  dot,  at 

length  reflexed.  Small  Ferns,  with  delicate  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  frond.  Veins 
free. 

18.  NEPHROLEPIS.    Fruit  dots  circular,  borne  on  the  tip  of  the  upper  branch  of  a  vein, 

and  usually  close  to  the  margin  of  the  frond.  Indusium  roundish  or  kidney-shaped. 
Forms  pinnate,  with  the  pinnae  articulated  at  the  base,  white-dotted  above,  the  veins 
all  free. 

§  7.  Involucres  star-shaped,  with  broad  and  ragged  or  else  capillary  and  jointed  rays, 
placed  on  the  veins  under  the  round  fruit  dots,  sometimes  at  first  enveloping  the 
spore  cases. 

19.  WOODSIA.    Small  Ferns,  often  growing  in  dense  tufts ;  fronds  once  or  twice  pinnate  ; 

veins  forked,  free. 

§8.  Sterile  fronds  broad  and  leafy;  fertile  ones  with  contracted  and  rolled  up 
pod-like  or  berry-like  divisions;  indusium  very  obscure,  irregularly  semicir- 
cular, placed  at  the  base  of  a  short  receptacle  to  which  the  spore  cases  are 
attached. 

20.  ONOCLEA.    Fronds  scattered  on  a  long  creeping  rootstock  or  growing  in  a  crown  ; 

sterile  ones  either  with  reticulated  or  free  veins ;  fertile  ones  pinnate  or  twice  pin- 
nate, the  divisions  contracted,  rolled  up  and  berry -like. 


FERN   FAMILY.  489 

§  9.  Fruit  dots  separate  or  laterally  confluent  at  or  near  the  margin  of  the  frond,  borne 
on  the  ends  of  the  veins,  or  on  the  ends  of  very  short  side-veinlets  ;  the  indusium 
attached  at  the  base  or  base  and  sides,  and  opening  toward  the  margin  of  the 
fruitful  portion  of  the  frond. 

21.  DAVALLIA.    Indusium  of  a  single  piece,  flattish  or  often  convex  and  shaped  like  half 

a  goblet  cut  lengthwise.    Exotic  Ferns,  mostly  decompound. 

22.  DICK8ONIA.    Indusium  united  by  its  sides  with  a  little  lobe  or  tooth  of  the  frond, 

forming  a  minute  2-lipped  cup,  at  first  nearly  or  quite  closed,  opening  as  the  spore 
cases  ripen.  Large  Ferns,  native  or  exotic,  some  of  the  latter  arborescent. 

II.  CYATHEA    or    TREEFERN   SUBFAMILY.     With 

erect  and  tree-like  stems,  often  many  feet  high.  Fruit  dots 
round,  not  marginal,  naked,  or  with  an  involucre  placed  be- 
neath the  stalked  spore  cases,  which  are  seated  on  a  globose 
or  elevated  receptacle,  have  a  somewhat  oblique  complete  ring, 
and  burst  open  transversely.  (Lessons,  Fig.  500.) 

23.  CYATHEA.    Fruit  dots  on  a  vein  or  in  the  forking  of  a  vein,  at  first  inclosed  in  a 

globose  involucre,  which  opens  at  the  top,  and  remains  cup-shaped  with  an  entire  or 
broken  edge. 

24.  ALSOPHILA.    Fruit  dots  as  in  the  last,  but  entirely  naked,  or  with  a  rudimentary 

indusium  consisting  of  a  minute  scale  beneath  the  spore  cases ;  veins  free. 

III.  HYMENOPHYLLUM    or    FILMY    FERN     SUB- 
FAMILY.    These  have  very  delicate  and  translucent  fronds, 
the  short-pediceled  spore  cases  growing  on   a  short  or  long 
threadlike  receptacle,  included  in  a  goblet-shaped  or  2-lipped 
involucre,  and  furnished  with  a  complete  transverse  or  slightly 
oblique  ring. 

25.  TRICHOMANES.    Fruit  dots  marginal,  at  the  end  of  a  vein,  which  extends  through 

the  funnel-form  or  goblet-shaped  involucre,  as  a  thread-like  receptacle  bearing  the 
spore  cases ;  involucres  sunken  more  or  less  in  the  frond,  and  of  the  same  pellucid 
texture. 

IV.  SCHIZ^EA   SUBFAMILY.      Mostly  small  Ferns,  or 
else  with  climbing  fronds.     Spore  cases  ovate,  sessile,  having 
a  complete  transverse,  articulated  ring  or  cap  at  the  apex,  and 
opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit. 

#  Ferns  with  elegant  climbing  fronds,  rising  from  slender  creeping  rootstocks  ;  spore 

cases  fixed  by  their  side. 

26.  LYGODIUM.     Pinnae  or  frondlets  in  pairs.    Spore  cases  covered  by  imbricating  scale- 

like  indusia  in  a  double  row  on  narrow  lobes  of  the  frond. 

*  *  Not  climbing  ;  rootstock  short ;  fronds  clustered ;  spore  cases  fixed  by  their  base; 

no  indusium. 

27.  ANEIMIA.     Spore  cases  on  the  narrow  panicled  branches  of  the  lowest  pair  of  pinna- 

of  the  1-3  pinnate  frond,  or  on  separate  fronds. 

28.  SCHIZ-iEA.    Spore  cases  in  a  double  row  on  the  narrow  divisions  of  a  pinnate  or  rarely 

pedate  special  appendage  to  the  simple  and  linear,  or  fan-shaped,  and  sometimes 
many-forked  frond. 


490  FERN   FAMILY. 

V.  OSMUNDA  or  FLOWERING  FERN  SUBFAMILY. 
Rather  large  Ferns ;  the  spore  cases  covered  with  reticulated 
ridges,  opening  longitudinally  into  two  valves,  and  with  no 
ring,  or  a  mere  vestige  of  a  transverse  ring  at  the  back. 

29.  OSMUNDA.  Rootstock  very  thick,  creeping,  the  growing  end  producing  a  crown  of 
tall  showy  fronds.  Fertile  fronds  or  parts  of  fronds  contracted,  pinnately  compound, 
the  narrow  often  thread-like  divisions  densely  covered  with  nearly  sessile  spore 
cases. 

1.  ACROSTICHUM  §  CHRYS6DIUM.    (Greek :  a  row  at  the  top,  the 
application  not  evident.)     All  tropical. 

A.  aureum,  Linn.  A  large  evergreen  Fern,  along  the  coast  of  S.  Fla.; 
the  fronds  simply  pinnate,  coriaceous,  2°-6°  long;  pinnae  4M>'  long, 
l'-2'  wide,  elliptical  or  oblong-linear. 

2.  PLATYCERIT7M,   STAG-HORN  FERN.     (Name  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  broad  horns.)      Natives  of  Africa,  Australia,  etc.;  cult,  in 
conservatories. 

P.  alcicdrne,  Gaud.  Sterile  fronds  sessile,  rather  thin,  flat  and  rounded, 
overlapping  each  other  ;  fertile  ones  erect,  1°  high,  whitish  and  minutely 
downy  beneath,  2-3  times  forked,  with  divisions  about  1'  wide,  the  top- 
most ones  fruitful. 

3.  POLYFODIUM,   POLYPODY.     (Greek :  many-footed,  referring  to 
the  branching  rootstock.)    An  immense  genus,  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

§  1.  POLTPODIUM  proper.     Veins  free;  the  following  native. 

P.  vulg&re,  Linn.  COMMON  POLYPODY.  Rocky  places  N.;  small, 
simply  pinnatifid,  evergreen,  smooth  both  sides,  4'-10'  high,  l'-3'  wide, 
the  numerous  divisions  oblong-linear;  fruit  dots  rather  large.  (Lessons, 
Fig.  499.) 

P.  incanum,  Swartz.  Shady  places,  Va.,  to  111.,  and  S.,  often  on  trees  ; 
much  like  the  last,  but  much  smaller,  and  beneath  grayish  and  scurfy, 
with  peltate  scales  ;  fruit  dots  rather  small. 

§  2.  PHLEBODIUM.  Veins  reticulated,  with  free  veinlets  included  in  the 
larger  meshes.  Fruit  dots  in  1-3  rows  between  the  midrib  and  margin, 
commonly  placed  each  one  on  the  converging  ends  of  a  pair  of  veinlets. 

P.  aureum.  Linn.  A  large  showy  Fern  of  Fla.,  and  cult,  from  West 
Indies ;  fronds  on  a  stout  stalk,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  smooth,  pale- 
green  above,  glaucous  beneath,  pinnately  parted  into  5-9  or  more  oblong- 
linear  or  lanceolate  spreading  divisions. 

4.  GYMNOGRAMME  §  CER6PTERIS.     (Greek :  a  naked  line,  from 
the  elongated  fruit  dots.)     The  following  cult,  species  have  free  veins, 
and  the  under  surface  of  the  fronds  covered  with  a  yellow  or  whitish 
waxy  powder. 

*  Fronds  small  and  distinctly  triangular  or  ^-angular. 

G.  triangularis,  Kaulf .  CALIFORNIAN  GOLD  FERN.  Frond  4'-6'  long, 
on  slender  and  polished  stalks,  broadly  3-  or  rather  5-angled  in  outline, 
twice  pinnate  below,  pinnate  above  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate,  deeply 
pinnatifid  into  obtuse  lobes.  Smooth  and  green  above,  beneath  of  a  rich 


FERN   FAMILY.  491 

golden-yellow,  sometimes  paler ;  the  fertile  fronds  at  length  nearly  cov- 
ered with  brownish  lines  of  spore  cases.     Cal.  to  Ariz. 

*  #  Fronds  obscurely  triangular- oblong  or  narrower. 
-t-  Twice  or  less  pinnate. 

G.  su/phtirea,  Desv.  West  Indies  ;  fronds  narrowly  lanceolate  in  out- 
line, 1°-1£°  high,  2'-3'  wide,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  lower 
ones  gradually  smaller  and  very  remote,  pinnatifid  into  ovate,  obtuse 
toothed  or  ragged  lobes,  the  lower  surface  covered  with  sulphur-yellow 
powder. 

G.  calomelanos,  Kaulf.  Trop.  Amer.,  the  commonest  Gold  and  Silver 
Ferns  of  the  conservatories,  and  variable  ;  much  like  the  last,  but  broader 
and  larger,  the  lower  pinnae  largest,  and  lobes  mostly  acute.  The  powder 
white,  or  in  var.  CHRYSOPHYLLA  golden-yellow. 

G.  tartarea,  Desv.  (G.  DEALB\TA).  Trop.  Amer.;  fronds  dull  green 
above  but  snowy-white-powdered  below,  oblong-triangular,  l°-2°  long 
and  half  as  broad,  the  dark-chestnut-brown  stipes  6'-12'  long,  the  spear- 
lanceolate  pinnae  largest  at  the  base  of  the  frond  and  divided  into  oblong, 
bluntish,  nearly  or  quite  entire  segments.  There  are  forms  with  yellow 

•«-  t-  Fronds  more  than  twice  pinnate. 

G.  schizophylla,  Moore.  Fronds  from  a  central  crown,  slightly  powdered 
below,  about  2°  long  and  6'  broad,  on  slender  reddish  stipes,  the  pinnules 
divided  into  "ery  small  ultimate  segments.  Delicate  and  graceful,  often 
producing  young  plants  from  the  fronds.  Jamaica. 

5.  NOTHOL.3ENA  (spelled  also  NOTHOCHL&NA).     (Greek,  signifying 
spurious  covering,  the  woolly  pubescence  of  some  species  concealing 
the  marginal  fruit  dots.)     The  following  species  are  small,  4'-8'  high, 
ovate  in  outline,  mostly  tripinnate ;  their  ultimate  divisions  roundish, 
ovate  or  oblong,  distinct,  stalked,  and  covered  beneath  with  a  waxy 
powder ;  stalk  and  branches  dark  brown  and  polished. 

N.  flavens,  Moore  (N.  CHRYSOPHYLLA  of  gardens).  Central  Amer.  ; 
powder  bright  yellow ;  fruit  dots  extending  from  the  edge  almost  to  the 
midrib,  so  that  it  might  equally  well  be  considered  a  Gymnogramme. 

N.  nivea,  Desv.  Very  like  the  first,  but  the  powder  snowy-white, 
and  the  fruit  dots  closer  to  the  margin ;  pinnules  long-stalked,  the  seg- 
ments roundish,  the  terminal  ones  largest  and  either  entire  or  3-lobed. 
Central  Amer.,  to  N.  Mexico,  etc. 

N.  dealbata,  Kunze.  Differs  from  the  last  (of  which  it  is  probably 
only  a  variety)  in  its  smaller  segments,  which  are  more  numerous  and 
longer  than  broad,  the  terminal  ones  rarely  lobed.  Kan.  and  Mo.,  S.  W. 

6.  ADIANTUM,   MAIDENHAIR.     (Greek,    meaning    unwetted,    the 
rain  drops  not  adhering  to  the  fronds.)     A  large  genus,  most  abundant 
in  warm  climates. 

*  Frond  two-forked,  with  elongated  simply  pinnate  divisions  springing 
from  the  upper  side  of  the  two  recurved  branches  ;  midrib  of  the  pinnules 
none;  veins  forked  from  the  base. 

A.  pedatum.  Linn.  MAIDENHAIR.  In  shady  woods ;  whole  plant 
smooth,  l°-2°  high  ;  principal  divisions  4'-10'  long,  I'-l  J'  wide  ;  pinnules 
very  numerous,  oblong,  broadest  at  the  base,  obtuse,  lobed  from  the  upper 
edge ;  fruit  dots  at  the  top  of  the  lobes ;  involucres  transversely  oblong 
or  linear. 


492  FERN   FAMILY. 

*  *  Frond  2-4  times  pinnate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  triangular  in  general 

outline. 

A.  Capfllus-V^neris,  Linn.  VENUS'S  HAIR,  so  named  from  the  shining 
capillary  branches  of  the  rhachis  ;  native  Va.  and  Ky.,  S.,  often  in  conser- 
vatories N.;  twice  pinnate  or  thrice  pinnate  at  the  base,  the  long  upper 
part  simply  pinnate ;  pinnules  about  £'  broad,  on  very  slender  stalks, 
sharply  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  top,  or  rhomboidal, 
commonly  deeply  lobed  from  the  upper  margin ;  fruit  dots  one  to  each 
lobe  ;  involucres  kidney-shaped  or  transversely  oblong.  Plant  6'-12'  high, 
often  pendent  from  damp  shaded  rocks  in  the  mouths  of  wells,  etc.,  in  S. 
of  Eu. 

A.  cuneatum,  Langsd.  &  Fisch.  S.  Amer.;  fronds  broadly  triangular  in 
outline,  3-4  times  pinnate ;  pinnules  small  and  very  numerous,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  the  upper  edge  deeply  lobed  ;  fruit  dots  in  deep  sinuses 
of  the  upper  margin.  A.  GRAcfLLiMUM,  the  commonest  Maidenhair  of 
the  florists,  with  decompound  and  very  delicate  fronds,  as  a  garden  form 
of  this  species. 

A.  te"nerum,  Swartz.  Fla.  and  S.,  and  cult. ;  fronds  deltoid,  3-4-pin- 
nate,  l°-3°  long  and  the  stipes  1°  high,  the  pinnules  cuneate  and  rounded 
or  angled  on  the  upper  edge,  sometimes  deeply  lobed,  articulated  to  their 
petioles.  Original  of  the  remarkable  A.  FARLEYENSE  of  horticulturists 
(from  Farley  Hill,  Barbadoes),  which  has  very  large  fronds  (2°-3°  long) 
and  very  large  drooping,  fringed  pinnules. 

7.   PTERIS,   BRAKE.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  for  Ferns,  meaning 
a  wing,  from  the  feather-like  fronds.)     A  large  and  widely  distributed 

*  Frond  simply  pinnate  ;  pinnce  undivided. 

P.  longifdlia,  Linn.  Cult,  from  warm  regions,  native  in  S.  Fla.; 
oblong-lanceolate  in  outline  ;  pinnae  numerous,  linear  and  tapering  from 
a  truncate  or  cordate  base,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  gradually  smaller. 

*  *  Frond  pinnate,  and  with  the  lower  pairs  of  pinnce  forked  or  again 

pinnate,  the  divisions  and  upper  pinnae  elongated,  simple. 

P.  Cretica,  Linn.  Cult,  from  warm  climates,  native  in  Fla.;  l°-2° 
high  ;  pinnae  1-4  pairs,  the  upper  ones  slightly  decurrent,  lower  ones  cleft 
almost  to  the  base  into  2-3  long,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  divisions ; 
sterile  ones  and  tips  of  the  narrower  fertile  ones  finely  and  sharply  ser- 
rate. Var.  ALBO-LINEA.TA  has  a  whitish  stripe  in  the  middle  of  each 
division. 

P.  serrulata,  Linn.  f.  Cult,  from  China,  but  native  in  Ga.  and  Ala.; 
l°-li°  high ;  pinnae  3-8  pairs,  all  but  the  lowest  decurrent  and  forming  a 
wing  3"  wide  on  the  main  rhachis ;  lower  pairs  pinnately  or  pedately  cut 
into  several  narrow  linear-acuminate  divisions ;  upper  ones  simple,  sterile 
ones  spinulose-serrulate. 

*  *  *  Fronds  pinnate,  and  the  numerous,  primary  divisions  pinnately  cut 
into  many  lobes  (except  sometimes  the   uppermost),  the   lowest  ones 
mostly  with  1-3  elongated,  similarly-lobed  branches  on  the  lower  side. 

P.  quadriaurlta,  Retz.  Cult,  from  the  tropics ;  fronds  l°-3°  long,  6'-12' 
wide,  broadly  ovate  in  outline  ;  lobes  of  primary  divisions  linear-oblong, 
J'-l;  long,  3"  wide,  very  numerous  and  often  crowded,  mostly  rather 
obtuse.  Var.  ARGYREA  has  a  band  of  white  along  the  middle  of  the  pri- 
mary divisions ;  to  this  is  added  a  tinge  of  red  in  var.  TRfcoLOR. 

P.  trSmula,  R.Br.  Australia  and  New  Zealand  ;  fronds  2°-4°  long  and 
mostly  broad,  the  tip  with  a  few,  close,  undivided  pinnae  or  lobes  which 
are  decurrent  at  the  base,  some  of  the  upper  pinnae  simply  pinnate,  but 


FERN    FAMILY.  493 

the  lower  ones  very  compound  and  often  1°  long ;  fruit  dots  very  numer- 
ous, often  covering  nearly  the  whole  segment. 

*  *  *  *  Fronds  broadly  triangular,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  throughout; 
lowest  primary  divisions  long-stalked. 

P.  aquilina,  Linn.  COMMON  BRAKE.  Plentiful  everywhere,  l°-5° 
high,  harsh  to  the  touch  ;  the  lowest,  primary  divisions  standing  obliquely 
forward ;  secondary  divisions  pinnatifid  with  many  oblong  or  linear,  some- 
times hastate  lobes,  which  in  a  fruiting  frond  are  bordered  everywhere 
with  brown  spore  cases ;  variable. 

8.  PELLJEA,    CLIFF  BRAKE.      (Greek:    dusky,  descriptive  of  the 
stalk.)     Mostly  small  Ferns. 

P.  atropurpfcrea,  Link.  Wild,  on  shaded  limestone ;  fronds  tufted, 
6'-12'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  with  polished  and  sparingly  downy  stalks,  2-pin- 
nate,  simply  pinnate  toward  the  top ;  pinnules  distinct,  oblong,  or  linear- 
oblong,  rarely  halberd-shaped,  obtuse,  or  slightly  mucronate ;  involucre 
rather  broad,  and  at  length  hidden  by  the  spore  cases. 

P.  gracilis,  Hook.  Fronds  3'-6'  high,  of  very  delicate  texture,  the 
pinnae  few,  the  lower  ones  being  once  or  twice  pinnately-parted ;  pinnae 
of  the  fertile  frond  oblong  or  linear-oblong  and  entire,  or  nearly  so ; 
those  of  the  sterile  frond  ovate  or  obovate  and  crenate  or  incised.  Lime- 
stone rocks,  Mass.,  W.  and  N. 

P.  ternifofia,  Fee.  Fronds  6'-12'  long,  lance-linear,  the  opposite  pinnae 
of  6-12  pairs,  each  one  cleft  nearly  to  the  base  into  3  linear,  rigid 
segments  with  inrolled  edges.  Trop.  Amer. 

9.  CHEILANTHES,  LIP  FERN.     (Greek:  lip  flower,  from  the  form 
of  the  indusium. )     A  few  species  are  cultivated,  not  mentioned  here. 

*  Fronds  smooth. 

C.  Alabame'nsis,  Kunze.  Fronds  2'-8'  long,  ovate-lanceolate  and  2- 
pinnate ;  the  pinnae  numerous  and  oblong-lanceolate,  with  triangular- 
oblong  pinnules.  Mountains,  Va.  and  Ky. ,  S. 

*  *  Fronds  hairy. 

C.  vestlta,  Swartz.  Fronds  6'-15'  high,  lanceolate,  oblong,  rusty-hairy, 
2-pinnate  ;  the  pinnae  rather  distant  and  triangular-ovate  ;  pinnules  oblong 
and  crowded  and  somewhat  incised  with  reflexed  lobes.  Rocks,  N.  Y. 
City,  S.  and  W.  ^  ^  #  Fronds  woony  or  tomentose. 

C.  toment6sa,  Link.  Fronds  12'-20'  high,  lance-oblong,  densely 
whitish-tomentose,  3-pinnate ;  primary  and  secondary  pinnae  oblong  or 
ovate-oblong ;  pinnules  distinct,  the  margin  continuously  reflexed.  Moun- 
tains, Va.  and  Ky.,  S. 

C.  lanugindsa,  Nutt.  Fronds  3'-6'  high,  on  dark,  shining  stipes, 
ovate-lanceolate,  whitish-woolly,  2-  or  3-pinnate  ;  pinnae  ovate,  the  lowest 
distinct  and  the  upper  contiguous  ;  pinnules  crenate-pinnatifid  ;  the  mar- 
gin almost  continuously  reflexed.  Tufted  ;  cliffs,  Minn.,  S.  and  W. 

10.  WOODWARDIA,   CHAIN  FERN.     (Thomas  J.   Woodward,  an 
English  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

W.  Virglnica,  Smith.  Tall,  growing  in  swamps,  Me.,  S.  and  W. ; 
sterile  and  fertile  fronds  alike,  ovate  in  outline,  pinnate,  with  lanceolate, 
deeply  pinnatifid  pinnae ;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse ;  veins  reticulated,  form- 
ing a  single  row  of  meshes  along  the  midribs  of  pinnae  and  of  lobes,  the 
outer  veinlets  free ;  fruit  dots  oblong,  close  to  the  midribs. 


494  FERN   FAMILY. 

W.  angustifdlia,  Smith.  Fronds  6'-12'  long,  4'-6'  broad,  pinnatifid 
almost  to  the  winged  rhachis  into  17-27  lobes,  which  are  broadly  lanceo- 
late with  copiously  reticulated  veins  in  the  sterile  frond,  but  are  nar- 
rowly linear  in  the  fertile,  with  a  single  row  of  narrow  meshes  next 
the  midrib ;  fruit  dots  linear,  sausage-shaped,  one  in  each  mesh.  N.  Eng., 
S.,  near  the  coast ;  also  on  L.  Mich.,  Ark.,  etc. 

11.  BLECHNTTM.     (Old  Greek  name.) 

B.  Brasiliense,  Desv.  Trunk  2°-3°  high,  from  the  top  of  which  arise 
many  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  fronds,  curving  outwards  2°-3° ; 
segments  very  numerous  and  leathery.  Brazil  and  Peru. 

B.  occidentals,  Linn.  Fronds  arising  from  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
9'-18'  long,  and  half  as  broad,  pinnate  ;  the  pinnae  6-12  opposite  pairs  of 
leathery  texture  and  oblong  and  entire,  with  an  auricled  or  heart-shaped 
base.  W.  Indies. 

12.  ASPLENIUM,    SPLEENWORT.      (Greek:    refers  to  supposed 
action  on  the  spleen.)     A  very  large  genus,  the  size  of  the  species 
ranging  from  quite  small  up  to  very  large  and  even  tree-like. 

§  1.  Fronds  undivided,  large  and  showy  ;  cult,  from  East  Indies,  etc. 

A.  Nidus,  Linn.  BIRD'S-NEST  FERN.  Fronds  numerous,  broadly  lance- 
olate, 2°-4°  long,  4'-8'  wide,  entire,  short-stalked,  arranged  in  a  crown 
around  the  central  upright  rootstock  ;  fruit  dots  very  narrow,  elongated, 
crowded,  running  from  the  stout  midrib  obliquely  half  way  to  the  margin. 

§  2.    Fronds  small,  pinnatifid  below,  tapering  into  a  long,  entire  point ; 
native. 

A.  pinnatifidum,  Nutt.  Very  rare,  near  Philadelphia,  and  sparingly 
W.  and  S.,  especially  along  the  Alleghanies  ;  fronds  3'-6'  long,  £"-!$' 
wide  at  the  base ;  lobes  roundish-ovate,  mostly  obtuse  ;  fruit  dots  small, 
irregular.  §3  Fronds  simply  pinnate. 

*  Small  ferns,  4'-15'  high. 

A.  Trichdmanes,  Linn.  Common,  forming  dense  tufts  in  crevices  of 
shady  rocks  ;  fronds  linear,  4'-8'  long,  with  black  and  shining  stalk  and 
rhachis,  and  many  roundish  or  oblong,  slightly  crenated  or  entire  pinnae, 
about  \'  long  and  about  half  as  broad  ;  fruit  dots  few  to  each  pinna. 

A.  ebeneum,  Ait.  Frequent  in  rocky  woods ;  fronds  linear-lanceolate, 
narrower  at  the  base,  8'-15'  long,  l'-2'  wide  ;  stalk  dark  and  polished  ; 
pinnae  many,  linear-oblong,  often  slightly  curved,  finely  serrate,  auricled 
on  one  or  both  sides  at  the  base  ;  fruit  dots  numerous. 

A.  flabellifdlium,  Cav.  Cult,  from  Australia;  lax,  the  rhachis  often 
prolonged  and  rooting  at  the  very  end ;  fronds  linear ;  pinnae  sharply 
wedged-shaped  at  the  base,  the  broad  and  rounded  end  crenated ;  fruit 
dots  irregularly  radiating  from  the  base  of  the  pinnee. 

*  *  Large  ferns,  l°-3°  high. 

A.  angustif6lium,  Michx.  Rich  woods,  N.,  and  S.  mainly  along  the 
mountains  ;  fronds  thin,  long-lanceolate  ;  pinnae  many,  3'-4'  long,  linear- 
lanceolate  from  a  truncate  or  rounded  base,  acuminate,  nearly  entire  ; 
those  of  the  fertile  frond  narrower;  fruit  dots  slightly  curved,  very 
numerous.  §  4  Fronds  more  than  once  pinnate. 

*  Fruit  dots  more  than  one  in  each  smallest  division  of  the  frond. 

A.  Rfcta-muraria,  Linn.  WALL  RUE.  On  exposed  cliffs  of  limestone, 
from  Vt.,  W.  and  S. ;  fronds  small,  l'-4'  long,  ovate,  twice  or  thrice  pin- 


FERN   FAMILY.  495 

nate,  the  few  divisions  rather  thickish,  wedge-shaped  or  rhomboid,  toothed 
at  the  top  ;  fruit  dots  few,  becoming  confluent. 

A.  furcdtum,  Thunb.  Cult,  from  Trop.  Amer.,  S.  Africa,  etc. ;  fronds 
8'-15'  long,  3'-6'  wide,  on  a  somewhat  hairy  stalk,  ovate-lanceolate,  pin- 
nate with  lance-oblong,  acuminate  pinnae,  which  are  again  pinnately  cut 
nearly  or  quite  to  the  midrib  ;  divisions  oblique,  wedged-shaped,  narrow, 
serrate,  rather  coriaceous,  deeply  marked  by  the  forking  veins ;  fruit  dots 
elongated,  radiating  from  the  base  of  the  division. 

A.  thelypteroldes,  Michx.  In  rich,  rocky  woods,  not  rare ;  fronds 
l£°-3°  high,  thin  in  texture,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  3'-6' 
lo'ng,  lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  close-set,  oblong,  and  obtuse,  mi- 
nutely toothed  lobes ;  fruit  dots  6-12  to  each  lobe,  some  of  them  com- 
monly double. 

A.  Fllix-fcemina,  Bernh.  LADY  FERN.  Common  in  moist  woods  ; 
fronds  large  (2°-3°  high,  4'-8'  broad),  growing  like  the  last  in  a  crown, 
2-3-pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  with  a  narrow  border  to  the  secondary 
rhachis  ;  pinnules  oblong  and  sharply  serrate,  or  in  larger  plants  lanceo- 
late and  pinnatifid  with  incised  lobes ;  fruit  dots  short,  variously  curved, 
at  length  confluent. 

*  *  Smallest  divisions  of  the  frond  narrow,  entire,  containing  but  a  single 

veinlet  and  but  one  fruit  dot. 

A.  Belangeri,  Kunze.  Cult,  from  Malacca  and  Java;  fronds  1°-1£° 
high,  2'-3'  wide,  coriaceous,  pale  green,  as  is  the  stoutish  stalk ;  pinnae 
oblong,  truncate  at  the  base,  with  a  rounded  apex,  pinnatifid  to  the 
winged  midrib  into  numerous  narrowly  oblong  and  obtuse  lobes,  the 
upper  basal  ones  of  each  pinna  2-3-cleft,  the  rest  entire  and  bearing  on 
the  side  farthest  from  the  main  rhachis  a  solitary  elongated  fruit  dot. 

A.  bulbiferum,  Forst.  Cult,  from  New  Zealand,  etc.  ;  fronds  herba- 
ceous, ample,  broadly  lanceolate,  !9-3°  long,  6'-12'  wide,  2-3-pinnate, 
often  producing  leafy  bulbs  on  the  upper  surface ;  pinnae  triangular- 
lanceolate,  with  a  broadly  winged  midrib ;  pinnules  lanceolate,  deeply 
toothed  or  cut  into  oblong-linear  lobes ;  fruit  dots  extending  from  the 
middle  of  the  lobes  downward  almost  to  the  midrib  of  the  pinnules. 

13.  SCOLOPENDRIUM.     (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for  a  centipede, 
suggested  by  the  many  oblique  lines  of  fruit  each  side  of  the  midrib.) 
S.  vulgElre,  Smith.     HART'S-TONGCE.     Rare,  among  shaded  rocks  in 

Central  New  York,  in  Canada  West  and  in  Tenn.  ;  fronds  6'-18'  long, 
l'-2'  wide,  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  heart-shaped  base,  herbaceous,  the 
margin  entire  or  wavy.  Cultivated  forms  from  England  are  crisped, 
crested,  many-forked,  etc. 

14.  CAMPTOSORUS,  WALKING  LEAF.     (Greek  :  meaning  a  bent 
fruit  dot.) 

C.  rhizophyllus,  Link.  Damp,  mossy  rocks,  N.,  and  S.  mainly  along 
the  mountains ;  frond  evergreen,  4'-12'  long,  tapering  from  a  heart- 
shaped  or  auricled  base  6"-12"  wide  to  a  long,  narrow  point,  which  often 
roots  at  the  end,  and  there  gives  rise  to  a  new  plant,  ready  to  take 
another  step  in  advance.  (Lessons,  Fig.  501.) 

15.  PHEGOFTERIS,    BEECH    FEKN   (which  the  name  means  in 
Greek,  the  original  species  often  found  among  beeches).     Chiefly  tropi- 
cal, but  the  following  are  all  wild  species,  in  rocky  or  shady  woods. 

*  Fronds  twice  pinnatifid ;  the  sessile  pinnae  mostly  forming  an  irregular 

and  many-angled  wing  along  the  rhachis. 

P.  polypodioldes,  F6e.  Common  N. ;  fronds  4'-9'  long,  longer  than 
broad,  triangular-ovate,  slightly  hairy  beneath;  pinnae  lanceolate,  the 


496  FERN   FAMILY. 

lower  pair  turned  obliquely  forwards  ;  secondary  divisions  crowded,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire  ;  fruit  dots  all  near  the  margin. 

P.  hexagondptera,  F6e.  Common  N.  and  S. ;  larger  than  the  last, 
which  it  much  resembles,  but  the  frond  is  broader  than  long ;  lowest 
pinnae  much  the  largest  and  with  elongated  and  pinnatifid  divisions  ;  fruit 
dots  not  exclusively  near  the  margin. 

*  *  Fronds  with  three  primary  divisions,  which  are  stalked ;  rhachis  wing- 

less. 

P.  Dry6pteris,  F6e.  Common  N.  ;  fronds  broadly  triangular,  4'-6' 
wide,  smooth  ;  the  three  primary  divisions  triangular,  once  or  twice  pin- 
nate with  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  or  toothed  lobes  ;  fruit  dots  near  the 
margin. 

16.  ASPIDIUM,  SHIELD  FERN.  (Greek  for  a  little  shield,  refer- 
ring to  the  indusium.)  A  very  large  genus,  inhabiting  all  parts  of  the 
world.  (Lessons,  Figs.  502-504.) 

§  1.  NEPHRbDiuM  or  DRYOPTEBIS.  Indusium  round-kidney-shaped  or 
nearly  circular,  with  a  narrow  cleft  from  the  lower  side  almost  to  the 
center. 

*  fronds  thin,  decaying  in  early  autumn  (or  tender  hot  house  plants) , 
pinnate;  pinnae  simply  pinnatifid,  with  mostly  entire,  obtuse  lobes;  in- 
dusium small. 

•«-  Hootstock  creeping,  slender,  nearly  naked,  and  bearing  scattered  fronds  ; 
veins  free,  simple,  or  once  forked;  common  in  bogs  and  low  grounds. 

A.  Thelypteris,  Swartz.  Fronds  lanceolate,  10'-18'  long,  on  slender 
stalks,  nearly  smooth ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  2'-4'  long,  about  £'  wide, 
spreading  or  turned  down,  the  lowest  pair  scarcely  shorter;  divisions  ob- 
long, fruiting  ones  seeming  acute  from  the  revolute  margins  ;  veins  mostly 
forked  ;  fruit  dots  confluent  when  ripe  ;  indusium  smooth  ;  N.  and  S. 

A.  Noveboracense,  Swartz.  Much  like  the  last,  but  hairy  beneath 
along  the  rhachis  and  veins  ;  fronds  tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle  ; 
lower  pinnae  gradually  smaller  and  distant ;  lobes  flat,  the  basal  ones 
often  larger  and  incised  ;  veins  rarely  forked  ;  fruit  dots  distinct ;  indu- 
sium slightly  glandular.  N.  Car.,  N.  and  W. ;  common  N. 

•i--t-  Rootstock  oblique  or  erect,  stouter,  bearing  the  fronds  in  a  crown; 
veins  simple,  free,  or  the  lower  ones  of  contiguous  lobes  united;  indu- 
sium hairy. 

A.  patens,  Swartz.  Low,  shady  grounds,  Fla.  and  W.  ;  fronds  l°-2° 
high,  sparsely  pubescent,  ovate-oblong ;  pinnae  3'-6'  long,  y  wide,  numer- 
ous, lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  lowest  pairs  a  little  smaller  ;  divisions 
oblong,  slightly  falcate,  obtuse,  or  acutish  ;  veins  entirely  free ;  indusium 
slightly  hairy. 

*  #  Fronds  smooth,  from  once  to  thrice  pinnate,  growing  in  a  crown  from 
a  stout  and  chaffy  rootstock,  and  often  remaining  green  through  the 
winter;  veins  2-4-forked  or  branching.     Wild  species  of  the  country. 

•*-  Fronds  imperfectly  evergreen,  once-pinnate  with  deeply  pinnatifid 
pinnae,  or  nearly  twice  pinnate  ;  fruit  dots  not  close  to  the  margin  ;  in- 
dusium rather  large,  flat,  smooth,  persistent. 

A.  Goldianum,  Hook.  Rich,  moist  woods,  Conn.,  to  Ky.,  and  N. ; 
fronds  broadly  ovate,  2°-4°  high,  9'-12'  wide  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate, 
broadest  about  the  middle,  parted  to  the  midrib  ;  divisions  very  numer- 
ous, nearly  1'  long,  somewhat  scythe-shaped,  rather  acute,  serrate  with 
incurved  teeth ;  fruit  dots  very  near  the  midvein. 


FERN   FAMILY.  497 

A.  cristatum,  Swartz.  Wet  places  in  woods,  frequent;  fronds  nar- 
rowly oblong,  l°-2°  high,  3'-5'  wide,  rather  rigid,  erect ;  pinnae  triangular- 
ovate,  broadest  at  base,  pinnatifid  almost  to  the  midrib,  divisions  not 
many,  oblong,  obtuse,  finely  serrate,  the  largest  ones  sometimes  toothed 
or  pinnatifid-lobed  ;  fruit  dots  half  way  between  midvein  and  margin. 

Var.  Clintoiiianum,  Eaton.  In  swampy  woods,  N.,  is  very  much 
larger  every  way,  with  fruit  dots  nearer  the  midvein,  and  is  often  mis- 
taken for  A.  Goldianum. 

A.  Floridanum,  Eaton.  Wet  woods,  Fla.  ;  lower  pinnae  triangular- 
lanceolate  and  sterile,  but  the  upper  ones  fertile,  narrower,  and  longer, 
with  very  short,  obtuse,  rather  distant  divisions,  which  are  decurrent  on 
the  winged,  secondary  rhachis. 

•<-  -i-  Fronds  imperfectly  evergreen,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  ;  the  divisions 
cut-toothed  or  incised;  fruit  dots  not  near  the  margin;  indusium  rather 
small,  withering  away. 

A.  spinuldsum,  Swartz.  Shady  woods,  very  common  N.  ;  fronds  thin, 
oblong-ovate  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  broader  and  some- 
what triangular;  pinnules  very  numerous,  oblong-ovate,  pinnately  in- 
cised ;  the  oblong  lobes  with  spinulose  teeth  toward  the  ends  ;  indusium 
smooth  or  minutely  glandular  at  the  margin.  Has  several  forms. 

Var.  dilatatum,  Hook.  In  mountainous  places  and  cool  woods,  N. 
Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  N.,  is  larger,  broader  in  outline  and  oftenest  3-pin- 
nate ;  pinnules  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  greatly  elongated  ;  indusium 
smooth  and  naked. 

A.  Bodttii,  Tuckm.  Swampy  woods  N. ;  2°-3°  high,  of  narrow  out- 
line, barely  twice  pinnate,  with  oblong-ovate  toothed  pinnules,  or  the  lower 
ones  pinnatifid  ;  indusium  minutely  glandular ;  sterile  fronds  smaller  and 
simpler  than  the  fertile  ones. 

•«-  -i-  H-  Fronds  fully  evergreen,  thickish,  about  twice-pinnate;  fruit  dots 
near  the  margin  ;  indusium  thickish,  convex,  persistent. 

A.  marginale,  Swartz.  Rocky  woods,  common  N.  ;  fronds  l°-2°  long, 
ovate-oblong,  bluish-green,  the  stalk  very  chaffy  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  3'-5' 
long ;  pinnules  oblong,  often  curved,  entire,  or  obtusely  toothed,  attached 
by  a  broad  base  to  the  narrowly  winged,  secondary  rhachis ;  fruit  dots 
close  to  the  margin,  rather  large. 

§  2.  POLYSTICHUM.    Indusium  orbicular,  peltate,  attached  by  the  center  to 
a  short  stalk  ;  veins  forking,  free. 

A.  acrosticholdes,  Swartz.  CHRISTMAS  FERN.  Fronds  l°-2°  high, 
growing  in  crowns,  with  chaffy  rootstocks  and  stalks,  evergreen,  shining, 
lanceolate,  simply  pinnate ;  pinnse  numerous,  oblong- lanceolate  from  an 
unequal  half-halberd-shaped  base,  serrulate  with  bristle-pointed  teeth, 
rarely  incised,  upper  ones  of  the  fertile  frond  smaller  and  bearing  copious, 
soon  confluent  fruit  dots.  Common  in  woods ;  often  used  in  Christmas 
decorations. 

§3.  CYRTOMIUM.  Indusium  as  in  §  POLYSTICHUM.  Fronds  once  pinnate ; 
veins  pinnate  from  the  midrib,  pinnately  branching;  the  veinlets  reticu- 
lated and  forming  arched  meshes  with  1-3  free  included  veinlets  rising 
from  the  base  of  the  arch. 

A.  falcatum,  Swartz.  Cult,  from  Japan,  China,  etc.,  and  very  variable  ; 
fronds  l°-2°  high,  5'-9'  broad  ;  base  of  stalk  chaffy  with  large  scales ; 
pinnae  thick  and  shining,  end  one  large  and  rhomboid  or  halberd-shaped  ; 
side  ones  few  or  many,  oblong- ovate,  long-pointed,  nearly  entire,  lower 
side  of  base  rounded,  upper  side  angled  or  slightly  auricled  ;  fruit  dots  in 
many  rows  on  all  or  nearly  all  the  pinnae. 
GRAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  HOT. — 32 


498  FERN    FAMILY. 

17.  CYSTOPTERIS.      (Greek  for  bladder  fern,  alluding  to  the  thin, 
sometimes  inflated  indusium.)     Species  few,  mostly  northern. 

C.  frdgilia,  Bernh.  Shaded  or  moist,  rocky  places,  common  N.  ;  fronds 
very  delicate,  4'-8'  long,  with  slender  stalks,  oblong-ovate,  twice-pinnate  ; 
pinnae  with  a  narrowly  margined  rhachis ;  pinnules  oblong  or  ovate, 
toothed  or  incised,  very  variable  ;  indusium  pointed  at  the  upper  end. 

C.  bulbifera,  Bernh.     Wet  places,  oftenest  in  ravines,  from  N.  Car., 
N.  ;  fronds  l°-3°  high,  3'-5'  wide  at  the  base,  narrowed  above  and  much 
elongated,  twice  pinnate,  bearing  scattered  bulblets  beneath  ;  pinnules 
oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ;   indusium  roundish,  truncate  on 
the  upper  side. 

18.  NEPHROLEPIS.     (Greek:   kidney,  scale,  referring  to  the  shape 
of  the  indushun. ) 

N.  exaltata.  Schott.  Fla.  and  the  tropics,  and  one  of  the  commonest 
ferns  of  conservatories  ;  fronds  l°-6°  long  and  very  narrow  ;  the  pinnae 
crowded,  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate,  the  upper  side  auricled 
at  the  base  ;  indusium  kidney-shaped. 

N.  davallioldes,  Kunze.  Popular  conservatory  fern  from  E.  Indies, 
with  a  stoloniferous  base ;  and  pinnate  fronds  2°-4°  long  and  1°  broad, 
on  rather  short,  strong  stipes  ;  pinnae  4'-6'  long  and  £'-!'  broad,  lanceo- 
late, the  lower  ones  opposite  and  sterile  and  serrate,  the  upper  ones  fer- 
tile and  longer  and  narrower,  more  deeply  toothed.  A  common  form  is 
var.  FURCANS,  in  which  the  ends  of  the  upper  pinnse,  and  often  of  the 
frond  itself,  are  deeply  2-co  -forked. 

19.  WOODSIA.     (For  Joseph  Woods,  an  English  botanist.)     Several 
species  occur  in  our  limits,  the  following  being  the  commonest. 

W.  obtfcsa,  Torr.  Rocky  places,  from  Car.,  N.  ;  fronds  6'-18'  high, 
slightly  glandular,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate,  with  ovate  or  oblong,  deeply 
pinnatifid  or  again  pinnate  divisions  ;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse  ;  indusium  at 
first  closed,  opening  into  a  few  ragged  lobes. 

W.  Ilve'nsis,  R.Br.  Exposed  rocks,  common  N.,  and  along  the  Alle- 
ghanies ;  forms  large  tufts  ;  fronds  4'-8'  high,  rusty  chaffy  beneath, 
oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate ;  divisions  ovate,  obtusely  lobed ;  indusium 
obscure,  consisting  of  a  few  jointed  hairs. 

20.  ONOCLEA  (including  STRUTHIOPTERIS) ,  SENSITIVE  FERN. 
(Name,  from  the  Greek,  meaning  a  closed  vessel,  referring  to  the  berry- 
like  fructification.) 

O.  sensibilis.  Linn.  BRAKE.  Common  in  wet  places,  and  often  a 
weed  in  hilly  pastures ;  sterile  fronds  of  all  sizes  up  to  2°  high,  broadly 
triangular-ovate,  the  rhachis  winged  ;  pinnse  not  many,  lanceolate,  entire, 
or  obtusely  lobed  less  than  half  way  to  the  midrib,  veins  everywhere  re- 
ticulated ;  fertile  fronds  with  few,  closely  appressed  pinnse. 

O.  Struthi6pteris,  Hoffm.  OSTRICH  FERN.  Alluvial  grounds,  N.  ; 
sterile  fronds  tall,  2°-5°  high,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a 
short,  angular  stalk,  pinnate  ;  pinnse  very  many,  narrowly  lanceolate* 
pinnatifid  more  than  half  way  to  the  midrib ;  lobes  numerous,  oblong ; 
fertile  fronds  very  much  shorter,  blackish,  standing  erect  after  the  others 
have  withered. 

21.  DAVALLIA.     (Named  for  M.  Davall,  a  Swiss  botanist.)     Many 
tropical  or  sub-tropical  species,  many  cult,  in  conservatories. 

D.  Canariensis,   Smith.     HARE'S-FOOT  FERN.     Canary  Islands,   etc. ; 
rootstock  creeping  above  ground,  covered  with  brownish   scales,    and 


FERN   FAMILY.  499 

looking  not  unlike  an  animal's  paw ;  fronds  few,  smooth,  broadly  tri- 
angular, S'-lSyong  and  about  as  wide,  3-4-pinnate  ;  pinnules  cut  into  a 
few  narrow  lobes ;  these  are  directed  upwards,  bearing  at  or  just  below 
the  end  a  single  fruit  dot ;  indusium  whitish,  deeply  half-cup-shaped. 

D.  tenuifdlia,  Swartz.  India  and  China  ;  rootstock  creeping,  crisp  with 
short,  chaffy  hairs  ;  fronds  smooth,  l°-2°  high,  broadly  lanceolate,  3-4- 
pinnate  ;  smallest  divisions  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  bearing  at  the  trun- 
cated ends  one  or  two  fruit  dots;  indusium  brownish,  mostly  broader 
than  deep. 

22.  DICKSONIA.     (For  James  Dickson,  an  English  botanist.)     The 
species  all  but  one  tropical  or  in  the  southern  hemisphere.     Many  of 
them  tree-like. 

D.  pilosiriscula,  Willd.  Moist  shady  places,  from  N.  Car.,  N.;  root- 
stock  creeping,  slender ;  fronds  scattered,  thin,  minutely  glandular,  pleas- 
antly odorous,  lanceolate,  long-pointed,  2°-3°  high,  mostly  bipinnate ; 
pinnules  pinnatifid ;  the  divisions  toothed,  each  bearing  a  minute  fruit 
dot  at  the  upper  margin  ;  indusium  globular. 

D.  antdrctica,  Labill.  Tree  fern  from  New  Zealand,  a  great  ornament  in 
large  conservatories ;  trunk  l°-2°  thick,  sometimes  many  feet  high,  bear- 
ing in  a  crown  at  the  top  many  fronds,  6°-9°  long,  2°-4°  broad,  coria- 
ceous, twice  pinnate  ;  pinnules  oblong,  acute,  pinnatifid  ;  the  oblong-ovate 
divisions  bearing  1-4  rather  large  fruit  dots  ;  indusium  prominent,  plainly 
two-valved. 

23.  CYATHEA.     (Name  from  the  Greek  word  for  a  small  cup,  refer- 
ring to  the  involucre.)     Tree  ferns  from  tropical  countries. 

C.  dealbata,  Swartz.  New  Zealand,  and  the  commonest  one  in  cultiva- 
tion ;  trunk  becoming  10°-15°  high ;  fronds  from  the  elevated  crown, 
5°-7°long,  glaucous-green  above  and  whitish  beneath,  2-  or  3-pinnate, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  tapering  from  the  base ;  ultimate  segments  sickle- 
shaped  and  conspicuously  toothed. 

24.  ALSOPHILA.     (Greek  words  meaning  grove-loving,  the  species 
growing  in  tropical  forests.) 

A.  pruinata,  Kaulf.  S.  Amer.;  trunk  low;  rootstock  short,  clothed 
with  bright  brown  wool;  fronds  smooth,  green  above,  pale  and  glaucous, 
often  almost  white  beneath,  bipinnate ;  pinnules  deeply  toothed ;  fruit 
dots  solitary  at  the  base  of  each  tooth ;  spore  cases  mixed  with  woolly 
hairs. 

A.  australis,  Brown.  The  commonest  species,  from  Tasmania  and 
Australia;  trunk  becoming  8°-15°  high,  bearing  a  flat  and  spreading 
crown  of  many  2-3-pinnate  fronds  8°-20°  long  and  with  stipes  l°-2°  long, 
light  green  above  and  bluish  below ;  pinnae  l°-2°  long  and  6'-12'  broad ; 
ultimate  segments  oblong-acute  and  somewhat  falcate,  serrate  ;  rhachis 
rough  and  chaffy  ;  entire  foliage  thick  and  leathery. 

25.  TRICHOMANES.     (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  Fern,  refer- 
ring to  the  hair-like  stalks. )     A  large  genus ;   most  of  the  species 
tropical. 

T.  radlcans.  Swartz.  On  dripping  rocks,  Ky.,  and  S.,  rare;  fronds 
pellucid,  4'-8'  high,  the  stalk  and  rhachis  narrowly  winged,  lanceolate, 
pinnate,  with  1-2-pinnatifid  ovate  pinnae  ;  involucres  on  short  lobes,  funnel- 
shaped,  with  long-exserted  receptacles.  A  broader  and  more  compound 
form  is  grown  in  Wardian  cases. 


500  FERN    FAMILY. 

26.  LYGODIUM,    CLIMBING  FERN.     (Name  from  a  Greek  word, 
meaning  flexible,  alluding  to  the  twining  and  climbing  fronds.)     Not 
many  species ;  several  species  are  cult,  in  choice  collections. 

L.  palmatum,  Swartz.  HARTFORD  FERN.  Low  shady  woods,  local  or 
rare  ;  smooth,  slender,  and  delicate,  2°-4°  high,  entangled  among  herbs  ; 
pinnae  roundish,  12"-18"  wide,  deeply  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  palmately 
5-7-lobed,  upper  ones  decompound  and  fertile. 

L.  Jap6nicum,  Swartz.  Conservatory  plant  from  Japan  ;  climbing  10°- 
12°  high,  smooth;  pinnae  ovate,  5'-9'  long,  bipinnate,  divisions  ovate- 
lanceolate,  often  halberd-shaped ;  divisions  of  the  upper  pinnae  bordered 
with  narrow  fertile  lobes. 

27.  ANEIMIA.     (Greek,  meaning  -without  covering,  alluding  to  the 
naked  spore  cases ;  by  others  said  to  mean  bloodless.)    Mainly  tropi- 
cal. 

A.  Phyllitidis,  Swartz.  Cult,  from  S.  Amer.;  12'-18'  high  ;  has  the  two 
lower  pinnae  long-stalked,  narrowly  elongated,  3-4-pinnate,  fertile  ;  middle 
portion  of  the  frond  sterile,  simply  pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  finely  ser- 
rate ;  veins  reticulated. 

A.  adiantoldes,  Swartz.  S.  Fla.,  and  cult.;  with  lower  pinnae  as  in  the 
last ;  middle  portion  sterile,  2-3-pinnate ;  pinnse  long-pointed ;  divisions 
obovate-wedge-shaped,  entire  or  toothed  at  the  end,  with  free  veins  fork- 
ing from  the  base. 

28.  SCHIZJEA.     (Name  from  the  Greek  verb  which  means  to  split, 
referring  to  the  many -forked  fronds  of  certain  tropical  species.) 

S.  pusflla,  Pursh.  Wet  sand,  in  pine  woods  of  N.  J.  (also  Nova  Scotia 
and  Newfoundland);  sterile  fronds  very  slender,  flattened,  simple  and 
linear,  curled  up  ;  fertile  ones  similar,  but  straight,  2'-3'  high,  bearing  at 
the  top  the  fertile  portion,  2"-3"  long,  composed  of  about  6  pairs  of 
minute  pinnae.  (Lessons,  Figs.  505-607.) 

29.  OSMTJNDA,    FLOWERING    FERN.      (Osmundr,   Saxon  name 
of  Thor,  the  Celtic  divinity.)     Species  very  few,  fruiting  in  spring  or 
early  summer. 

*  Fertile  pinnae  at  the  top  of  the  frond,  like  a  panicle. 

O.  regalis.  Linn.  ROYAL  FERN.  Common  in  swamps  and  wet  woods, 
fruiting  later  than  the  others ;  fronds  truly  bipinnate ;  pinnules  oval  or 
oblong,  serrulate,  obtuse,  sometimes  a  little  heart-shaped  at  base,  or  slightly 
auricled  on  one  side  ;  spore  cases  light  brown. 

*  *  Fertile  pinnae  in  the  middle  or  near  the  base  of  the  leafy  frond. 

O.  Claytoniana,  Linn.  Wet  places,  common  ;  sterile  fronds  much 
like  those  of  the  next,  but  more  obtuse  at  the  top  ;  fertile  ones  with  2-4 
pairs  of  contracted  and  fertile  blackish  pinnae  just  below  the  middle, 
but  otherwise  like  the  sterile. 

*  *  *  Fertile  pinnce  on  distinct  not  leafy  fronds. 

O.  cinnamdmea,  Linn.  CINNAMON >FERX.  Swamps,  common  ;  sterile 
fronds  2°-5°  high,  broadly  lanceolate,  pinnate  with  many  lanceolate, 
deeply  pinnatifid  pinnae  ;  fertile  ones  much  shorter,  at  first  woolly,  soon 
withering ;  fructification  bright  cinnamon  color. 


ADDER'S  TONGUE  FERN  FAMILY.  501 


CXXXTX.   OPHIOGLOSSACRffi,  ADDER'S  TONGUE  FERN 
FAMILY. 

Mostly  rather  small  ferns,  with  sessile,  globular,  coriaceous, 
opaque,  and  smooth  spore  cases  in  spikes  or  panicles,  opening 
transversely  into  2  valves,  and  wholly  destitute  of  a  ring. 
Fronds  not  rolled  up  in  the  bud,  as  they  are  in  the  true  Ferns, 
rising  from  a  very  short  rootstock  or  corm,  with  fleshy  roots. 
Plants  often  somewhat  fleshy.  (Lessons,  Fig.  508.) 

1.  BOTETCHIUM.     Spore  cases  In  pinnate  or  compound  spikes,  distinct.     Sterile  part 

of  the  frond  compound  ;  veins  free. 

2.  OPHIOGLOS8UM.    Spore  cases  cohering  in  a  simple  spike.   Sterile  part  of  frond  simple 

in  our  species ;  the  veins  reticulated. 

1.  BOTRYCHIUM,   MOONWORT.     (From   Greek,   for  a   bunch  of 
grapes,  from  the  appearance  of  the  fructification.)     Species  few,  none 
cultivated.     Several  inconspicuous  ones  occur  on  our  northern  borders. 

B.  ternatum,  Swartz.  Shaded  grassy  pastures  and  hillsides  ;  plant 
fleshy,  3'-10'  high  ;  common  stalk  with  two  branches,  a  long-stalked, 
fertile  one  with  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  fructification  facing  a  triangular 
ternately  compound  sterile  portion  on  a  longer  or  shorter  stalk ;  has 
several  forms,  of  which  the  following  are  mostly  well  marked.  Var. 
lunarioldes  has  roundish,  kidney-shaped,  sterile  divisions  ;  in  var.  obli- 
quum  they  are  lanceolate  from  an  oblique  base  ;  and  in  var.  dissectum, 
pinnatifid  into  narrowly  toothed  and  ragged  lobes. 

B.  Virginicum,  Swartz.  In  rich  woods  ;  plant  herbaceous,  not  fleshy, 
6'-18'  high ;  sterile  portion  sessile  on  the  common  stalk,  thin,  broadly 
triangular,  ternate ;  the  parts  twice  or  thrice  pinnate ;  divisions  thin, 
oblong-lanceolate,  incised  or  toothed ;  fertile  portion  long-stalked,  twice 
or  thrice  pinnate. 

2.  OPHIOGLOSSUM,   ADDER'S  TONGUE.     (Greek  equivalent  of 

the  common  name.) 

O.  vulgEltum,  Linn.  "Wet  meadows  or  hillside  pastures,  rare ;  3'-10' 
high ;  sterile  portion  somewhat  fleshy,  ovate  or  elliptical,  entire,  l'-2' 
long,  sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  stalk  which  supports  the  short  two- 
sided  spike.  (Lessons,  Fig.  508.) 


CXL.    LYCOPODIACRffi,   CLUB  MOSS  FAMILY. 

Flowerless  plants,  often  moss-like  or  fern-like,  with  leafy, 
often  elongated  and  branching  stems,  the  spores  contained  in 
rather  large  solitary  1-3-celled  spore  cases  borne  in  the  axils 
of  the  simple  mostly  awl-shaped  leaves  (fruiting  leaves  often 
reduced  to  scales  forming  a  sort  of  spike).  (Lessons,  Figs. 
511,  512.)  Mostly  evergreen  plants,  growing  on  land;  stems 
more  or  less  elongated  and  branching ;  the  leaves  awl-shaped, 


502  ADDER'S  TONGUE  FERN  FAMILY. 

in  4  or  more  rows,  less  than  1'  long,  the  2-valved  kidney-shaped 
spore  cases  all  of  one  kind,  containing  only  minute  numberless 
spores. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM,  CLUB  MOSS.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  meaning 
wolfs-foot,  possibly  from  the  short  hairy  branches  of  L.  clavatum.) 

§  1.    Fructification  not  in  a  distinct  spike.    Leaves  all  alike,  dark  green, 
rigid,  in  about  8  rows. 

L.  lucfdulum,  Michx.  Stems  4'-8'  long,  tufted,  ascending,  forking ; 
leaves  spreading  or  reflexed,  sharp-pointed,  irregularly  serrulate,  dark 
green  and  shining.  Cold  woods  N. 

§  2.  Fructification  spiked  at  the  top  of  an  erect  branch  ;  fertile  leaves  and 
those  of  the  creeping  stems  nearly  alike,  soft,  narrowly  linear,  many- 
rowed. 

L.  inundatum,  Linn.  Dwarf,  the  sterile  stems  creeping  and  forking, 
the  fertile  solitary  and  l'-4'  high,  with  a  short,  thick  spike  ;  leaves  lance- 
olate or  awl-like  and  acute,  mostly  entire,  soft.  Bogs  N. ;  uncommon. 

L.  alopecuroldes,  Linn.  Pine  barren  swamps,  N.  J.,  and  S.;  scarcely 
evergreen ;  stem  and  sparingly  forked  sterile  branches  creeping,  fertile 
ones  6'-18'  high,  all  rather  stout  and  thickly  clothed  with  spreading,  soft, 
linear-awl-shaped,  bristly-ciliate  leaves,  those  of  the  spike  with  long 
slender  tips. 

§  3.   Fructification  spiked;  the  fruiting  leaves  yellowish,  scale-like,  shorter 
and  broader  than  those  of  the  sterile  branches. 

*  Spike  sessile  at  the  top  of  an  ordinary  branch. 

L.  anndtinum.  Linn.  Cold  woods  N.;  stem  creeping,  l°-4°  long; 
branches  4'-9'  high,  nearly  erect,  once  or  twice  forked ;  leaves  about 
5-rowed,  spreading  or  reflexed,  rigid,  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  entire ; 
those  of  the  solitary  spikes  ovate,  with  spreading  points  and  ragged  scari- 
ous  margins. 

L.  obscilruin,  Linn.  GROUND  PINE.  Moist  woods,  common  N. ;  root- 
stock  creeping  underground,  nearly  leafless ;  stems  looking  much  like  a 
miniature  hemlock,  9'-12'  high  ;  the  many  spreading  branches  with  shin- 
ing, lanceolate,  entire  leaves  in  about  6  rows ;  leaves  of  the  lower  and 
often  of  the  upper  row  smaller  than  the  rest ;  spikes  single,  or  4-10  on  a 
plant ;  scales  ovate  pointed,  margin  slightly  scarious,  nearly  entire. 
*  *  Spikes  raised  above  the  ordinary  branches  on  a  slender  stalk  which 

has  only  a  few  inconspicuous  leaves. 
•*-  Stems  creeping,  very  short ;  spikes  always  single. 

L.  Carolinianum,  Linn.     Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  S.;  scarcely  ever- 
green ;   stem  and  prostrate  branches  rooting  underneath ;   leaves  soft, 
lanceolate,  entire,  spreading  horizontally,  with  an  upper  appressed  row ; 
spikes  slender  on  stalks  4'-6'  high  ;  allied  in  habit  to  L.  alopecuroides. 
H-  •«-  Stems  extensively  creeping  ;  spikes  often  in  pairs  or  fours. 

L.  clavatum,  Linn.  CLUB  Moss.  Common  N.  in  dry  woods ;  run- 
ning stem  long  and  leafy ;  branches  mostly  erect,  cordlike,  irregularly 
pinnate  ;  branchlets  4-10,  thickly  covered  with  linear-awl-shaped,  entire, 
commonly  bristle-tipped  leaves ;  spikes  mostly  in  pairs.  Much  used  for 
Christmas  decorations. 

L.  complanatum,  Linn.  Dry  sandy  woods,  commonest  among  ever- 
greens ;  running  stems  with  scattered,  awl-shaped,  very  small  leaves ; 
branches  erect,  several  times  branched ;  the  parts  repeatedly  forked  into 
many  horizontally  spreading  flattened  branchlets. 


SELAGINELLA   FAMILY.  508 

CXLI.    SEIAGINELLACKfi,  SELAGINELLA  FAMILY. 

Low,  moss-like,  often  creeping  plants,  with  scale-like  leaves 
(mostly  4-rowed,  the  alternate  rows  often  of  smaller  leaves), 
differing  from  the  last  family  chiefly  in  having  1-celled  spore 
cases  which  contain  two  kinds  of  spores  (the  nature  of  which 
need  not  be  explained  here).  (Lessons,  Figs.  513-515.)  One 
genus: 
1.  SELAGINELLA.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Selago,  a  species  of 

Lycopodium.)     Species  over  200,  the  greater  part  tropical. 
§  1.   Native  species. 

8.  rup^stris,  Spring.  Exposed  rocks;  a  common  moss-like  little 
evergreen;  stems  and  densely  tufted  branches  l'-2'  high;  leaves  awl- 
shaped,  marked  with  a  narrow  furrow  on  the  back,  and  tipped  with  a 
minute  bristly  point ;  spikes  four-cornered. 

S.  dpus,  Spring.  Damp  places  in  meadows;  common,  especially  S.; 
very  delicate  ;  stems  2'-4'  high,  sparingly  branched  ;  leaves  4-rowed,  those 
of  the  side  rows  spreading  horizontally,  scarcely  1"  long,  ovate  with  the 
upper  side  larger,  minutely  serrulate ;  intermediate  ones  half  as  large, 
erect,  very  acute  ;  spikes  2"-6"  long.  Often  cult,  as  S.  densa. 
§  2.  Cultivated,  mostly  tropical  species,  seen  in  conservatories;  much 

branched;  leaves  of  the  branches  four-rowed,  two  side  rows  of  spreading 

leaves  set  apparently  edgewise,  and  two  upper  rows  of  smaller  oppressed 

leaves.    Spike  four-cornered,  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets. 

*  Stems  trailing,  sending  out  rootlets  nearly  up  to  the  end. 

S.  Kraussiana,  A.Br.  (LrcopbDiuM  DEKTICUL\TUM  of  the  florists.)  The 
commonest  conservatory  species,  used  for  edgings,  etc. ;  stems  very  long, 
articulated  beneath  each  branch ;  branches  distant,  bearing  a  few  short 
forked  branchlets,  which  are  2';-3"  broad,  their  leaves  closely  placed  in 
each  row  ;  leaves  bright  green,  the  larger  ones  oblong-ovate,  acute,  rounded 
on  the  upper  side,  nearly  straight  on  the  lower,  minutely  denticulate ; 
smaller  ones  with  longer  often  reflexed  points. 

*  *  Stems  ascending,  only  the  lower  part  bearing  long  rootlets. 

S.  Martens! i,  Spring.  (LvcopbDiuM  STOLON!FERUM  of  florists).  Stems 
6'-10'  long,  much  branched  from  the  base;  branches  bipinnate,  with 
copious  branchlets  2"-3"  or  even  4"  wide ;  larger  leaves  crowded, 
obliquely  ovate,  the  upper  side  broadest,  obtuse,  entire ;  smaller  ones 
ovate,  with  a  slender  often  recurved  point. 

*  *  *  Stems  erect,  or  nearly  so,  rooting  only  at  the  very  base. 

S.  erypthropus,  Spring.  Stalk  2'-6'  high,  bright  red,  having  a  few  closely 
appressed  red  leaves,  and  bearing  at  the  top  a  broad  frond-like  stem  pin- 
nately  or  pedately  divided  into  a  few  2-3  times  pinnate  branches,  with 
very  numerous  extremely  crowded  branchlets  1"-H"  wide  ;  leaves  closely 
imbricated,  obliquely  ovate-oblong,  curved  upward^  rather  obtuse,  ciliate  ; 
smaller  ones  ovate,  with  long  straight  points. 

*  *  *  *  Stems  in  a  dense,  nest-like  tuft,  not  rooting  ;  branches  often  curl- 
ing up  when  dry. 

S.  lepidophylla,  Spring.  BIRD'S-NEST  Moss,  RESURRECTION  PLANT.  It 
is  a  nest-like  ball  when  dry,  but  when  moist  it  unfolds  and  displays  the 
densely  2-3-pinnate,  elegant,  fern-like  branches  radiating  from  a  coiled- 
up  central  stem ;  the  leaves  white- margined,  closely  imbricated,  round- 
ovate,  obtuse.  Texas,  W.  and  S. 


INDEX. 


INDEX. 


Abele 
Abies 

401 

481 

Allspice 
Allspice,  wild 

163 
876 

Anychla 
Apetalous  Division 

860 
858 

Abronia 

:;.->> 

Almond 

•      144 

Aphyllon 

883 

Abutilon 

*S 

Almond,  flowering 

143 

Apios 

186 

Acacia 

140 

Alnus 

394 

Apium 

203 

Acacia,  false 

I*) 

Aloe 

451 

Aplectrum 

405 

Acacia,  rose 

180 

Aloe,  American 

430 

Apocynaceae 

283 

Acalypha 

::s; 

Alonsoa 

822 

Apocynum 

285 

Acanthacese 

881 

Alopecurus 

470 

Apple 

161 

Acanthus 

888 

Aloysia 

840 

Apple  of  Peru 

815 

Acanthus  Family 
Acer 

891 

110 

Alsophila 
Alstroemeria 

499 
429 

Apricot 
Aquilegta 

144 
42 

A  cerates 

•j-i) 

Alternanthera 

862 

Arabia 

61 

Achillea 

iOO 

Altha>a 

86,89 

Aracaceae 

457 

Achimenes 

880 

Alum  Root 

167 

Arachis 

183 

Achy  ran  thes 

868 

Alyssum 

62 

Aralla 

204 

Acnida 

8(V2 

Amarantaceae 

860 

Araliaceaa 

204 

Aconite 

48 

Amaranth 

861 

Araucaria 

476 

Aconitum 

43 

Amaranth  Family 

860 

Arbor  Vitae 

484 

Acorus 

.fill 

Amarantus 

861 

Arbutus 

266 

Acrogens 
Acrostichum 

4sti 
400 

Amaryllidaceae 
Amaryllis 

424 
429,  428 

Arctium 
Arctostaphylos 

255 
266 

Actaea 

44 

Amaryllis  Family 

424 

Areca 

464 

Actinidla 

84 

Amberboa 

256 

Arenaria 

77 

Actinomeris 

247 

Ambrosia 

243 

Arethusa 

406 

Adam-and-Eve           171, 

in', 

Amelanchier 

161 

Argemone 

55 

Adam's  Needle 

451 

American  Aloe 

430 

Arisaema 

459 

Adder's  Tongue 
Adder's  Tongue  Fern 

447 

:,i  1  1 

American  Centaury 
American  Columba 

292 
292 

Aristolochia 
Aristolochiaceae 

873 
872 

Adder'  s-Tongue  Fern  Fam- 
ily                                  501 

American  Cowslip 
Amianthium 

274 
443 

Armeria 
Arnica 

272 
252 

Adiantum 

401 

Ammannia 

178 

Arrenatherum 

472 

Adlumia 

57 

Ammobium 

242 

Arrow  Arum 

459 

Adonis 

3^ 

Ammophila 

475 

Arrowhead 

455 

Adoxa 

'21  10 

Amorpha 

127 

Arrowroot 

410,  485 

^Egle 

101 

Ampelopsis 

108 

Arrow  wood 

209 

^Eschynomene 

184 

Amphicarpaea 

136 

Artemisia 

252 

^Esculus 

110 

Amsonia 

285 

Artichoke 

247,255 

^Ethiopian  Lily 

4i;o 

Anacardiaceae 

112 

Arum 

459 

Agapanthus 

440 

Anacharis 

403 

Arum  Family 

457 

Agave 

480 

AnagaUls 

276 

Arundinaria 

475 

Ageratum 

-'•-'B 

Ananas 

414 

Arundo 

474 

Agrimonia 

156 

Ananassa 

414 

Asarabacca 

873 

Agrimony 

156 

Anaphalis 

242 

Asarum 

873 

AjjTopvrum 
Agrostis                       469, 

478 

47ii 

Andromeda 

Ancimia 

266 
500 

Asclepiadaceae 
Asclepias 

287 
286 

Ailanthus 

101 

Anemone 

86 

Asclepiodora 

288 

Air  Potato 

431 

Anemonella 

87 

Ascyrum 

81 

Akebia 

40 

Angelica 

203 

Ash 

282 

Albizzia 
Alchemilla 

140 

15(1 

Angelica  Tree 
Angiosperms 

204 
83 

Ash-leaved  Maple 
Asimina 

112 

48 

Alder 

394 

Animated  Oat 

474 

Asparagus 

438 

Alder,  black 

10-2 

Anise,  Star 

47 

Aspen 

400 

Aletris 

415 

Anonacese 

48 

Asphodel 

450 

Alfalfa 

12(1 

Antennaria 

241 

Asphodel,  false 

44] 

Alisma 

454 

Anthemis 

250 

Asphodeline 

45C 

Alismaceae 

454 

Anthericum 

450 

Asphodelus 

45(, 

Allamanda 

'2-4 

Anthoxanthum 

470 

Aspidistra 

48f 

Alligator  Pear 

376 

Anthurium 

460 

Aspidium 

493 

Allium 

447 

Antirrhinum 

825 

Asplenium 

494 

607 


508 


INDEX. 


Aster 

236 

Berchemia 

105 

Bow  Wood 

888 

Astilbe 

166 

Bergamot 

352 

Box 

384 

Astragalus 

129 

Bermuda  Grass 

471 

Boxberry 

266 

Atainasco  Lily 

428 

Beta 

366 

Box  Elder 

112 

Atriplex 

866 

Betonica 

856 

Brake 

492,  498 

Atropa 

815 

Betony 

856 

Bramble 

153 

Aubergine 

314 

Betula 

894 

Brasenia 

52 

Aubrietia 

63 

Bidens 

249 

Brassica 

65 

Aucuba 

207 

Bignonia 

836 

Breweria 

309 

Auricula 

274 

Bignoniaceee 

835 

Briza 

474 

Avena 

468,474 

Bignonia  Family 

385 

Broccoli 

65 

Avens 

150 

Bilsted 

174 

Brodiaea 

447 

Avocado 

875 

Bindweed 

809,  372 

Brome  Grass 

471,  473 

Azalea 

268 

Biota 

484 

Bromeliacese 

414 

Birch 

394 

Bromus 

471,  474 

Bablana 

421 

Bird's-nest  Fern 

494 

Brookweed 

276 

Baby's  Breath 

75 

Bird's-nest  Moss 

503 

Broom 

124 

Baccharis 

241 

Bird's  Tongue  Flow 

er      414 

Broom  Corn 

468 

Bachelor's  Button 

115,  256, 

Birthroot 

440 

Broom  Rape  Family 

832 

368 

Birthwort 

373 

Broussonetia 

889 

Bald  Cypress 
Balloon  Vine 

488 
109 

Birthwbrt  Family 
Bishop's  Cap 

872 
166 

Browallia 
Brown  Bent 

818 

470 

Ballot* 

854 

Bishop's-wort 

356 

Brugmansia 

818 

Balm 

350,  852 

Bitter  Cress 

61 

Brunella 

353 

BalmofGilead 

401 

Bitter  Nut 

392 

Brunfelsia 

816 

Balmony 

880 

Bittersweet 

103,  318 

Brussels  Sprouts 

65 

Balsam 
Balsam  Apple 

98 
193 

Bitterweed 
Black  Alder 

244 
102 

Bryophyllum 
Buchloe 

172 
471 

Balsam  Fir 

481 

Black  Bean 

185 

Bnchners 

824 

Banana 

418 

Blackberry 

154 

Buck  Bean 

294 

Banana  Family 
Baneberry 

410 
44 

Blackberry  Lily 
Black  Horehound 

420 
854 

Buckeye 
Buckthorn 

110 
105 

Baptisia 

122 

Black  Moss 

414 

Buckthorn  Family 

104 

Barbadoes  Fence 

139 

Black  Pea 

185 

Buckthorn,  southern 

277 

Barbadoes  Lily 

428 

Black  Snakeroot 

44,202 

Buckwheat 

372 

Barbarea 
Barberry 

64 
49 

Bladder  Campion 
Bladder  Ketmte 

76 
90 

Buckwheat  Family 
Buda 

367 
79 

Barberry  Family 

49 

Bladder  Nut 

112 

Buffalo  Berry 

877 

Barley 

468 

Bladder  Senna 

180 

Buffalo  Grass 

471 

Barnyard  Grass 

473 

Bladderwort 

833 

Buffalo  Nut 

878 

Barren  Strawberry 

150 

Bladderwort  Family 

883 

Bugbane 

44 

Barrenwort 

50 

Blazing  Star 

231,441 

Bugbane,  false 

88 

Bartonia 

188,294 

Blechnum 

494 

Bugle  Weed 

848 

Basil                    846 

,848,850 

Bleeding  Heart 

57 

Bugloss 

306 

Basil  Thyme 

850 

Blephilia 

851 

Bug  Seed 

366 

Basswood 

91 

Bloodroot 

55 

Bumelia 

276 

Bastard  Toad  Flax 
Bayberry 

828 
892 

Bloodwort  Family 
Blue  Beech 

414 
395 

Bunchberry 
Bunch  Flower 

206 
442 

Bean 
Bean  Tree 

134 
125 

Blueberry 
Bluebottle 

265,264 
256 

Burdock 
Bur  Grass 

255 
478 

Bearberry 

266 

Blue  Cohosh 

51 

Bur  Marigold 

249 

Bear  Grass 

451 

Blue  Curls 

346 

Burnet 

156 

Beaver  Poison 

203 

Bluets 

215 

Burning  Bush 

104 

Bedstraw 

217 

Blue-eyed  Grass 

419 

Bur  Reed 

462 

Bee  Balm 

850,  352 

Blue  Flag 

417 

Bush  Clover 

181 

Beech 
Beech  Drops 

399 

Blue  Grass 
Blue  Hearts 

469,  472 

Bush  Honeysuckle 
Butter  and  Eggs 

213 
325 

Beech  Drops,  false 

271 

Blue  Joint  Grass 

469 

Buttercup 

88 

Beech  Fern 

495 

Blumenbachia 

188 

Butterfly  Pea 

185 

Beefsteak  Geranium 
Beet 

166,  193 
866 

Blue  Tangle 
Blueweed 

265 
806 

Butterfly  Weed 
Butternut 

287 
390 

Bee  Tree 

91 

Bocconia 

55 

Butterweed 

240,258 

Beetroot 

862 

Bffihmeria 

889 

Butterwort 

334 

Beggar's  Lice 

803 

Bois  d'Arc 

888 

Buttonbush 

217 

Beggar's  Ticks 

Boltonia 

235 

Button  Snakeroot 

202,  231 

Begoniacese 

193 

Boneset 

230 

Buttonweed 

216 

Begonia  Family 

193 

Borage 

BM 

Buttonwood 

890 

Belamcanda 

420 

Borage  Family 

801 

Buxus 

884 

Belladonna 

815 

Borago 

803 

Belladonna  Lily 

429 

Borraginacese 

801 

Cabbage 

65,66 

Bellflower 

261 

Boston  Ivy 

108 

Cabomba 

52 

Bellis 

235 

Botrychium 

601 

Cacalia 

254 

Bellwort 

440 

Bottle  Brush 

175 

Cactaceae 

195 

Bengal  Grass 

470 

Bottle  Grass 

478 

Cactus  Family 

195 

Benjamin  Bush 

876 

Bouncing  Bet 

75 

Osalpinia 

189 

Bent  Grass 

469,  470 

Boussingaultia 

863 

Caiophora 

188 

Berberidacea 

49 

Bouvardia 

216 

Cakile 

67 

Berberis 

49 

Bowman's  Root 

150 

Calabash 

191 

INDEX. 


509 


Caladium 

461 

Cassia 

188 

China  Tree 

101 

Calamagrostis 

469 

Castanea 

398 

Chinese  Cabbage 

66 

Calamint 

349 

Castilleia 

331 

Chinese  Sumach 

101 

Calamintha 

349 

Castoroil  Plant 

383 

Chinese  Yam 

430 

Calampelis 
Calamus 

336 
461 

Catalpa 
Cat  Brier 

336 

487 

Chinquapin 
Chinquapin,  water 

898 
52 

Calandrinia 

80 

Catchfly 

76 

Chiogenes 

266 

Calathea 

411 

Catgut 

128 

Chionanthus 

282 

Calceolaria 

324 

Catmint 

352 

Chionodoxa 

449 

Calendula 

254 

Catnip 

352 

Chives 

447 

Calico  Bush 

Cat-tail  Family 

461 

Chocolate  Tree 

90 

Californian  Poppy 
Calla 

55 
459,460 

Cat-tail  Flag 
Cat-tail  Grass 

462 
470 

Chokeberry 
Choke  Cherry 

162 
147 

Callicarpa 

342 

Cauliflower 

65 

Chondrilla 

259 

Calliopsis 

247 

Caulophyllum 

51 

Chorizema 

122 

Callirrhoe 
Callistemon 

87 
175 

Cayenne  Pepper 
Ceanothus 

814 

106 

Chorogi 
Christmas  Fern 

356 
497 

Callistephus 

236 

Cedar 

482,484 

Chrysalidocarpus 

464 

Calochortus 

446 

Cedronella 

353 

Chrysanthemum 

251 

Calonyctiou 
Calopogon 

307 
406 

Cedrus 
Celandine 

482 
56 

Chrysodium 
Chrysopsis 

490 

Caltha 

41 

Celandine  Poppy 

56 

Chufa 

465 

Caltrops 

187 

Celastracese 

103 

Ciboule 

448 

Calumba 

292 

Celastrus 

108 

Cicer 

188 

Calycanthus 

163 

Celeriac 

203 

Cichorium 

257 

Calycanthaceee 
Calycocarpum 

163 

48 

Celery 
Celosia 

203 
861 

Cichory 
Cicuta 

257 
203 

Calypso 

405 

Celsia 

322 

Cimicifuga 

44 

Camass 

448 

Celtis 

387 

Cinchona 

214 

Camassia 

448 

Cenchrus 

473 

Cineraria 

253 

Camelina 

63 

Centaurea 

256 

Cinnamon  Fern 

500 

Camellia 

84 

Centaury 

292 

Cinnamon  Vine 

430 

Camellia  Family 

84 

Centrosema 

135 

Cinquefoil 

151 

Campanula 

261 

Century  Plant 

430 

Circsea 

187 

Campanulacese 
Campanula  Family 

261 
261 

Cephalanthus 
Cephalotaxus 

217 
476 

Cissus 
Cistacese 

107 
69 

Campion 

76 

Cerastium 

78 

Citron 

100,  192 

Camptosorus 

495 

Ceratochloa 

478 

Citrullus 

192 

Canada  Thistle 

255 

Ceratopteris 

487 

Citrus 

100,  101 

Canary  Grass 

473 

Ceratostigma 

272 

Cladium 

466 

Cancer  Root 

332  333 

Cercidiphyllum 

47 

Cladrastis 

123 

Candytuft 

67 

Cercis 

138 

Clarkia 

183 

Cane  Brake 

475 

Cereals 

467 

Clary 

351 

Canna 

412 

Cereus 

196 

Claytonia 

80 

Cannabis 

387 

Cestrum 

815 

Cleavers 

217 

Cantaloupe 

192 

Chaff  Seed 

331 

Clematis 

35 

Canterbury  Bells 

261 

Chain  Fern 

493 

Cleome 

68 

Cape  Gooseberry 
Cape  Jessamine 

315 

216 

Chamaecyparis 
Chameedorea 

483 
464 

Clerodendron 
Clethra 

342 

274 

Caper  Family 

68 

Chamselirium 

441 

Cliff  Brake 

493 

Capers 

68 

Chamaerops 

463,464 

Climbing  Fern 

500 

Caper  Spurge 
Capparidacese 
Capparis 

68 
68 

Chamomile 
Charlock 
Chaste  Tree 

250 
66,67 
342 

Climbing  Fumitory 
Climbing  Hempweed 
Clintonia 

57 
229 
438 

Caprifoliace* 

208 

Cheat 

471 

Clitoria 

185 

Capsella 

66 

Checkerberry 

266 

Clivers 

217 

Capsicum 

314 

Cheeses 

86 

Clotbur 

244 

Caragana 

180 

Cheilanthes 

498 

Clove  Pink 

74 

Caraway 
Cardamine 

208 
61 

Cheiranthus 
Chelidonium 

64 
56 

Clover 
Clover,  Japan 

126 

ISl 

Cardinal  Flower 

260 

Chelone 

330 

Clover,  prairie 

127 

Cardiospennum 
Cardoon 

109 
255 

ChenopodiacesB 
Cnenopodium 

363 
364 

Club  Moss 
Club  Moss  Family 

502 
501 

Carex 

467 

Cherry 

146 

Cnicus 

255 

Carica 

189 

Chess 

471 

Cobsea 

298 

Carnation 

74 

Chestnut 

398 

Cobnut 

395 

Carolina  Allspice 

163 

Chick-pea 

188 

Cocculus 

48 

Carpinus 

395 

Chickweed 

78 

Cockle 

75 

Carrion  Flower 

437 

Chickweed,  forked 

360 

Cocklebur 

244 

Carrot 

202 

Chickweed  Winterg 

reen    275 

Cockscomb 

361 

Carthamus 

256 

Chicory 

257 

Cock'sfoot  Grass 

478 

Carum 

203 

Chile  Jessamine 

286 

Cocoanut 

464 

Carya 

391 

Chile  Pepper 

814 

Coco  Grass 

465 

Caryophyllacese 

78 

Chimaphik 

270 

Cocos 

464 

Caryota 

464 

Chimonanthus 

168 

Codiaeum 

383 

Cashew  Family 

112 

China  Aster 

286 

Coffea 

214 

Cassandra 

268 

China  Bean 

135 

Coffee 

214 

CassW* 

102 

China  Brier 

437 

Coffee  Pea 

188 

510 


INDEX. 


Coffee  Tree 

189 

Cress,  bitter 

61 

Davallla 

498 

Cohosh,  blue 

51 

Cress,  mouse-ear 

65 

Day  Flower 

458 

Coix 
Colchicum 

474 

441 

Cress,  rock 
Cress,  water 

61 
63 

Day  Lily 
Dead  Nettle 

449,450 
'855 

Coleus 

846 

Cress,  winter 

64 

Decodon 

178 

Colicroot 

415 

Crimson  Flag 

420 

Decumaria 

168 

Collinsia 

824 

Crinkle  Root 

60 

Deerberry 

265 

Collinsonia 

847 

Crinum 

428 

Deergrass 

176 

Colocasia 

461 

Crocosma 

422 

Delphinium 

42 

Coltsfoot 

252 

Crocus 

420 

Dentaria 

60 

Columbine 

42 

Crosnes 

856 

Desmanthus 

189 

Colutea 

180 

Crotalaria 

124 

Desmodium 

182,  131 

Comandra 

878 

Croton 

888 

Deutzia 

167 

Comfrey 

305 

Crotonopsis 

382 

Devil's  Bit 

441 

Commelina 

453 

Crowfoot 

88 

Deviiwood 

282 

Commelinaceae 
Compass  Plant 

453 
242 

Crowfoot  Family 
Crown-beard 

84 
247 

Dewberry 
Dianthera 

155 
339 

Composite 

220 

Crown  Imperial 

445 

Diauthus 

74 

Composite  Family 
Cone-flower 

220 
244,  245 

Crown  of  Thorns 
Cruciferae 

380 

58 

Diapensiaceae 
Diapensia  Family 

271 
271 

Conifer® 

476 

Cryptogamous  Planis 

486 

Dicentra 

57 

Conium 

202 

Cryptomeria 

482 

Dicksonia 

499 

Conobea 

827 

Cubebs 

874 

Dicliptera 

889 

Conopholis 

832 

Cuckoo  Flower 

61 

Diclytra 

67 

Convallaria 

439 

Cucumber 

192 

Dicotyledons 

83 

Convolvulaceae 

306 

Cucumber  Root 

441 

Dictainnus 

99 

Convolvulus 

309 

Cucumber  Tree 

46 

Dielytra 

67 

Convolvulus  Family 

806 

Cucumis 

192 

Diervilla 

218 

Coontie 

485 

Cucurbita 

191 

Digitalis 

826 

Coptis 

41 

Cucurbitaceae 

190 

Diodia 

216 

Coral  Berry 

211 

Cudweed 

241 

Dionaaa 

178 

Corallorhiza 

405 

Culver's  Root 

Dioscorea 

480 

Coral  Root 

405 

Cunila 

848 

Dioscoreacese 

480 

Corchorus 

91,  150 

Cuphea 

179 

Diospyros 

277 

Cordyline 

451 

Cup  Plant 

240 

Dipsaceae 

219 

Coreopsis 

247 

Cupressus 

488 

Dipsacus 

219 

Coriander 

202 

Cupseed 

48 

Dirca 

876 

Coriandrum 

202 

Cupuliferse 

892 

Dishcloth  Gourd 

192 

Corispermum 
Cork  Tree 

366 
100 

Currant 
Cuscuta 

169 
310 

Disporum 
Ditch  Stonecrop 

488 
171 

Corn 

468 

Cushaw 

191 

Dittany 

343 

Corn  Cockle 

75 

Custard  Apple  Family 

48 

Dock 

Cornel 

206 

Cyathea 

499 

Dockmackie 

210 

Cornelian  Cherry 

206 

Cycadaceae 

485 

Dodder 

810 

Corn  Flag 

423 

Cycad  Family 

485 

Dodocatheon 

274 

Cornflower 

256 

Cycas 

485 

Dogbane 

288,285 

Corn  Poppy 
Corn  Salad 

56 

218 

Cyclamen 
Cycloloina 

275 
864 

Dog's-tail  Grass 
Dogtooth  Violet 

472 
447 

Cornus 

206 

Cynanchum 

289 

Dogwood 

206 

Coronilla 

184 

Cynara 

255 

Dolichos 

185 

Corpse  Plant 
Corydalis 
Corylus 

271 
68 
895 

Cynodon 
Cynoglossnm 
Cyperacese 

471 
303 
465 

Doorweed 
Douglas  Spruce 
Draba 

870 
481 
62 

Cosmanthoides 

300 

Cyperus 

465 

Dracaena 

461 

Cosmanthus 

800 

Cypress 

483 

Dracunculus 

459 

Cosmos 
Costmary 
Cotoneaster 
Cotton 
Cotton  Rose 

249 
251 
160 
90 
241 

Cypress  Vine 
Cypripedium 
Cyrtomium 
Cystopteris 
Cytisus 

807 
409 
497 
498 
124 

Dragon  Arum 
Dragon  Plant 
Dragon  Root 
Dragon's  Head 
Dropwort 

459 
459 
459 
854 
149 

Cotyledon 

172 

Droseraceae 

178 

Couch  Grass 

478 

Dactylls 

469 

Dryopteris 

496 

Cowbane 

208 

Daffodil 

426 

Duckweed  Family 

457 

Cow  Herb 

75 

Daffodil,  sea 

429 

Dudaim 

192 

Cow  Parsnip 

204 

Dahlia 

247 

Dulichium 

466 

Cow  Pea 

185 

Dahoon 

102 

Dusty  Miller 

76 

Cowslip 

41,  274 

Daisy 

235 

Dutchman's  Breecb 

es         57 

Cow  wheat 

882 

Daisy,  oxeye 

251 

Dutchman's  Pipe 

878 

Crab  Apple 

161 

Dalibarda 

158 

Dwarf  Dandelion 

256 

Crab  Grass 

472,  478 

Dandelion 

258 

Dyer's  Weed 

69 

Cranberry 

266 

Dangleberry 

265 

Dyer's  Woad 

67 

Cranberry  Tree 

210 

Danthonia 

472 

Dysodia 

260 

Cranesbill 

94 

Daphne 

876 

Crassula 

172 

Darnel 

471 

Ebenaceae 

277 

Crassulaceae 

170 

Date  Palin 

464 

Ebony  Family 

277 

Cratsegus 
Creeping  Snowberry 

159 
266 

Date  Plum 
Datura 

277 
817 

Eccremocarpus 
Echeveria 

836 
172 

Cress 

66 

Daucus 

202 

Echinacea 

244 

INDEX. 


511 


Echinocactus                       197 
Echinocystis                        198 

False  Dragon's  Head         354 
False  Flax                              68 

Fraxinus                              282 
Freesia                                 421 

Echinodorus                        454 

False  Hellebore                   442 

French  Mulberry               842 

Echinospermum                  803 
Echites                               286 

False  Indigo                122,  127 
False  Loosestrife               182 

Fringe  Tree                         282 
Fritillaria                             445 

Echium                               306 

False  Mallow                         88 

Frffilichia                              868 

Eelgrass                               408 

False  Mermaid                      95 

Frogbit                                 403 

Eggplant                              314 
Eglantine                            159 

False  Miterwort                 166 
False  Nettle                       889 

Frogbit  Family                  402 
Frog  Fruit      '                     840 

Egyptian  Bean                    135 

False  Pimpernel                 329 

Frostweed                            70 

Egyptian  Grass                   473 

False  Saffron                       256 

Fuchsia                               186 

Egyptian  Lotus                    53 
Eichhornia                           452 

False  Spikenard                  489 
False  Solomon's  Seal         489 

Fumaria 
Fumariaceae                         57 

Elaeagnaceae                        377 

Farfugium                            253 

Fumitory                               58 

Elaeagnus                            877 

Farkleberry                         265 

Fumitory,  climbing              57 

Elder                                    211 

Feather-foil                          278 

Fumitory  Family                 57 

Elecampane                        242 

Feather  Geranium             365 

Funkia                               450 

Eleocharis                            466 

Feather  Grass                    475 

Furze                                  124 

Elephant's  Ear                   193 

Fedia                                  218 

Eleusine                             472 

Fennel                                203 

Gaillardia                             249 

Ellisia                                 299 

Fennel  Flower                     41 

Galactia                                186 

Elm                                     886 

Fern  Family                       486 

Galanthus                            427 

Elodea                                403 

Fescue  Grass              470,  471 

Galax                                  271 

Elodes                                  83 

Festuca                       470,  471 

Galeopsis                             354 

Emilia                                   254 

Fetid  Marigold                   250 

Galium                                 217 

Enchanter's  Nightshade    187 

Feverbush                           876 

Gall  of  the  Earth                258 

Endive                                257 

Feverfew                              251 

Gama  Grass                         475 

Endogens                           402 

Fever  Tree                         216 

Gardenia                              216 

English  Walnut                 891 
Enslenia                               289 

Feverwort                           211 
Ficoldese                             199 

Garget                                  867 
Garland  Flower                  411 

Epidendrum                       405 

Ficus                                  887 

Garlic                                    447 

Epigaea                                 266 

Fig                                        887 

Gas  Plant                             99 

Epilobium                          181 

Fig  Marigold                      199 

Gaultheria                          266 

Epimedium                          50 
Epiphegus                          882 
EpiphvUum                         198 

Fig  Marigold  Family         199 
Figwort                                329 
Figwort  Family                  818 

Gaura                                 187 
Gaylussacia                        264 
Geans                                 146 

Equisetaceae                       486 

Fllago                                   241 

Gelsemium                         290 

Equisetum                           486 

Filbert                                  895 

Genista                               124 

Erechtites                           254 

Filices                                   486 

Gentian                               293 

Erianthus                           474 

Fimbristylls                        466 

Gentiana                              293 

Ericaceae                               262 

Finger  Grass                       478 

Gentianaceae                       291 

Erigenia                              202 

Fiorin  Grass                        469 

Gentian  Family                   291 

Erigeron                               240 

Fir                                        481 

Geonoma                             464 

Eriocaulon                           456 

Fire  Pink                             76 

Georgia  Bark                       216 

Eriocaulonaceae                  456 

Fireweed                      181,  254 

Gcraniaceae                           93 

Eriophorum                        466 
Erodium                                94 

Five-finger                           151 
Flame  Flower                    450 

Geranium                         94,  96 
Geranium  FamOy                 93 

Eryngium                           202 

Flax                                      92 

Gerardia                               827 

Eryngo                                 202 
Erysimum                              64 

Flax,  false                            63 
Flax  Family                         92 

Germander                          846 
Gesnera                                885 

Erythrina                             183 

Fleabane                             240 

Gesneraceae                        834 

Ervthronium                      447 
Eschscholtzia                       55 

Floating  Heart                    294 
Floerkia                                  95 

Gesneria  Family                 884 
Geum                                    150 

Eucharidium                       183 

Flower-de-Luce                  417 

Gherkin                              192 

Eucharis                             429 

Flowering  Fern                   500 

Giant  Hyssop                     852 

Eucnide                              188 

Flowering  Moss                  271 

Gilia       '                               297 

Eugenia                                175 

Flowering  Plants 

GUI                                        852 

Eulalia                                474 
Euonymus 

Flowering  Wintergreen     114 
Flowerless  Plants              486 

Gillenia                               150 
GUlyflower                           61 

Eupatorium 

Flower-of-an-hour               90 

Ginger                                410 

Euphorbia                            880 
Euphorbiaceae                    879 

Fly  Poison                         448 
Fodder  Grasses                  469 

Ginger,  wUd                        873 
Ginseng                              205 

Eutoca                                800 

Fffiniculnm                         203 

Ginseng  Family                  204 

Evening  Primrose 

Forget-me-not                     805 

Ginkgo                                485 

Evening  Primrose  Family  179 

Forked  Chickweed            860 

Glade  Mallow                       87 

Everlasting          241,  242,  254 

Forsythia                             280 

Gladiolus                              423 

Evolvulus                            810 

Fothergilla                           174 

Glasswort                            366 

Exochorda                          150 

Four-o'Clock                       859 

Glaucium                               56 

Exogens                               88 

Four-o'Clock  Family         858 
Fowl  Meadow  Grass          469 

Gleditschia                         189 
Globe  Amaranth                 863 

Fagopyrum                        872 

Foxglove                            326 

Globeflower                           41 

Fagus                                 399 

Foxtail  Grass             470,  473 

Globe  Hvacinth                   449 

Fairy  Lily                           428 
Fall'Dandeiion                   257 

Fragaria                               152 
Fragrant  Balm                    352 

Gloxinia"                              335 
Glumaceous  Division         465 

False  Acacia                       130 

Franciscea                          316 

Glycine                                 183 

False  Asphodel                  441 

Franklinia                              85 

Gnaphalium                         241 

False  Bugbane                     88 

Frasera                                 292 

Goat's  Beard               149,  257 

False  Dandelion                 258 

Fraxinella                              99 

Goat's  Rue                           128 

512 


INDEX. 


Godetia 

186 

Harbinger  of  Spring 

202 

Horehound,  black 

864 

Golden  Aster 

282 

Hardback 

14S 

Hornbeam 

895 

Golden  Chain 

125 

Harebell 

261 

Horn  Poppy 

56 

Golden  Club 

461 

Hare's-foot  Fern 

49s. 

Horse  Balm 

847 

Golden  Feather 

251 

Hartford  Fern 

600 

Horse-chestnut 

110 

Golden  Ragwort 
Golden-rod 

253 
282 

Hart's-tongue  Fern 
Haw 

L60 

Horse  Gentian 
Horsemint 

211 
852 

Golden  Seal 

45 

Haw,  Black 

808 

Horse  Nettle 

814 

Gold  Fern 

491 

Hawkbit 

Horseradish 

63 

Gold  Thread 

41 

Hawkweed 

Horse  Sugar 

278 

Gombo 

90 

Hawthorn 

Horsetail  Family 

486 

Gomphrena 

363 

Hazelnut 

:;',<.") 

Horseweed 

240 

Gonolobus 

Healall 

;;;,;; 

Hoteia 

166 

Goober 

133 

Heart's-ease                    71 

.72 

Hottonia 

273 

Good-King-Henry 
Goodyera 

865 
407 

Heartseed 
Heath 

109 

Hounds'-tongue 
Houseleek 

803 
171 

Gooseberry 

169 

Heather 

262 

Houstonia 

215 

Gooseberry  Gourd 

192 

Heath  Family 

9tV 

Howea 

464 

Goosefoot 

364 

Hedeoma 

34s 

Hoya 

289 

Goosefoot  Family 

363 

Hedera 

205 

Huckleberry 

264 

Goose  Grass 

217 

Hedgehog  Grass 

473 

Hudsonia 

70 

Gordonia 
Gorse 

85 
124 

Hedge  Hyssop 
Hedge  Mustard 

"(IS 

Humulus 
Hungarian  Grass 

887 
470 

Gossypium 

90 

Hedge  Nettle 

:;,V) 

Husk  Tomato 

814 

Gouml 

877 

Hedychium 

411 

Hyacinth 

449 

Gourd 

191 

Helenium 

249 

Hyacinthus 

449 

Gourd  /Family 

190 

Helianthemum 

70 

Hyacinth,  wild 

448 

Gramineae 

467 

Helianthus 

2  15 

Hydrangea 

167 

Granadilla 

189 

Helichrysum 

^40 

Hydrastis 

45 

Grape 

106 

Heliopsis 

2  14 

Hydrocharidaceae 

402 

Grape  Fruit 

101 

Heliotrope 

iiii;-! 

Hydrolea 

800 

Grape  Hyacinth 
Grass  Family 
Grass  of  Parnassus 

449 
467 
166 

Heliotropium 
Helipterum 
Hellebore 

8113 
242 
41 

Hydrophyllaceae. 
Hydrophyllum 
Hymenocallis 

299 
429 

Grass  of  the  Andes 

472 

Hellebore,  false 

442 

Hyophorbe 

464 

Gratiola 

329 

Hellebore,  whit* 

442 

Hyoscyamus 

816 

Greek  Valerian 
Green  Brier 

8P7 
437 

Helleborus 
Helonias 

41 

441 

Hypericaceae 
Hvpericum 

81 
82 

Green  Dragon 

459 

Hemerocallis 

44'J 

Hypoxis 

426 

Green  Milkweed 

289 

Hemlock  Spruce 

4S1 

Hyptis 

347 

Green  Violet 

78 

Hemp 

387 

Hyssop 

848 

Green  weed 

124 

Hemp  Nettle 

354 

Hyssopus 

848 

Grenadine 

74 

Hempweed 

229 

Grindelia 

232 

Hen-and-chickens 

171 

Iberis 

67 

Griottes 

146 

Henbane 

Ice  Plant 

199 

Gromwell 

304 

Hepatica 

'37 

Ilex 

102 

Gromwell,  false 

804 

Heracleum 

204 

Ilicineae 

102 

Ground  Cherry 

814 

Herba  Iinpia 

241 

IllecebracefB 

359 

Ground  Hemlock 

485 

Herb  Patience 

369 

Illicium 

47 

Ground  Ivy 

852 

Herb  Robert 

94 

Ilysanthes 

829 

Ground  Laurel 

266 

Hercules'  Club 

204 

Immortelle                  24 

2,  254 

Groundnut 

186,  205 

Herd's  Grass 

470 

Impatiens 

98 

Ground  Pine 

502 

Herpestis 

327 

Imphee 

468 

Ground  Pink 

296 

Hesperis 

M 

Indian  Bean 

336 

Ground  Plum 

129 

Heteranthera 

452 

Indian  Cherry 

105 

Groundsel 

253 

Heuchera 

167 

Indian  Chickweed 

199 

Guava 

175 

Hibiscus 

88 

Indian  Corn 

468 

Guernsey  Lily 
Guignes 

428 
146 

Hickory 
Hieracium 

891 
257 

Indian  Cress 
Indian  Cucumber  Boot 

97 

441 

Guinea  Corn 

468,  469 

High  Bush  Cranberry 

210 

Indian  Currant 

211 

Guinea  Hen  Flower 

445 

Hippeastrum 

428 

Indian  Fig 

198 

Guinea  Squash 
Gymnocladus 

314 
189 

Hoary  Pea 
Hobblebush 

12s 

210 

Indian  Hemp 
Indian  Mallow 

285 
88 

Gymnogramme 

490 

Hog  Peanut 

IMtl 

Indian  Physic 

150 

Gymnosperms 
Gynandropsis 

476 

Hogweed 
Holcus 

244 
472 

Indian  Pipe 
Indian  Plantain 

271 
254 

Gynerium 

474 

Holly 

102 

Indian  Poke 

442 

Gypsophila 

75 

Holly  Family 

102 

Indian  Rice 

475 

Hollyhock 

86 

Indian  Shot 

412 

Habenaria 

407 

Honesty 

6(1 

Indian  Tobacco 

260 

Habrothamnus 

Honey  Locust 

Indian  Turnip 

459 

Hackberry 

887 

Honeysuckle         42,  211 

26s 

Indian  Wheat 

872 

Hackmatack 

Honeysuckle  Family 

21  is 

India-rubber  Tree 

888 

Haemodoraceae 

414 

Hop 

3s7 

Indigo 

129 

Halesia 

278 

Hop  Hornbeam 

895 

Indigo,  false                 12 

i.  127 

Halorageae 

176 

Hop  Tree 

1011 

Indigofera 

129 

Hamamelideae 

174 

Hordeum 

46S 

Indigo,  wild 

123 

Hamamelis 

1T4 

Horehound 

354 

Ink  Berry 

108 

INDEX. 


513 


Introduced  Grasses 

471 

Labiate 

342 

Limnanthemum 

294 

Inula 

242 

Labrador  Tea 

270 

Limnanthes 

94 

Ipecac,  American 

150 

Laburnum 

125 

lamnobium 

403 

Ipomoea 

307 

Lachnanthes 

414 

Limosella 

827 

Ipomopsis 

297 

Lachnocaulon 

450 

Linaceae 

92 

Iresine 

363 

Lactuca 

259 

Linaria 

825 

Iridaceae 

415 

Ladies'  Eardrops 

Is6 

Linden 

91 

Iris 

417 

Ladies'  Smock 

61 

Linden  Family 

91 

Iris  Family 

415 

Ladies'  Tresses 

400 

Lindera 

876 

Ironweed 

229 

Lady  Fern 

495 

Linnaea 

211 

Ironwood 

895 

Lady's  Slipper 

Linum 

92 

Isanthus 

846 

Lady's  Thumb 

371 

Lion's  Foot 

258 

Isatis 

67 

Lagenaria 

191 

Lip  Fern 

493 

Isolepis 

466 

Lake  Cress 

63 

Lippia 

840 

Isopyrum 

40 

Lambkill 

988 

Liquidambar 

174 

Italian  May 

149 

Lamb's  Lettuce 

918 

Liriodendron 

46 

Itea           7 

16s 

Lamb's-quarters 

MB 

Lithospermum 

804 

Iva 

243 

Lamium 

355 

Litsea 

875 

Ivy                              10 

3,205 

Lampsana 

250 

Live-forever 

171 

Ivy,  poison 

113 

Lantana 

Live  Oak 

897 

l3a'P 

421 

Laportea 

888 

Liverleaf 

3T 

Lappa 

956 

Livistona 

464 

Jacobean  Lily 
Jamestown  Weed 

428 
817 

Larix 

4-2 
4--J 

Lizard's  TaU 
Loasa 

874 

188 

Japan  Allspice 

163 

Larkspur 

42 

Loasaceae 

187 

Japan  Clover 
Japanese  Rose 
Jasmin  um 

131 
150 

280 

Latania 
Lathyrus 
Lauracese 

464 
1M 

375 

Loasa  Family 
Lobelia 
Lobeliaceae 

187 
260 
260 

Jatropha 

Laurel                   46,  147, 

Lobelia  Family 

260 

Jeffersonia 
Jerusalem  Artichoke 

51 
247 

Laurel  Family 
Laurestinus 

375 
209 

Loblolly  Bay 
Loco  Weed 

85 
129 

Jerusalem  Cherry 

313 

Lavandula 

347 

Locust 

180 

Jerusalem  Oak 

365 

Lavender                    251, 

347 

Locust,  honey 

139 

Jerusalem  Sage 

854 

Lawn  Grasses 

470 

Lceselia 

297 

Jessamine 

280 

Lead  Plant 

127 

Loganiaceaa 

290 

Jewelweed 
Jimson  Weed 

98 
817 

Leadwort 
Leadwort  Family 

272 
271 

Logania  Family 
Lolium 

290 
471 

Job's  Tears 
Joe-Pye  Weed 

474 

230 

Leafcup 
Leather  Flower 

242 
35 

Lombardy  Poplar 
Long  Moss 

401 
414 

Johnson  Grass 

469 

Leatherleaf 

988 

Lonicera 

211 

Jointweed 

870 

Leatherwood 

87''. 

Loosestrife 

178,  275 

Jonquil 

427 

Leavenworthia 

Co 

Loosestrife  Family 

177 

Judas  Tree 

188 

Lechea 

70 

Lopezia 

185 

Juglandaceae 

390 

Ledum 

270 

Lophanthus 

852 

Juglans 

390 

Leek 

447 

Lophiola 

415 

Juncaceae 

456 

Leguminosae 

100 

Lopseed 

840 

Juncus 

456 

Leiophyllum 

27o 

Loquat 

160 

Juneberry 

161 

Lemna 

457 

Loranthaceae 

878 

June  Grass 

469 

Lemnaceae 

457 

Lotus 

62,53 

Juniper 

484 

Lemon 

lOo 

Lousewort 

331 

Juniperus 

484 

Lens 

13- 

Lovage 

203 

Jussiaea 

182 

Lentibulariacese 

3:-;:-; 

Love  Apple 

813 

Lentil 

13- 

Love-in-a-Mist 

41 

Kaffir  Corn 

468 

Leontodon 

257 

Love-lies-bleeding 

862 

Kaffir  Lily 

420 

Leonurus 

355 

Lucerne 

126 

Kaki 

277 

Lepachys 

245 

Lndwigia 

182 

Kale 

65 

Lepidium 

60 

Luffa 

192 

Kalmia 

268 

Leptosiphon 

297 

Lunaria 

60 

Kenilworth  Ivy 
Kennedya 

825 
186 

Lespedeza 
Lesquerella 

131 

Lungwort 
Lupine 

804 
125 

Kentia  " 

464 

Lettuce 

2.  59 

Lupinus 

125 

Kentucky  Blue  Grass 
Kentucky  Coffee  Tree 

469 
189 

Leucanthemum 
Leucoium 

251 
427 

Lychnis 
Lycium 

75 
815 

Kerria 

150 

Leucothoe 

2(17 

Lycopersicum 

813 

Ketmia 

90 

Leverwood 

895 

Lycopodiaceae 

501 

Kidney  Bean 

134 

Levisticum 

908 

Lycopodium 

502 

Kingnut 

891 

Liatris 

231 

Lycopsis 

306 

Kinnikinic 
Knapweed 

206 
256 

Ligustrum 
Lilac 

2sl 

Lycopus 
Lygodinm 

847 
500 

Knawel 

360 

Liliaceae 

431 

Lysimachia 

,275 

Kniphofla 

450 

Lilium 

443 

Lythraceae 

177 

Knotweed 

870 

Lily 

443 

Lythrum 

178 

Knotwort  Family 
Koelreuteria 

859 
109 

Lily  Family 
Lily  of  the  Incas 

431 
429 

Maclura 

888 

Kohl-rabi 

65 

Lily  of  the  Palace 

42s 

Madagascar  Jasmin 

5          289 

Kosteletzkya 

89 

Lily  of  the  Valley 

488 

Madder  Family 

214 

Krigia 

256 

Lima  Bean 

134 

Mad-dog  Skullcap 

353 

Kuhnia 

231 

Lime 

100 

Madeira  Vine 

868 

GKAY'S  F.  F.  &  G.  HOT.  —  33 


514 


INDEX. 


Magnolia                            46 

Mercury                             365 

Musk  Mallow                       87 

Magnoliaceae                        45 

Mertensia                           304 

Muskmelon                         192 

Magnolia  Family                 45 
Mahaleb                              147 

Mesembryanthemum         199 
Mexican  Tea                      865 

Musk  Plant                        826 
Musquash  Root                  203 

Mahernia                              90 

Mezereum                           876 

Mustard                                65 

Mahonia                               60 
Mahon  Stock                       64 

Mezereum  Family              876 
Mignonette                           68 

Mustard  Family                   58 
Myosotis                            305 

Maianthemum                    489 
Maidenhair                         491 

Mignonette  Family              68 
Mikania                              229 

Myosurus                             88 
Myriea                                392 

Maidenhair  Tree                485 

Milfoil                                 250 

Myricaceae                          892 

Maize                                  468 

Milk  Pea                             186 

Myrobalan                          145 

Malcolmia                            64 

Milk  Vetch                         129 

Myrsiphyllum                     438 

Mallow                                 86 

Milkweed                           287 

Myrtace®                            175 

Mallow  Family                   85 
Malope                                 86 

Milkweed  Family               286 
Milkwort                            114 

Myrtle  Family                    175 
Myrtus                        175,  285 

Malva                                   86 

Milla                                   447 

MalvacefB                             85 

Millet                          469,  470 

Nabalus                              253 

Malvastrum                         88 
Mamillaria                          197 

Millet,  black  or  pearl         468 
Mimosa                               189 

Nsegelia                              335 
Naiadacese                          457 

Mandarin                            100 

Mimnlus                             326 

Naias                                  457 

Mandevllla                         286 

Mina                                   30S 

Naked  Broom  Rape           883 

Mandrake                             51 

Mint                                   847 

Nandina                               50 

Mangel-wurzel                   866 
Man-of-the-earth                808 

Mint  Family                       842 
Mint  Geranium                  251 

Napaea                                  87 
Narcissus                            426 

Maple                                110 

Mirabilis                             859 

Nasturtium                     63,  97 

Maranta                      410,  411 

Miscanthus                        474 

Navelwort                          305 

Mare's-tail                          240 

Mistletoe                            878 

Neckweed                           824 

Marguerite                         251 
Marigold                             250 
Marigold,  pot                      254 
Mariposa  Lily                     446 

Mistletoe  Family               878 
Mitchella                            216 
Mitella                              166 
Miterwort                           166 

Nectarine                            144 
Negundo                             112 
Nelumbium                          52 
Nelumbo                              62 

Marjoram                            849 

Moccasin  Flower               409 

Nemastylis                         419 

Markery                             865 

Mockernut                         891 

Nemopanthes                     103 

Mairubium                         854 

Mock  Orange                     168 

Nemophila                          299 

Marsh  Cress                          68 

Modiola                                89 

Nepeta                                852 

Marsh  Elder                       248 

Mole  Plant                         882 

Nephrodium                       496 

Marsh  Mallow                      86 

Mollugo                              199 

Nephrolepsis                      498 

Marsh  Marigold                   41 

Molucca  Balm                    854 

Nerine                                428 

Marsh  Rosemary               272 
Marsh  St.  JohnVwort        88 

Moluccella                          854 
Monarda                             852 

Nerium                               285 
Nettle                                 889 

Martynia                            887 

Moneses                            270 

Nettle  Family                    884 

Marvel  of  Peru                  859 

Moneywort                        276 

Nettle  Tree                        887 

Matrimony  Vine                815 

Monkey  Flower                 826 

New  Jersey  Tea                 106 

Matthiola                             61 

Monkey  Puzzle                  476 

New  Zealand  Flax             450 

Maurandia                          825 

Monkshood                          48 

New  Zealand  Spinach        199 

Mayaca                               456 
Mayaca  Family                 456 
Mayaceae                            456 
May  Apple                           61 

Monocotyledons                 402 
Monopetalous  Division      208 
Monotropa                         271 
Montbretia                         422 

Nicandra                             815 
Nicotiana                            816 
Nierembergia                     816 
Nigella                                  41 

Mayflower                          266 
Mayweed                            250 

Moonflower                        807 
Moon  seed                             48 

Night-blooming  Cereus     196 
Nightshade                         318 

Meadow  Beauty                 176 
Meadow  Foxtail                 470 

Moonseed  Family                48 
Moonwort                           501 

Nightshade  Family            811 
Nightshade,  three-leaved  440 

Meadow  Grasses                469 

Moosewood                 111,  876 

Nine-bark                           150 

Meadow  Rue                        88 
Meadow  Soft  Grass           472 

Morning-Glory                   807 
Morus                                 888 

Nipplewort                         256 
Nolana                                809 

Meadowsweet                    147 

Moss  Pink                          296 

Nonesuch                           126 

Medeola                              441 

Motherwort                        855 

Nothochlaena                      491 

Medicago                            126 

Mountain  Ash                    162 

Notholsena                          491 

Medick                               126 
Melampyrum                     882 
Melanthium                         442 

Mountain  Cherry               145 
Mountain  Holly                 108 
Mountain  Laurel                268 

Nothoscordum                   448 
Nuphar                                 53 
Nut  Grass                           465 

Melastomaceae                    176 
Melastoma  Family             176 

Mountain  Mint                  848 
Mourning  Bride                 219 

Nyctaginaceae                     858 
Nymphtea                             52 

Melia                                   101 

Mouse-ear  Cress                  65 

Nymphaeaceae                       51 

Meliaceae                             101, 

Mouse-ear  Chickweed         78 

Nyssa                                 207 

Melia  Family                       101 

Mousetail                             88 

Melilot                                125 

Mud  Plantain                    452 

Oak                                     395 

Melilotus                              125 

Mudwort                            827 

Oakesia                               440 

Melissa                               850 

Mugwort                            252 

Oak  Family                        392 

Melon                                 192 

Mulberry                    168,  888 

Oat                              468,  474 

Melon  Shrub                      818 

Mulberry,  French              842 

Oat  Grass                           472 

Melothria                            192 

Mulberry,  paper                 889 

Obolaria                                294 

Menispennaceae                   48 

Mullein                               822 

Ocimum                               846 

Menispermum                     48 
Mentha                               847 

Mullein  Foxglove               829 
Mullein  Pink                        76 

(Enothera                             188 
Opeechee  Lime                   207 

Mentzelia                             188 

Muscari                               449 

Oil  Nut                               378 

Menyanth»»                        294 

Musk  Hyacinth                  449 

Okra                                     90 

INDEX. 


515 


Oldenlandia                       215 

Paradise  Flower                 414 

Phoradendron                    378 

Old-Man-and-Woman        171 

Parasol  Tree                       476 

Phormium                          450 

Old  Man  Cactus                 197 

Pardanthus                         420 

Photinia                              160 

Old  Witch  Grass                472 

Parietaria                            389 

Phragmites                         475 

Olea                                    282 

Paris  Daisy                         251 

Phryma                                840 

Oleaceae                               278 

Parnassia                            166 

Phyilanthus                         884 

Oleander                             285 

Paronychia                         860 

Phyllocactus                       198 

Oleaster                                877 
Oleaster  Family                 377 
Olive                                     282 

Parsley                                 203 
Parsley  Family                  200 
Parsley  Piert                      156 

Phylotaccaccae                    867 
Physalis                              814 
Physocarpus                       150 

Olive  Family                        279 
Olive,  Russian                    377 

Parsnip                                204 
Parthenium                          243 

Physostegia                        854 
Phytolacca                          867 

Omphalodes 

Partridge  Berry                 216 

Picea                                   480 

Onagraceae                          179 

Partridge  Pea                      138 

Pickerel  Weed                    452 

Onion                                    448 
Onobrychis                           129 

Pasque  Flower                     36 
Passiflora                             189 

Pickerel  Weed  Family      452 
Picotee                                 74 

Onoclea                                498 

Passifloraceae                       189 

Pie  Plant                            868 

Onosmodium                       304 

Passion  Flower                   189 

Pigeon  Berry                       867 

Oonshiu                                100 
Ophioglossaceaa                  501 

Passion  Flower  Family      189 
Pastinaca                             204 

Pigeon  Grass                      473 
Pignut                                391 

Ophioglossum                    501 
Opium                                    56 

Pasture  Grasses                 470 
Paulownia                          322 

Pigweed                      862,  364 
Pimpernel                            276 

Oplismenns                        474 
Opopanax                           140 

Pea                                     136 
Peacn                                  144 

Pimpernel,  false                 829 
Pinckneya                          216 

Opuntia                                198 

Peanut                                  138 

Pinguicula                          334 

Orach                                    866 

Pear                                    161 

Pine                                    478 

Orange                                  100 

Pearl  Bush                         150 

Pineapple                            414 

Orchard  Grass                     469 
Orchidaceae                          403 

Pearlwort                             79 
Pea  Tree                             180 

Pineapple  Family               414 
Pine  family                         476 

Orchis                                 407 

Pecan                                  891 

Pinesap                               271 

Orchis  Family                     403 

Pedaliaceae                          837 

Piney                                    44 

Origanum                             849 

Pedicularis                         831 

Pink                                      74 

Ornamental  Grasses           473 

Peen-to                               144 

Pink  Family                         78 

Ornithogolum                      448 

Pelargonium                        96 

Pinkroot                               291 

Orobanchacese 

Peltea                                 493 

Pinkster  Flower                268 

Orontium                             461 

Pellitory                             889 

Pinus                                    478 

Orpine                                171 

Peltandra                            459 

Pinweed                               70 

Orpine  Family                    170 

Pennyroyal                        848 

Piper                                   874 

Oryza                                    467 

Pennyroyal,  bastard          846 

Piperaceae                           874 

Osage  Orange                     888 
Oster                             206,  399 

Pennyroyal,  false               846 
Penthorum                         171 

Pipewort  Famfly                456 
Pipsissewa                         270 

Osmanthus                         282 

Pentstemon                        830 

Piqueria                              229 

Osmorrhiza                          202 

Peony                                   44 

Pisum                                 136 

Osmunda                            500 

Peperomia                          874 

Pitcher  Plants                      58 

Ostrich  Fern                       498 

Pepino                                813 

Pitchforks                            249 

Ostrya                                395 
Oswego  Tea                       352 
Othonna                              254 
Othonnopsis                       254 
Oxalis                                     95 

Pepper,  black,  and  white    374 
Pepper  Family                   874 
Peppergrass                           66 
Pepperidge                         207 
Peppermint                        847 

Pittosporacese                      69 
Pittospornm                         69 
Pittosporum  Family            69 
Pixy                                    271 
Planera                               887 

Oxeye                                   244 

Pepper,  red                        814 

Planer  Tree                        887 

Oxeve  Daisy                       251 

Pepper  Root                        60 

Plane  Tree                          389 

Oxybaphus 

Perilla                                 847 

Plane  Tree  Family             389 

Oxydendrum                       267 

Periploca                            290 

Plantaginaceae                    856 

Oyster  Plant                      257 

Periwinkle                          285 

Plantago                             856 

Persea                                375 

Plantain                        856,  413 

Pachysandra                      884 

Persian  Insect  Powder      251 

Plantain  Family                 856 

Pseonia                                 44 

Persimmon                        277 

Platanaceae       '                   389 

Pasplanthns                        456 

Peruvian  Bark                     214 

Platanus                             889 

Painted  Cup                       831 
Palmace®                             463 

Peruvian  Swamp  Lfly        428 
Petaloideous  Division        402 

Platycerium                       490 
Pleurisy  Root                      287 

Palma  Christi                     883 

Petalostemon                      127 

Pluchea                              241 

Palmetto                              463 

Pe-Tsai                                   66 

Plumbaginacese                  271 

Palm  Family                       463 

Petunia                               816 

Plumbago                           272 

Pampas  Grass                     474 

Phacelia                              300 

Plume  Grass                      474 

Pancratium                          429 

Phaenogamons  Plants           33 

Plum                                   143 

Pandanaceae                        462 

Phalangium                         450 

Plum,  Japan               145,  160 

Pandanus                           462 

Phalaris                        473,  475 

Poa                                469,  472 

Panicum       469,  472,  473,  474 

Phaseolus                             184 

Podocarpus                          485 

Pansy                                   72 

Phegopteris                         495 

Podophyllum                         61 

Papaver                                56 

Phellofk-ndron                     100 

Pogonia                                406 

Papaveraceae                        54 

Philadelphus                        168 

Poinsettia                           880 

Papaw                            48,  189 

Phlebodium                        490 

Poison  Elder                      113 

Paper  Mulberry                  389 

Phleum                                470 

Poison  Hemlock                 202 

Paper  Reed                          466 

Phlomis         •                      854 

Poison  Ivy                           113 

Pappoose  Root                    51 

Phlox                                    295 

Poison  Oak                          113 

Papvrus                               466 

Phlox  Family                      295 

Poker  Plant                         450 

Paradisea                            450 

Phoenix                                 i64 

Pokeweed                           867 

516 


INDEX. 


Pokeweed  Family 

367 

Pyrola 

270 

Rock  Cress 

61 

Polanisia 

68 

Pyrrhopappus 

258 

Bocket 

64 

Polemooiaceae 

295 

Pyrularia 

378 

Eocket,  sea 

67 

Polemonium 

297 

Pyrus 

161 

Bocket,  yellow 

64 

Polemonium  FamUy 
Polianthes 

295 
430 

Pyxidanthera 

271 

Bockrose 
Eockrose  Family 

70 
69 

Polyanthus 

427 

Quack  Grass 

473 

Eocky  Mt.  Bee  Plant 

68 

Polygala 

114 

Quaking  Grass 

474 

Roman  Wormwood 

244 

Polygalaceae 

114 

Quamash 

448 

Eomneya 

56 

Polygala  FamUy 

114 

Quamoclit 

307 

Eosa 

156 

Polygonaceae 
Polygonatum 

867 
439 

Quassia  Family 
Queen  of  the  Prairie 

101 
149 

Rosace® 
Bose 

141 

156 

Polygonella 

872 

Queen's  Delight 

384 

Bose  Acacia 

130 

Polygonum 
Polymnia 

870 
242 

Quercus 
Quick  Grass 

395 
473 

Eose  Apple 
Bosebay 

175 

Polypodium 
Polystichum 

490 
490 
497 

Quince 
Quitch  Grass 

162 
473 

Bose  FamUy 
Eose  Mallow 
Eosemary 

141 
89 
851 

Pomegranate 

178 

Radish 

67 

Eose  of  China 

Pomelo 
Pomme  Blanche 

101 

128 

Ragged  Lady 
Ragged  Robin 

41 
76 

Bosin  Plant 
Bosinweed 

242 
242 

Pond  LUy 

52 

Rag  Gourd 

192 

Eosmarinus 

351 

Pondweed  FamUy 

457 

Baiweed 

243 

Botala 

178 

Pontederia 

452 

Ragwort 

253 

Bowan 

162 

Pontederiaceae 

452 

Ramsted 

825 

Eoval  Fern 

500 

Poor  Man'sWeather  C 

Hass276 

Ranunculaceae 

84 

Rubber  Tree 

388 

Poplar 

46,400 

Ranunculus 

88 

Rubiaceae 

214 

Poppy 

56 

Eape 

65 

Rubus 

153 

Poppy,  Californian 

55 

Eaphanus 

67 

Rudbeckia 

245 

Poppy,  celandine 

56 

Baspberry 

153 

Rue 

99 

Poppy,  corn 

56 

Battlebox 

124 

Rue  Anemone 

87 

Poppy  FamUy 
Poppy,  horn 

54 
56 

Eattlesnake  Grass 
Battlesnake  Plantain 

474 

407 

Rue  FamUy 
Ruellia      ' 

98 
838 

Poppy,  prickly 
Populus 
Portulaca 

55 
400 
80 

Eattlesnake  Boot 
Eattlesnake  Weed 
Bay  Grass 

258 
257 
471 

Rumex 
Ruppia 
Rush  FamUy 

868 
457 
456 

Portulacaceae 

79 

Bed  Bay 

875 

Russellia 

331 

Potamogeton 

457 

Eedbud 

138 

Russian  Cactus 

366 

Potato 

818 

Bed  Cedar 

484 

Russian  Olive 

377 

Potato,  air 

481 

Bed-hot  Poker  Plant 

450 

Bussian  Thistle  k 

866 

PotentUla 

151 

Bed  Pepper 

814 

Euta                  * 

99 

Poterium 

156 

Eedroot 

106,  414 

Euta-baga 

65 

Pot  Marigold 

254 

Bed  top 

469 

Butaceae 

98 

Poverty  Grass 

472 

Eedwood 

483 

Bye 

468 

Prairie'Clover 
Prairie  Dock 

127 
243 

Eeed  Canary  Grass 
Eeed  Mace 

475 
462 

Eye  Grass 

471 

Prenanthes 

258 

Bein  Orchis 

407 

Sabal 

463 

Prickly  Ash 
Prickly  Comfrey 

99 
805 

Beinwardtia 
Eeseda 

92 

68 

Sabbatia 
Sacred  Bean 

292 
52 

Prickly  Pear 

198 

Eesedaceae 

68 

Safflower 

256 

55 
101 

Eesurrection  Plant 
Retinospora 

503 
483 

Saffron 
Saffron,  false 

420 
256 

Prim 

281 

Ehamnaceae 

104 

Sage 

850 

Primrose 

274 

Ehamnus 

105 

Sagereda 

105 

Primrose  Family 
Primrose  Peerless 

273 
427 

Bhapidophyllum 
Bhapis 

463 
464 

Sagina 
Sagittaria 

79 
455 

Primula 

274 

Eheum 

868 

Sago  Palm 

485 

Primulaceaa 

278 

Ehexia 

176 

Sainfoin 

129 

Prince's  Feather 

361,  371 

Bhode  Island  Bent 

470 

Salicaceae 

399 

Prince's  Pine 

270 

Rhododendron 

268 

Salicornia 

866 

Privet 
Prunus 

281 
143 

Bhodotypos 
Ehubarb 

150 
868 

Salisburia 
Salsify 

485 
257 

Pseudotsuga 

481 

Ehus 

112 

Salix 

899 

Psidium 

175 

Bhynchosia 

184 

Salpiglossls 

818 

Psoralea 

128 

Rhynchospermum 

286 

Salsola 

866 

Ptelea 

100 

Bhvnchospora 

466 

Saltwort 

866 

Pteris 

492 

Eibbon  Grass 

475 

Sal  via 

850 

Ptychosperma 

464 

Eibes 

169 

Sambucus 

211 

Puccoon 

304 

Bib  Grass 

856 

Samolus 

276 

Puccoon,  yellow 

45 

Eice 

467 

Samphire 

366 

Pulse  FamUy 

116 

Eichardia 

460 

Sandalwood  FamUy 

378 

Pumpkin 

191 

Rich  Weed 

847 

Sand  Myrtle 

270 

Punica 

178 

Ricinus 

883 

Sand  Spurrey 

79 

Purslane 
Purslane  FamUy 

80 
79 

Ripple  Grass 
Rivina 

356 
367 

Sandwort 
Sanjruinaria 

77 
55 

Puttyroot 

405 

Robinia 

130 

Saniruisorba 

156 

Pycnanthemum 

848 

Robin's  Plantain 

240 

Sanicle 

202 

Pyrethrum 

251 

Bocbea 

172 

Sanicula 

202 

USTDEX. 


517 


Santalaceae 

378 

Sericocarpus                       286 

Sparaxis                              423 

Sapindaceae 

108 

Service  Berry                     161 

Sparganinm                        462 

Sapodilla  Family 
Saponaria 

276 

74 

Sesame                               887 
Sesame  Grass                     475 

Spatter-dock                        53 
Spear  Grass                        472 

Sapotaceae 

276 

Sesamum                            837 

Spearmint                          847 

Sarracenia 
Sarraceniac«88 

53 
53 

Sesamuin  Family               337 
Sesbania                             129 

Spearwort                            89 
Specularia                          261 

Sarsaparilla 

204,205 

Sesuvium                           199 

Speedwell                           822 

Sassafras 

875 

Setaria                        470,  473 

Spergula                               79 

Satin  Flower 

60 

Seymeria                            829 

Spergularia                           79 

Satureia 

848 

Shad  Bush                          161 

Spermacoce                          216 

Saururua 

874 

Shaddock                            101 

Spicebush                           876 

Savin 

484 

Shallot                                448 

Spiderwort                          454 

Savory 
Saw  Palmetto 
Saxifraga 
Saxifragaceae 

348 
463 
165 
164 

Sheepberry                         209 
Shell  Flower                       854 
Shepherdia                         877 
Shepherd's  Purs«                66 

Spiderwort  Family            453 
Spigelia                               291 
Spikenard                           204 
Spikenard,  false                 439 

Saxifrage 

165 

Shield  Fern                        496 

Spinach,  spinage                864 

Saxifrage  Family 
Scabiosa 

164 
219 

Shin  Leaf                           270 
Shooting  Star                     274 

Spinacia                              864 
Spindle  Tree                       104 

Scabious 

219 

Shrub  Yellowroot                45 

Spiraea                                147 

Scarlet  Runner 

135 

Sicyos                                 198 

Spiranthes                          406 

Scheuchzeria 

457 

Sida                                      88 

Spleenwort                        494 

Schizaea 

600 

Sidesaddle  Flower              ~1 

Spoonwood                        268 

Schizandra 

47 

Sieva  Bean                        184 

Sprekelia                            428 

Schizanthus 

818 

Silene                                    76 

Spring  Beauty                     80 

Schizostylis 
Schoenolirion 

420 
450 

Silk  Flower                       140 
Silk  Tree                            140 

Bpruee                                480 
Spurge                                880 

Schollera 

452 

Silkweed                             287 

Spurge  Family                   879 

Schrankia 
Schwalbea 

139 
831 

Silphium                             242 
Silver-bell  Tree                  278 

Spurge  Nettle                    882 
Spurrey                                79 

Sciadopitys 

476 

Silver  Berry                       877 

Squash                                191 

Scilla 

448 

Silverweed                           52 

Squawberry                       216 

Scirpus 
Scitamineae 

466 
410 

Simarubacese                     101 
Sinningia                            885 

Squaw  Huckleberry          265 
Squawroot                           832 

Scleranthus 

860 

Sisymbrium                           65 

Squawweed                        253 

Scleria 

467 

Sisyrinchium                       419 

Squill   '                                448 

Sclerolepis 

229 

Slum                                   203 

Squirrel  Corn                      67 

Scoke 

867 

Skimmia                             100 

Stachys                               855 

Scolopendrium 
Scorpion  Grass 

495 
805 

Skullcap                             853 
Skunk  Cabbage                  460 

Staff  Tree                           103 
Staff  Tree  Family              103 

Scotch  Broom 

124 

Smartweed                         871 

Stag-horn  Fern                  490 

Scouring  Rush 

486 

Smilacina                           439 

St.  Andrew's  Cross            81 

Screw  Pine 

462 

Smilax                          487,  438 

Stapelia                              290 

Screw  Pine  Family 
Scrophularia 

462 
329 

Smoke  Tree                       113 
Snakehead                          830 

Staphylea                           112 
Star  Anise                           47 

Scrophulariaceae 

818 

Snakeroot            114,  202,  873 

Star  Cucumber                  193 

Scuppernong 

107 

Snakeroot,  black                  44 

Star  Flower                275,  447 

Scurw  Grass 

64 

Snakeroot,  button              231 

Star  Grass                   415,  426 

Scutch  Grass 

471 

Snakeroot,  white               230 

Star-of-Bethlehem              448 

Scutellaria 
Sea  Blite 

853 
366 

Snapdragon                        825 
Sneezeweed                        249 

Starry  Campion                    76 
Star  Tkiatle                        256 

Sea  Daffodil 

429 

Sneezewort                        250 

Starwort                       78,  236 

Seaforthia 

464 

Snowball                            210 

Statice                                272 

Sea  Lavender 

272 

Snowberry                         211 

St.  Bruno's  Lily                450 

Sea  Onion 

448 

Snowdrop                   278,  427 

Steeple  Bush                      148 

Sea  Purslane 

199 

Snowflake                          427 

Steironema                        275 

Sea  Rocket 

67 

Snow  on  the  Mountain      881 

Stellaria                                 78 

Sea  Sand  Reed 

475 

Soapberry  Family               108 

Stenanthinm                      442 

Secale 

468 

Soapwort                             74 

Stephanotis                        289 

Sedge  Family 
Sedum 

465 

in 

Soia                                       183 
Solanaceae                         811 

Sterculiaceae                         90 
Sterculia  Family                  90 

Seedbox 

182 

Solanum                           813 

Stevia                                 229 

Selaginella 

603 

Solea                                    73 

Stick-seed                           303 

Selaeinellacese 

503 

Solidago                             232 

StiUingia                             884 

Selaginella  Family 

603 

Solomon's  Seal                  439 

Stipa                                   475 

Self-heal 

853 

Sonchua                             259 

Stitchwort                           78 

Sempervivum 
Senebiera 

171 
67 

Sophora                            124 
Sorghum                     468,  469 

St.  James's  Lily                428 
St.  John's-wort                   82 

Seneca  Snakeroot 
Senecio 

114 

253 

Sorrel                          868,  369 
Sorrel  Tree                         267 

St.  John's-wort  Family      81 
Stock                              61,  64 

Senna 

138 

Sour  Gum  Tree 

Stonecrop                           171 

Sensitive  Brier 

139 

Sourwood                           267 

Stone  Root                         847 

Sensitive  Fern 

498 

Southernwood                   252 

Storax                                277 

Sensitive  Joint  Vet 

:h       134 

Sow  Thistle                      259 

Storksbffl                             94 

Sensitive  Plant 

138,  139 

Soy  Bean                            183 

St.  Peter's-wort                   81 

Sequoia 
Serenaea 

483 
463 

Spadiceous  Division          457 
Spanish  Bayonet               451 

St.  Peter's  Wreath            149 
Stramonium                       817 

518 


INDEX- 


Strawberry 
Strawberry  Elite 
Strawberry  Geranium 

152 
864 
166 

Tea 
Tea  Family 
Tear  Grass 

84 
84 
474 

Trumpet  Flower 
Trumpet  Vine 
Tsuga 

836 
836 
481 

Strawberry  Spinach 
Strawberry  Tomato 
Strawberry  Tre« 

364 
314 
104 

Teasel 
Teasel  Famfly 
Tecoma 

219 
219 
836 

Tuberose 
Tulip 
Tulipa 

430 
446 
446 

Strelitzia 

414 

Telanthera 

862 

Tulip  Tree 

46 

Streptocarpus 
Streptopus 

835 

438 

Telegraph  Plant 
Ten-o'Clock 

183 

448 

Tumble  Grass 
Tumbleweed 

472 

362 

Strophostyles 

135 

Tephrosia 

128 

Tupelo 

207 

Struthiopteris 
Stuartia 

498 

84 

Ternstroemiaceae 
Tetragonia 

84 
199 

Turnip 
Turtlehead 

66 
880 

Stylophorum 
Stylosanthes 

56 
131 

Teucrium 
Thalia 

846 
411 

Tussilago 
Twin  Flower 

252 
211 

Styracaceae 

277 

Thalictrum 

Twinleaf 

51 

Styrax 

278 

Thelypodium 

64 

Twisted  Stalk 

488 

Suasda 

866 

Theobroma 

90 

Typha 

462 

Succory 

257 

Thermopsis 

123 

Typhaceae 

461 

Sugar  Cane 

468 

Thistle 

255 

Sumach 

112 

Thorn  Apple 

817 

Ulex 

124 

Summer  Savory 
Sundew 

848 
173 

Thoroughwort                     230 
Three-leaved  Nightshade  440 

Ulmus 
Umbellifene 

886 
200 

Sundew  Family 

173 

Thrift 

272 

Umbrella  Plant 

466 

Snndrop 

185 

Thrinax 

464 

Umbrella  Tree 

47 

Sunflower 

245 

Thuja 

484 

Unicorn  Plant 

887 

Supple-jack 
Swedish  Turnip 

105 
65 

Thunbergia 
Thuyopsis 

488,484 

Urtica 
Urticaceae 

889 
884 

Sweet  Alyssum 

62 

Thyme 

349 

Utricularia 

888 

Sweet  Basil 

846 

Thvmelaeaceae 

876 

Uvularia 

440 

Sweet  Bay 

46 

Thymus 

849 

Sweetbrier 

157 

Tiarella 

166 

Vacciuium 

265 

Sweet  Cicely 

202 

Tickseed 

247 

Valerian 

218 

Sweet  Clover 

125 

Tick  Trefoil 

182 

Valeriana 

218 

Sweet  Fern 

892 

Tiger  Flower 

419 

Valerianaceae 

218 

Sweet  Flag 
Sweet  Gale 

461 
892 

SET 

419 
91 

Valerianella 
Valerian  Family 

218 
21S 

Sweet  Gale  Family 

892 

Tiliaceae 

91 

Vallisneria 

403 

Sweet  Gum 

174 

Tillandsia 

414 

Vallota 

429 

Sweet  Leaf 

278 

Timothy 

470 

Vegetable  Orange 

19-2 

Sweet  Marjoram 
Sweet  Pea 

849 
186 

Tissa 
Toadflax 

79 
825 

Vegetable  Sponge 
Velvet  Grass 

192 
472 

Sweet  Potato 

807 

Tobacco 

816,  817 

Velvetleaf 

88 

Sweet-scented  Shrub 

163 

Tofleldia 

441 

Venetian  Sumach 

118 

Sweet-scented        Ver 

nal 

Tomato 

818 

Venus'  s  Flytrap 

173 

Grass 

470 

Toothache  Tree 

99 

Venus'  s  Hair 

492 

Sweet  Sultan 

256 

Toothwort 

60 

Venus's  Looking-glass 

261 

Sweet  William 

74,296 

Torenia 

826 

Veratrum 

442 

Swine  Cress  ' 

67 

Torreya 

485 

Verbascum 

822 

Swiss  Chard 

866 

Touch-me-not 

98 

Verbena 

840 

Switch  Cane 

475 

Tower  Mustard 

Yerbenacese 

839 

Sycamore 
Sycamore  Maple 

890 
111 

Trachelospermnm 
Tradescantia 

286 
454 

Verbesina 
Vernal  Grass 

247 

470 

Symphoricarpus 

211 

Tragia 

888 

Vernonia 

229 

Symphytum 
Symplocarpus 

805 
460 

Trailing  Arbutus 

257 

266 

Veronica 
Vervain 

822 
840 

Symplocos 

278 

Trapa 

187 

Vervain  Family 

839 

Syringa 

168,280 

Trautvetteria 

88 

Vetch 

187 

Treacle  Mustard 

65 

Vetchling 

186 

Tacamahac 

400 

Tread-softly 

882 

Viburnum 

209 

Tacsonia 

189 

Tree  Ferns 

489 

Vicia 

187 

Tagetes 
Talinum 

250 
80 

Tree  of  Heaven 
Trefoil 

101 
126 

Vigna 
Vinca 

185 

285 

Tallow  Tree 

884 

Trichomanes 

499 

Vincetoxicum 

289 

Tamarack 

482 

Trichostema 

846 

Vine  Family 

106 

Tamariscineae 

81 

Trientalis 

275 

Vine  Peach 

192 

Tamarisk 

81 

Trifolium 

126 

Viola 

71 

Tamarisk  Family 
Tamarix 

81 
81 

Triglochin 
TriJisia 

457 
281 

Violacess 
Violet  Family 

71 
71 

Tanacetum 

252 

Trillium 

440 

Violets 

71 

Tangerine 

100 

Triostenm 

211 

Viper's  Bugloss 

306 

Tansy 
Tansy  Mustard 
Tape  Grass 
Taraxacum 

252 
65 
403 
258 

Tripsacum 
Triteleia 
Triticum 
Tritoma 

475 
447 

468 
460 

Virgilia 
Virginia  Creeper 
Virginia  Stock 
Virgin's  Bower 

124 

108 
64 
35 

Tare 

137 

Tritonia 

422 

Vitace® 

106 

Tassel  Flower 

254 

Trollius 

41 

Vitex 

342 

Taxodinm 

483 

Tropaeolum 

97 

Vitis 

106 

Taxua 

485 

Trumpet  Creeper 

886 

Volkameria 

342 

INDEX. 


519 


Wake  Robin 
Waldsteinla 

440 
150 

White  Hellebore 
White  Lettuce 

442 

268 

Worm  Gmss 
Worm  seed 

11 

Walking  Leaf 

495 

White  Snakeroot 

280 

Wormseed  Mustard 

65 

Wallflower 

64 

White  Thorn 

159 

Wormwood 

25" 

Wallflower,  Western 
Wall  Pepper 

64 
172 

Whiteweed 
Whitewood 

251 
46 

Wych  Elm 

3S6 

Wall  Rue 

494 

Whitlavia 

800 

Xanthium 

244 

Walnut 

890 

Whitlow  Grass 

62 

Xanthoceras 

109 

Walnut  Family 

390 

Whitlow-wort 

860 

Xanthorrhiza 

45 

Wandering  Jew 
Wart  Cress 

454 
67 

Wigandia 
Wild  Allspice 

801 
876 

Xanthoxylum 
Xeranthemum 

99 
254 

Water  Arum 
Water  Beech 

460 
395 

Wild  Balsam  Apple 
Wild  Comfrey 

193 
803 

Xerophyllom 
Xiphion 

44-J 
419 

Water  Caltrops 

187 

Wild  Cucumber 

193 

Xyridace® 

456 

Water  Chestnut 

187 

Wild  Ginger 

873 

Xyris 

456 

Water  Chinquapin 

52 

Wild  Grasses 

475 

Watercress 

63 

Wild  Hyacinth 

448 

Tarn 

430 

Water  Hemlock 

263 

Wild  Indigo 

128 

YamFamfly 

480 

Water  Hemp 

Wild  Lime 

207 

Yard  Grass 

472 

Water  Horehound 

847 

Wild  Olive 

207 

Yarrow 

250 

Waterleaf 

299 

Wild  Potato  Vine 

808 

Yaupon 

102 

Waterleaf  Family 

298 

Willow 

899 

Yellow-eyed  Grass  Fam- 

Water Lily 
Water  Lily  Family 

52 
51 

Willow  Family 
Willow  Herb 

899 
181 

ily 
Yellow  Jessamine 

456 

290 

Watermelon 

192 

Windflower 

86 

Yellow  Pond  Lily 

53 

Water  Milfoil  Family 

175 

Wineberry 

154 

Yellow  Puccoon 

45 

Water  Oats 

475 

Winged  Pigweed 

364 

Yellow  Rocket 

64 

Water  Parsnip 
Water  Pepper 

208 
871 

Winterberry 
Winter  Cress 

102 
64 

Yellowroot 
Yellowwood 

45 
123 

Water  Plantain 

454 

Wintergreen 

266,  270 

Yew 

485 

Water  Plantain  Family 

454 

Wire  Grass 

472 

Yucca 

451 

Water  Shield 

52 

Wistaria 

180 

Yulan 

47 

Water  Violet 

273 

Witch-hazel 

174 

Waterweed 

403 

Witch-hazel  Family 

174 

Zamia 

485 

Wax  Myrtle 

392 

Withe-rod 

209 

Zannichellia 

457 

Wax  Plant 

289 

Woad 

67 

Zauschneria 

161 

Waxwork 

108 

Woad-waxen 

124 

Zea 

4<;- 

Wayfaring  Tree 

209 

Wolfberry 

211 

Zebra  Grass 

474 

Weedy  Grasses 

471 

Wolffia 

457 

Zebrina 

454 

Weigela 

218 

Wolfsbane 

43 

Zephyranthea 

42- 

Wellington^  • 

483 

Wood  Betony 

881 

Zingiber 

410 

Whahoo 

887 

Woodbine 

108,  211 

Zinnia 

244 

Wheat 

468 

Wood  Nettle 

Zizania 

475 

Whin 

124 

Woodsia 

498 

Zostera 

457 

White  Alder 

270 

Wood  Sorrel 

95 

Zygadenoa 

442 

White  Cedar 

483 

Woodwardia 

498 

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Aids  to  Field  and  Laboratory  Work 
in  Botany 

Apgars*   Plant  Analysis.     By  E.  A.  and  A.  C.  APGAR. 

Cloth,  small  410,  124  pages 55  cents 

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Outlines  of  Botany 

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BY 

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DAVID  P.  TODD,  M.A.,  Ph.D. 

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FOR  THE  STUDY  OF  METEOROLOGY 


Waldo's  Elementary  Meteorology,  $1.50 

BY  FRANK  WALDO,   PH.D. 

Late  Junior  Professor  in  the  United  States  Signal  Service 

THIS  book  embodies  the  latest  phases  of  the  science,  and 
applies  the  most  approved  methods  in  teaching  them.  The 
treatment,  as  far  as  practicable,  is  inductive.  The  style  is 
simple,  concise,  and  clear.  The  fact  that  meteorology  is  largely 
an  observational  study  is  kept  constantly  in  mind.  The 
student  is  introduced  to  rational  methods  of  investigation  and 
taught  to  observe  weather  conditions,  to  account  intelligently 
for  successive  changes  in  the  same,  and  to  make  intelligent 
predictions  for  himself.  Special  chapters  are  devoted  to  the 
meteorology  of  the  United  States,  in  which  the  work  of  the 
Weather  Bureau  is  clearly  explained.  The  charts  and  illus- 
trations are  an  important  feature. 


Price's  Observations  and  Exercises 

on  the  Weather $0.30 

BY  JAMES   A.   PRICE,   A.  M. 

Instructor  in  Physiography  in  Fort  Wayne  High  School, 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

THIS  laboratory  manual  is  intended  to  supplement  the  reci- 
tation work  in  physical  geography  and  meteorology  in  sec- 
ondary schools.  It  consists  of  a  blank  weather  record  covering 
forty  days,  to  be  filled  in  by  the  pupil  for  his  own  observations  of 
the  thermometer,  barometer,  hygrometer,  weather  gauge,  clouds, 
winds,  etc.  Following  these  tables  is  a  series  of  ingeniously 
devised  exercises  whereby  the  pupil,  from  the  observation  and 
study  of  his  weather  record,  is  led  to  deduce  many  of  the  general 
principles  of  meteorology.  The  instruments  necessary  for  the 
observations  are  few  and  inexpensive. 


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